List of historical separatist movements

For currently active movements, see Lists of active separatist movements.

This is a list of historical separatist movements around the world. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. Most separatist movements do not succeed in their goal, therefore only notable ones are listed here; however, not all listed here succeeded in their goal.

Africa

Algeria

(To Gain independence from Algeria on July 5, 1962)

• Political party: Mouvement D'Auto-Détermination De la Kabylie (MAK)
• Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale is calling for its dissolution. The French is describing it as a terrorist movement.
• Parallel government: Provisional

Angola

• Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
• Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

Botswana

• Political party: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana People's Party (BPP)

Burundi

• Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)

Martyazo

• Rebel organisation: Hutu

Cameroon

• Political party: Rassemblement camerounais (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
• Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun (ALNK)

Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

• Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (FLING)

Central African Republic

• Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)

Côte d'Ivoire

• Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (MPCI)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO

Katanga

• Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)

Egypt

• Political party: Wafd Party

Eritrea

• Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)

France (associated territories)

• Réunion

Autonomist movement

• Political party: Communist Party of Réunion (which still exists, but has abandoned its goal of autonomy)^[1]

Ghana

• Political party: Convention People's Party (CPP), United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
• Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation

Kenya

• Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
• Rebel organization: Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA or Mau Mau)

Mali

• Political party: Sudanese Union (US)

Mauritius

• Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)

Morocco

• Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc

Mozambique

• Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)

Namibia

• Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
• Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN),

Niger

• Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

Nigeria

• Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
• Secessionist entity: Republic of Biafra

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP), Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP)

Seychelles

• Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP)

Sierra Leone

• Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), West African Youth League (WAYL)

Somalia

• Political party: Somali Youth League (SYL)

Somaliland

• Rebel organization: Somali National Movement (SNM)

South Africa

• Secessionist movement: Eastern Cape Separatist League

Sudan

• Political party: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party

Tanzania

Tanganyika

• Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union

Zanzibar

• Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)

Tunisia

• Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour (ND)

Uganda

• Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress (UPC)

Zambia

• Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)

Zimbabwe

• Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
• Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)

Asia

Bangladesh

• People: Jumma people
  • Political party: Porbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti
  • Rebel organisation: Shanti Bahini
  • Proposed state: Autonomous Hill Tribes
  • Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
• People: Bengali Hindus
  • Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
  • Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
  • Proposed State: Bangabhumi

China

Mainland China

• De facto state:   Chinese Soviet Republic
  • Political party: Chinese Communist Party
  • Armed organization: Chinese Red Army
• Proposed state:   People's Republic of China
  • Political party: Chinese Communist Party

Outer Mongolia

• De facto state:   Great Mongolian State
  • Political organization: Bogd Khanate
• Proposed state:   Mongolian People's Republic
  • Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

Cyprus

• Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation

France (associated territories)

Indochina

• Proposed state:   Kingdom of Cambodia
  • Political organization: Khmer Issarak
• Proposed state:   Laos
• Militant organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao
• Proposed state:   Democratic Republic of Vietnam
  • Political organization: Viet Minh

Mandate of Syria

• Political organization: National Bloc

India

• People: Sikh
  • Militant organisation:  Khalistan Liberation Force, Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force
  • Proposed state: Khalistan
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed
• People: Tripuri
  • Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force
  • Proposed state: Tipperaland
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed
• People: Garo, Khasi
  • Militant organisation: Garo National Liberation Army, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
  • Proposed state: Garoland, Hynniewtrep
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed
• People: Bodo
  • Militant organisation: National Democratic Front of Boroland
  • Proposed state: Boroland
  • Status: Separatist groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
• People: Karbi
  • Militant organisation: Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front, United People's Democratic Solidarity
  • Proposed state: Hemprek Kangthim
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
• People: Dimasa
  • Militant organisation: Dima Halam Daogah
  • Proposed state: Dimaraji
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
• People: Tani
  • Militant organisation: National Liberation Council of Taniland
  • Proposed state: Taniland
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed

Indonesia

Aceh

• Proposed state:   Aceh
  • Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement

Timor

• Proposed state:   Timor-Leste
  • Political party: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor

Japan

Ezo

• De facto state: Republic of Ezo

Maldives

Suvadives

• Proposed state:   United Suvadive Republic

Netherlands (associated territories)

Dutch East Indies

• Proposed state:   Republic of Indonesia
  • Political party: Nationalist Party of Indonesia

Oman

Dhofar

• Militant organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (PFLOAG)

Pakistan

East Pakistan

• People: Bengalis (East Pakistanis)
  • Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
  • Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
  • De facto state:   People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Philippines

Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu Islands, and Palawan)

• Proposed state:   Bangsamoro Republik (MNLF)
  • Political organization: Moro National Liberation Front
  • Militant organization: Bangsamoro Armed Forces
• Proposed state: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (originally for independence)
  • Political organization: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
  • Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces

Spain (associated territories)

Spanish East Indies

• Philippine archipelago
  • Secessionist entities:   Katagalugan,   Republic of the Philippines,   Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga
    • Militant organization: Katipunan
    • Society: La Liga Filipina
  • Ilocos
    • Secessionist state:   Free Ilocos

Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamil people

• Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
  • Political party: Tamil National Alliance
  • Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
  • Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam^[2]

Turkey

• Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party)
• Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

United Kingdom (associated territories)

Burma

• Political organization: Dobama Asiayone
• Militant organization: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Burma Independence Army, Communist Party of Burma

India

• Proposed state:   India
  • Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
  • Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
  • Rebel organization: Indian National Army

Malaya

• Proposed state:   Federation of Malaya
• Political party: Alliance Party (United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association, and Malayan Indian Congress)

Penang^[3][4]

• Ethnic groups: Penangites, Penangite Chinese
• Proposed state:   Penang
• Organization: Penang Chamber of Commerce^[5]

United States (associated territories)

Commonwealth of the Philippines

• Political party: Nacionalista Party
• Proposed state:   Republic of the Philippines

Mindanao

• Ethnic group: Maranao
• Proposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions. (See Dansalan Declaration)

Europe

Albania

• League of Prizren
• Northern Epirus

Belgium

• Political parties
  • Flemish
    • Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
    • Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

Bulgaria

• Political party: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organisation

Czech Republic

• Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

Finland

• Political movement: Fennoman
• Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
•   Åland Islands
  • Political movement: Åland movement

France

•   Basque Country (also in Spain)
  • Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
  • Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
•   Corsica
  • Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
•   Brittany
  • Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
  • Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
•   Alsace
  • Political parties : Alsace d'abord *

Germany

• Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
• Lower Saxony
• Alemannic Separatism
• Bavarian Soviet Republic
•   Saarland
  • Political parties: Christian People's Party of Saarland, Social Democratic Party of Saarland^[6]
  • Goals: De facto independence of Saarland under status of a European territory, acceptance of the Saar statute

Greece

(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)

• Society: Filiki Eteria
• Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
• Militant organisations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy

Ireland

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)

• Home Rule League
• Irish National League
• Irish Parliamentary Party
• Irish Republican Brotherhood
• Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
• Sinn Féin
• Society of United Irishmen
• United Irish League
• Young Ireland

Italy

•   Sardinia (Sardinian nationalism)
•   Sicily (Sicilian nationalism)
•   Veneto (Venetian nationalism)

North Macedonia

Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Albanians
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
• Goals: Autonomy (1994–99), independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo (2000–01)
• Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
• Timespan: 1994–2001

Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Serbs
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
• Goals: Autonomy (Serbian Autonomous Region of Kumanovo Valley and Skopska Crna Gora)^[7]
• Timespan: 1992

Ottoman Empire

• Ethnic group: Greeks
  • Organization: Filiki Eteria
• Ethnic group: Serbs
  • Organization: Serbian rebels
• Ethnic group: Bulgarians
  • Organization: Bulgarian revolutionaries, Opalchentsi

Poland

• Narodowa Demokracja
• Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
• Union of Upper Silesians
• Silesian People's Party

Russian Empire and Russian Provisional Government

  Armenia

• Armenian National Council

  Azerbaijan

• Azerbaijani National Council

  Bashkortostan

• Bashkir Regional Bureau
• Millät Mäclese

  Belarus

• Belarusian National Council

   Crimea

• Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People

  Don

• Krug for the Salvation of the Don

  Estonia

• Estonian Provisional Government

  Finland

• Parliament of Finland
• White Guard

  Georgia

• Social Democratic Party of Georgia

  Idel-Ural

• Collegium for the implementation of the Idel-Ural State

  North Ingermanland

• Provisional Committee of Northern Ingria

   Karelia

• Union of White Sea Karelians

  Kuban

• Kuban Military Council
• Kuban Rada

  Latvia

• People's Council of Latvia

  Lithuania

• Council of Lithuania

  Moldova

• Sfatul Țării

  Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

• Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus
• Executive Committee

  Poland

• Regency Council
• Polish political parties

Transcaucasia

• Transcaucasian Commissariat

  Ukraine

• Central Council of Ukraine
• General Secretariat of Ukraine

Slovakia

• Political party: Slovak National Party

Soviet Union

• Political parties:
• Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
• Belarusian People's Front
• Rahvarinne
• Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement
• Sąjūdis
• Moldovan Popular Front
• People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh)
• Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
• Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Spain

•   Basque Country (also in France)
  • Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
  • Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
•   Catalonia
  • Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement, Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Reagrupament, National Front of Catalonia
  • Rebel organizations: Terra Lliure (disbanded), Exèrcit Popular Català (disbanded)
  • Organizations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural
  • Labour unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
•   Galicia
  • Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
•   Asturias
  • Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
  • Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
•   Canary Islands
  • Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
  • Organizations: MPAIAC
  • Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches

United Kingdom

•   Cornwall: New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
•   Isle of Wight: Vectis National Party
•   Ireland: Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
•   Scotland: Scottish National Liberation Army
•   Wales: Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement

Isle of Man

•   Isle of Man: Fo Halloo, Manx National Party

Yugoslavia

•   Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)
• Ethnic group: Croats
• Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
• Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
• Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
• Goals: Independence

Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
• Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
• Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
• Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
• Goals: Larger autonomy (until 1989); Independence (1990–2003)

Preševo Valley (SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Albanians in southern Serbia
• Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley

North America

Antigua and Barbuda

• Political party: Antigua Labour Party

Bahamas

• Abaco Islands
  •   Political parties: Abaco Independence Movement (defunct)
• Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

Barbados

 Culpepper Island

• Proposed state: Lokono-Arawak Nation
  • Political parties: United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP), Eagle Clan of Lokono-Arawaks (ECLA)^[8][9]
  • Militant organisation: Indigenous Democracy Defense Organization (IDDO)^[10]

Belize

• Political party: People's United Party

British West Indies

• Political party: Caribbean League
• Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

Canada

Autonomist

•   Acadia
  • Political party: Parti Acadien
•   Cape Breton Island
  • Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party
• the Maritimes
  • Political party: the Maritimes
•   Ontario
  • Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party
•   Quebec
  • Political party: Action démocratique du Québec

Secessionist

• Nova Scotia
  • Political: Anti-Confederation Party
• Ontario
  • Political: Ontario Independence League, Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
  • Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
  • Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire
  • Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale (Quebec), Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec
• Western Canada
  • Political: Unionest Party, Separation Party of Alberta, Alberta Independence Party

Costa Rica

• Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party

Dominica

• Political party: Dominica Labour Party

Autonomist

Kalinago Territory

• Proposed state: Karifuna-Carib Nation
  • Political parties: Kalinago Tribal Nation, United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) ^{[11][12][13][14]}

Haiti

• Cacos (anti-US occupation)

Jamaica

Main article: Independence of Jamaica

• Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

Leeward Maroons

• Proposed state: Accompong Town Maroon Community^[15][16]
  • Political organizations: Maroon Council^[17]

Mexico

Secessionist

• California Republic
• Chan Santa Cruz
• Republic of Fredonia
• Republic of the Rio Grande
• Republic of Texas
• Republic of Yucatán
• Republic of Baja California
• Republic of Sonora

Nicaragua

• Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

Panama

• Kuna Revolution (Republic of Tule)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Carib Country (Black Carib indigenous communities north of the Rabacca River: Orange Hill, Overland, Sandy Bay, Point, Owia and Fancy) ^[18][19][20]

• Proposed state: Yurumein
• Former reservations:Old Sandy Bay, Petit Bonum, Morne Ronde, Lariki, Grieggs^[21]
• Political parties: Campaign for the Development of the Carib Community(CDCC),^[22][23] Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc (GIPSVG),^[24] United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) ^[25]

Trinidad and Tobago

• Political party: People's National Movement
• Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People

United States

• American Revolution
• Aztlán
• Confederate States of America
• New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
• Republic of New Afrika
• State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)
• State of Muskogee, secessionist Florida territory (1799 - 1803)
• For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.
• Republic of West Florida
• Conch Republic
• Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

Puerto Rico

• Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement

Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

Oceania

Australia

Mainland Australia

•   Tasmania^[26] (See: Secessionism in Tasmania)
•   Western Australia (See: Secessionism in Western Australia)

Eastern New Guinea

• Proposed state: Papua
  • Political party: Papua Besena

New Zealand

Further information: South Island nationalism

South Island

• Proposed autonomous region: New Munster
  • Political parties: South Island Party
  • Pressure group: Southern Separation League

Western Samoa

• Protest movement: Mau movement

United Kingdom (associated territories)

Solomon Islands

• Protest movement: Maasina Ruru

South America

Argentina

• Patagonia
  • Proposed state:   Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

Bolivia

• Media Luna
  • Pressure Group: Nación Camba

Brazil

•   Minas Gerais
  • Movement:   Inconfidência Mineira
•   Rio Grande do Sul
  • Political party: Movimento da República Rio-Grandense
  • Proposed state:   Riograndense Republic
•   Santa Catarina
  • Political party: Frente de Libertação da República Catarinense
  • Proposed state:   Juliana Republic
•   São Paulo
  • Political party: Movimento República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1924 Paulista Revolt, 1887 Manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
  • Proposed state:   Republic of São Paulo
• Parts of   Pernambuco,   Paraíba and   Ceará
  • Proposed state:   Confederation of the Equator

Chile

• Araucanía
  • Proposed state:   Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

Colombia

• Parts of Andean Region
  • Rebel organization:   Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
  • Secessionist entities: Marquetalia Republic and several other communist-oriented Independent Republics
• Parts of Andean and   Caribbean regions
  • Secessionist entities: Several provinces under leadership of Jefes Supremos
  • Goals: Federalization of New Granada
•   Antioquia
  • Pressure Group: Antioquia Rebelde (part of Medellin Cartel)
•   Arauca
  • Secessionist entity: Republic of Arauca
•   Caribbean Region
  • Pressure Group: Liga Costeña
• Cauca State
  • Political Party: Liberal Party
  • Goals: Annexation to Ecuador (1832), reforming the Grenadine Confederation (1860–1862)
• Parts of   Nariño and   Putumayo
  • Rebel organization:   Royalist guerrillas (1822–1825)
  • Pressure Group: Catholic clergy (1839–1842)
  • Political party: Conservative Party (1860–1862)
  • Goals: Restoring Spanish rule (1822–1825), annexation to Ecuador (1839–1842; 1860–1862)
• Panama State
  • Political Party: Liberal Party
  • Secessionist entity: Isthmus State (1840–1841),   Republic of Panama (1903–)

Guyana

• Political party: People's Progressive Party
• Political party: People's National Congress

Peru

• Federal State of Loreto  
  • Loretan Insurrection of 1896

Spanish America

• Logia Lautaro

See also

• List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
• List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
• Lists of separatist movements

References

1. Cairn Article (in French) "De son côté, le parti communiste s’impose à La Réunion comme la principale formation politique après avoir abjuré son mot d’ordre d’autonomie"
2. Peacehalle.com
3. Webmaster, M. T. (2019-12-04). "Tan Sri Mohd Yussof shares story on the attempt to declare Penang independent of Malaya". Malaysia Today. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
4. Sopiee, Mohd. Noordin (March 1973). "The Penang Secession Movement, 1948–1951". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 52–71. doi:10.1017/S0022463400016416.
5. Lyn, Koay Su (2017-03-17). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part Two) - Penang Monthly". penangmonthly.com. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
6. Jürgen Hannig: Die Saar 1945–1955 / La Sarre 1945–1955, Separatisten - Nationalisten? Zum Abstimmungskampf 1955, pp. 381–396, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1995, doi.org/10.1515/9783486829563-035 (German).
7. Janusz Bugajski (1994). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe. p. 122. ISBN 9781563242823.
8. "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
9. "THINGS BAJAN: Culpepper Island". NationNews Room. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
10. "New Global Entity Focused on Threats to the Security of Indigenous Tribal Nations Created * Last Real Indians Exclusive". NationNews. 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
11. "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
12. "When the Kalinago Tribal Nation of Dominica Stood up to the Powers That be and Won by Damon Corrie". Last Real Indians Room. 2021-10-12. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
13. "The Caribs of Dominica: Land Rights and Ethnic Consciousness". Cultural Survival. 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
14. "Meet the Kalinagos: Dominica offers Maroons, Ja Gov't model of mutual respect". Cultural Survival. 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
15. "Maroon Autonomy In Jamaica". Cultural Survival. 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
16. "A Maroon State in Formation: Sovereignty and State Effects in the Polity of Accompong". UC Davis. 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
17. "Maroons demand autonomy". UC Davis. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
18. "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions". Antigua Observer. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
19. "HEGEM ONY, CARIB HISTORY AND HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ST. VINCENT" (PDF). Antigua Observer. University College London. 2007. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
20. "CARIBS". Antigua Observer. Tripod.
21. "1 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK CARIBS" (PDF). belize-glessimaresearch.org. Belize Glessima Research. August 1972. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
22. Twin, Paul (2006). "Land Ownership and the Construction of Carib Identity in St. Vincent". In Forte, Maximilian Christian (ed.). Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival. New York, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 89–106. ISBN 978-0-8204-7488-5., Caribbean Organisation of Indigenous Peoples
23. "Land and Livelihoods among the Black Caribs of North-East St Vincent: Case studies of farming and cottage-based agro-processing". Antigua Observer. Caribbean Geography-Research Gate. September 2013. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
24. "Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc". GIPSVG. GIPSVG Inc.
25. "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
26. Petrow, Stefan (2006). "Secession". utas.edu.au/. University of Tasmania, Australia - Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. Retrieved 3 December 2013.