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Neo Destour

January 25, 2023

The New Constitutional Liberal Party (Arabic: الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد, al-Ḥizb al-Ḥurr ad-Dustūrī al-Jadīd; French: Nouveau Parti libéral constitutionnel), most commonly known as Neo Destour, was a Tunisian political party founded in 1934 in Dar Ayed, the house of independence activist Ahmed Ayed,[1] by a group of Tunisian nationalist politicians during the French protectorate. It originated from a split with the Destour party.

New Constitutional Liberal Party
حزب الحر الدستوري الجديد
French nameNouveau Parti libéral constitutionnel
Former presidentsMahmoud El Materi (1934–1938)
Habib Bourguiba (1938–1964)
Founded2 March 1934 (1934-03-02)
Ksar Hellal Congress
Dissolved22 October 1964 (1964-10-22)
Split fromDestour
Succeeded bySocialist Destourian Party
NewspaperL'Action Tunisienne
IdeologyTunisian nationalism
Bourguibism
Secularism

Led by Habib Bourguiba, Neo Destour became the ruling party upon Tunisian independence in 1956. In 1964, it was renamed the Socialist Destourian Party.

History

The party was formed as a result of a split from the pre-existing Destour party in 1934, during the Ksar Hellal Congress of March 2.[2][3][4] Several leaders were particularly prominent during the party's early years before World War II: Habib Bourguiba, Mahmoud El Materi, Tahar Sfar, Bahri Guiga, and Salah ben Youssef.[5][6]

Prior to the split, a younger group of Destour members had alarmed the party elders by appealing directly to the populace through their more radical newspaper L'Action Tunisienne. The younger group, many from the provinces, seemed more in tune with a wider spectrum of the country-wide Tunisian people, while the party elders represented a more established constituency in the capital city of Tunis; yet both groups were proponents of change, either autonomy or independence. The rupture came at the Destour party congress of 1934.[7][8]

World War II

At the outbreak of war in 1939, Neo-Destour leaders, though still untried, were deported to France. However, they were released by the Nazis in 1942 following the German occupation of Vichy France. Hitler then handed them over to the Mussolini's fascist government in Rome. There the leaders were treated with deference, the fascists hoping to gain support for the Axis. Bourguiba steadily refused to cooperate.[9] But Hussein Triki worked with the Nazis under Neo-Destour.[10] After allies' advance, victory in El Alamein, he escaped to Europe, there he worked for The Mahgreb, a North African Arabic organization working for the Nazis' war machine against the allies[10][11] and has collaborated with Hitler's ally Mufti of Palestine.[12]

The Neo-Destour Party was one of the Arab factions that the Nazi Germans hoped to win over to the Axis side . As majority of its leaders imprisoned by the French, Eitel Friedrich Moellhausen, Rahn's deputy, argued that the Arabs could be incited to action “against Jews and Anglo-Saxons” through the release of the prisoners in Marseille, without the Germans having to provide specific assurances concerning independence.[13]

Post WWII

Eventually the Neo Destour led the Tunisian independence movement after the tumultuous period during World War II. Then Bourguiba was imprisoned and after the war in Egypt, while Ben Salih was the local, hands-on party leader. A significant break within the party ranks occurred in the final year of the independence struggle. In April, 1955, Salah ben Yusuf openly challenged Habib Bourguiba over his gradualist tactics during his autonomy negotiations with the French. Also Ben Yusuf, who cultivated support at al-Zaytuna Mosque and took a pan-Arab political line, disputed Bourguiba's more liberal, secular, pro-Western approach. The party's labor leader Ahmad Ben Salah kept the Tunisian General Labor Union in Bourguiba's camp. The Neo Destour party expelled Ben Yusuf that October; in November 1955 he mounted a large street demonstration but to no avail. Ben Yusuf then left for Nasser's Egypt where he was welcomed.[14][15]

Independence of Tunisia from France was negotiated largely by the Neo Destour's Bourguiba. The effective date was March 20, 1956. The next year the Republic of Tunisia was constituted, which replaced the Beylical form of government. The Neo Destour became the ruling party under Prime Minister and later President Habib Bourguiba.[16] In 1963, the Neo Destour was proclaimed the only legally permitted party in Tunisia, though for all intents and purposes the country had been a one-party state since independence.

Later the Neo Destour party was renamed the Socialist Destourian Party (PSD in its French acronym) in 1964, to signal the government's commitment to a socialist phase of political-economic development. This phase failed to fulfill expectations, however, and was discontinued in 1969 with the dismissal of Ahmad ben Salah as economics minister by President Bourguiba.[17][18][19]

In 1988, under President Ben Ali, the party was again renamed, to become the Rassemblement Constitutionel Démocratique (RCD).[20] The RCD continued as the Tunisian ruling party under President Ben Ali, who became increasingly corrupt and dictatorial. Early in 2011 he was forced out of office and his regime and the ruling party abolished, as a result of the liberal Tunisian Revolution. Similar subsequent events of popular regime change, which had spread to other Arab countries, became known as the Arab Spring.[21]

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election Party candidate Votes % Result
1959 Habib Bourguiba 1,005,769 100% Elected  Y

Chamber of Deputies elections

Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Result
1956 Habib Bourguiba 597,763 98.7%
98 / 98
   98   1st Supermajority government
1959 1,002,298 99.7%
90 / 90
   8   1st Supermajority government

Notable people

See also

Reference notes

  1. ^ Dar Ayed Museum in Ksar Hellal will soon be renovated: https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2016/06/25/monastir-musee-dar-ayed-a-ksar-hellal-connaitra-bientot-des-travaux-de-renovation/
  2. ^ The Destour Party had been founded in 1920. Kenneth J. Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) p. 79.
  3. ^ Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton University 1986) pp. 162-167, 171.
  4. ^ Moore, Clement Henry (1962). "The Neo-Destour Party of Tunisia: A Structure for Democracy?". World Politics. 14 (3): 461–482. doi:10.2307/2009363. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009363. S2CID 153808889.
  5. ^ Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) pp. 95-96, 98.
  6. ^ Robert Rinehart, "Historical Setting" at 42, in Tunisia. A Country Study edited by Harold D. Nelson (Washington, D.C. 1987).
  7. ^ Richard M. Brace, Morocco Algeria Tunisia (Prentice Hall 1964) pp. 62-63.
  8. ^ Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton University 1986) pp. 163, 167.
  9. ^ "Tunisia - The protectorate (1881–1956)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  10. ^ a b "Arab Propagandist, Ousted by Argentina, Now in Venezuela". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1977-03-08. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  11. ^ Weisbrot, Robert; Murciano, Robert (1979). The Jews of Argentina: From the Inquisition to Perón. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-8276-0114-7.
  12. ^ Rein, Raanan (2002). Argentina, Israel, and the Jews: Perón, the Eichmann Capture and After. University Press of Maryland. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-883053-72-7. Throughout the 1960s, Tacuara drew additional inspiration for its antiSemitic and anti-Israel views from contacts both with neo-Nazi organizations in other countries and Hussein Triki, the Arab League's representative in Buenos Aires, who promoted anti-Semitism under cover of anti-Zionism and as part of the anti- colonialist, anti-imperialist struggle... During the years of World War II, Triki had been a member of the nationalist movement in Tunisia. After the Allied victory in El Alamein, Triki escaped to Nazi-controlled territory where he disseminated propaganda against the Allies, collaborating with the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin El-Husseini, who at the time was directing Nazi propaganda broadcasts in the Middle East.
  13. ^ Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin (2013-10-18). Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. Enigma Books. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-929631-93-3.
  14. ^ Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) pp. 116-118, 126-129.
  15. ^ Jacob Abadi, Tunisia since the Arab Conquest (Reading: Uthaca Press 2013) pp. 430-431, 451-453 (Ben Salah)
  16. ^ Brace, Morocco Algeria Tunisia (Prentice Hall 1964) pp. 114-116, 121-123, 140-143.
  17. ^ Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) at 146-147.
  18. ^ Jean R. Tartter, "Government and Politics" at 234-238, in Tunisia. A Country Study (Washington, D. C. 1987).
  19. ^ Abadi, Tunisia since the Arab Conquest (Ithaca 2013) pp. 139-141.
  20. ^ Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) p.185.
  21. ^ Abadi, Tunisia since the Arab Conquest (Ithaca 2013) pp. 544-545.

January 25, 2023
destour, constitutional, liberal, party, arabic, الحزب, الحر, الدستوري, الجديد, Ḥizb, Ḥurr, dustūrī, jadīd, french, nouveau, parti, libéral, constitutionnel, most, commonly, known, tunisian, political, party, founded, 1934, ayed, house, independence, activist,. The New Constitutional Liberal Party Arabic الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد al Ḥizb al Ḥurr ad Dusturi al Jadid French Nouveau Parti liberal constitutionnel most commonly known as Neo Destour was a Tunisian political party founded in 1934 in Dar Ayed the house of independence activist Ahmed Ayed 1 by a group of Tunisian nationalist politicians during the French protectorate It originated from a split with the Destour party New Constitutional Liberal Party حزب الحر الدستوري الجديدFrench nameNouveau Parti liberal constitutionnelFormer presidentsMahmoud El Materi 1934 1938 Habib Bourguiba 1938 1964 Founded2 March 1934 1934 03 02 Ksar Hellal CongressDissolved22 October 1964 1964 10 22 Split fromDestourSucceeded bySocialist Destourian PartyNewspaperL Action TunisienneIdeologyTunisian nationalismBourguibismSecularismPolitics of TunisiaPolitical partiesElectionsLed by Habib Bourguiba Neo Destour became the ruling party upon Tunisian independence in 1956 In 1964 it was renamed the Socialist Destourian Party Contents 1 History 1 1 World War II 1 2 Post WWII 2 Electoral history 2 1 Presidential elections 2 2 Chamber of Deputies elections 3 Notable people 4 See also 5 Reference notesHistory EditThe party was formed as a result of a split from the pre existing Destour party in 1934 during the Ksar Hellal Congress of March 2 2 3 4 Several leaders were particularly prominent during the party s early years before World War II Habib Bourguiba Mahmoud El Materi Tahar Sfar Bahri Guiga and Salah ben Youssef 5 6 Prior to the split a younger group of Destour members had alarmed the party elders by appealing directly to the populace through their more radical newspaper L Action Tunisienne The younger group many from the provinces seemed more in tune with a wider spectrum of the country wide Tunisian people while the party elders represented a more established constituency in the capital city of Tunis yet both groups were proponents of change either autonomy or independence The rupture came at the Destour party congress of 1934 7 8 World War II Edit At the outbreak of war in 1939 Neo Destour leaders though still untried were deported to France However they were released by the Nazis in 1942 following the German occupation of Vichy France Hitler then handed them over to the Mussolini s fascist government in Rome There the leaders were treated with deference the fascists hoping to gain support for the Axis Bourguiba steadily refused to cooperate 9 But Hussein Triki worked with the Nazis under Neo Destour 10 After allies advance victory in El Alamein he escaped to Europe there he worked for The Mahgreb a North African Arabic organization working for the Nazis war machine against the allies 10 11 and has collaborated with Hitler s ally Mufti of Palestine 12 The Neo Destour Party was one of the Arab factions that the Nazi Germans hoped to win over to the Axis side As majority of its leaders imprisoned by the French Eitel Friedrich Moellhausen Rahn s deputy argued that the Arabs could be incited to action against Jews and Anglo Saxons through the release of the prisoners in Marseille without the Germans having to provide specific assurances concerning independence 13 Post WWII Edit Eventually the Neo Destour led the Tunisian independence movement after the tumultuous period during World War II Then Bourguiba was imprisoned and after the war in Egypt while Ben Salih was the local hands on party leader A significant break within the party ranks occurred in the final year of the independence struggle In April 1955 Salah ben Yusuf openly challenged Habib Bourguiba over his gradualist tactics during his autonomy negotiations with the French Also Ben Yusuf who cultivated support at al Zaytuna Mosque and took a pan Arab political line disputed Bourguiba s more liberal secular pro Western approach The party s labor leader Ahmad Ben Salah kept the Tunisian General Labor Union in Bourguiba s camp The Neo Destour party expelled Ben Yusuf that October in November 1955 he mounted a large street demonstration but to no avail Ben Yusuf then left for Nasser s Egypt where he was welcomed 14 15 Independence of Tunisia from France was negotiated largely by the Neo Destour s Bourguiba The effective date was March 20 1956 The next year the Republic of Tunisia was constituted which replaced the Beylical form of government The Neo Destour became the ruling party under Prime Minister and later President Habib Bourguiba 16 In 1963 the Neo Destour was proclaimed the only legally permitted party in Tunisia though for all intents and purposes the country had been a one party state since independence Later the Neo Destour party was renamed the Socialist Destourian Party PSD in its French acronym in 1964 to signal the government s commitment to a socialist phase of political economic development This phase failed to fulfill expectations however and was discontinued in 1969 with the dismissal of Ahmad ben Salah as economics minister by President Bourguiba 17 18 19 In 1988 under President Ben Ali the party was again renamed to become the Rassemblement Constitutionel Democratique RCD 20 The RCD continued as the Tunisian ruling party under President Ben Ali who became increasingly corrupt and dictatorial Early in 2011 he was forced out of office and his regime and the ruling party abolished as a result of the liberal Tunisian Revolution Similar subsequent events of popular regime change which had spread to other Arab countries became known as the Arab Spring 21 Electoral history EditPresidential elections Edit Election Party candidate Votes Result1959 Habib Bourguiba 1 005 769 100 Elected YChamber of Deputies elections Edit Election Party leader Votes Seats Position Result1956 Habib Bourguiba 597 763 98 7 98 98 98 1st Supermajority government1959 1 002 298 99 7 90 90 8 1st Supermajority governmentNotable people EditHedi SaidiSee also EditDestour Socialist Destourian Party PSD Democratic Constitutional Rally RCD Reference notes Edit Dar Ayed Museum in Ksar Hellal will soon be renovated https directinfo webmanagercenter com 2016 06 25 monastir musee dar ayed a ksar hellal connaitra bientot des travaux de renovation The Destour Party had been founded in 1920 Kenneth J Perkins A History of Modern Tunisia Cambridge University 2004 p 79 Lisa Anderson The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya 1830 1980 Princeton University 1986 pp 162 167 171 Moore Clement Henry 1962 The Neo Destour Party of Tunisia A Structure for Democracy World Politics 14 3 461 482 doi 10 2307 2009363 ISSN 1086 3338 JSTOR 2009363 S2CID 153808889 Perkins A History of Modern Tunisia Cambridge University 2004 pp 95 96 98 Robert Rinehart Historical Setting at 42 in Tunisia A Country Study edited by Harold D Nelson Washington D C 1987 Richard M Brace Morocco Algeria Tunisia Prentice Hall 1964 pp 62 63 Lisa Anderson The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya 1830 1980 Princeton University 1986 pp 163 167 Tunisia The protectorate 1881 1956 Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2020 09 13 a b Arab Propagandist Ousted by Argentina Now in Venezuela Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1977 03 08 Retrieved 2020 09 13 Weisbrot Robert Murciano Robert 1979 The Jews of Argentina From the Inquisition to Peron Jewish Publication Society of America p 255 ISBN 978 0 8276 0114 7 Rein Raanan 2002 Argentina Israel and the Jews Peron the Eichmann Capture and After University Press of Maryland p 402 ISBN 978 1 883053 72 7 Throughout the 1960s Tacuara drew additional inspiration for its antiSemitic and anti Israel views from contacts both with neo Nazi organizations in other countries and Hussein Triki the Arab League s representative in Buenos Aires who promoted anti Semitism under cover of anti Zionism and as part of the anti colonialist anti imperialist struggle During the years of World War II Triki had been a member of the nationalist movement in Tunisia After the Allied victory in El Alamein Triki escaped to Nazi controlled territory where he disseminated propaganda against the Allies collaborating with the Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin El Husseini who at the time was directing Nazi propaganda broadcasts in the Middle East Mallmann Klaus Michael Cuppers Martin 2013 10 18 Nazi Palestine The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine Enigma Books p 181 ISBN 978 1 929631 93 3 Perkins A History of Modern Tunisia Cambridge University 2004 pp 116 118 126 129 Jacob Abadi Tunisia since the Arab Conquest Reading Uthaca Press 2013 pp 430 431 451 453 Ben Salah Brace Morocco Algeria Tunisia Prentice Hall 1964 pp 114 116 121 123 140 143 Perkins A History of Modern Tunisia Cambridge University 2004 at 146 147 Jean R Tartter Government and Politics at 234 238 in Tunisia A Country Study Washington D C 1987 Abadi Tunisia since the Arab Conquest Ithaca 2013 pp 139 141 Perkins A History of Modern Tunisia Cambridge University 2004 p 185 Abadi Tunisia since the Arab Conquest Ithaca 2013 pp 544 545 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neo Destour amp oldid 1132536930, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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