Wikipedia
List of parties to international patent treaties
This is a list of parties to international patent treaties which are open to all states.
- Paris
- Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Paris, 1883-03-20, came into force 1884-07-07[1]
- PCT
- Patent Cooperation Treaty, Washington, 1970-06-19, came into force 1978-01-24[2]
- Budapest
- Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, Budapest, 1977-04-28, came into force 1980-08-19[3]
- TRIPS
- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Marrakech, 1994-04-15, came into force 1995-01-01[4]
- PLT
- Patent Law Treaty, Geneva, 2000-06-01, came into force 2005-04-28[5]
The list below was taken from details supplied by WIPO and the WTO. Dates quoted are the date on which the treaty came into effect for a given country.
| Country | Paris | PCT | Budapest | TRIPS | PLT | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 2017-05-14[6] | — | — | — | ||
| Albania | 1995-10-04 | 1995-10-04 | 2003-09-19 | 2000-09-08 | 2010-05-17 | |
| Algeria | 1966-03-01 | 2000-03-08 | — | — | ||
| Andorra | 2004-06-02 | — | — | — | ||
| Angola | 2007-12-27 | 2007-12-27 | — | 1996-11-23 | — | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2000-03-17 | 2000-03-17 | 2019-06-25 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Argentina | 1967-02-10 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Armenia | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2005-03-06 | 2003-02-05 | 2013-09-17 | |
| Australia | 1925-10-10 | 1980-03-31 | 1987-07-07 | 1995-01-01 | 2009-03-16 | |
| Austria | 1909-01-01[a] | 1979-04-23 | 1984-04-26 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Azerbaijan | 1995-12-25 | 1995-12-25 | 2003-10-14 | — | ||
| Bahamas | 1973-07-10 | — | — | — | ||
| Bahrain | 1997-10-29 | 2007-03-18 | 2012-11-20 | 1995-01-01 | 2005-12-15 | |
| Bangladesh | 1991-03-03 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Barbados | 1985-03-12 | 1985-03-12 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Belarus | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2001-10-19 | 2016-10-21 | ||
| Belgium | 1884-07-07 | 1981-12-14 | 1983-12-15 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Belize | 2000-06-17 | 2000-06-17 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Benin | 1967-01-10 | 1987-02-26 | — | 1996-02-22 | — | |
| Bhutan | 2000-08-04 | — | — | — | ||
| Bolivia | 1993-11-04 | — | — | 1995-09-12 | — | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992-03-01 | 1996-09-07 | 2009-01-27 | 2012-05-09 | ||
| Botswana | 1998-04-15 | 2003-10-30 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Brazil | 1884-07-07 | 1978-04-09 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Brunei | 2012-02-17 | 2012-07-24 | 2012-07-24 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Bulgaria | 1921-06-13 | 1984-05-21 | 1980-08-19 | 1996-12-01 | — | |
| Burkina Faso | 1963-11-19 | 1989-03-21 | — | 1995-06-03 | — | |
| Burundi | 1977-09-03 | — | — | 1995-07-23 | — | |
| Cambodia | 1998-09-22 | 2016-12-08 | — | 2004-10-13 | — | |
| Cameroon | 1964-05-10 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-12-13 | — | |
| Canada | 1925-06-12 | 1990-01-02 | 1996-09-21 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Cape Verde | 2022-07-06 | 2022-07-06 | — | 2008-07-23 | — | |
| Central African Republic | 1963-11-19 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Chad | 1963-11-19 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1996-10-19 | — | |
| Chile | 1991-06-14 | 2009-06-02 | 2011-08-05 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| China | 1985-03-19 | 1994-01-01 | 1995-07-01 | 2001-12-11 | — | |
| Colombia | 1996-09-03 | 2001-02-28 | 2016-07-26 | 1995-04-30 | — | |
| Comoros | 2005-04-03 | 2005-04-03 | — | — | ||
| Congo, Democratic Republic | 1975-01-31 | — | — | 1997-01-01 | — | |
| Congo, Republic | 1963-09-02 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1997-03-27 | — | |
| Costa Rica | 1995-10-31 | 1999-08-03 | 2008-09-30 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 1963-10-23 | 1991-04-30 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Croatia | 1991-10-08 | 1998-07-01 | 2000-02-25 | 2000-11-30 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Cuba | 1904-11-17 | 1996-07-16 | 1994-02-19 | 1995-04-20 | — | |
| Cyprus | 1966-01-17 | 1998-04-01 | — | 1995-07-30 | — | |
| Czech Republic | 1993-01-01 | 1993-01-01 | 1993-01-01 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Denmark | 1894-10-01 | 1978-12-01 | 1985-07-01 | 1995-01-01 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Djibouti | 2002-05-13 | 2016-09-23 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Dominica | 1999-08-07 | 1999-08-07 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Dominican Republic | 1890-07-11 | 2007-05-28 | 2007-07-03 | 1995-03-09 | — | |
| Ecuador | 1999-06-22 | 2001-05-07 | — | 1996-01-21 | — | |
| Egypt | 1951-07-01 | 2003-09-06 | — | 1995-06-30 | — | |
| El Salvador | 1994-02-19 | 2006-08-17 | 2006-08-17 | 1995-05-07 | — | |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1997-06-26 | 2001-07-17 | — | — | ||
| Eritrea | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ethiopia | — | — | — | — | ||
| Estonia | 1994-08-24[b] | 1994-08-24 | 1996-09-14 | 1999-11-13 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Eswatini | 1991-05-12 | 1994-09-20 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| European Union | — | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Fiji | — | — | — | 1996-01-14 | — | |
| Finland | 1921-09-20 | 1980-10-01 | 1985-09-01 | 1995-01-01 | 2006-03-06 | |
| France | 1884-07-07 | 1978-02-25 | 1980-08-19 | 1995-01-01 | 2010-01-05 | |
| Gabon | 1964-02-29 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Gambia | 1992-01-21 | 1997-12-09 | — | 1996-10-23 | — | |
| Georgia | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2005-09-30 | 2000-06-14 | — | |
| Germany | 1903-05-01 | 1978-01-24 | 1981-01-20 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Ghana | 1976-09-28 | 1997-02-26 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Greece | 1924-09-28 | 1990-10-09 | 1993-10-30 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Grenada | 1998-09-22 | 1998-09-22 | — | 1996-02-22 | — | |
| Guatemala | 1998-08-18 | 2006-10-14 | 2006-10-14 | 1995-07-21 | — | |
| Guinea | 1982-02-05 | 1991-05-27 | — | 1995-10-25 | — | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1988-06-28 | 1997-12-12 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Guyana | 1994-10-25 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Haiti | 1958-07-01 | — | — | 1996-01-30 | — | |
| Honduras | 1994-02-04 | 2006-06-20 | 2006-06-20 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Hong Kong, China | 1997-07-01[c] | 1997-07-01[c] | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Hungary | 1909-01-01[a] | 1980-06-27 | 1980-08-19 | 1995-01-01 | 2008-03-12 | |
| Iceland | 1962-05-05 | 1995-03-23 | 1995-03-23 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| India | 1998-12-07 | 1998-12-07 | 2001-12-17 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Indonesia | 1950-12-24 | 1997-09-05 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Iran | 1959-12-16 | 2013-10-04 | — | — | ||
| Iraq | 1976-12-24 | 2022-04-30 | — | — | ||
| Ireland | 1925-12-04 | 1992-08-01 | 1999-12-15 | 1995-01-01 | 2012-05-27 | |
| Israel | 1950-03-24 | 1996-06-01 | 1996-04-26 | 1995-04-21 | — | |
| Italy | 1884-07-07 | 1985-03-28 | 1986-03-23 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Jamaica | 1999-12-24 | 2022-02-10[7] | — | 1995-05-09 | — | |
| Japan | 1899-07-15 | 1978-10-01 | 1980-08-19 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Jordan | 1972-07-17 | 2017-06-09 | 2008-11-14 | 2000-04-11 | — | |
| Kazakhstan | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2002-04-24 | 2011-10-19 | ||
| Kenya | 1965-06-14 | 1994-06-08 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Kiribati | 2022-02-05[8] | — | — | — | — | |
| Korea, Democratic People's Republic | 1980-06-10 | 1980-07-08 | 2002-02-21 | — | — | |
| Korea, Republic | 1980-05-04 | 1984-08-10 | 1988-03-28 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Kuwait | 2014-12-02 | 2016-09-09 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2003-05-17 | 1998-12-20 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Laos | 1998-10-08 | 2006-06-14 | — | 2013-02-02 | — | |
| Latvia | 1993-09-07[d] | 1993-09-07 | 1994-12-29 | 1999-02-10 | 2010-06-12 | |
| Lebanon | 1924-09-01 | — | — | — | ||
| Lesotho | 1989-09-28 | 1995-10-21 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Liberia | 1994-08-27 | 1994-08-27 | — | 2017-01-04 | ||
| Libya | 1976-09-28 | 2005-09-15 | — | — | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1933-07-14 | 1980-03-19 | 1981-08-19 | 1995-09-01 | 2009-12-18 | |
| Lithuania | 1994-05-22 | 1994-07-05 | 1998-05-09 | 2001-05-31 | 2012-02-03 | |
| Luxembourg | 1922-06-30 | 1978-04-30 | 2010-07-29 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Macau, China | 1999-12-20[e] | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Madagascar | 1963-12-21 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-11-17 | — | |
| Malawi | 1964-07-06 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Malaysia | 1989-01-01 | 2006-08-16 | 2022-06-30 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Maldives | — | — | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Mali | 1983-03-01 | 1984-10-19 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Malta | 1967-10-20 | 2007-03-01 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Mauritania | 1965-04-11 | 1983-04-13 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Mauritius | 1976-09-24 | 2023-03-15[9] | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Mexico | 1903-09-07 | 1995-01-01 | 2001-03-21 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Moldova | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2001-07-26 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Monaco | 1956-04-29 | 1979-06-22 | 1999-01-23 | — | — | |
| Mongolia | 1985-04-21 | 1991-05-27 | — | 1997-01-29 | — | |
| Montenegro | 2006-06-03 | 2006-06-03 | 2006-06-03 | 2012-04-29 | 2012-03-09 | |
| Morocco | 1917-07-30 | 1999-10-08 | 2011-07-20 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Mozambique | 1998-07-09 | 2000-05-18 | — | 1995-08-26 | — | |
| Myanmar | — | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Namibia | 2004-01-01 | 2004-01-01 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Nauru | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Nepal | 2001-06-22 | — | — | 2004-04-23 | — | |
| Netherlands | 1884-07-07[f] | 1979-07-10[f] | 1987-07-02[f] | 1995-01-01[f] | 2010-10-27[g] | |
| New Zealand | 1931-07-29[h] | 1992-12-01 | 2019-03-17 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Nicaragua | 1996-07-03 | 2003-03-06 | 2006-08-10 | 1995-09-03 | — | |
| Niger | 1964-07-05 | 1993-03-21 | — | 1996-12-13 | — | |
| Nigeria | 1963-09-02 | 2005-05-08 | — | 1995-01-01 | 2005-04-28 | |
| North Macedonia | 1991-09-08 | 1995-08-10 | 2002-08-30 | 2003-04-04 | 2010-04-22 | |
| Norway | 1885-07-01 | 1980-01-01 | 1986-01-01 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Oman | 1999-07-14 | 2001-10-26 | 2007-10-16 | 2000-11-09 | 2007-10-16 | |
| Pakistan | 2004-07-22 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Palau | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Panama | 1996-10-19 | 2012-09-07 | 2012-09-07 | 1997-09-06 | — | |
| Papua New Guinea | 1999-06-15 | 2003-06-14 | — | 1996-06-09 | — | |
| Paraguay | 1994-05-28 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Peru | 1995-04-11 | 2009-06-06 | 2009-01-20 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Philippines | 1965-09-27 | 2001-08-17 | 1981-10-21 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Poland | 1919-11-10 | 1990-12-25 | 1993-09-22 | 1995-07-01 | — | |
| Portugal | 1884-07-07 | 1992-11-24 | 1997-10-16 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Qatar | 2000-07-05 | 2011-08-03 | 2014-03-06 | 1996-01-13 | — | |
| Romania | 1920-10-06 | 1979-07-23 | 1999-09-25 | 1995-01-01 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Russian Federation | 1965-07-01[i] | 1978-03-29[i] | 1981-04-22[i] | 2012-08-22 | 2009-08-12 | |
| Rwanda | 1984-03-01 | 2011-08-31 | — | 1996-05-22 | — | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1995-04-09 | 2005-10-27 | — | 1996-02-21 | — | |
| Saint Lucia | 1995-06-09 | 1996-10-30 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| St. Vincent & Grenadines | 1995-08-29 | 2002-08-06 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Samoa | 2013-09-21 | 2020-01-02 | — | 2012-05-10 | — | |
| San Marino | 1960-03-04 | 2004-12-14 | — | — | — | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 1998-05-12 | 2008-07-03 | — | — | ||
| Saudi Arabia | 2004-03-11 | 2013-08-03 | 2021-01-16 | 2005-12-11 | 2013-08-03 | |
| Senegal | 1963-12-21 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Serbia | 1992-04-27[j] | 1997-01-02[j] | 1994-02-25[j] | 2010-10-20 | ||
| Seychelles | 2002-11-07 | 2002-11-07 | — | — | ||
| Sierra Leone | 1997-06-17 | 1997-06-17 | — | 1995-07-23 | — | |
| Singapore | 1995-02-23 | 1995-02-23 | 1995-02-23 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Slovakia | 1993-01-01 | 1993-01-01 | 1993-01-01 | 1995-01-01 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Slovenia | 1991-06-25 | 1994-03-01 | 1998-03-12 | 1995-07-30 | 2005-04-28 | |
| Solomon Islands | — | — | — | 1996-07-26 | — | |
| Somalia | — | — | — | — | — | |
| South Africa | 1947-12-01 | 1999-03-16 | 1997-07-14 | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| South Sudan | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spain | 1884-07-07 | 1989-11-16 | 1981-03-19 | 1995-01-01 | 2013-11-06 | |
| Sri Lanka | 1952-12-29 | 1982-02-26 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Sudan | 1984-04-16 | 1984-04-16 | — | — | ||
| Suriname | 1975-11-25 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Sweden | 1885-07-01 | 1978-05-17 | 1983-10-01 | 1995-01-01 | 2007-12-27 | |
| Switzerland | 1884-07-07 | 1978-01-24 | 1981-08-09 | 1995-07-01 | 2008-07-01 | |
| Syria | 1924-09-01 | 2003-06-26 | — | — | ||
| Taiwan (Republic of China) | — | — | — | 2002-01-01 | — | |
| Tajikistan | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2013-03-02 | — | |
| Tanzania | 1963-06-16 | 1999-09-14 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Thailand | 2008-05-02 | 2009-09-24 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Timor Leste | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Togo | 1967-09-10 | 1978-01-24 | — | 1995-05-31 | — | |
| Tonga | 2001-06-14 | — | — | 2007-07-27 | — | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1964-08-01 | 1994-03-10 | 1994-03-10 | 1995-03-01 | — | |
| Tunisia | 1884-07-07 | 2001-12-10 | 2004-05-23 | 1995-03-29 | — | |
| Turkey | 1925-10-10 | 1996-01-01 | 1998-11-30 | 1995-03-26 | — | |
| Turkmenistan | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | — | — | — | |
| Tuvalu | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Uganda | 1965-06-14 | 1995-02-09 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Ukraine | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 1997-07-02 | 2008-05-16 | 2005-04-28 | |
| United Arab Emirates | 1996-09-19 | 1999-03-10 | 2021-05-17 | 1996-04-10 | — | |
| United Kingdom | 1884-07-07[k] | 1978-01-24[l] | 1980-12-29[m] | 1995-01-01[n] | 2006-03-22[n] | |
| United States of America | 1887-05-30 | 1978-01-24 | 1980-08-19 | 1995-01-01 | 2013-12-18 | |
| Uruguay | 1967-03-18 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Uzbekistan | 1991-12-25 | 1991-12-25 | 2002-01-12 | 2006-07-19 | ||
| Vanuatu | — | — | — | 2012-08-24 | — | |
| Holy See (Vatican City) | 1960-09-29 | — | — | — | ||
| Venezuela | 1995-09-12 | — | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Vietnam | 1949-03-08 | 1993-03-10 | 2021-06-01 | 2007-01-11 | — | |
| Yemen | 2007-02-15 | — | — | — | ||
| Zambia | 1965-04-06 | 2001-11-15 | — | 1995-01-01 | — | |
| Zimbabwe | 1980-04-18 | 1997-06-11 | — | 1995-03-05 | — | |
- Notes
- ^ a b Ratification as Austria-Hungary
- ^ Estonia was a member of the Paris Convention from 1924-02-12. However, it lost its independence on 1940-08-06.
- ^ a b Ratification of China extended to Hong Kong
- ^ Latvia was a member of the Paris Convention from 1925-08-20. However, it lost its independence on 1940-07-21.
- ^ Ratification of China extended to Macao
- ^ a b c d Valid in all countries in the Kingdom: Aruba, Curaçao, Netherlands and Sint Maarten
- ^ Valid in all countries in the Kingdom, except Aruba
- ^ Extended to the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau
- ^ a b c Ratification as the Soviet Union
- ^ a b c Ratification as Serbia and Montenegro
- ^ Extended to the Isle of Man (1983), Guernsey (from November 2020), Bailiwick of Jersey (from November 2020) and Gibraltar (from January 2021).[10]
- ^ Extended to the Isle of Man (from 29 October 1983[11]), Hong Kong (1981-1997), Gibraltar (from 1 January 2021)[12] and Guernsey (from 23 March 2021)
- ^ Extended to Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar from 1 January 2021.
- ^ a b Extended to the Isle of Man
See also edit
- African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)
- Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO)
- European Patent Organisation (EPO)
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- List of parties to international copyright treaties
- List of parties to international related rights treaties
References edit
- ^ Parties to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Parties to the Patent Cooperation Treaty 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Parties to the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 2020-11-10 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Members of the World Trade Organization 2009-12-29 at the Wayback Machine as of 2005-12-11.
- ^ "Parties to the Patent Law Treaty". from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
- ^ "Paris Notification No. 221 - Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property - Accession by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". WIPO. February 14, 2017. from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "New PCT Contracting State". www.wipo.int. WIPO. November 24, 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
On 10 November 2021, Jamaica deposited its instrument of accession to the PCT, thus becoming the 154th Contracting State of the PCT, and on 10 February 2022, will become bound by the PCT.
- ^ "Paris Convention Accession, Accession by Kiribati". www.wipo.int. WIPO. November 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
On 5 November 2021, Kiribati (country code: KI) deposited its instrument of accession to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, thus bringing the total number of States party to that Convention to 178. Kiribati will become bound by the Paris Convention on 5 February 2022.
- ^ "TREATY/PCT/223: [PCT] Accession by the Republic of Mauritius". www.wipo.int. WIPO. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ "Paris Notification No. 223 - Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property - Declaration by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". WIPO. August 13, 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "PCT Contracting States" (PDF). wipo.int. WIPO. (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
The United Kingdom extended the application of the PCT to the Isle of Man with effect from 29 October 1983.
- ^ "PCT Contracting States" (PDF). wipo.int. WIPO. (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
With effect from 1 January 2021, the United Kingdom will extend the application of the PCT to the territory of Gibraltar
External links edit
- Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
- Patent Cooperation Treaty
- Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure
- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- Patent Law Treaty