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Secessionism in Western Australia

February 15, 2024

Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after Federation in 1901.[a][3] The idea of self-governance or secession has often been discussed through local newspaper articles and editorials.[4][5] On a number of occasions secession has been a serious political issue for the State, including in a successful but unimplemented 1933 state referendum.

Flag of the "Dominion of Westralia" as proposed in 1934
Secessionist how-to-vote card, 1933

One recurring argument by proponents of secession is based on the assumption that a federal government in Canberra will favour the business and popular interests of the larger population centres lying to the east of this state.[6][7][8][9] A common complaint is that Western Australia is a forgotten or Cinderella state, which contributes more to federal funds than it gets back, and is discriminated against by the more populous states.[10][11][12] The Constitution of Australia, however, describes the union as "one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth"[13] and makes no provision for states to secede.[b] Western Australia is the only state not specifically listed in this preamble, as its final decision to join came too late for the constitution, already enacted by the UK Parliament, to be altered.[14]

Colonial self-government edit

Petitions asking for representative elections for some of the positions in the Western Australian Legislative Council were presented to London in 1865 and 1869. This was granted in 1870 but maintained a Governor's veto.

In 1887 a new constitution including the right of self-governance was drafted and in 1890, the Act granting self-government was passed by the British House of Commons and assented to by Queen Victoria.

"Auralia" goldfields separation movement edit

 
A map printed in 1900, to accompany a petition to Queen Victoria, showing the boundaries of the proposed "Colony of Auralia".

During the late 19th century, the WA government (like that of New Zealand) was reluctant to commit to the proposed Federation of British colonies in Australasia, and was lobbied by Federation committees from WA and the other colonies. This changed little with the granting of self-government to WA in 1889 – and the election of the Colony's first Premier John Forrest – which meant virtual independence from Britain, in all matters except defence, foreign affairs and trade. After the discovery of gold at Coolgardie (1892) and Kalgoorlie (1893), these towns were at the centre of the "Eastern Goldfields", and the flow of immigrants from the Eastern Colonies increased.

Tensions emerged during the mid-1890s between the Goldfields and the capital city. There were four main reasons for this:

  • the extremely rapid growth of the Goldfields meant that its population soon rivalled that of the Perth metropolitan area;
  • before the opening of the Perth-Kalgoorlie railway and Fremantle Harbour (both in 1897), Goldfields residents interacted relatively little with the metropolitan area (i.e. people moving from the Eastern Colonies to the Goldfields usually passed through the deep water port of Albany, took trains to Broomehill and then travelled by horse or on foot along Holland's Track to Coolgardie);
  • Forrest's government favoured large mining companies over individual prospectors, antagonising many people in the Goldfields and;
  • many Goldfields residents, due to their ties with the Eastern Colonies, strongly supported Federation.

In 1899, after several years of lobbying, the Eastern Goldfields Reform League compiled a Petition to Her Majesty the Queen from persons residing on the Goldfields, together with a refutation of the statements made in the petition, by Sir John Forrest.[15] It argued the case for the Goldfields' separation from Western Australia and the formation of a new Colony/State in the Goldfields, named "Auralia". In early 1900, Walter Griffiths travelled to London on behalf of the Eastern Goldfields Reform League executive, to present the petition to the British government and lobby the Colonial Office to either approve Auralia's separation, or force Western Australia to accept Federation. However, in spite of many requests by Griffiths, the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain refused to meet him.

Nevertheless, the petition put pressure for the Western Australian government to join Federation.[16] Forrest led a push to include recent immigrants from the east on the electoral roll, ensuring that the referendum would pass. From 1 January 1901, when WA formally joined the other Colonies in federating as States of the Commonwealth of Australia, the impetus for creation of Auralia waned.

Federation edit

 
Record board of the West Australian showing results for the Popular Referendum on Australian Federation, 31 July 1900.

In 1900, Western Australians voted in a referendum to consider the draft Australian Constitution of the proposed Federation of Australia.[17]The result of the vote was 44,800 in favour and 19,691 against. Most country electorates voted "No", except Albany and the Goldfields, which voted "Yes".

The Constitution, which came into force on 1 January 1901 states in its opening preamble:[18]

WHEREAS the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established. And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen ... [emphasis added]

Western Australia was not specifically mentioned in the preamble as its support was given too late for the document to be amended prior to enactment. The colony had taken no steps to hold their referendum on the question of federation as the year 1900 began.[14] As a result, there were protests and moves within the colony to join the federation by other means. For example, residents of the Eastern Goldfields began organising to form a colony separate from Western Australia.[14] This would have allowed them to seek admission to the Commonwealth later. Finally, Western Australia's referendum was held on 31 July 1900. By that time the British Parliament had enacted the Commonwealth Constitution Bill. It had received Royal Assent on 9 July 1900.[14]

1933 referendum edit

 
Keith Watson (left) and James MacCallum Smith (right), showing a page of the 1933 secession petition.
See also: 1933 Western Australian secession referendum

James MacCallum Smith, the proprietor of the local weekly newspaper, The Sunday Times started publishing pro-secessionist articles in 1907 under its editor Alfred T. Chandler. In 1926, Smith, a committed secessionist, and others established the Secession League to provide a public vehicle for advancing the secession cause. Prior to the Great Depression in 1930, the State's major export had been wheat. However, with the depression, wheat prices plummeted and unemployment in Perth reached 30%, creating economic havoc. Also in 1930, Keith Watson founded the Dominion League which advocated secession and the creation of a separate Dominion of Western Australia. The league held numerous rallies and public meetings which successfully made capital out of the general discontent brought on by the depression. Smith continued to agitate until the mid-1930s when a syndicate of main nationalists purchased the paper's parent company.

The term Westralia was regularly associated with secessionism.[19]

 
Public launch of the Dominion League at His Majesty's Theatre, Perth on 30 July 1930

To counter the pro-secession movement, a Federal League of Western Australia was formed which organised a "No" campaign. They brought several high-profile people to Western Australia including the Prime Minister Joseph Lyons, Senator George Pearce, and former Prime Minister Billy Hughes for a brief speaking tour of Perth, Fremantle and country centres, but often received hostile receptions. The Federalists argued for a constitutional convention to examine the state's grievances but was unable to counter the grassroots campaign of the Dominion League. The question of holding a constitutional convention was the second question asked in the referendum.

On 8 April 1933, Nationalist Premier Sir James Mitchell's government held a referendum on secession alongside the State parliamentary election. The Nationalists had campaigned in favour of secession while the Labor party had campaigned against breaking from the Federation. 68% of the 237,198 voters voted in favour of secession, but at the same time the Nationalists were voted out of office. Only the mining areas, populated by keen Federalists, voted against the move.

 
The delegation for the secession of Western Australia in London
 
A Dominion League meeting in 1933

The new Labor government of Philip Collier sent a delegation to London with the referendum result to petition the British government to effectively overturn the previous Act of Parliament which had allowed for the creation of the Australian Federation. The delegation included the Agent General, Sir Hal Colebatch, Matthew Lewis Moss, James MacCallum Smith, and Keith Watson. They argued as follows:

Our opponents lay great stress on the words contained in the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act:

Have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and under the Constitution hereby established.

They emphasise the word "indissoluble". We insist on the equal importance of the rest of the section: "Under the Crown" and "under this Constitution". Will it be contended that if – a highly improbable suggestion – the always loyal Commonwealth of Australia decided to break away from the British Crown and establish a republic, we in Western Australia should still be bound in the "indissoluble Federal Commonwealth?

Our contention is that the words "under the Constitution hereby established" are of equal significance, and if we can demonstrate – as we are prepared to do – that in a number of essentials, the Constitution has been violated to our detriment, we are entitled to be relieved from our bargain. The federation is a partnership between six States in which certain guarantees were given and certain safeguards were provided. We can show that these guarantees have been violated – that these safeguards have been swept aside – and so we ask for the annulment of the partnership.

After all, what does the word "indissoluble" mean? Remember that it occurs only in the preamble and not in the Act itself. Is any arrangement made in this world indissoluble? Can the rulers of any country "dressed in a little brief authority", bind the people of that country not merely to the third and fourth generation, but for all time? Is there either justice or common sense in continuing an agreement that is working badly? Is a party to that agreement – after giving it a trial for 35 years and having proved it to be hampering to its industries, destructive to its prosperity and a grave bar to its development – prohibited from seeking relief?[20]

The United Kingdom House of Commons established a select committee to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, it finally refused to consider the matter, further declaring that it could not legally grant secession.[citation needed] The delegation returned home empty-handed.

As a consequence of the failure of negotiations and of the economic revival, the Secession League gradually lost support and by 1938 had ceased to exist.

1974 Westralian Secession Movement edit

Iron ore magnate Lang Hancock founded the Westralian Secession Movement in 1974. His group focused largely on taxes and tariffs, arguing that trade barriers around Australia harmed the State's mainly mining and wheat export industries which earned a disproportionate amount of Australia's foreign exchange. In the 1974 Senate election, the party fielded Don Thomas as an ultimately unsuccessful candidate.

The Western Australian economy was, however, in an upswing at the time with major capital works underway and prosperity at an all-time high. The movement stagnated after a few years.

Recent history edit

Western Australia's shares of various resources in 2010[21]
% of Australian
total
Population 10.3%
Gross domestic product 13.1%
Mineral and energy output 48%
Merchandise exports 39%
Exploration 55%
Private investment 28%
Share of GST 8.1%

At the start of the 21st century, Australia was in the middle of a "resources boom", which once again meant that Western Australia's economic contribution to the Australian economy was at a high point. Perceptions of a disproportionately low share of federal resources sent to the state relative to its economic contribution to the country further fanned a wave of secessionist rhetoric. For example, at the 22 October 2008 Vista Public Lecture, former Western Australian Premier, Richard Court, said that the case for secessionism only strengthened while the Commonwealth continued to exploit the State's resource-rich economy.[22] He argued that, at the time, Western Australia accounted for 35% of the nation's export income yet most of the revenue was used to strengthen the "financial muscle growing in Canberra". The state had approximately 9–10% of the nation's population, generated over 10% of the Goods and Services Tax revenue, but received only 6% of what was being distributed.[22] Court said that if the then-current Federation path continued, then by the year 2020, Western Australia would only be receiving 5% of what would be distributed by the Commonwealth Grants Commission. The former Premier said he was not advocating secession but stressed that the financial imbalance required addressing and that "the time to do so is now".

In July 2011, the Western Australian Minister for Mines and Petroleum, Norman Moore, made the controversial statement that WA should secede and rely primarily on China for military defence to remain an independent nation free from Canberra's influence. Members of the Liberal Party responded to his comments negatively, stating that they were his personal view and not the stance of the Liberal Party.[23]

Western Australia was grouped with Scotland, Wales, the Basque Country, and Catalonia as "places seeking maximum fiscal and policy autonomy from their national capitals" in an October 2013 opinion piece in The New York Times.[24]

In 2016, the pro-secessionist WAxit Party was formed. The party failed to gain a significant number of votes in subsequent elections.[25][26]

Discussions in Parliament, and a successful motion at the 2017 Liberal Party State Conference, sparked renewed debate of secessionism in the media.[27][28][29] Support for WA secession grew again during the COVID-19 pandemic and WA's hard border closure with the rest of Australia in 2020.[30] A poll run in October 2020 found that 28% of Western Australians support Western Australia leaving the Australian federation.[31][25][26]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Five years after federation, the Western Australian Legislative Assembly resolved that federation had "proved detrimental to the interest" of the state. It called for a referendum to withdraw from the Commonwealth be put to voters in the state. However, neither the Premier nor the Opposition Leader supported the move. No further action was taken at the time.[1][2]
  2. ^ However Section 128 does provide for the alteration of the Constitution

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Musgrave, p. 100.
  2. ^ Craven, Gregory (1986). Secession, the ultimate states right. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0522843174. OCLC 16867753.
  3. ^ Wright, Shane (24 April 2010). "Welcome... to the Republic of Western Australia". The West Australian. from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Western Australia has had a long history of flirting with the idea of becoming its own nation state
  4. ^ Quekett, Malcolm (6 September 2017). "Westralia, 'we're flying highhhhh'". The West Australian. from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  5. ^ Ker, Peter; Perth (29 June 2011). "Miners talk secession, recalling the heady times of 1933". The Age. from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  6. ^ Harrop, Daniel (2011). "The Republic of Western Australia: The Legal Possibility of Western Australia's Secession from the Australian Federation" (PDF). The Western Australian Jurist (3): 233–250. (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  7. ^ Smith, Dean (20 April 2017). "Paltry GST share fires up WA secession fervour". The West Australian. from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  8. ^ Heriot, Dianne (1 September 2017). "Western Australia: State of secession?". aph.gov.au. Parliament House, Canberra: Australian Parliament. from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  9. ^ Hiller, Harry H. (1987). "Secession in Western Australia: A Continuing Phenomenon?". The Australian Quarterly. 59 (2): 222–233. doi:10.2307/20635434. JSTOR 20635434.
  10. ^ Western Australia: The Cinderella state of the Commonwealth, Barclay & Sharland, 1920, from the original on 19 December 2020, retrieved 9 April 2013
  11. ^ Western Australia Now and Then. "Cinderella State". wanowandthen.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia – Trove.
  12. ^ Thomas, Athol (10 October 1978), "Sunshine and space make the Cinderella State an exciting place", The Bulletin, Sydney (10 Oct 1978): 65–67+, ISSN 0007-4039
  13. ^ The Attorney-General's Department. . Archived from the original on 10 May 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2006.
  14. ^ a b c d Australian Electoral Commission. "Federation Fact Sheet 1 – The Referendums 1898–1900". Australian Electoral Commission. Canberra ACT 2600: Commonwealth of Australia. from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021. By 1900 Western Australia had still not taken steps to hold a referendum. ... Finally, on 31 July 1900, when the Commonwealth Constitution Bill had already been enacted by the British Parliament, a referendum was held in which a large majority voted in favour of Federation.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ^ "Auralia". Library and Information Service of Western Australia. from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
  16. ^ "Separation movement on the Eastern Goldfields, 1894–1904". Journal and Proceedings Western Australian Historical Society 1949. 4 (pt 5): 41–58. 1953.
  17. ^ Musgrave, p. 98.
  18. ^ The Attorney-General's Department. . Archived from the original on 10 May 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2006.
  19. ^ "PLAIN ENGLISH. "Westralia under Federation." (15 March 1933)", The Bulletin, John Haynes and J.F. Archibald, 54 (2770): 9, 15 March 1933, ISSN 0007-4039
  20. ^ Library and Information Service of Western Australia. "Secession 1929–1939: London". from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  21. ^ "Resisting Canberra's centralist push". WA Business News. 6 May 2010. p. 36.
  22. ^ a b Phillips, Yasmine. "Share the wealth or secession push will grow: Court". The West Australian 23 October 2008: 7.
  23. ^ Lloyd Jones, 13 July 2011, WA minister blasted over secession remarks, Sydney Morning Herald
  24. ^ Parag Khanna (2013). "The End of the Nation-State?" 9 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine – The New York Times. Published 14 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  25. ^ a b "How viable is a WA secession?". ABC Radio. 7 October 2020. from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  26. ^ a b "Ex-Palmer pollies behind WAxit election push". The West Australian. 6 October 2020. from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  27. ^ "Liberals back watered-down WAxit motion". Australia: ABC News. 3 September 2017. from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  28. ^ Cook, Ian (6 September 2017). "Western Australians don't really want a 'WAxit', they just want a little love". The Conversation. from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  29. ^ Lewis, Charlie (1 September 2017). "When a problem comes along, you must WAxit: a history of WA's attempts to secede". Crikey. from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  30. ^ "Why WA wants to break off from the rest of Australia". 7NEWS.com.au. 6 October 2020. from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  31. ^ "'Deeply concerning': One-in-four want WAxit". The West Australian. 5 October 2020. from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.

Sources edit

  • . Archived from the original on 5 April 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2006.
  • "Western Australia and Federation". from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2006.
  • Musgrave, Thomas. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2006. (2003) 3 Macquarie Law Journal 95.

Further reading edit

February 15, 2024
secessionism, western, australia, secessionism, been, recurring, feature, western, australia, political, landscape, since, shortly, after, federation, 1901, idea, self, governance, secession, often, been, discussed, through, local, newspaper, articles, editori. Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia s political landscape since shortly after Federation in 1901 a 3 The idea of self governance or secession has often been discussed through local newspaper articles and editorials 4 5 On a number of occasions secession has been a serious political issue for the State including in a successful but unimplemented 1933 state referendum Flag of the Dominion of Westralia as proposed in 1934Secessionist how to vote card 1933One recurring argument by proponents of secession is based on the assumption that a federal government in Canberra will favour the business and popular interests of the larger population centres lying to the east of this state 6 7 8 9 A common complaint is that Western Australia is a forgotten or Cinderella state which contributes more to federal funds than it gets back and is discriminated against by the more populous states 10 11 12 The Constitution of Australia however describes the union as one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth 13 and makes no provision for states to secede b Western Australia is the only state not specifically listed in this preamble as its final decision to join came too late for the constitution already enacted by the UK Parliament to be altered 14 Contents 1 Colonial self government 2 Auralia goldfields separation movement 3 Federation 4 1933 referendum 5 1974 Westralian Secession Movement 6 Recent history 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 Further readingColonial self government editPetitions asking for representative elections for some of the positions in the Western Australian Legislative Council were presented to London in 1865 and 1869 This was granted in 1870 but maintained a Governor s veto In 1887 a new constitution including the right of self governance was drafted and in 1890 the Act granting self government was passed by the British House of Commons and assented to by Queen Victoria Auralia goldfields separation movement edit nbsp A map printed in 1900 to accompany a petition to Queen Victoria showing the boundaries of the proposed Colony of Auralia During the late 19th century the WA government like that of New Zealand was reluctant to commit to the proposed Federation of British colonies in Australasia and was lobbied by Federation committees from WA and the other colonies This changed little with the granting of self government to WA in 1889 and the election of the Colony s first Premier John Forrest which meant virtual independence from Britain in all matters except defence foreign affairs and trade After the discovery of gold at Coolgardie 1892 and Kalgoorlie 1893 these towns were at the centre of the Eastern Goldfields and the flow of immigrants from the Eastern Colonies increased Tensions emerged during the mid 1890s between the Goldfields and the capital city There were four main reasons for this the extremely rapid growth of the Goldfields meant that its population soon rivalled that of the Perth metropolitan area before the opening of the Perth Kalgoorlie railway and Fremantle Harbour both in 1897 Goldfields residents interacted relatively little with the metropolitan area i e people moving from the Eastern Colonies to the Goldfields usually passed through the deep water port of Albany took trains to Broomehill and then travelled by horse or on foot along Holland s Track to Coolgardie Forrest s government favoured large mining companies over individual prospectors antagonising many people in the Goldfields and many Goldfields residents due to their ties with the Eastern Colonies strongly supported Federation In 1899 after several years of lobbying the Eastern Goldfields Reform League compiled a Petition to Her Majesty the Queen from persons residing on the Goldfields together with a refutation of the statements made in the petition by Sir John Forrest 15 It argued the case for the Goldfields separation from Western Australia and the formation of a new Colony State in the Goldfields named Auralia In early 1900 Walter Griffiths travelled to London on behalf of the Eastern Goldfields Reform League executive to present the petition to the British government and lobby the Colonial Office to either approve Auralia s separation or force Western Australia to accept Federation However in spite of many requests by Griffiths the Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain refused to meet him Nevertheless the petition put pressure for the Western Australian government to join Federation 16 Forrest led a push to include recent immigrants from the east on the electoral roll ensuring that the referendum would pass From 1 January 1901 when WA formally joined the other Colonies in federating as States of the Commonwealth of Australia the impetus for creation of Auralia waned Federation edit nbsp Record board of the West Australian showing results for the Popular Referendum on Australian Federation 31 July 1900 In 1900 Western Australians voted in a referendum to consider the draft Australian Constitution of the proposed Federation of Australia 17 The result of the vote was 44 800 in favour and 19 691 against Most country electorates voted No except Albany and the Goldfields which voted Yes The Constitution which came into force on 1 January 1901 states in its opening preamble 18 WHEREAS the people of New South Wales Victoria South Australia Queensland and Tasmania humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and under the Constitution hereby established And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen emphasis added Western Australia was not specifically mentioned in the preamble as its support was given too late for the document to be amended prior to enactment The colony had taken no steps to hold their referendum on the question of federation as the year 1900 began 14 As a result there were protests and moves within the colony to join the federation by other means For example residents of the Eastern Goldfields began organising to form a colony separate from Western Australia 14 This would have allowed them to seek admission to the Commonwealth later Finally Western Australia s referendum was held on 31 July 1900 By that time the British Parliament had enacted the Commonwealth Constitution Bill It had received Royal Assent on 9 July 1900 14 1933 referendum edit nbsp Keith Watson left and James MacCallum Smith right showing a page of the 1933 secession petition See also 1933 Western Australian secession referendum James MacCallum Smith the proprietor of the local weekly newspaper The Sunday Times started publishing pro secessionist articles in 1907 under its editor Alfred T Chandler In 1926 Smith a committed secessionist and others established the Secession League to provide a public vehicle for advancing the secession cause Prior to the Great Depression in 1930 the State s major export had been wheat However with the depression wheat prices plummeted and unemployment in Perth reached 30 creating economic havoc Also in 1930 Keith Watson founded the Dominion League which advocated secession and the creation of a separate Dominion of Western Australia The league held numerous rallies and public meetings which successfully made capital out of the general discontent brought on by the depression Smith continued to agitate until the mid 1930s when a syndicate of main nationalists purchased the paper s parent company The term Westralia was regularly associated with secessionism 19 nbsp Public launch of the Dominion League at His Majesty s Theatre Perth on 30 July 1930To counter the pro secession movement a Federal League of Western Australia was formed which organised a No campaign They brought several high profile people to Western Australia including the Prime Minister Joseph Lyons Senator George Pearce and former Prime Minister Billy Hughes for a brief speaking tour of Perth Fremantle and country centres but often received hostile receptions The Federalists argued for a constitutional convention to examine the state s grievances but was unable to counter the grassroots campaign of the Dominion League The question of holding a constitutional convention was the second question asked in the referendum On 8 April 1933 Nationalist Premier Sir James Mitchell s government held a referendum on secession alongside the State parliamentary election The Nationalists had campaigned in favour of secession while the Labor party had campaigned against breaking from the Federation 68 of the 237 198 voters voted in favour of secession but at the same time the Nationalists were voted out of office Only the mining areas populated by keen Federalists voted against the move nbsp The delegation for the secession of Western Australia in London nbsp A Dominion League meeting in 1933The new Labor government of Philip Collier sent a delegation to London with the referendum result to petition the British government to effectively overturn the previous Act of Parliament which had allowed for the creation of the Australian Federation The delegation included the Agent General Sir Hal Colebatch Matthew Lewis Moss James MacCallum Smith and Keith Watson They argued as follows Our opponents lay great stress on the words contained in the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act Have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and under the Constitution hereby established They emphasise the word indissoluble We insist on the equal importance of the rest of the section Under the Crown and under this Constitution Will it be contended that if a highly improbable suggestion the always loyal Commonwealth of Australia decided to break away from the British Crown and establish a republic we in Western Australia should still be bound in the indissoluble Federal Commonwealth Our contention is that the words under the Constitution hereby established are of equal significance and if we can demonstrate as we are prepared to do that in a number of essentials the Constitution has been violated to our detriment we are entitled to be relieved from our bargain The federation is a partnership between six States in which certain guarantees were given and certain safeguards were provided We can show that these guarantees have been violated that these safeguards have been swept aside and so we ask for the annulment of the partnership After all what does the word indissoluble mean Remember that it occurs only in the preamble and not in the Act itself Is any arrangement made in this world indissoluble Can the rulers of any country dressed in a little brief authority bind the people of that country not merely to the third and fourth generation but for all time Is there either justice or common sense in continuing an agreement that is working badly Is a party to that agreement after giving it a trial for 35 years and having proved it to be hampering to its industries destructive to its prosperity and a grave bar to its development prohibited from seeking relief 20 The United Kingdom House of Commons established a select committee to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying it finally refused to consider the matter further declaring that it could not legally grant secession citation needed The delegation returned home empty handed As a consequence of the failure of negotiations and of the economic revival the Secession League gradually lost support and by 1938 had ceased to exist 1974 Westralian Secession Movement editIron ore magnate Lang Hancock founded the Westralian Secession Movement in 1974 His group focused largely on taxes and tariffs arguing that trade barriers around Australia harmed the State s mainly mining and wheat export industries which earned a disproportionate amount of Australia s foreign exchange In the 1974 Senate election the party fielded Don Thomas as an ultimately unsuccessful candidate The Western Australian economy was however in an upswing at the time with major capital works underway and prosperity at an all time high The movement stagnated after a few years Recent history editWestern Australia s shares of various resources in 2010 21 of AustraliantotalPopulation 10 3 Gross domestic product 13 1 Mineral and energy output 48 Merchandise exports 39 Exploration 55 Private investment 28 Share of GST 8 1 At the start of the 21st century Australia was in the middle of a resources boom which once again meant that Western Australia s economic contribution to the Australian economy was at a high point Perceptions of a disproportionately low share of federal resources sent to the state relative to its economic contribution to the country further fanned a wave of secessionist rhetoric For example at the 22 October 2008 Vista Public Lecture former Western Australian Premier Richard Court said that the case for secessionism only strengthened while the Commonwealth continued to exploit the State s resource rich economy 22 He argued that at the time Western Australia accounted for 35 of the nation s export income yet most of the revenue was used to strengthen the financial muscle growing in Canberra The state had approximately 9 10 of the nation s population generated over 10 of the Goods and Services Tax revenue but received only 6 of what was being distributed 22 Court said that if the then current Federation path continued then by the year 2020 Western Australia would only be receiving 5 of what would be distributed by the Commonwealth Grants Commission The former Premier said he was not advocating secession but stressed that the financial imbalance required addressing and that the time to do so is now In July 2011 the Western Australian Minister for Mines and Petroleum Norman Moore made the controversial statement that WA should secede and rely primarily on China for military defence to remain an independent nation free from Canberra s influence Members of the Liberal Party responded to his comments negatively stating that they were his personal view and not the stance of the Liberal Party 23 Western Australia was grouped with Scotland Wales the Basque Country and Catalonia as places seeking maximum fiscal and policy autonomy from their national capitals in an October 2013 opinion piece in The New York Times 24 In 2016 the pro secessionist WAxit Party was formed The party failed to gain a significant number of votes in subsequent elections 25 26 Discussions in Parliament and a successful motion at the 2017 Liberal Party State Conference sparked renewed debate of secessionism in the media 27 28 29 Support for WA secession grew again during the COVID 19 pandemic and WA s hard border closure with the rest of Australia in 2020 30 A poll run in October 2020 found that 28 of Western Australians support Western Australia leaving the Australian federation 31 25 26 See also editSecessionism in Tasmania Proposals for new Australian states Principality of Hutt RiverNotes edit Five years after federation the Western Australian Legislative Assembly resolved that federation had proved detrimental to the interest of the state It called for a referendum to withdraw from the Commonwealth be put to voters in the state However neither the Premier nor the Opposition Leader supported the move No further action was taken at the time 1 2 However Section 128 does provide for the alteration of the ConstitutionReferences editCitations edit Musgrave p 100 Craven Gregory 1986 Secession the ultimate states right Carlton Vic Melbourne University Press p 31 ISBN 0522843174 OCLC 16867753 Wright Shane 24 April 2010 Welcome to the Republic of Western Australia The West Australian Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Western Australia has had a long history of flirting with the idea of becoming its own nation state Quekett Malcolm 6 September 2017 Westralia we re flying highhhhh The West Australian Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Ker Peter Perth 29 June 2011 Miners talk secession recalling the heady times of 1933 The Age Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Harrop Daniel 2011 The Republic of Western Australia The Legal Possibility of Western Australia s Secession from the Australian Federation PDF The Western Australian Jurist 3 233 250 Archived PDF from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Smith Dean 20 April 2017 Paltry GST share fires up WA secession fervour The West Australian Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Heriot Dianne 1 September 2017 Western Australia State of secession aph gov au Parliament House Canberra Australian Parliament Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Hiller Harry H 1987 Secession in Western Australia A Continuing Phenomenon The Australian Quarterly 59 2 222 233 doi 10 2307 20635434 JSTOR 20635434 Western Australia The Cinderella state of the Commonwealth Barclay amp Sharland 1920 archived from the original on 19 December 2020 retrieved 9 April 2013 Western Australia Now and Then Cinderella State wanowandthen com Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 Retrieved 4 August 2021 via National Library of Australia Trove Thomas Athol 10 October 1978 Sunshine and space make the Cinderella State an exciting place The Bulletin Sydney 10 Oct 1978 65 67 ISSN 0007 4039 The Attorney General s Department Preamble to the Australian Constitution Archived from the original on 10 May 2006 Retrieved 21 April 2006 a b c d Australian Electoral Commission Federation Fact Sheet 1 The Referendums 1898 1900 Australian Electoral Commission Canberra ACT 2600 Commonwealth of Australia Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 Retrieved 10 September 2021 By 1900 Western Australia had still not taken steps to hold a referendum Finally on 31 July 1900 when the Commonwealth Constitution Bill had already been enacted by the British Parliament a referendum was held in which a large majority voted in favour of Federation a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint location link Auralia Library and Information Service of Western Australia Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 Retrieved 14 August 2006 Separation movement on the Eastern Goldfields 1894 1904 Journal and Proceedings Western Australian Historical Society 1949 4 pt 5 41 58 1953 Musgrave p 98 The Attorney General s Department Preamble to the Australian Constitution Archived from the original on 10 May 2006 Retrieved 21 April 2006 PLAIN ENGLISH Westralia under Federation 15 March 1933 The Bulletin John Haynes and J F Archibald 54 2770 9 15 March 1933 ISSN 0007 4039 Library and Information Service of Western Australia Secession 1929 1939 London Archived from the original on 20 March 2020 Retrieved 2 May 2006 Resisting Canberra s centralist push WA Business News 6 May 2010 p 36 a b Phillips Yasmine Share the wealth or secession push will grow Court The West Australian 23 October 2008 7 Lloyd Jones 13 July 2011 WA minister blasted over secession remarks Sydney Morning Herald Parag Khanna 2013 The End of the Nation State Archived 9 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Published 14 October 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2013 a b How viable is a WA secession ABC Radio 7 October 2020 Archived from the original on 4 February 2022 Retrieved 8 October 2020 a b Ex Palmer pollies behind WAxit election push The West Australian 6 October 2020 Archived from the original on 6 October 2020 Retrieved 8 October 2020 Liberals back watered down WAxit motion Australia ABC News 3 September 2017 Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Cook Ian 6 September 2017 Western Australians don t really want a WAxit they just want a little love The Conversation Archived from the original on 4 August 2021 Retrieved 4 August 2021 Lewis Charlie 1 September 2017 When a problem comes along you must WAxit a history of WA s attempts to secede Crikey Archived from the original on 4 August 2021 Retrieved 4 August 2021 Why WA wants to break off from the rest of Australia 7NEWS com au 6 October 2020 Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Retrieved 22 November 2020 Deeply concerning One in four want WAxit The West Australian 5 October 2020 Archived from the original on 5 October 2020 Retrieved 5 October 2020 Sources edit 1925 to 1950 From Federation to Thoughts on Secession Archived from the original on 5 April 2006 Retrieved 20 April 2006 Western Australia and Federation Archived from the original on 15 April 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2006 Musgrave Thomas The Western Australian Secessionist Movement PDF Archived from the original PDF on 21 August 2006 2003 3 Macquarie Law Journal 95 Further reading edithttp www slwa wa gov au federation 000 bibl htm A collection of primary sources relating to secession at the J S Battye Library http www slwa wa gov au federation iss index htm http www fergco com samgriffith papers html volume3 v3chap5 htm Geoffrey Bolton http www fergco com samgriffith papers html volume3 v3chap6 htm Campbell Sharman http www curriculum edu au ddunits units ms4fq3acts htm 4act2 Stateline Norman Moore talks secession Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Secessionism in Western Australia amp oldid 1197292733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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