Insurgency in the North Caucasus

The insurgency in the North Caucasus (Russian: Борьба с терроризмом на Северном Кавказе) was a low-level armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with the Caucasus Emirate and, from June 2015, the Islamic State, in the North Caucasus.^{[7][14][15][16]} It followed the official end of the decade-long Second Chechen War on 16 April 2009.^[17] It attracted volunteers from the MENA region, Western Europe, and Central Asia.^[18] The Russian legislation considers the Second Chechen War and the insurgency described in this article as the same "counter-terrorist operations on the territory of the North Caucasus region".^[19]

Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Part of the Chechen–Russian conflict, post-Soviet conflicts and the War against the Islamic State (from 2014)
Russian President Dmitri Medvedev meets with FSB head Alexander Bortnikov in March 2009 to discuss the ending of the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya.
Date 16 April 2009 – 19 December 2017^[8] (8 years, 8 months and 3 days) Location Russia North Caucasian Federal District  Chechnya  Dagestan  Ingushetia  Kabardino-Balkaria  Karachay-Cherkessia  North Ossetia–Alania Result Russian victory Destruction of Caucasus Emirate Stabilization of the situation in the North Caucasus.^[9] Evolves into the Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
Belligerents
Russia List  Chechnya  Dagestan  Ingushetia  Kabardino-Balkaria  Karachay-Cherkessia  North Ossetia–Alania Kadyrovtsy Other loyalists  Georgia  Azerbaijan  Armenia	Caucasus Emirate (2009–17) List Vilayat Dagestan Vilayat Galgayche Vilayat Iriston (2009) Vilayat KBK (2009–17) Vilayat Nokhchicho Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade (2009–16) Arab Mujahideen (2009–12) Turkish Mujahideen (2009–17)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Imam Shamil Battalion (2017)^[5] Islamic State Wilayat al-Qawqaz^[6]^[7]
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Putin (2012–17) Dmitry Medvedev (2009–12) Sergey Shoygu (2012–17) Anatoliy Serdyukov (2009–12) Valery Gerasimov (2012–17) Nikolai Makarov (2009–12) Oleg Salyukov (2014–17) Vladimir Chirkin (2012–14) Aleksandr Postnikov (2010–12) Vladimir Boldyrev (2009–10) Ramzan Kadyrov (2009–17) Vladimir Vasilyev (2017) Ramazan Abdulatipov (2013–17) Magomedsalam Magomedov (2010–13) Mukhu Aliyev (2009–10) Yunus-bek Yevkurov (2009–17) Yury Kokov (2013–17) Arsen Kanokov (2009–13) Rashid Temrezov (2011–17) Boris Ebzeyev (2009–11) Vyacheslav Bitarov (2016–17) Tamerlan Aguzarov (2015–16) Taymuraz Mamsurov (2009–15)	Dokka Umarov † Aslambek Vadalov Aliaskhab Kebekov † Magomed Suleimanov † Zalim Shebzukhov † Chechnya: Khuseyn Gakayev † Tarkhan Gaziyev (POW) Muhannad † Supyan Abdullayev † Abdulla Kurd † Dagestan: Umalat Magomedov † Magomed Vagabov † Israpil Velijanov † Ibragimkhalil Daudov † Said Kharakansky † Ingushetia: Ali Taziev (POW) Said Buryatsky † Dzhamaleyl Mutaliyev † Arthur Getagazhev † Kabardino-Balkaria: Anzor Astemirov † Asker Dzhappuyev † Alim Zankishiev † Rustam Asildarov † (Emir of IS in the North Caucasus) Aslan Byutukayev † (Commander of Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs)
Strength
Undisclosed 10 groups 16 groups 3 groups 5 groups none	~600 fighters (government claim, January 2013) ~40 operating groups in the North Caucasus:^[citation needed]
Casualties and losses
1,139–1,170 killed^[10] 2,313–2,677 wounded^[11]	2,329 killed 2,744 captured^[12]
632 civilians killed (2010–2017)^[13]

The insurgency became relatively dormant in its later years.^[15][16] During its peak, the violence was mostly concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Occasional incidents happened in surrounding regions, such as North Ossetia–Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai, and Volgograd Oblast.

While the insurgency was officially declared over on 19 December 2017 when FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov announced the final elimination of the insurgent underground in the North Caucasus,^[20] counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus have not ended.^[19]

History and background

 

Map of the North Caucasus

In late 1999, Russia's Premier, Vladimir Putin, ordered military, police and security forces to enter the breakaway region of Chechnya. By early 2000, these forces occupied most of the region. High levels of fighting continued for several more years and resulted in thousands of Russian and Chechen casualties and hundreds of thousands of displaced persons. In 2005, Chechen rebel leader, Abdul-Halim Sadulayev, decreed the formation of a Caucasus Front against Russia, among Islamic believers in the North Caucasus, in an attempt to widen Chechnya's conflict with Russia. After his death, his successor, Dokka Umarov, declared continuing jihad to establish an Islamic fundamentalist Caucasus Emirate in the North Caucasus and beyond. Russia's pacification policy in Chechnya has involved setting up a pro-Moscow regional government and transferring more local security duties to this government.

An important factor in Russia's apparent success in Chechnya has been reliance on pro-Moscow Chechen clans affiliated with regional President Ramzan Kadyrov. Terrorist attacks in the North Caucasus appeared to increase substantially in 2007–2010. In the summer of 2009, more than 442 persons died in North Caucasus violence in just four months as compared to only 150 deaths reported in the entire year of 2008.^[21] In the whole year 2009, according to the official figures by the Russian government, 235 Interior Ministry personnel (Defense Ministry and the FSB losses not included) were killed and 686 injured,^[22] while more than 541 alleged fighters and their supporters were killed and over 600 detained.^[23] The rate of increase of terrorist incidents lessened in 2010, as compared to 2008–2009, however the rate of civilian casualties substantially increased throughout the North Caucasus in 2010 and a rising number of terrorist incidents took place outside of Chechnya.^[24]

In the period from 2010 to 2014, the number of casualties in the North Caucasus insurgency declined each year, with the overall death toll falling by more than half.^[25] Reasons suggested for the decline include the deaths of high-ranking insurgency commanders, the increased targeting by security forces of the support infrastructure relied on by the insurgents, and an exodus of insurgents to other conflict zones.^[25] A special investigation by Reuters claimed that in the lead-up to the 2014 Sochi Olympics, Russian security services had allowed and encouraged militants to leave Russia to fight in the Syrian Civil War, in order to reduce the risk of domestic attacks.^[26]

Chechnya

Main article: Vilayat Nokhchicho

The insurgency in the North Caucasus is a direct result of the two post-Soviet wars fought between Russia and Chechnya. The First Chechen War was a nationalist struggle, with both secular and Islamist overtones, for independence from Russia and took place between 1994 and 1996. After a vicious struggle between Russian federal forces and Chechen separatist guerrillas, Chechnya was granted de facto independence per the terms of the Khasavyurt Accord, signed on 30 August 1996. With a devastated infrastructure and various armed factions, subordinate to specific warlords, the next three years saw Chechnya devolve into a corrupted and criminal state, plagued by armed gangs, an epidemic of kidnappings-for-ransom and the rise of radical Islam in the region as a response to suppression.

In August 1999, an armed incursion of 1,500 Islamic radicals, led by Chechen warlord, Shamil Basayev, and Arab jihadist, Ibn al-Khattab, in support of a Dagestani separatist movement, combined with a series of apartment bombings in Russia, gave Moscow sufficient reasoning for re-invading Chechnya, thus triggering the Second Chechen War, a conflict fought with significant Islamist overtones.

Having learned harsh lessons from the first war, the Russian military, rather than getting entangled in messy urban engagements such as that seen in Grozny in 1994–95, relied heavily on aerial bombardment and artillery such as ballistic missiles and fuel air explosives, typically surrounding and then destroying any towns or villages that put up resistance before sending in ground forces for mop-up operations. The second Battle of Grozny in 1999–2000 saw the bulk of Chechen resistance smashed, particularly after a column of some 2,000 fighters attempted to break out of the besieged city in February 2000 and instead walked directly into a minefield that Russian forces had prepared for an ambush. What remained of the decimated rebel units then withdrew into the inaccessible Vedeno and Argun gorges in the southern mountains of the republic in order to wage a guerrilla campaign.^{[citation needed]}

The republic remained a major center of violence for many years. According to Russian figures, between April 2009 (when the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya was officially ended) and April 2010, 97 servicemen were killed in Chechnya; at the same time, government forces killed 189 persons claimed to be militants or their collaborators.^[27] Reported casualties declined, with 26 security forces and 24 suspected militants being killed in 2014.^[28]

Dagestan

Main article: Vilayat Dagestan

 

FSB Spetsnaz members during an anti-terrorist operation in Makhachkala, Dagestan.

Dagestan is the most religious, populous and complex of all the north Caucasian republics.^[29] It is double the size of Chechnya and consists of several dozen ethnic groups, most with their own language.^[29] The conflict in Dagestan, however, is not between ethnic groups but between Sufism, a syncretic form of Islam which includes local customs and recognises the state, and Salafism, a more traditional form which rejects secular rule and insists that the Salafist interpretation of Islam should govern all spheres of life.^[29]

Dagestan has the highest levels of violence and extremism in the North Caucasus republics.^{[citation needed]} The Russian Interior Ministry stated that of the 399 terrorist crimes committed in the North Caucasus in 2013, 242 were in Dagestan.^{[citation needed]}

By 2017, all subversive and terrorist groups operating in Dagestan were eliminated.^[30]

Ingushetia

Main articles: Vilayat Galgayche and War in Ingushetia

Along with Dagestan, Ingushetia bore the brunt of the violence in the North Caucasus in the Insurgencies early years. The Islamist insurgency in the republic sprang from the wars in neighbouring Chechnya in the 1990s and early 2000s. In June 2004, Ingush and Chechen fighters launched a large-scale attack on Ingushetia's biggest town, Nazran, killing scores of civilians, policemen and soldiers.

As elsewhere in the North Caucasus, the brutality of state security forces has been a major factor, driving young men to join the Islamists. Under the presidency of the former KGB officer, Murat Zyazikov, teams of masked operatives kidnapped, tortured and killed suspected rebels and members of their families. Zyazikov's successor, Yunus-bek Yevkurov, appointed in 2008, had success in dampening the violence, although he was seriously injured in a suicide bombing by the militants during his first year in office. Human rights violations by Russian commandos decreased, but remained widespread.^[31]

The capture of Ali Taziev in June 2010, an ethnic Ingush and one of the top leaders of the Caucasus Emirate, dealt a blow to the jihadists in Ingushetia, with the number of attacks falling substantially over the next 5 years.^[25] In mid-2015, Ingushetia's president, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, stated that the insurgency in the Republic had been 'defeated'.^[32]

Kabardino-Balkaria

Main article: United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay

The insurgency in Kabardino-Balkaria began in the early 2000s and was led by the Yarmuk Jamaat, a militant Islamist jamaat which flourished as a result of persecution of Muslims by police and security forces.^{[citation needed]}

In October 2005, several score of the militants launched a raid on the capital of the republic, Nalchik, which left 142 people dead. The guerrillas have also carried out numerous assassinations of government officials and law enforcement officers.

The republic saw a flare-up of violence in late 2010 and early 2011, in the wake of the death of Anzor Astemirov, a senior figure in the Caucasus Emirate and the head of its United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay. The new leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria's guerrilla movement, Asker Dzhappuyev and Ratmir Shameyev, preferred a more aggressive approach and the militants murdered several civilians in the republic, including Russian tourists. In response, a vigilante group called the Black Hawks threatened the relatives of some of the Islamists.^[33] Dzhappuyev, Shameyev and Khamurzov were killed in a special operation by security forces in April 2011.^[34]

Casualties fell in the following years. There was a total of 49 people (militants, security forces and civilians) reported killed in the republic over the whole of 2014.^[28]

North Ossetia–Alania

On 9 September 2010, a car-bomb attack occurred at a crowded marketplace in Vladikavkaz, the capital of North Ossetia, killing 19 adults and children, and injuring over 190. President Medvedev responded, that "we will certainly do everything to catch these monsters, who have committed a terrorist attack against ordinary people. What's more, a barbarous terrorist attack. We will do everything, so that they are found and punished in accordance with the law of our country, or in the case of resistance or other cases, so that they are eliminated."

Vilayat Galgayche reportedly took responsibility, stating that the attack was aimed against "Ossetian infidels" on "occupied Ingush lands".^[35]

List of clashes in the North Caucasus

• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2009
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2010
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2011
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2012
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2013
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2014
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2015
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2016
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2017
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2018
• List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2019

Casualties

Year	Killed	Wounded
2009	508^[36]	574^[36]
2010	754^[37]	956^[37]
2011	750^[38]	628^[38]
2012	700^[39]	525^[39]
2013	529^[40]	457^[40]
2014	341^[41]	184^[41]
2015	209^[42]	49^[42]
2016	202^[43]	85^[43]
2017	134^[44]	41^[44]
Total	4,127	3,487

The majority of the civilians killed were Russians, but also foreigners from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Austria, United Kingdom and Armenia were killed in terrorist attacks.

Note: The casualty totals are compiled by the news site Caucasian Knot, which does not vouch for the data's 100-percent accuracy.

Terrorist incidents

• 2009 Nazran bombing
• 2009 Nevsky Express bombing
• 2010 Moscow Metro bombings
• 2010 Kizlyar bombings
• 2010 Stavropol bomb blast
• 2010 Tsentoroy attack
• 2010 Vladikavkaz bombing
• 2010 Chechen Parliament attack
• Domodedovo International Airport bombing
• 2012 Makhachkala attack
• October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing
• December 2013 Volgograd bombings
• 2014 Grozny bombing
• 2014 Grozny clashes

References

Notes

Citations

1. "TURKISH VOLUNTEERS IN CHECHNYA". The Jamestown Foundation. from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
2. The Chechens: A Handbook, p. 237, at Google Books
3. Politics of Conflict: A Survey, p. 68, at Google Books
4. Energy and Security in the Caucasus, p. 66, at Google Books
5. ""The Battalion of Imam Shamil" claimed attack in St.Petersburg, says they are Al-Qaeda, urging to withdraw troops from Syria - Map of News from Russia. From Vladivostok to Kaliningrad - News from Russia - russia.liveuamap.com". from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
6. "Islamic State spokesman calls on other factions to 'repent,' urges sectarian war". The Long War Journal. 23 June 2015. from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015. Baghdadi, the "Emir of the Faithful," has "accepted your bayat and has appointed the noble sheikh Abu Muhammad al Qadarī as Wali [or governor] over [the Caucasus]," Adnani says.
7. "ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region". Institute for the Study of War. 23 June 2015. from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
8. Нечаев А., Зайнашев Ю. Россия выиграла еще одну важнейшую битву
9. Ласнов А.Глава ФСБ объявил о ликвидации бандподполья на Северном Кавказе
10. 235 killed (2009),[1] 225 killed (2010),[2] 190–207 killed (2011),[3] 211 killed (2012), 127 killed (2013),[6] 41–55 killed (2014),[7][8] 18 killed (2015),[9] 2 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine 32 killed (2016),[10] 22 killed (2017),[11] total of 1,101–1,132 reported killed
11. 686 wounded (2009),[12] 467 wounded (2010),[13] 462–826 wounded (2011),[14] 405 wounded (2012),[16] 166 wounded (2014),[17] 31 wounded (2015),[18] 2 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine 65 wounded (2016),[19] 31 wounded (2017),[20] total of 2,313–2,677 reported wounded
12. 270 killed and 453 captured (2009),[21] 349 killed and 254 captured (2010),[22] 384 killed and 370 captured (2011),[23] 391 killed and 461 captured (2012), 298 killed and 88 captured (2013),[25][26] 259 killed and 445 captured (2014), 172 killed (2015),[28] 162 killed and 377 captured (2016),[29][30] 82 killed and 296 captured (2017),[31][32] total reported 2,329 killed and 2,744 captured
13. 356 killed (2010–2011),[33] 78 killed (2012), 104 killed (2013),[35] 14 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine 37 killed (2014),[36] 19 killed (2015),[37] 2 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine 32 killed (2016),[38] 30 killed (2017),[39] total of 632 reported killed
14. "Six Russian soldiers killed in Chechnya". BBC News. 24 March 2017. from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2017. Russian troops in Chechnya have faced a low level insurgency for years ... They still face a low-level insurgency in the mainly Muslim region in Russia's volatile North Caucasus area.
15. "Russia's North Caucasus Insurgency Widens as ISIS' Foothold Grows". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 12 April 2016. from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017. Russia's North Caucasus insurgency has gone relatively quiet, but reduced casualty numbers belie a still-worrying situation where long-standing grievances remain.
16. Walker, Shaun (4 April 2017). . The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017. A renewed crackdown on any suspected militant activity in the run-up to the Sochi winter Olympics in 2014 and the departure of many militants to fight in Syria led to a weakening of the North Caucasus insurgency.
17. Russia 'ends Chechnya operation' 8 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 16 April 2009
18. Cerwyn Moore (2015). "Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and "Beyond"" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence. 27 (3): 395–415. doi:10.1080/09546553.2015.1032035. S2CID 56451099.
19. Федеральный закон № 5-ФЗ от 12 января 1995, "О ветеранах" (in Russian)
20. Нечаев А., Зайнашев Ю. Россия выиграла еще одну важнейшую битву // Взгляд.ру, 19.12.2017
21. Moscow and Grozny Evince Growing Nervousness Over Regional Security 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Jamestown Foundation, 9 November 2009. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.
22. Более 230 силовиков погибло на Северном Кавказе в 2009 году
23. Кавказский Узел|Нургалиев: с начала года на Северном Кавказе нейтрализовано более 700 боевиков 20 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Chechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. (in Russian)
24. Gordon Hahn, "Trends in Jihadist Violence in Russia During 2010 in Statistics", Islam, Islamism and Politics in Eurasia Report, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 26 January 2011
25. "Why Is The Death Toll Tumbling In The North Caucasus?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 February 2015. from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
26. "How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria". Reuters. 13 May 2016. from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
27. Chechen Fighters Hold their Ground Against Kadyrov 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Jamestown Foundation, 28 May 2010
28. "Кавказский Узел – По итогам 2014 года Чечня стала единственным регионом СКФО с ростом числа жертв конфликта". Кавказский Узел. from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
29. "From Moscow to Mecca: As this part of Russia's empire frays, fundamentalist Islam takes a stronger hold". The Economist. Vol. 399, no. 8728. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 9–15 April 2011. pp. 24–26. from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
30. (in Russian) (7 February 2017). "Абдулатипов заявил о ликвидации всех террористических групп в Дагестане". РБК. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
31. A Fear of Three Letters 23 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, 8 March 2011
32. "Yevkurov Says Insurgency 'Defeated' In Ingushetia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 19 May 2015. from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
33. Blood Relations 9 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, 21 February 2011
34. Clashes in Russia's Caucasus Kill 10 Rebels 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 29 April 2011
35. CEDR, 9 September 2010, Doc. No. CEP-950171
36. "Нургалиев: с начала года на Северном Кавказе нейтрализовано более 700 боевиков". Caucasian Knot. 29 September 2009. from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
37. "Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2010 год по данным "Кавказского узла"". Caucasian Knot. 23 December 2013. from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
38. "Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2011 год по данным "Кавказского узла"". Caucasian Knot. 23 December 2013. from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
39. "Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2012 год". Caucasian Knot. 6 June 2013. from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
40. "Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе в ноябре 2013 года по данным "Кавказского узла"". Caucasian Knot. 18 December 2013. from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
41. "По итогам 2014 года Чечня стала единственным регионом СКФО с ростом числа жертв конфликта". Caucasian Knot. 30 January 2015. from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
42. "В 2015 году число жертв конфликта на Северном Кавказе снизилось вдвое". Caucasian Knot. 5 February 2016. from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
43. "В 2016 году число жертв конфликта на Северном Кавказе выросло на 11%". Caucasian Knot. 2 February 2017. from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
44. "Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2017 год по данным Кавказского Узла". Caucasian Knot. 29 January 2018. from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

External links

• Search Results for “russia” – DEV Group
• Global Terrorism Database
• Darion Rhodes, Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, March 2014
• Caucasus jihad: Terror tactics back on the horizon?, The Long War Journal, 21 May 2009
• "What Your Children Do Will Touch Upon You", Human Rights Watch, 2 July 2009
• Russia: Protect Rights in North Caucasus Insurgency No Excuse for Abandoning Rule of Law, International Federation for Human Rights, 7 July 2009 (UNHCR)
• Terrorism and the North Caucasus: An Overview 3 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine