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Largest and heaviest animals

January 01, 1970

The largest animal currently alive is the Blue Whale. The maximum recorded weight was 190 tonnes for a specimen measuring 27.6 metres (91 ft), whereas longer ones, up to 33.6 metres (110 ft), have been recorded but not weighed.[1][2][3] It is estimated, this individual could have a mass of 250 tonnes or more.[4][5][6] The longest non-colonial animal is the lion's mane jellyfish (37 m, 120 ft).[7]

Clockwise from top left: an African bush elephant, the largest extant terrestrial animal; a blue whale, the largest extant animal; and a colossal squid, the largest invertebrate

In 2023, paleontologists estimated that the extinct whale Perucetus, discovered in Peru, may have outweighed the blue whale, with a mass of 85 to 340 t (94–375 short tons; 84–335 long tons).[8] However more recent studies suggest this whale was much smaller than previous estimates putting its weight at 60 to 113 tonnes.[9] While controversial, estimates for the weight of the sauropod Bruhathkayosaurus suggest it was around 110–170 tons, with the highest estimate being 240 tons, if scaled with Patagotitan, although actual fossil remains no longer exist, and that estimation is based on described dimensions in 1987.[10] On April 2024, Ichthyotitan severnensis was established as a valid shastasaurid taxon and is considered both the largest marine reptile every discovered and the largest macropredator ever discovered. The Lilstock specimen was estimated to be around 26 metres (85 ft) whilst the Aust specimen was a even more impressive 30 to 35 metres (98 to 115 ft) in length. Whilst no weight estimates was made as of yet, Ichthyotitan would have easily rivalled or surpassed the blue whale.[11][12] The upper estimates of weight for these prehistoric animals would have easily rivaled or exceeded the largest roquals and sauropods.[13]

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the largest living land animal. A native of various open habitats in sub-Saharan Africa, males weigh about 6.0 tonnes (13,200 lb) on average.[14] The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male measuring 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) from trunk to tail and 4.17 metres (13.7 ft) lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder, to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft). This male had a computed weight of 10.4 to 12.25 tonnes.[1]

Heaviest living animals edit

The heaviest living animals are all whales. Since no scale can accommodate the whole body of a large whale, most have been weighed by parts.

Rank Animal Average mass
[tonnes] 		Maximum mass
[tonnes] 		Average total length
[m (ft)]
1 Blue whale[15] 110[16] 190[1] 24 (79)[17]
2 North Pacific right whale 60[18] 120[1] 15.5 (51)[16]
3 Southern right whale 58[16] 110[19] 15.25 (50)[16]
4 Fin whale 57[16] 120[19] 19.5 (64)[16]
5 Bowhead whale 54.5[16][20] 120[1] 15 (49)[16]
6 North Atlantic right whale 54[16][21] 110[19][22] 15 (49)[16][22]
7 Sperm whale 31.25[16][23] 57[24] 13.25 (43.5)[16][23]
8 Humpback whale 29[16][25] 48[26] 13.5 (44)[16]
9 Sei whale 22.5[16] 45[27] 14.8 (49)[16]
10 Gray whale 19.5[16] 45[28] 13.5 (44)[16]
 
Infographic showing the size of marine megafauna.
 
The blue whale is the heaviest living animal.

Heaviest terrestrial animals edit

The heaviest land animals are all mammals. The African elephant is now listed as two species, the African bush elephant and the African forest elephant, as they are now generally considered to be two separate species.[29]

Rank Animal Average mass
[tonnes] 		Maximum mass
[tonnes] 		Average total length
[m (ft)]
1 African bush elephant 6[30][31] 10.4[32] 7 (23)[33]
2 Asian elephant 4.5[1][34] 8.15[1] 6.8 (22.3)[34]
3 African forest elephant 2.7[35] 6.0[35] 6.2 (20.3)[36]
4 White rhinoceros 2[37][38] 4.5[39] 4.4 (14.4)[40]
5 Indian rhinoceros 1.9[41][42] 4.0[43] 4.2 (13.8)[44]
6 Hippopotamus 1.8[45][46] 4.5[47] 5.05 (16.5)[48]
7 Javan rhinoceros 1.75[49][50] 2.3[51] 3.8 (12.5)[52]
8 Black rhinoceros 1.1[53] 2.9[54] 4 (13.1)[55]
9 Giraffe 1.0[1] 2[56] 5.15 (16.9)[57]
10 Gaur 0.95[58] 1.5[58] 3.8 (12.5)[59]

Vertebrates edit

Mammals (Mammalia) edit

Main article: List of largest mammals
 
Size of Paraceratherium (dark grey) compared to a human and other rhinos (though one study suggests Palaeoloxodon namadicus may have been a larger land mammal)

The blue whale is the largest mammal of all time, with the largest known specimen being 33.6 m (110.2 ft) long and the largest weighted specimen being 190 tonnes.[15][60][61] The extinct whale species Perucetus colossus was shorter than the blue whale, at 17.0–20.1 meters (55.8–65.9 ft) but it is estimated to have rivaled or surpassed it in weight, at 85–340 tonnes. At the highest estimates, this would make Perucetus the heaviest known animal in history.[8]

The largest land mammal extant today is the African bush elephant. The largest extinct land mammal known was long considered to be Paraceratherium orgosensis, a rhinoceros relative thought to have stood up to 4.8 m (15.7 ft) tall, measured over 7.4 m (24.3 ft) long and may have weighed about 17 tonnes.[62][63] In 2015, a study suggested that one example of the proboscidean Palaeoloxodon namadicus may have been the largest land mammal ever, based on extensive research of fragmentary leg bone fossils from one individual, with a maximum estimated size of 22 tonnes.[64][62]

Stem-mammals (Synapsida) edit

 
Lisowicia bojani, likely the biggest non-mammal synapsid ever, compared to a human

The Late Triassic Lisowicia bojani, from what is now southern Poland, probably was the largest of all non-mammalian synapsids (most of which became extinct 250 million years ago), at 4.5 m (15 ft) in length, 2.6 m (8.5 ft) in height and 9 t (20,000 lb) in weight.[65] However, one study suggested a more conservative weight of 4.87 tonnes to 7.02 tonnes for the adult taxon, with an average body mass of 5.88 tonnes.[66] The largest carnivorous synapsid was Anteosaurus at 5–6 m (16–20 ft) and 500–600 kg (1,100–1,300 lb).[67]

Caseasaurs (Caseasauria)
The herbivorous Alierasaurus was the largest caseid and the largest amniote to have lived at the time, with an estimated length around 6–7 m (20–23 ft).[68] Another huge caseasaur is Cotylorhynchus hancocki, with an estimated length and weight of at least 6 m (20 ft)[69] and more than 500 kg (1,100 lb).[70]
Sphenacodontids (Sphenacodontidae)
The biggest carnivorous synapsid of Early Permian was Dimetrodon, which could reach 4.6 m (15 ft) and 250 kg (550 lb).[71] The largest members of the genus Dimetrodon were also the world's first fully terrestrial apex predators.[72]
Tappenosaurids (Tappenosauridae)
The Middle Permian Tappenosaurus was estimated at 5.5 m (18 ft) in length which is comparable in size with the largest dinocephalians.[73]
Therapsids (Therapsida)
The plant-eating dicynodont Lisowicia bojani is the largest-known of all non-mammalian synapsids, at 4.5 m (15 ft) and 9,000 kg (20,000 lb).[65][74][75] The largest carnivorous therapsid was the aforementioned Anteosaurus from what is now South Africa during Middle Permian epoch. It reached 5–6 m (16–20 ft) long, and about 500–600 kg (1,100–1,300 lb) in weight.[67]

Reptiles (Reptilia) edit

Main article: List of largest reptiles
 
The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile.

The largest living reptile, a representative of the order Crocodilia, is the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) of Southern Asia and Australia, with adult males being typically 3.9–5.5 m (13–18 ft) long. The largest confirmed saltwater crocodile on record was 6.32 m (20.7 ft) long, and weighed about 1,360 kg (3,000 lb).[1] Unconfirmed reports of much larger crocodiles exist, but examinations of incomplete remains have never suggested a length greater than 7 m (23 ft).[76] Also, a living specimen estimated at 7 m (23 ft) and 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) has been accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records.[77] However, due to the difficulty of trapping and measuring a very large living crocodile, the accuracy of these dimensions has yet to be verified. A specimen named Lolong caught alive in the Philippines in 2011 (died February 2013) was found to have measured 6.17 m (20.2 ft) in length.[78][79][80][81][82]

The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the "Komodo monitor", is a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, Nusa kode and Padar. A member of the monitor lizard family (Varanidae), it is the largest living species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of more than 3 metres (9.8 feet) in rare cases and weighing up to approximately 166 kilograms (366 pounds).[83]

Nevertheless, current extant reptiles are still dwarfed by their prehistoric ancestors. The largest non-dinosaurian terrestrial reptile to have ever lived were crocodilomorphs such as Deinosuchus, Sarcosuchus and Purussaurus, each have weight varying between 5-10 metric tons.[84][85][86] The largest snake to have ever lived was Titanoboa which could grow up to 12.8–14.3 m (42–47 ft) and weigh up to 730–1,135 kg (1,609–2,502 lb).[87][88] Prehistoric marine reptiles from the Mesozoic were even larger. Archelon was the largest testudines, being around 4.6 m (15 ft) long from head to tail and 2.2–3.2 t (2.4–3.5 short tons) in weight.[89] Mosasaurus hoffmanni was the largest squamate lizard to have ever lived, with a length of 11 meters (36 ft) and a body mass of 10 metric tons (11 short tons)[90] However, the largest reptiles, period, where the shastasaurids, specifically Ichthyotitan, which approached lengths rivalling to exceeding those of a blue whale, at around 26–35 m (85–115 ft) in length.[11][12]

Largest living reptiles edit

The following is a list of the largest living reptile species ranked by average weight, which is dominated by the crocodilians. Unlike mammals, birds, or fish, the mass of large reptiles is frequently poorly documented and many are subject to conjecture and estimation.[1]

Rank Animal Average mass
[kg (lb)] 		Maximum mass
[kg (lb)] 		Average total length
[m (ft)]
1 Saltwater crocodile 450 (1,000)[91][92] 2,000 (4,400)[93][94] 4.5 (14.8)[91][95]
2 Nile crocodile 410 (900)[96] 1,090 (2,400)[1] 4.2 (13.8)[96]
3 Orinoco crocodile 380 (840)[citation needed] 1,100 (2,400)[citation needed] 4.1 (13.5)[97][98]
4 Leatherback sea turtle 364 (800)[99][100] 932 (2,050)[1] 2.0 (6.6)[1]
5 American crocodile 336 (740)[101] 1,000 (2,200)[102] 4.0 (13.1)[103][104]
6 Black caiman 300 (661)[citation needed] 1,000 (2,200)[citation needed] 3.9 (12.8)[105][106][107][108]
7 Gharial 250 (550)[109] 1,000 (2,200)[110] 4.5 (14.8)[109]
8 American alligator 240 (530)[111][112] 1,000 (2,200)[1] 3.4 (11.2)[112]
9 Mugger crocodile 225 (495)[111] 700 (1,500)[113] 3.3 (10.8)[112]
10 False gharial 210 (460)[114] 590 (1,300)[115] 4.0 (13.1)[116]
11 Aldabra giant tortoise 205 (450)[117] 360 (790)[1] 1.4 (4.6)[118]
12 Loggerhead sea turtle 200 (441)[citation needed] 545 (1,202)[citation needed] 0.95 (3.2)[118]
13 Green sea turtle 190 (418.9)[119] 395 (870.8)[96] 1.12 (3.67)[96]
14 Slender-snouted crocodile 180 (400)[120] 325 (720)[120] 3.3 (10.8)[120]
15 Galapagos tortoise 175 (390)[121] 417 (919)[122] 1.5 (4.9)[123]

Dinosaurs (Dinosauria) edit

Main article: Dinosaur size
See also: Largest prehistoric animals
 
Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi, potentially the largest animal to have walked the earth.
 
A human and the longest known dinosaurs of the five major clades. Each grid section represents 1 square meter.
  Sauropoda (Supersaurus vivianae)
  Ornithopoda (Shantungosaurus giganteus)
  Theropoda (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus)
  Thyreophora (Stegosaurus ungulatus)
  Marginocephalia (Triceratops prorsus)

Dinosaurs are now extinct, except for birds, which are theropods.

Sauropods (Sauropoda)
The largest dinosaurs, and the largest animals to ever live on land, were the plant-eating, long-necked Sauropoda. The tallest and heaviest sauropod known from a complete skeleton is a specimen of an immature Giraffatitan discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912, now mounted in the Museum für Naturkunde of Berlin. It is 12–13.27 m (39.4–43.5 ft) tall and weighed 23.3–39.5 tonnes.[124][125][126][127][128][129] The longest is a 25 m (82 ft) long specimen of Diplodocus discovered in Wyoming, and mounted in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907. A Patagotitan specimen found in Argentina in 2014 is estimated to have been 37–40 m (121–131 ft) long and 20 m (66 ft) tall, with a weight of 69–77 tonnes.[130][131]
There were larger sauropods, but they are known only from a few bones. The current record-holders include Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 100 tonnes; Supersaurus which might have reached 34 m (112 ft) in length and Sauroposeidon which might have been 18 m (59 ft) tall. Some abnormal specimens such as specimen BYU 9024 of the Barosaurus genus could reach an astounding 45-48 meters long, with mass varying from the 'modest' 60-66 tons to the more immense 92-120 tons.[132][133][134] Two other such sauropods include Bruhathkayosaurus and Maraapunisaurus. Both are known only from fragments that no longer exist. Bruhathkayosaurus might have been between 40–44 m (131–144 ft) in length and 175–220 tonnes in weight according to some estimates, with recent estimates being place between 110-170 tons.[135][10] Maraapunisaurus might have been approximately 35–40 m long and 80–120 tonnes or more.[136] Each of these two 'super-sauropods' would have easily rivalled the largest blue whale in size.[10][15]
Rank Animal Average mass
[tonnes] 		Maximum mass
[tonnes] 		Average total length
[m (ft)]
1 Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi 110-170[10] 240[10] 44.1 (144.6)[137][138]
2 Maraapunisaurus fragillimus 80-120[139] 150[140] 35-40 (115-131)[139]
3 Barosaurus lentus BYU 9024 60-66[132][133][141][142] 92-120[134] 45-48 (148-157)[142]
4 Argentinosaurus huinculensis 75-80[127] 100[127][143] 35–39.7 (115–130)[127][144]
5 Mamenchisaurus 50-80[145] 80[145] 26–35 (85–115)[145]
6 Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi 44.9–75.9[143] 75.9[143] 28 (92)[143]
7 Patagotitan mayorum 55-69[146] 77[146] 33–37 (108–121)[146]
8 Puertasaurus reuili 50-60[147] 60 27-30 (89-98)[148][149][150]
9 Sauroposeidon proteles 40-60[151] 60[151] 27–34 (89–112)[151][147][152]
10 Dreadnoughtus schrani 22.1–59.3[153] 59.3[153] 26 (85)[143][153]
Theropods (Theropoda)
The largest theropod known from a nearly complete skeleton is the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex specimen, nicknamed "Sue", which was discovered in South Dakota in 1990 and now mounted in the Field Museum of Chicago at a total length of 12.3 m (40 ft). Body mass estimates have reached over 9,500 kg,[154] though other figures, such as Hartman's 2013 estimate of 8,400 kg,[155] have been lower.
Another giant theropod is Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa. Size estimates have been fluctuating far more over the years, with length estimates ranging from 12.6 to 18 m and mass estimates from 7 to 20.9 t.[156][157] Recent findings favor a length exceeding 15 m [158] and a body mass of 7.5 tons.[159]
Other contenders known from partial skeletons include Giganotosaurus carolinii (est. 12.2–13.2 m and 6-13.8 tonnes) and Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (est. 12-13.3 m and 6.2-15.1 tonnes).[157][160][161][162][163][132] Saurophaganax maximus is another contender for largest theropod since the bones of the largest specimens (tibia, centrum and atlas) are reportedly as large or even larger than the same bones in Giganotosaurus, though these remains are yet to be properly described.[164]
The largest extant theropod is the common ostrich (see birds, below).
Armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora)
The largest thyreophorans were Ankylosaurus and Stegosaurus, from the Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic periods (respectively) of what is now North America, both measuring up to 9 m (30 ft) in length and estimated to weigh up to 6 tonnes.[165][166]
Ornithopods (Ornithopoda)
The largest ornithopods were the hadrosaurids Shantungosaurus, a late Cretaceous dinosaur found in the Shandong Peninsula of China, and Magnapaulia from the late Cretaceous of North America. Both species are known from fragmentary remains but are estimated to have reached over 15 m (49 ft) in length[167][168] and were likely the heaviest non-sauropod dinosaurs, estimated at over 23 tonnes.[168]
Ceratopsians (Ceratopsia)
The largest ceratopsians were Triceratops and its ancestor Eotriceratops from the late Cretaceous of North America. Both estimated to have reached about 9 m (30 ft) in length[169] and weighed 12 tonnes.[170][171]

Birds (Aves) edit

Main article: List of largest birds
 
The common ostrich is the largest living bird.

The largest living bird, a member of the Struthioniformes, is the common ostrich (Struthio camelus), from the plains of Africa. A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) and weigh over 156 kg (344 lb).[172] A mass of 200 kg (440 lb) has been cited for the common ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified.[173] Eggs laid by the ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and are the largest eggs in the world today.[citation needed]

The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) of Madagascar, which were related to the kiwis. Aepyornis exceeded 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and 500 kg (1,100 lb), while Vorombe could reach a similar height and a mass of 732 kg (1,614 lb).[174] The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds was Dromornis stirtoni of Australia, part of a 26,000-year-old group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae.[175] The largest carnivorous bird was Brontornis, an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 350 to 400 kg (770 to 880 lb) and a height of about 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in).[176] The tallest carnivorous bird was Kelenken, which could reach 3 to 3.2 meters in height and 220 to 250 kilograms. The tallest bird ever was the giant moa (Dinornis maximus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct around 1500 AD. This particular species of moa stood up to 3.7 m (12 ft) tall,[172] but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame.[1]

The heaviest bird ever capable of flight was Argentavis magnificens, the largest member of the now extinct family Teratornithidae, found in Miocene-aged fossil beds of Argentina, with a wingspan up to 5.5 m (18 ft), a length of up to 1.25 m (4.1 ft), a height on the ground of up to 1.75 m (5.7 ft) and a body weight of at least 71 kg (157 lb).[1][177][178] Pelagornis sandersi is thought to have had an even larger wingspan of about 6.1–7.4 m (20–24 ft), but is only about 22–40 kg (49–88 lb), half the mass of the former.[179][178]

Heaviest living bird species edit

The following is a list of the heaviest living bird species based on maximum reported or reliable mass, but average weight is also given for comparison. These species are almost all flightless, which allows for these particular birds to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Flightless birds comprise less than 2% of all living bird species.[citation needed]

Rank Animal Binomial Name Average mass
[kg (lb)] 		Maximum mass
[kg (lb)] 		Average total length
[cm (ft)] 		Flighted
1 Common ostrich Struthio camelus 104 (230)[180] 156.8 (346)[180] 210 (6.9)[181] No
2 Somali ostrich Struthio molybdophanes 90 (200)[180] 130 (287)[citation needed] 200 (6.6)[180] No
3 Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius 45 (99)[180] 85 (190)[182] 155 (5.1)[180] No
4 Northern cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus 44 (97)[180] 75 (170)[180] 149 (4.9)[181] No
5 Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae 33 (73)[180][183] 70 (150)[citation needed] 153 (5)[180] No
6 Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri 31.5 (69)[181][184] 46 (100)[181] 114 (3.7)[181] No
7 Greater rhea Rhea americana 23 (51)[183] 40 (88)[181] 134 (4.4)[180] No
8 Domestic turkey/wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo 13.5 (29.8) [185] 39 (86)[186] 100 - 124.9 (3.3 – 4.1)[citation needed] Yes
9 Dwarf cassowary Casuarius bennetti 19.7 (43)[180] 34 (75)[180] 105 (3.4)[citation needed] No
10 Lesser rhea Rhea pennata 19.6 (43)[180] 28.6 (63)[180] 96 (3.2)[181] No
11 Mute swan Cygnus olor 11.87 (26.2) 23 (51) 100-130 (3.3 - 4.3)[187] Yes
12 Great bustard Otis tarda 10.6 (23.4)[citation needed] 21 (46)[1] 115 (3.8)[citation needed] Yes
13 King penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 13.6 (30)[181][184] 20 (44)[188] 92 (3)[citation needed] No
14 Kori bustard Ardeotis kori 11.4 (25.1)[181] 20 (44.1)[citation needed] 150 (5)[181] Yes
15 Trumpeter swan Cygnus buccinator 11.6 (25.1) 17.2 (38) 138 - 165 (4.5 - 5.4) Yes
16 Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans 11.9 (24) 16.1 (38)[189] 107 - 135 (3.5 - 4.4) Yes
17 Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus 11.4 (25) 15.5 (32) 140 - 165 (4.5 - 5.4) Yes
18 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus 11.5 (25) 15 (33.1)[citation needed] 183 (6)[citation needed] Yes
19 Andean condor Vultur gryphus 11.3 (25)[187] 14.9 (33)[187] 100 - 130 (3.3 - 4.3)[187] Yes

Amphibians (Amphibia) edit

 
A giant salamander, the largest living amphibian.

The largest living amphibian is the South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi). Formerly considered conspecific with the Chinese giant salamander (A. davidianus), the maximum size of this nearly human-sized river-dweller is 64 kg (141 lb) and almost 1.83 m (6.0 ft).[1] Before amniotes became the dominant tetrapods, several giant amphibian proto-tetrapods existed and were certainly the dominant animals in their ecosystems. The largest known was the crocodile-like Prionosuchus, which reached a length of 9 m (30 ft).[190]

Frogs (Anura)
 
The massive and destructive cane toad ranks as the largest toad in the world.
The largest member of the largest order of amphibians is the African goliath frog (Conraua goliath). The maximum size this species is verified to attain is a weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) and a snout-to-vent length of 39 cm (15 in).[1] The largest of the toads, the cane toad (Rhinella marina), is also the second largest member of the frog order. This infamous, often invasive species can grow to maximum mass of 2.65 kg (5.8 lb) and measure a maximum of 33 cm (13 in) from snout-to-vent.[1] Rivaling the previous two species, the African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) can range up to a weight of 2 kg (4.4 lb) and 25.5 cm (10.0 in) from snout to vent.[191] Another large frog is the largest frog in North America, the American bullfrog, which can reach weights of up to 0.8 kg (1.8 lb) and snout-to-vent-length (SVL) of 20 cm (7.9 in). However, the toad Beelzebufo ampinga, found in fossil from the Cretaceous era in what is now Madagascar, was estimated to grow to 41 cm (16 in) long and weigh up to 4.5 kg (9.9 lb), making it the largest frog ever known.[192] But in more recent studies, animals of this species have been estimated to have grown to at least 23.2 cm (9.1 in) (snout-vent length), which is around the size a modern African bullfrog can reach.[193] The largest tree frog is the Australasian white-lipped tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata), the females of which can reach a length of 14 cm (5.5 in) from snout to vent and can weigh up to 115 g (4.1 oz).[194] The family Leptodactylidae, one of the most diverse anuran families, also has some very large members. The largest is the Surinam horned frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), which can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length from snout to vent and weigh up to 0.48 kg (1.1 lb).[195] While not quite as large as Ceratophrys cornuta, Leptodactylus pentadactylus is often heavier; it can reach 18.5 cm (7.3 in) long and weigh 0.60 kilograms (1.3 pounds). The largest dendrobatid is the Colombian golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis), which can attain a length of 6 cm (2.4 in) and nearly 28.3 g (1.00 oz).[196] Most frogs are classified under the suborder Neobatrachia, although nearly 200 species are part of the suborder Mesobatrachia, or ancient frogs. The largest of these are the little-known Brachytarsophrys or Karin Hills frogs, of South Asia, which can grow to a maximum snout-to-vent length of 17 cm (6.7 in) and a maximum weight of 0.54 kg (1.2 lb).[197]
Caecilians (Gymnophiona)
The largest of the worm-like caecilians is the Colombian Thompson's caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which reaches a length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft), a width of about 4.6 cm (1.8 in) and can weigh up to about 1 kg (2.2 lb).[1]
Salamanders (Urodela)
Besides the previously mentioned Chinese and South China giant salamanders, the closely related Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is also sometimes cited as the largest living amphibian, but salamanders of a greater size than 1.53 m (5.0 ft) and 36 kg (79 lb) have never been verified for this species. Another giant of the amphibian world is the North American hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), which can measure up to 0.76 m (2.5 ft). The recently described reticulated siren of the southeastern United States rivals the hellbender in size, although it is more lean in build.[198] The largest of the newts is the Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl), which can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in length.[199]

Fish edit

Main article: List of largest fish

Invertebrate chordates edit

Tunicates (Tunicata) edit

Further information: Tunicata

The largest tunicate is Synoicum pulmonaria, found at depths of 20 and 40 metres (66 and 131 ft), and are up to 14 centimetres (6 in) in diameter. It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland, but is less common here than in the east, and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres (33 and 43 ft).[200]

Entergonas (Enterogona)
The largest entergona is Synoicum pulmonaria it is usually found at depths between about 20 and 40 metres (66 and 131 ft) and can grow to over a metre (yard) in length. It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland, but is less common here than in the east, and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres (33 and 43 ft).[200]
Pleurogonas (Pleurogona)
The largest pleurogona is Pyura pachydermatina .[201] In colour it is off-white or a garish shade of reddish-purple. The stalk is two thirds to three quarters the length of the whole animal which helps distinguish it from certain invasive tunicates not native to New Zealand such as Styela clava and Pyura stolonifera.[202] It is one of the largest species of tunicates and can grow to over a metre (yard) in length.[203]
Aspiraculates (Aspiraculata)
The largest aspiraculate is Oligotrema large and surrounded by six large lobes; the cloacal syphon is small. They live exclusively in deep water and range in size from less than one inch (2 cm) to 2.4 inches (6 cm).

Thaliacea edit

 
The Pyrosoma atlanticum is the largest thaliacean.

The largest thaliacean, Pyrosoma atlanticum, is cylindrical and can grow up to 60 cm (2 ft) long and 4–6 cm wide. The constituent zooids form a rigid tube, which may be pale pink, yellowish, or bluish. One end of the tube is narrower and is closed, while the other is open and has a strong diaphragm. The outer surface or test is gelatinised and dimpled with backward-pointing, blunt processes. The individual zooids are up to 8.5 mm (0.33 in) long and have a broad, rounded branchial sac with gill slits. Along the side of the branchial sac runs the endostyle, which produces mucus filters. Water is moved through the gill slits into the centre of the cylinder by cilia pulsating rhythmically. Plankton and other food particles are caught in mucus filters in the processes as the colony is propelled through the water. P. atlanticum is bioluminescent and can generate a brilliant blue-green light when stimulated.[204][205]

Doliolida (Doliolida)
The largest doliolida is Doliolida [206] The doliolid body is small, typically 1–2 cm long, and barrel-shaped; it features two wide siphons, one at the front and the other at the back end, and eight or nine circular muscle strands reminiscent of barrel bands. Like all tunicates, they are filter feeders. They are free-floating; the same forced flow of water through their bodies with which they gather plankton is used for propulsion - not unlike a tiny ramjet engine. Doliolids are capable of quick movement. They have a complicated lifecycle consisting of sexual and asexual generations. They are nearly exclusively tropical animals, although a few species are found as far north as northern California.[citation needed]
Salps (Salpida)
The largest salp is Cyclosalpa bakeri 15cm (6ins) long. There are openings at the anterior and posterior ends of the cylinder which can be opened or closed as needed. The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle (an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles). The stolon is a ribbon-like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding. The aggregate is the second, colonial form of the salp and is also gelatinous, transparent and flabby. It takes the shape of a radial whorl of individuals up to about 20cm (4in) in diameter. It is formed of approximately 12 zooids linked side by side in a shape that resembles a crown.[204][207] are largest thetyses: Thetys vagina Individuals can reach up to 30 cm (12 in) long.[citation needed]
Larvaceans (Larvacea)
The largest larvacean is Appendicularia 1 cm (0.39 in) in body length (excluding the tail).[citation needed]

Cephalochordates (Leptocardii) edit

Further information: Leptocardii

The largest lancelet is the European lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) "primitive fish". It can grow up to 6 cm (2.5 in) long.[208]

Invertebrate non-chordates edit

Echinoderms (Echinodermata) edit

 
At up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long, the sea cucumber Synapta maculata is the longest known echinoderm.

The largest species of echinoderm in terms of bulk is probably the starfish species Thromidia gigas, of the class Asteroidea, which reaches a weight of over 6 kg (13 lb),[209] but it might be beaten by some giant sea cucumbers such as Thelenota anax. However, at a maximum span of 63 cm (25 in), Thromidia gigas is quite a bit shorter than some other echinoderms.[1] The longest echinoderm known is the conspicuous sea cucumber Synapta maculata, with a slender body that can extend up to 3 m (9.8 ft). In comparison, the biggest sea star is the brisingid sea star Midgardia xandaros, reaching a span of 1.4 m (4.6 ft), despite being quite slender.[1] Evasterias echinosoma is another giant echinoderm and can measure up to 1 m (3.3 ft) across and weigh 5.1 kg (11 lb).[1]

Crinoids (Crinoidea)
The largest species of crinoid is the unstalked feather-star Heliometra glacialis, reaching a total width of 78 cm (31 in) and an individual arm length of 35 cm (14 in). A width of 91.4 cm (36.0 in) was claimed for one unstalked feather-star but is not confirmed.[1] The genus Metacrinus has a stalk span of 61 cm (24 in) but, due to its bulk and multiple arms, it is heavier than Heliometra.[1] In the past, crinoids grew much larger, and stalk lengths up to 40 m (130 ft) have been found in the fossil record.[210]
Sea urchins and allies (Echinoidea)
The largest sea urchin is the species Sperosoma giganteum from the deep northwest Pacific Ocean, which can reach a shell width of about 30 cm (12 in).[211] Another deep sea species Hygrosoma hoplacantha is only slightly smaller.[211] The largest species found along the North America coast is the Pacific red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) where the shell can reach 19 cm (7.5 in).[212] If the spines enter into count, the biggest species may be a Diadematidae like Diadema setosum, with a test up to 10 cm (3.9 in) only, but its spines can reach up to 30 cm (12 in) in length.[213]
Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea)
The bulkiest species of sea cucumber are Stichopus variegatus and Thelenota anax, weighing several pounds, being about 21 cm (8.3 in) in diameter, and reaching a length of 1 m (3.3 ft) when fully extended. Synapta maculata can reach an extended length of 3 m (9.8 ft), but is extremely slender (3-5cm) and weigh much less than Stichopodids.[1]
Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea)
The largest known specimen of brittle star is the basket star Astrotoma agassizii. This species can grow to have a span of 1 m (3.3 ft).[1] Sometimes, Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni is considered the largest but the maximum this species is can measure 70 cm (28 in) and a disk diameter of about 14.3 cm (5.6 in). Outside from euryalids, the biggest ophiurid brittle star may be Ophiopsammus maculata (6–7 inches).[214]
Sea stars (Asteroidea)
The heaviest sea star is Thromidia gigas from the Indo-Pacific, which can surpass 6 kg (13 lb) in weight, but only has a diameter of about 65 cm (2.13 ft).[209][211] Despite its relatively small disk and weight, the long slender arms of Midgardia xandaros from the Gulf of California makes it the sea star with the largest diameter at about 1.4 m (4.5 ft).[211] Mithrodia clavigera may also become wider than 1 m (39 in) in some cases, with stout arms.[citation needed]

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) edit

Further information: Platyhelminthes
Monogenean flatworms (Monogenea)
The largest known members of this group of very small parasites are among the genus of capsalids, Listrocephalos, reaching a length of 2 cm (0.79 in).[215]
Flukes (Trematoda)
The largest known species of fluke is Fasciolopsis buski, which most often attacks humans and livestock. One of these flukes can be up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) long and 2 cm (0.79 in) thick.[216]
Tapeworms (Cestoda)
The largest known species of tapeworm is the whale tapeworm, Polygonoporus giganticus, which can grow to over 30 m (98 ft).[217][218]

Segmented worms (Annelida) edit

The largest of the segmented worms (including earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes) is the African giant earthworm (Microchaetus rappi). Although it averages about 1.36 m (4.5 ft) in length, this huge worm can reach a length of as much as 6.7 m (22 ft) and can weigh over 1.5 kg (3.3 lb).[219] Only the giant Gippsland earthworm, Megascolides australis, and a few giant polychaetes, including the notorious Eunice aphroditois, reach nearly comparable sizes, reaching 4 and 3.6 m (13 and 12 ft), respectively.[1]

Ribbon worms (Nemertea) edit

The largest nemertean is the bootlace worm, Lineus longissimus. A specimen found washed ashore on a beach in St. Andrews, Scotland in 1864 was recorded at a length of 55 m (180 ft).[220]

Mollusks (Mollusca) edit

 
A 7 m (23 ft) giant squid, the second largest of all invertebrates, encased in ice in the Melbourne Aquarium.

Both the largest mollusks and the largest of all invertebrates (in terms of mass) are the largest squids. The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) is projected to be the largest invertebrate.[221] Current estimates put its maximum size at 12 to 14 m (39 to 46 ft) long and 750 kg (1,650 lb),[222] based on analysis of smaller specimens. In 2007, authorities in New Zealand announced the capture of the largest known colossal squid specimen. It was initially thought to be 10 m (33 ft) and 450 kg (990 lb). It was later measured at 4.2 m (14 ft) long and 495 kg (1,091 lb) in weight. The mantle was 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long when measured.[223][224]

The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) was previously thought to be the largest squid, and while it is less massive and has a smaller mantle than the colossal squid, it may exceed the colossal squid in overall length including tentacles. One giant squid specimen that washed ashore in 1878 in Newfoundland reportedly measured 16.8 m (55 ft) in total length (from the tip of the mantle to the end of the long tentacles), head and body length 6.1 m (20 ft), 4.6 m (15 ft) in circumference at the thickest part of mantle, and weighed about 900 kg (2,000 lb). This specimen is still often cited as the largest invertebrate that has ever been examined.[1][225][226] However, no animals approaching this size have been scientifically documented and, according to giant squid expert Steve O'Shea, such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands.[227]

Aplacophorans (Aplacophora)
The largest known of these worm-like, shell-less mollusks are represented in the genus Epimenia, which can reach 30 cm (12 in) long. Most aplacophorans are less than 5 cm (2.0 in) long.[228]
Chitons (Polyplacophora)
The largest of the chitons is the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, which can reach a length of 33 cm (13 in) and weigh over 2 kg (4.4 lb).[229]
 
The mouth of a mostly hidden giant clam, the largest bivalve
Bivalves (Bivalvia)
The largest of the bivalve mollusks is the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Although even larger sizes have been reported for this passive animal, the top verified size was for a specimen from the Great Barrier Reef. This creature weighed 270 kg (600 lb), had an axial length of 1.14 m (3.7 ft) and depth of 0.75 m (2.5 ft).[1] The largest bivalve ever was Platyceramus platinus, a Cretaceous giant that reached an axial length of up to 3 m (nearly 10 ft).[230]
Gastropods (Gastropoda)
The "largest" of this most diverse and successful mollusk class of slugs and snails can be defined in various ways.
The living gastropod species that has the largest (longest) shell is Syrinx aruanus with a maximum shell length of 0.91 m (3.0 ft), a weight of 18 kg (40 lb) and a width of 96 cm (38 in).[231][232] Another giant species is Melo amphora, which in a 1974 specimen from Western Australia, measured 0.71 m (2.3 ft) long, had a maximum girth of 0.97 m (3.2 ft) and weighed 16 kg (35 lb).[1]
The largest shell-less gastropod is the giant black sea hare (Aplysia vaccaria) at 0.99 m (3.2 ft) in length and almost 14 kg (31 lb) in weight.
The largest of the land snails is the giant African snail (Achatina achatina) at up to 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 35 cm (14 in) long.
Cephalopods (Cephalopoda)
(See Cephalopod size.) While generally much smaller than the giant Architeuthis and Mesonychoteuthis, the largest of the octopuses, the giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), can grow to be very large. The largest confirmed weight of a giant octopus is 74 kg (163 lb),[233] with a 7 m (23 ft) arm span (with the tentacles fully extended) and a head-to-tentacle-tip length of 3.9 m (13 ft).[234] Specimens have been reported up to 125 kg (276 lb) but are unverified. A weight of 10 - 50kg is a much more common size.[1]

Roundworms (Nematoda) edit

 
Placentonema gigantissima, the largest roundworm

The largest roundworm, Placentonema gigantissima,[235] is a parasite found in the placentas of sperm whales which can reach up to 9 m (30 ft) in length.[236]

Velvet worms (Onychophora) edit

The largest velvet worm known is Solórzano's velvet worm (Peripatus solorzanoi). An adult female was recorded to have a body length of 22 cm (approximately 8.7 in).[237]

Arthropods (Arthropoda) edit

 
Japanese spider crab.

The largest arthropod known to have existed is the eurypterid (sea scorpion) Jaekelopterus, reaching up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in body length, followed by the millipede relative Arthropleura at around 2.1 m (6.9 ft) in length.[238] Among living arthropods, the Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) is the largest in overall size, the record specimen, caught in 1921, had an extended arm span of 3.8 m (12 ft) and weighed about 19 kg (42 lb).[1] The heaviest is the American lobster (Homarus americanus), the largest verified specimen, caught in 1977 off of Nova Scotia weighed 20 kg (44 lb) and its body length was 1.1 m (3.6 ft).[1] The largest land arthropod and the largest land invertebrate is the coconut crab (Birgus latro), up to 40 cm (1.3 ft) long and weighing up to 4 kg (8.8 lb) on average. Its legs may span 1 m (3.3 ft).[1]

Arachnids (Arachnida) edit

Both spiders and scorpions include contenders for the largest arachnids.

 
Giant huntsman spider
Spiders (Araneae)
The largest species of arachnid by length is probably the giant huntsman spider (Heteropoda maxima) of Laos, which in 2008 replaced the Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) of northern South America as the largest known spider by leg-span.[239] However the most massive arachnids, of comparable dimensions and possibly even greater mass, are the Chaco golden knee (Grammostola pulchripes), and the Brazilian salmon pink (Lasiodora parahybana). The huntsman spider may span up to 29 cm (11 in) across the legs, while in the New World tarantulas like Theraphosa can range up to 26 cm (10 in).[1] In Grammostola, Theraphosa and Lasiodora, the weight is projected to be up to at least 150 g (5.3 oz) and body length is up to 10 cm (3.9 in).[240]
Scorpions (Scorpiones)
The largest of the scorpions is the species Heterometrus swammerdami of the Indian subcontinent, which have a maximum length of 29.2 cm (11.5 in) and weigh around 60 g (2.1 oz). Another extremely large scorpion is the African emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), which can weigh 57 g (2.0 oz) but is not known to exceed a length of 23 cm (9.1 in).[1] However, they were dwarfed by Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis, a giant extinct species of scorpion from Scotland, at an estimated length of 0.7 m (2.3 ft),[241] and the aquatic Brontoscorpio, at up to 94 cm (3.08 ft) which is only known from a free finger.[242]
Pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones)
The largest pseudoscorpion is Garypus titanius, from Ascension island, which can be 12 mm (0.47 in) long.[243]

Crustaceans (Crustacea) edit

The largest crustacean is the Tasmanian giant crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas), with a weight of 13 kilograms (29 lb) and a carapace width of up to 46 centimetres (18 in). It is the only species in the genus Pseudocarcinus.[244] Males reach more than twice the size of females.[245] At a length of up to 40 centimetres (16 in), Lysiosquillina maculata is the largest mantis shrimp in the world.[246] Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish (Astacopsis gouldi) 5 kilograms (11 lb) in weight and over 80 centimetres (31 in) long have been known in the past, but now, even individuals over 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) are rare.[247] The species is only found in Tasmanian rivers flowing north into the Bass Strait below 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level, and is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List.[248]

Branchiopods (Branchiopoda)
The largest of these primarily freshwater crustaceans is probably Branchinecta gigas, which can reach a length 10 cm (3.9 in).[249]
Barnacles and allies (Maxillopoda)
The largest species is Pennella balaenopterae, a copepod and ectoparasite specialising in parasitising marine mammals. The maximum size attained is 32 cm (about 13 in).[250] The largest of the barnacles is the giant acorn barnacle, Balanus nubilis, reaching 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and 12.7 cm (5.0 in) high.[251]
Ostracods (Ostracoda)
The largest living representative of these small and little-known but numerous crustaceans is the species Gigantocypris australis females of which reaching a maximum length of 3 cm (1.2 in).
Amphipods, isopods, and allies (Peracarida)
 
Giant isopod
The largest species is the giant isopod (Bathynomus pergiganteus), which can reach a length of 45 cm (18 inches) and a weight of 1.7 kg (3.7 lb).[252]
Remipedes (Remipedia)
The largest of these cave-dwelling crustaceans is the species Godzillius robustus, at up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in).[253]

Horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) edit

The four modern horseshoe crabs are of roughly the same sizes, with females measuring up to 60 cm (2.0 ft) in length and 5 kg (11 lb) in weight.[254]

Sea spiders (Pycnogonida) edit

The largest of the sea spiders is the deep-sea species Colossendeis colossea, attaining a leg span of nearly 60 cm (2.0 ft).[255]

Trilobites (Trilobita) edit

Some of these extinct marine arthropods exceeded 60 cm (24 in) in length. A nearly complete specimen of Isotelus rex from Manitoba attained a length over 70 cm (28 in), and an Ogyginus forteyi from Portugal was almost as long. Fragments of trilobites suggest even larger record sizes. An isolated pygidium of Hungioides bohemicus implies that the full animal was 90 cm (35 in) long.[256][257]

Myriapods (Myriapoda) edit

Centipedes (Chilopoda)
 
Scolopendra gigantea
The biggest of the centipedes is Scolopendra gigantea of the neotropics, reaching a length of 33 cm (13 in).[258]
Millipedes (Diplopoda)
Two species of millipede both reach a very large size: Archispirostreptus gigas of East Africa and Scaphistostreptus seychellarum, endemic to the Seychelles islands. Both of these species can slightly exceed a length of 28 cm (11 in) and measure over 2 cm (0.79 in) in diameter.[1] The largest ever known was the Arthropleura, a gigantic prehistoric specimen that reached nearly 189 cm (74 in).
Symphylans (Symphyla)
The largest known symphylan is Hanseniella magna, originating in Tasmanian caves, which can reach lengths from 25 mm (0.98 in) up to 30 mm (1.2 in).[259]

Insects (Insecta) edit

 
Goliath beetle

Insects, a class of Arthropoda, are easily the most numerous class of organisms, with over one million identified species, and probably many undescribed species. The heaviest insect is almost certainly a species of beetle, which incidentally is the most species-rich order of organisms. Although heavyweight giant wetas (Deinacrida heteracantha) are known, the elephant beetles of Central and South America, (Megasoma elephas) and (M. actaeon), the Titan beetle (Titanus giganteus) of the neotropical rainforest or the Goliath beetles, (Goliathus goliatus) and (G. regius), of Africa's rainforest are thought to reach a higher weight.[260] The most frequently crowned are the Goliath beetles, the top known size of which is at least 100 g (3.5 oz) and 11.5 cm (4.5 in).[1] The elephant beetles and titan beetle can reach greater lengths than the Goliath, at up to 13.1 and 15.2 cm (5.2 and 6.0 in), respectively, but this is in part thanks to their rather large horns. The Goliath beetle's wingspan can range up to 25 cm (9.8 in).[1]

Some moths and butterflies have much larger areas than the heaviest beetles, but weigh a fraction as much.

The longest insects are the stick insects, see below.

Representatives of the extinct dragonfly-like order Meganisoptera, such as the Carboniferous Meganeura monyi of what is now France and the Permian Meganeuropsis permiana of what is now North America, are the largest insect species known to have existed. These creatures had a wingspan of some 75 cm (30 in) and a mass of over 1 pound (450 g), making them about the size of a crow.[1]

Cockroaches and termites (Blattodea)
 
Giant burrowing cockroach
The largest cockroach by body mass is the Australian giant burrowing cockroach (Macropanesthia rhinoceros), also known as the rhinoceros cockroach. This species can attain a length of 8.3 cm (3.3 in) and a weight of 36 g (1.3 oz). It does not have wings.[261] The Brazilian giant cockroach (Blaberus giganteus) of the neotropics reaches greater sizes of up to 10 cm in length and 15 cm in wingspan, although it is not as massive and heavy as the burrowing species. The termites, traditionally classified in their own order (Isoptera), have recently been re-considered to belong in Blattodea. The largest of the termites is the African species Macrotermes bellicosus. The queen of this species can attain a length of 14 cm (5.5 in) and breadth of 5.5 cm (2.2 in) across the abdomen; other adults, on the other hand, are about a third of the size.[1]
Beetles (Coleoptera)
The beetles are the largest order of organisms on earth, with about 400,000 species so far identified. The most massive species are the Goliathus, Megasoma and Titanus beetles already mentioned. Another fairly large species is the Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules) of the neotropic rainforest with a maximum overall length of at least 19 cm (7.5 in) including the extremely long pronotal horn. The weight in this species does not exceed 16.5 g (0.58 oz).[1] The longest overall beetle is a species of longhorn beetle, Batocera wallacei, from New Guinea, which can attain a length of 26.6 cm (10.5 in), about 19 cm (7.5 in) of which is comprised by the long antennae.[1]
Earwigs (Dermaptera)
Since 1798, the largest of the earwigs has been the Saint Helena giant earwig (Labidura herculeana), endemic to the island of its name, measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in length.[262] As of 2014, with the declaring of the organism extinct by the IUCN,[263] this may no longer be the case, although some believe a small number individuals are still extant.[264]
True flies (Diptera)
 
Gauromydas heros, the largest fly
The largest species of this order, which includes the common housefly, is the neotropical species Gauromydas heros, which can reach a length of 6 cm (2+3⁄8 in) and a wingspan of 10 cm (3.9 in).[1] Species of crane fly, the largest of which is Holorusia brobdignagius, can attain a length of 23 cm (9.1 in) but are extremely slender and much lighter in weight than Gauromydas.
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
The largest mayflies are members of the genus Proboscidoplocia from Madagascar. These insects can reach a length of 7 cm (2.8 in).[265]
True bugs (Hemiptera)
 
Giant water bug walking over land
The largest species of this diverse order is usually listed as the giant water bug in the genus Lethocerus, with L. maximus from the Neotropics being the absolutely largest.[266] They can surpass 12 cm (4.7 in) in length,[267] with some suggesting that the maximum size is 15 cm (5.9 in).[268] It is more slender and less heavy than most other insects of this size (principally the huge beetles). The largest cicada is Megapomponia imperatoria, which has a head-body length of about 7 cm (2.8 in) and a wingspan of 18–20 cm (7–8 in).[269][270] The cicadas of the genus Tacua can also grow to comparably large sizes. The largest type of aphid is the giant oak aphid (Stomaphis quercus), which can reach an overall length of 2 cm (0.79 in).[271] The biggest species of leafhopper is Ledromorpha planirostris, which can reach a length of 2.8 cm (1.1 in).[272]
 
Megachile pluto, the largest bee.
Ants and allies (Hymenoptera)
The largest of the ants, and the heaviest species of the order, are the females of the African Dorylus helvolus, reaching a length of 5.1 cm (2.0 in) and a weight of 8.5 g (0.30 oz).[1] The ant that averages the largest for the mean size within the whole colony is a ponerine ant, Dinoponera gigantea, from South America, averaging up to 3.3 cm (1.3 in) from the mandibles to the end of abdomen.[1] Workers of the bulldog ant (Myrmecia brevinoda) of Australia are up to 3.7 cm (1.5 in) in total length, although much of this is from their extremely large mandibles.[1] The largest of the bee species, also in the order Hymenoptera, is Megachile pluto of Indonesia, the females of which can be 3.8 cm (1.5 in) long, with a 6.3 cm (2.5 in) wingspan. Nearly as large, the carpenter bees can range up to 2.53 cm (1.00 in).[1] The largest wasp is probably the so-called tarantula hawk species Pepsis pulszkyi of South America, at up to 6.8 cm (2.7 in) long and 11.6 cm (4.6 in) wingspan, although many other Pepsis approach a similar size. The giant scarab-hunting wasp Megascolia procer may rival the largest tarantula hawks in weight and wingspan, though its body is not as long.[1]
Moths and allies (Lepidoptera)
 
Queen Alexandra's birdwing.
The Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules), in the family Saturniidae, is endemic to New Guinea and northern Australia, and its wings have the largest documented surface area (300 square centimeters) of any living insect,[273][274] and a maximum wingspan which is confirmed to 28 cm (11 in) while unconfirmed specimens have spanned up to 35.5 cm (14.0 in). The largest species overall is often claimed to be either the Queen Alexandra's birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae), a butterfly from Papua New Guinea, or the Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), a moth from Southeast Asia. Both of these species can reach a length of 8 cm (3.1 in), a wingspan of 28 cm (11 in) and a weight of 12 g (0.42 oz). One Atlas moth allegedly had a wingspan of 30 cm (12 in) but this measurement was not verified.[1] The larvae in the previous species can weigh up to 58 and 54 g (2.0 and 1.9 oz), respectively. However, there are no reported measurements of surface area that would exceed the Hercules moth, and the white witch (Thysania agrippina) of Central and South America, has the largest recorded wingspan of the order, and indeed of any living insect, though the white witch is exceeded in surface area by the Hercules moth. The verified record-sized Thysania spanned 30.8 cm (12.1 in) across the wings, although specimens have been reported to 36 cm (14 in).[1] The heaviest mature moths have been cited in the giant carpenter moth (Xyleutes boisduvali) of Australia, which has weighed up to 20 g (0.71 oz) although the species does not surpass 25.5 cm (10.0 in) in wingspan.[1]
Mantises (Mantodea)
The largest species of this order is Toxodera denticulata from Java, which has been measured up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in overall length.[275] However, an undescribed species from the Cameroon jungle is allegedly much larger than any other mantis and may rival the larger stick insects for the longest living insect.[276] Among widespread mantis species, the largest is the Chinese mantis (Tenodera aridifolia). The females of this species can attain a length of up to 10.6 cm (4.2 in).
Scorpionflies (Mecoptera)
The largest scorpionfly, the common scorpionfly (Panorpa communis), can reach a body length of about 30 millimetres (1.2 in).[277]
Alderflies and allies (Megaloptera)
This relatively small insect order includes some rather large species, many of which are noticeable for their elongated, imposing mandibles. The dobsonflies reach the greatest sizes of the order and can range up to 12.5 cm (4.9 in) in length.[278]
Net-winged insects (Neuroptera)
 
Blue eyes lacewing
These flying insects reach their largest size in Palparellus voeltzkowi, which can have a wingspan over 16 cm (6.3 in).[279] The largest lacewing is the "blue eyes lacewing" (Nymphes myrmeleonides) of Australia, which can measure up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in length and span 11 cm (4.3 in) across the wings.[280] Some forms of this ancient order could grow extremely large during the Jurassic period and may have ranked among the largest insects ever.[281] Found in the Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, Makarkinia adamsi had wings nearly 140–160 mm (5.5–6.3 in) in length.[282]
Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata)
The largest species of Odonata is the damselfly Megaloprepus caerulatus of the neotropics, attaining a size of as much as 19 cm (7.5 in) across the wings and a body length of over 12 cm (4.7 in).[1] The largest species of dragonfly is Tetracanthagyna plagiata of Southeast Asia, spanning up to 17.6 cm (6.9 in) and measuring up to 11.8 cm (4.6 in) long; while bulkier and heavier than Megaloprepus (at up to 7 g (0.25 oz)), it is smaller in its linear dimensions.[1]
Grasshoppers and allies (Orthoptera)
 
Giant weta
The largest of this widespread, varied complex of insects are the giant wetas of New Zealand, which is now split among 12 species. The largest of these is the Little Barrier Island giant weta (Deinacrida heteracantha), the largest specimen was weighed at 71.3 g (2.52 oz), one of the largest insects weights ever known. These heavyweight insects can be over 9 cm (3.5 in) long.[1] The largest grasshopper species is often considered to be the Australian giant grasshopper (Valanga irregularis), which ranges up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in length.[283] The American eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea guttata) can allegedly range up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length.[284] However, the greatest grasshopper sizes known, to 12 cm (4.7 in), have been cited in the South American giant grasshopper (Tropidacris violaceus). The longest members of this order (although much lighter than the giant wetas) is the katydid Macrolyristes corporalis of Southeast Asia which can range up to 21.5 cm (8.5 in) with its long legs extended and can have a wingspan of 20 cm (7.9 in).[285]
Stick insects (Phasmatodea)
The longest known stick insects are also the longest known insects, notably species in the tribe Pharnaciini, but they are generally relatively lightweight because of their slender shape. The longest is an unnamed species of Phryganistria discovered in China in 2016, where a specimen held at the Insect Museum of West China in Chengdu has a total length of 62.4 cm (24.6 in).[286] The second-longest species is the Australian Ctenomorpha gargantua, females of which have been measured at over 60 cm (24 in) in total length.[287] Other very large species, formerly believed to be longest but now considered third longest is Sadyattes chani; a specimen held in the Natural History Museum in London has a total length of 56.7 cm (22.3 in).[288][289] These measurements are, however, with the front legs fully extended; it has a body length measuring 35.7 cm (14.1 in).[290] Another very large species is Phobaeticus kirbyi where the total length (including extended legs) is up to 54.6 cm (21.5 in) and the body alone up to 32.8 cm (12.9 in).[291] Another of the longest insect in terms of total length is Phobaeticus serratipes of Malaysia and Singapore, measuring up to 55.5 cm (21.9 in).[292] Another extremely long stick insect is Pharnacia maxima, which measured 51 cm (20 in) with its legs extended.[1] The spiny stick insect (Heteropteryx dilatata) of Malaysia does not reach the extreme lengths of its cousins, the body reaching up to 16 cm (6.3 in) long, but it is much bulkier. The largest Heteropteryx weighed about 65 g (2.3 oz) and was 3.5 cm (1.4 in) wide across the thickest part of the body.[1]
Lice (Phthiraptera)
These insects, which live parasitically on other animals, are as a rule quite small. The largest known species is the hog louse, Haematopinus suis, a sucking louse that lives on large livestock like pigs and cattle. It can range up to 6 mm (0.24 in) in length.[293]
Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
 
Pteronarcys californica
The largest species of stonefly is Pteronarcys californica of western North America, a species favored by fishermen as lures. This species can attain a length of 5 cm (2.0 in) and a wingspan of over 9.5 cm (3.7 in).[294]
Booklice (Psocoptera)
The largest of this order of very small insects are the barklice of the genus Psocus, the top size of which is about 1 cm.[295]
Fleas (Siphonaptera)
The largest species of flea is Hystrichopsylla schefferi. This parasite is known exclusively from the fur of the mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) and can reach a length of 1.2 cm (0.47 in).[1]
Silverfishes and allies (Thysanura)
These ancient flightless insects, some of which feed on human household objects, can range up to 4.3 cm (1.7 in) in length. A 350 million year old form was known to grow quite large, at up to 6 cm (2.4 in).[citation needed]
Thrips (Thysanoptera)
Members of the genus Phasmothrips are the largest kinds of thrips. The maximum size these species attain is approximately 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in length.[296]
Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
The largest of the small, moth-like caddisflies is Eubasilissa maclachlani. This species can range up to 7 cm (2.8 in) across the wings.[297]
Angel insects (Zoraptera)
The largest angel insect species, Hubbard's angel insect (Zorotypus hubbardi), grows up to 3 mm (0.12 in) in length.[298][299]

Cnidarians (Cnidaria) edit

 
The lion's mane jellyfish, one of the longest extant animals

The lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) is the largest cnidarian species, of the class Scyphozoa. The largest known specimen of this giant, found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870,[300][301] had a bell diameter of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), a weight of 150 kg (330 lb). The tentacles of this specimens were as long as 37 m (121 ft) and were projected to have a tentacular spread of about 75 m (246 ft) making it one of the longest extant animals.[1]

Corals and sea anemones (Anthozoa)
The largest individual species are the sea-anemones of the genus Discoma, which can attain a mouth disc diameter of 60 cm (2.0 ft).[302] Longer, but much less massive overall, are the anemones of the genus Ceriantharia, at up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall.[303] Communities of coral can be truly massive, a single colony of the genus Porites can be over 10 m (33 ft), but the actual individual organisms are quite small.
Hydrozoans (Hydrozoa)
The colonial siphonophore Praya dubia can attain lengths of 40–50 m (130–160 ft).[304] The Portuguese man o' war's (Physalia physalis) tentacles can attain a length of up to 50 m (160 ft).[305] On 6 April 2020 the Schmidt Ocean Institute announced the discovery of a giant Apolemia siphonophore in submarine canyons near Ningaloo Coast, measuring 15 m (49 ft) diameter with a ring approximately 47 m (154 ft) long, claiming it was possibly the largest siphonophore ever recorded.[306][307]

Sponges (Porifera) edit

 
Despite its inert appearance, the heavyweight Xestospongia muta is indeed an animal

The largest known species of sea sponge is the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta. These massively built sponges can reach 2.4 m (8 ft) in height and can be about the same thickness at the thickest part of the "body".[308] Some of these creatures have been estimated to be over 2,400 years of age.[309]

Calcareous sponges (Calcarea)
The largest known of these small, inconspicuous sponges is probably the species Pericharax heteroraphis, attaining a height of 30 cm (0.98 ft). Most calcareous sponges do not exceed 10 cm (3.9 in) tall.[citation needed]
Hexactinellid sponges (Hexactinellida)
A relatively common species, Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, can reach a height of 1 m (3.3 ft) once they are of a very old age.[310] This is the maximum size recorded for a hexactinellid sponge.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

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January 01, 1970
largest, heaviest, animals, largest, animal, currently, alive, blue, whale, maximum, recorded, weight, tonnes, specimen, measuring, metres, whereas, longer, ones, metres, have, been, recorded, weighed, estimated, this, individual, could, have, mass, tonnes, mo. The largest animal currently alive is the Blue Whale The maximum recorded weight was 190 tonnes for a specimen measuring 27 6 metres 91 ft whereas longer ones up to 33 6 metres 110 ft have been recorded but not weighed 1 2 3 It is estimated this individual could have a mass of 250 tonnes or more 4 5 6 The longest non colonial animal is the lion s mane jellyfish 37 m 120 ft 7 Clockwise from top left an African bush elephant the largest extant terrestrial animal a blue whale the largest extant animal and a colossal squid the largest invertebrate In 2023 paleontologists estimated that the extinct whale Perucetus discovered in Peru may have outweighed the blue whale with a mass of 85 to 340 t 94 375 short tons 84 335 long tons 8 However more recent studies suggest this whale was much smaller than previous estimates putting its weight at 60 to 113 tonnes 9 While controversial estimates for the weight of the sauropod Bruhathkayosaurus suggest it was around 110 170 tons with the highest estimate being 240 tons if scaled with Patagotitan although actual fossil remains no longer exist and that estimation is based on described dimensions in 1987 10 On April 2024 Ichthyotitan severnensis was established as a valid shastasaurid taxon and is considered both the largest marine reptile every discovered and the largest macropredator ever discovered The Lilstock specimen was estimated to be around 26 metres 85 ft whilst the Aust specimen was a even more impressive 30 to 35 metres 98 to 115 ft in length Whilst no weight estimates was made as of yet Ichthyotitan would have easily rivalled or surpassed the blue whale 11 12 The upper estimates of weight for these prehistoric animals would have easily rivaled or exceeded the largest roquals and sauropods 13 The African bush elephant Loxodonta africana is the largest living land animal A native of various open habitats in sub Saharan Africa males weigh about 6 0 tonnes 13 200 lb on average 14 The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974 It was a male measuring 10 67 metres 35 0 ft from trunk to tail and 4 17 metres 13 7 ft lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder to the base of the forefoot indicating a standing shoulder height of 3 96 metres 13 0 ft This male had a computed weight of 10 4 to 12 25 tonnes 1 Contents 1 Heaviest living animals 2 Heaviest terrestrial animals 3 Vertebrates 3 1 Mammals Mammalia 3 2 Stem mammals Synapsida 3 3 Reptiles Reptilia 3 3 1 Largest living reptiles 3 4 Dinosaurs Dinosauria 3 4 1 Birds Aves 3 4 1 1 Heaviest living bird species 3 5 Amphibians Amphibia 3 6 Fish 4 Invertebrate chordates 4 1 Tunicates Tunicata 4 1 1 Thaliacea 4 2 Cephalochordates Leptocardii 5 Invertebrate non chordates 5 1 Echinoderms Echinodermata 5 2 Flatworms Platyhelminthes 5 3 Segmented worms Annelida 5 4 Ribbon worms Nemertea 5 5 Mollusks Mollusca 5 6 Roundworms Nematoda 5 7 Velvet worms Onychophora 5 8 Arthropods Arthropoda 5 8 1 Arachnids Arachnida 5 8 2 Crustaceans Crustacea 5 8 3 Horseshoe crabs Xiphosura 5 8 4 Sea spiders Pycnogonida 5 8 5 Trilobites Trilobita 5 8 6 Myriapods Myriapoda 5 8 7 Insects Insecta 5 9 Cnidarians Cnidaria 5 10 Sponges Porifera 6 See also 7 ReferencesHeaviest living animals editThe heaviest living animals are all whales Since no scale can accommodate the whole body of a large whale most have been weighed by parts Rank Animal Average mass tonnes Maximum mass tonnes Average total length m ft 1 Blue whale 15 110 16 190 1 24 79 17 2 North Pacific right whale 60 18 120 1 15 5 51 16 3 Southern right whale 58 16 110 19 15 25 50 16 4 Fin whale 57 16 120 19 19 5 64 16 5 Bowhead whale 54 5 16 20 120 1 15 49 16 6 North Atlantic right whale 54 16 21 110 19 22 15 49 16 22 7 Sperm whale 31 25 16 23 57 24 13 25 43 5 16 23 8 Humpback whale 29 16 25 48 26 13 5 44 16 9 Sei whale 22 5 16 45 27 14 8 49 16 10 Gray whale 19 5 16 45 28 13 5 44 16 nbsp Infographic showing the size of marine megafauna nbsp The blue whale is the heaviest living animal Heaviest terrestrial animals editThe heaviest land animals are all mammals The African elephant is now listed as two species the African bush elephant and the African forest elephant as they are now generally considered to be two separate species 29 Rank Animal Average mass tonnes Maximum mass tonnes Average total length m ft 1 African bush elephant 6 30 31 10 4 32 7 23 33 2 Asian elephant 4 5 1 34 8 15 1 6 8 22 3 34 3 African forest elephant 2 7 35 6 0 35 6 2 20 3 36 4 White rhinoceros 2 37 38 4 5 39 4 4 14 4 40 5 Indian rhinoceros 1 9 41 42 4 0 43 4 2 13 8 44 6 Hippopotamus 1 8 45 46 4 5 47 5 05 16 5 48 7 Javan rhinoceros 1 75 49 50 2 3 51 3 8 12 5 52 8 Black rhinoceros 1 1 53 2 9 54 4 13 1 55 9 Giraffe 1 0 1 2 56 5 15 16 9 57 10 Gaur 0 95 58 1 5 58 3 8 12 5 59 Vertebrates editMammals Mammalia edit Main article List of largest mammals nbsp Size of Paraceratherium dark grey compared to a human and other rhinos though one study suggests Palaeoloxodon namadicus may have been a larger land mammal The blue whale is the largest mammal of all time with the largest known specimen being 33 6 m 110 2 ft long and the largest weighted specimen being 190 tonnes 15 60 61 The extinct whale species Perucetus colossus was shorter than the blue whale at 17 0 20 1 meters 55 8 65 9 ft but it is estimated to have rivaled or surpassed it in weight at 85 340 tonnes At the highest estimates this would make Perucetus the heaviest known animal in history 8 The largest land mammal extant today is the African bush elephant The largest extinct land mammal known was long considered to be Paraceratherium orgosensis a rhinoceros relative thought to have stood up to 4 8 m 15 7 ft tall measured over 7 4 m 24 3 ft long and may have weighed about 17 tonnes 62 63 In 2015 a study suggested that one example of the proboscidean Palaeoloxodon namadicus may have been the largest land mammal ever based on extensive research of fragmentary leg bone fossils from one individual with a maximum estimated size of 22 tonnes 64 62 Stem mammals Synapsida edit nbsp Lisowicia bojani likely the biggest non mammal synapsid ever compared to a human The Late Triassic Lisowicia bojani from what is now southern Poland probably was the largest of all non mammalian synapsids most of which became extinct 250 million years ago at 4 5 m 15 ft in length 2 6 m 8 5 ft in height and 9 t 20 000 lb in weight 65 However one study suggested a more conservative weight of 4 87 tonnes to 7 02 tonnes for the adult taxon with an average body mass of 5 88 tonnes 66 The largest carnivorous synapsid was Anteosaurus at 5 6 m 16 20 ft and 500 600 kg 1 100 1 300 lb 67 Caseasaurs Caseasauria The herbivorous Alierasaurus was the largest caseid and the largest amniote to have lived at the time with an estimated length around 6 7 m 20 23 ft 68 Another huge caseasaur is Cotylorhynchus hancocki with an estimated length and weight of at least 6 m 20 ft 69 and more than 500 kg 1 100 lb 70 Sphenacodontids Sphenacodontidae The biggest carnivorous synapsid of Early Permian was Dimetrodon which could reach 4 6 m 15 ft and 250 kg 550 lb 71 The largest members of the genus Dimetrodon were also the world s first fully terrestrial apex predators 72 Tappenosaurids Tappenosauridae The Middle Permian Tappenosaurus was estimated at 5 5 m 18 ft in length which is comparable in size with the largest dinocephalians 73 Therapsids Therapsida The plant eating dicynodont Lisowicia bojani is the largest known of all non mammalian synapsids at 4 5 m 15 ft and 9 000 kg 20 000 lb 65 74 75 The largest carnivorous therapsid was the aforementioned Anteosaurus from what is now South Africa during Middle Permian epoch It reached 5 6 m 16 20 ft long and about 500 600 kg 1 100 1 300 lb in weight 67 Reptiles Reptilia edit Main article List of largest reptiles nbsp The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile The largest living reptile a representative of the order Crocodilia is the saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus of Southern Asia and Australia with adult males being typically 3 9 5 5 m 13 18 ft long The largest confirmed saltwater crocodile on record was 6 32 m 20 7 ft long and weighed about 1 360 kg 3 000 lb 1 Unconfirmed reports of much larger crocodiles exist but examinations of incomplete remains have never suggested a length greater than 7 m 23 ft 76 Also a living specimen estimated at 7 m 23 ft and 2 000 kg 4 400 lb has been accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records 77 However due to the difficulty of trapping and measuring a very large living crocodile the accuracy of these dimensions has yet to be verified A specimen named Lolong caught alive in the Philippines in 2011 died February 2013 was found to have measured 6 17 m 20 2 ft in length 78 79 80 81 82 The Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis also known as the Komodo monitor is a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo Rinca Flores Gili Motang Nusa kode and Padar A member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae it is the largest living species of lizard growing to a maximum length of more than 3 metres 9 8 feet in rare cases and weighing up to approximately 166 kilograms 366 pounds 83 Nevertheless current extant reptiles are still dwarfed by their prehistoric ancestors The largest non dinosaurian terrestrial reptile to have ever lived were crocodilomorphs such as Deinosuchus Sarcosuchus and Purussaurus each have weight varying between 5 10 metric tons 84 85 86 The largest snake to have ever lived was Titanoboa which could grow up to 12 8 14 3 m 42 47 ft and weigh up to 730 1 135 kg 1 609 2 502 lb 87 88 Prehistoric marine reptiles from the Mesozoic were even larger Archelon was the largest testudines being around 4 6 m 15 ft long from head to tail and 2 2 3 2 t 2 4 3 5 short tons in weight 89 Mosasaurus hoffmanni was the largest squamate lizard to have ever lived with a length of 11 meters 36 ft and a body mass of 10 metric tons 11 short tons 90 However the largest reptiles period where the shastasaurids specifically Ichthyotitan which approached lengths rivalling to exceeding those of a blue whale at around 26 35 m 85 115 ft in length 11 12 Largest living reptiles edit The following is a list of the largest living reptile species ranked by average weight which is dominated by the crocodilians Unlike mammals birds or fish the mass of large reptiles is frequently poorly documented and many are subject to conjecture and estimation 1 Rank Animal Average mass kg lb Maximum mass kg lb Average total length m ft 1 Saltwater crocodile 450 1 000 91 92 2 000 4 400 93 94 4 5 14 8 91 95 2 Nile crocodile 410 900 96 1 090 2 400 1 4 2 13 8 96 3 Orinoco crocodile 380 840 citation needed 1 100 2 400 citation needed 4 1 13 5 97 98 4 Leatherback sea turtle 364 800 99 100 932 2 050 1 2 0 6 6 1 5 American crocodile 336 740 101 1 000 2 200 102 4 0 13 1 103 104 6 Black caiman 300 661 citation needed 1 000 2 200 citation needed 3 9 12 8 105 106 107 108 7 Gharial 250 550 109 1 000 2 200 110 4 5 14 8 109 8 American alligator 240 530 111 112 1 000 2 200 1 3 4 11 2 112 9 Mugger crocodile 225 495 111 700 1 500 113 3 3 10 8 112 10 False gharial 210 460 114 590 1 300 115 4 0 13 1 116 11 Aldabra giant tortoise 205 450 117 360 790 1 1 4 4 6 118 12 Loggerhead sea turtle 200 441 citation needed 545 1 202 citation needed 0 95 3 2 118 13 Green sea turtle 190 418 9 119 395 870 8 96 1 12 3 67 96 14 Slender snouted crocodile 180 400 120 325 720 120 3 3 10 8 120 15 Galapagos tortoise 175 390 121 417 919 122 1 5 4 9 123 Dinosaurs Dinosauria edit Main article Dinosaur size See also Largest prehistoric animals nbsp Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi potentially the largest animal to have walked the earth nbsp A human and the longest known dinosaurs of the five major clades Each grid section represents 1 square meter Sauropoda Supersaurus vivianae Ornithopoda Shantungosaurus giganteus Theropoda Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Thyreophora Stegosaurus ungulatus Marginocephalia Triceratops prorsus Dinosaurs are now extinct except for birds which are theropods Sauropods Sauropoda The largest dinosaurs and the largest animals to ever live on land were the plant eating long necked Sauropoda The tallest and heaviest sauropod known from a complete skeleton is a specimen of an immature Giraffatitan discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912 now mounted in the Museum fur Naturkunde of Berlin It is 12 13 27 m 39 4 43 5 ft tall and weighed 23 3 39 5 tonnes 124 125 126 127 128 129 The longest is a 25 m 82 ft long specimen of Diplodocus discovered in Wyoming and mounted in Pittsburgh s Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907 A Patagotitan specimen found in Argentina in 2014 is estimated to have been 37 40 m 121 131 ft long and 20 m 66 ft tall with a weight of 69 77 tonnes 130 131 There were larger sauropods but they are known only from a few bones The current record holders include Argentinosaurus which may have weighed 100 tonnes Supersaurus which might have reached 34 m 112 ft in length and Sauroposeidon which might have been 18 m 59 ft tall Some abnormal specimens such as specimen BYU 9024 of the Barosaurus genus could reach an astounding 45 48 meters long with mass varying from the modest 60 66 tons to the more immense 92 120 tons 132 133 134 Two other such sauropods include Bruhathkayosaurus and Maraapunisaurus Both are known only from fragments that no longer exist Bruhathkayosaurus might have been between 40 44 m 131 144 ft in length and 175 220 tonnes in weight according to some estimates with recent estimates being place between 110 170 tons 135 10 Maraapunisaurus might have been approximately 35 40 m long and 80 120 tonnes or more 136 Each of these two super sauropods would have easily rivalled the largest blue whale in size 10 15 Rank Animal Average mass tonnes Maximum mass tonnes Average total length m ft 1 Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi 110 170 10 240 10 44 1 144 6 137 138 2 Maraapunisaurus fragillimus 80 120 139 150 140 35 40 115 131 139 3 Barosaurus lentus BYU 9024 60 66 132 133 141 142 92 120 134 45 48 148 157 142 4 Argentinosaurus huinculensis 75 80 127 100 127 143 35 39 7 115 130 127 144 5 Mamenchisaurus 50 80 145 80 145 26 35 85 115 145 6 Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi 44 9 75 9 143 75 9 143 28 92 143 7 Patagotitan mayorum 55 69 146 77 146 33 37 108 121 146 8 Puertasaurus reuili 50 60 147 60 27 30 89 98 148 149 150 9 Sauroposeidon proteles 40 60 151 60 151 27 34 89 112 151 147 152 10 Dreadnoughtus schrani 22 1 59 3 153 59 3 153 26 85 143 153 Theropods Theropoda The largest theropod known from a nearly complete skeleton is the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex specimen nicknamed Sue which was discovered in South Dakota in 1990 and now mounted in the Field Museum of Chicago at a total length of 12 3 m 40 ft Body mass estimates have reached over 9 500 kg 154 though other figures such as Hartman s 2013 estimate of 8 400 kg 155 have been lower Another giant theropod is Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from the mid Cretaceous of North Africa Size estimates have been fluctuating far more over the years with length estimates ranging from 12 6 to 18 m and mass estimates from 7 to 20 9 t 156 157 Recent findings favor a length exceeding 15 m 158 and a body mass of 7 5 tons 159 Other contenders known from partial skeletons include Giganotosaurus carolinii est 12 2 13 2 m and 6 13 8 tonnes and Carcharodontosaurus saharicus est 12 13 3 m and 6 2 15 1 tonnes 157 160 161 162 163 132 Saurophaganax maximus is another contender for largest theropod since the bones of the largest specimens tibia centrum and atlas are reportedly as large or even larger than the same bones in Giganotosaurus though these remains are yet to be properly described 164 The largest extant theropod is the common ostrich see birds below Armored dinosaurs Thyreophora The largest thyreophorans were Ankylosaurus and Stegosaurus from the Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic periods respectively of what is now North America both measuring up to 9 m 30 ft in length and estimated to weigh up to 6 tonnes 165 166 Ornithopods Ornithopoda The largest ornithopods were the hadrosaurids Shantungosaurus a late Cretaceous dinosaur found in the Shandong Peninsula of China and Magnapaulia from the late Cretaceous of North America Both species are known from fragmentary remains but are estimated to have reached over 15 m 49 ft in length 167 168 and were likely the heaviest non sauropod dinosaurs estimated at over 23 tonnes 168 Ceratopsians Ceratopsia The largest ceratopsians were Triceratops and its ancestor Eotriceratops from the late Cretaceous of North America Both estimated to have reached about 9 m 30 ft in length 169 and weighed 12 tonnes 170 171 Birds Aves edit Main article List of largest birds nbsp The common ostrich is the largest living bird The largest living bird a member of the Struthioniformes is the common ostrich Struthio camelus from the plains of Africa A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2 8 m 9 2 ft and weigh over 156 kg 344 lb 172 A mass of 200 kg 440 lb has been cited for the common ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified 173 Eggs laid by the ostrich can weigh 1 4 kg 3 1 lb and are the largest eggs in the world today citation needed The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds Aepyornithidae of Madagascar which were related to the kiwis Aepyornis exceeded 3 m 9 8 ft in height and 500 kg 1 100 lb while Vorombe could reach a similar height and a mass of 732 kg 1 614 lb 174 The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds was Dromornis stirtoni of Australia part of a 26 000 year old group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae 175 The largest carnivorous bird was Brontornis an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 350 to 400 kg 770 to 880 lb and a height of about 2 8 m 9 ft 2 in 176 The tallest carnivorous bird was Kelenken which could reach 3 to 3 2 meters in height and 220 to 250 kilograms The tallest bird ever was the giant moa Dinornis maximus part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct around 1500 AD This particular species of moa stood up to 3 7 m 12 ft tall 172 but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame 1 The heaviest bird ever capable of flight was Argentavis magnificens the largest member of the now extinct family Teratornithidae found in Miocene aged fossil beds of Argentina with a wingspan up to 5 5 m 18 ft a length of up to 1 25 m 4 1 ft a height on the ground of up to 1 75 m 5 7 ft and a body weight of at least 71 kg 157 lb 1 177 178 Pelagornis sandersi is thought to have had an even larger wingspan of about 6 1 7 4 m 20 24 ft but is only about 22 40 kg 49 88 lb half the mass of the former 179 178 Heaviest living bird species edit The following is a list of the heaviest living bird species based on maximum reported or reliable mass but average weight is also given for comparison These species are almost all flightless which allows for these particular birds to have denser bones and heavier bodies Flightless birds comprise less than 2 of all living bird species citation needed Rank Animal Binomial Name Average mass kg lb Maximum mass kg lb Average total length cm ft Flighted 1 Common ostrich Struthio camelus 104 230 180 156 8 346 180 210 6 9 181 No 2 Somali ostrich Struthio molybdophanes 90 200 180 130 287 citation needed 200 6 6 180 No 3 Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius 45 99 180 85 190 182 155 5 1 180 No 4 Northern cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus 44 97 180 75 170 180 149 4 9 181 No 5 Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae 33 73 180 183 70 150 citation needed 153 5 180 No 6 Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri 31 5 69 181 184 46 100 181 114 3 7 181 No 7 Greater rhea Rhea americana 23 51 183 40 88 181 134 4 4 180 No 8 Domestic turkey wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo 13 5 29 8 185 39 86 186 100 124 9 3 3 4 1 citation needed Yes 9 Dwarf cassowary Casuarius bennetti 19 7 43 180 34 75 180 105 3 4 citation needed No 10 Lesser rhea Rhea pennata 19 6 43 180 28 6 63 180 96 3 2 181 No 11 Mute swan Cygnus olor 11 87 26 2 23 51 100 130 3 3 4 3 187 Yes 12 Great bustard Otis tarda 10 6 23 4 citation needed 21 46 1 115 3 8 citation needed Yes 13 King penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 13 6 30 181 184 20 44 188 92 3 citation needed No 14 Kori bustard Ardeotis kori 11 4 25 1 181 20 44 1 citation needed 150 5 181 Yes 15 Trumpeter swan Cygnus buccinator 11 6 25 1 17 2 38 138 165 4 5 5 4 Yes 16 Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans 11 9 24 16 1 38 189 107 135 3 5 4 4 Yes 17 Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus 11 4 25 15 5 32 140 165 4 5 5 4 Yes 18 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus 11 5 25 15 33 1 citation needed 183 6 citation needed Yes 19 Andean condor Vultur gryphus 11 3 25 187 14 9 33 187 100 130 3 3 4 3 187 Yes Amphibians Amphibia edit nbsp A giant salamander the largest living amphibian The largest living amphibian is the South China giant salamander Andrias sligoi Formerly considered conspecific with the Chinese giant salamander A davidianus the maximum size of this nearly human sized river dweller is 64 kg 141 lb and almost 1 83 m 6 0 ft 1 Before amniotes became the dominant tetrapods several giant amphibian proto tetrapods existed and were certainly the dominant animals in their ecosystems The largest known was the crocodile like Prionosuchus which reached a length of 9 m 30 ft 190 Frogs Anura nbsp The massive and destructive cane toad ranks as the largest toad in the world The largest member of the largest order of amphibians is the African goliath frog Conraua goliath The maximum size this species is verified to attain is a weight of 3 8 kg 8 4 lb and a snout to vent length of 39 cm 15 in 1 The largest of the toads the cane toad Rhinella marina is also the second largest member of the frog order This infamous often invasive species can grow to maximum mass of 2 65 kg 5 8 lb and measure a maximum of 33 cm 13 in from snout to vent 1 Rivaling the previous two species the African bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus can range up to a weight of 2 kg 4 4 lb and 25 5 cm 10 0 in from snout to vent 191 Another large frog is the largest frog in North America the American bullfrog which can reach weights of up to 0 8 kg 1 8 lb and snout to vent length SVL of 20 cm 7 9 in However the toad Beelzebufo ampinga found in fossil from the Cretaceous era in what is now Madagascar was estimated to grow to 41 cm 16 in long and weigh up to 4 5 kg 9 9 lb making it the largest frog ever known 192 But in more recent studies animals of this species have been estimated to have grown to at least 23 2 cm 9 1 in snout vent length which is around the size a modern African bullfrog can reach 193 The largest tree frog is the Australasian white lipped tree frog Litoria infrafrenata the females of which can reach a length of 14 cm 5 5 in from snout to vent and can weigh up to 115 g 4 1 oz 194 The family Leptodactylidae one of the most diverse anuran families also has some very large members The largest is the Surinam horned frog Ceratophrys cornuta which can reach 20 cm 7 9 in in length from snout to vent and weigh up to 0 48 kg 1 1 lb 195 While not quite as large as Ceratophrys cornuta Leptodactylus pentadactylus is often heavier it can reach 18 5 cm 7 3 in long and weigh 0 60 kilograms 1 3 pounds The largest dendrobatid is the Colombian golden poison frog Phyllobates terribilis which can attain a length of 6 cm 2 4 in and nearly 28 3 g 1 00 oz 196 Most frogs are classified under the suborder Neobatrachia although nearly 200 species are part of the suborder Mesobatrachia or ancient frogs The largest of these are the little known Brachytarsophrys or Karin Hills frogs of South Asia which can grow to a maximum snout to vent length of 17 cm 6 7 in and a maximum weight of 0 54 kg 1 2 lb 197 Caecilians Gymnophiona The largest of the worm like caecilians is the Colombian Thompson s caecilian Caecilia thompsoni which reaches a length of 1 5 m 4 9 ft a width of about 4 6 cm 1 8 in and can weigh up to about 1 kg 2 2 lb 1 Salamanders Urodela Besides the previously mentioned Chinese and South China giant salamanders the closely related Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus is also sometimes cited as the largest living amphibian but salamanders of a greater size than 1 53 m 5 0 ft and 36 kg 79 lb have never been verified for this species Another giant of the amphibian world is the North American hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis which can measure up to 0 76 m 2 5 ft The recently described reticulated siren of the southeastern United States rivals the hellbender in size although it is more lean in build 198 The largest of the newts is the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl which can grow up to 30 cm 12 in in length 199 Fish edit Main article List of largest fishInvertebrate chordates editTunicates Tunicata edit Further information Tunicata The largest tunicate is Synoicum pulmonaria found at depths of 20 and 40 metres 66 and 131 ft and are up to 14 centimetres 6 in in diameter It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland but is less common here than in the east and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres 33 and 43 ft 200 Entergonas Enterogona The largest entergona is Synoicum pulmonaria it is usually found at depths between about 20 and 40 metres 66 and 131 ft and can grow to over a metre yard in length It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland but is less common here than in the east and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres 33 and 43 ft 200 Pleurogonas Pleurogona The largest pleurogona is Pyura pachydermatina 201 In colour it is off white or a garish shade of reddish purple The stalk is two thirds to three quarters the length of the whole animal which helps distinguish it from certain invasive tunicates not native to New Zealand such as Styela clava and Pyura stolonifera 202 It is one of the largest species of tunicates and can grow to over a metre yard in length 203 Aspiraculates Aspiraculata The largest aspiraculate is Oligotrema large and surrounded by six large lobes the cloacal syphon is small They live exclusively in deep water and range in size from less than one inch 2 cm to 2 4 inches 6 cm Thaliacea edit nbsp The Pyrosoma atlanticum is the largest thaliacean The largest thaliacean Pyrosoma atlanticum is cylindrical and can grow up to 60 cm 2 ft long and 4 6 cm wide The constituent zooids form a rigid tube which may be pale pink yellowish or bluish One end of the tube is narrower and is closed while the other is open and has a strong diaphragm The outer surface or test is gelatinised and dimpled with backward pointing blunt processes The individual zooids are up to 8 5 mm 0 33 in long and have a broad rounded branchial sac with gill slits Along the side of the branchial sac runs the endostyle which produces mucus filters Water is moved through the gill slits into the centre of the cylinder by cilia pulsating rhythmically Plankton and other food particles are caught in mucus filters in the processes as the colony is propelled through the water P atlanticum is bioluminescent and can generate a brilliant blue green light when stimulated 204 205 Doliolida Doliolida The largest doliolida is Doliolida 206 The doliolid body is small typically 1 2 cm long and barrel shaped it features two wide siphons one at the front and the other at the back end and eight or nine circular muscle strands reminiscent of barrel bands Like all tunicates they are filter feeders They are free floating the same forced flow of water through their bodies with which they gather plankton is used for propulsion not unlike a tiny ramjet engine Doliolids are capable of quick movement They have a complicated lifecycle consisting of sexual and asexual generations They are nearly exclusively tropical animals although a few species are found as far north as northern California citation needed Salps Salpida The largest salp is Cyclosalpa bakeri 15cm 6ins long There are openings at the anterior and posterior ends of the cylinder which can be opened or closed as needed The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white translucent patches A stolon grows from near the endostyle an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles The stolon is a ribbon like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding The aggregate is the second colonial form of the salp and is also gelatinous transparent and flabby It takes the shape of a radial whorl of individuals up to about 20cm 4in in diameter It is formed of approximately 12 zooids linked side by side in a shape that resembles a crown 204 207 are largest thetyses Thetys vagina Individuals can reach up to 30 cm 12 in long citation needed Larvaceans Larvacea The largest larvacean is Appendicularia 1 cm 0 39 in in body length excluding the tail citation needed Cephalochordates Leptocardii edit Further information Leptocardii The largest lancelet is the European lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum primitive fish It can grow up to 6 cm 2 5 in long 208 Invertebrate non chordates editEchinoderms Echinodermata edit nbsp At up to 3 m 9 8 ft long the sea cucumber Synapta maculata is the longest known echinoderm The largest species of echinoderm in terms of bulk is probably the starfish species Thromidia gigas of the class Asteroidea which reaches a weight of over 6 kg 13 lb 209 but it might be beaten by some giant sea cucumbers such as Thelenota anax However at a maximum span of 63 cm 25 in Thromidia gigas is quite a bit shorter than some other echinoderms 1 The longest echinoderm known is the conspicuous sea cucumber Synapta maculata with a slender body that can extend up to 3 m 9 8 ft In comparison the biggest sea star is the brisingid sea star Midgardia xandaros reaching a span of 1 4 m 4 6 ft despite being quite slender 1 Evasterias echinosoma is another giant echinoderm and can measure up to 1 m 3 3 ft across and weigh 5 1 kg 11 lb 1 Crinoids Crinoidea The largest species of crinoid is the unstalked feather star Heliometra glacialis reaching a total width of 78 cm 31 in and an individual arm length of 35 cm 14 in A width of 91 4 cm 36 0 in was claimed for one unstalked feather star but is not confirmed 1 The genus Metacrinus has a stalk span of 61 cm 24 in but due to its bulk and multiple arms it is heavier than Heliometra 1 In the past crinoids grew much larger and stalk lengths up to 40 m 130 ft have been found in the fossil record 210 Sea urchins and allies Echinoidea The largest sea urchin is the species Sperosoma giganteum from the deep northwest Pacific Ocean which can reach a shell width of about 30 cm 12 in 211 Another deep sea species Hygrosoma hoplacantha is only slightly smaller 211 The largest species found along the North America coast is the Pacific red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus where the shell can reach 19 cm 7 5 in 212 If the spines enter into count the biggest species may be a Diadematidae like Diadema setosum with a test up to 10 cm 3 9 in only but its spines can reach up to 30 cm 12 in in length 213 Sea cucumbers Holothuroidea The bulkiest species of sea cucumber are Stichopus variegatus and Thelenota anax weighing several pounds being about 21 cm 8 3 in in diameter and reaching a length of 1 m 3 3 ft when fully extended Synapta maculata can reach an extended length of 3 m 9 8 ft but is extremely slender 3 5cm and weigh much less than Stichopodids 1 Brittle stars Ophiuroidea The largest known specimen of brittle star is the basket star Astrotoma agassizii This species can grow to have a span of 1 m 3 3 ft 1 Sometimes Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni is considered the largest but the maximum this species is can measure 70 cm 28 in and a disk diameter of about 14 3 cm 5 6 in Outside from euryalids the biggest ophiurid brittle star may be Ophiopsammus maculata 6 7 inches 214 Sea stars Asteroidea The heaviest sea star is Thromidia gigas from the Indo Pacific which can surpass 6 kg 13 lb in weight but only has a diameter of about 65 cm 2 13 ft 209 211 Despite its relatively small disk and weight the long slender arms of Midgardia xandaros from the Gulf of California makes it the sea star with the largest diameter at about 1 4 m 4 5 ft 211 Mithrodia clavigera may also become wider than 1 m 39 in in some cases with stout arms citation needed Flatworms Platyhelminthes edit Further information Platyhelminthes Monogenean flatworms Monogenea The largest known members of this group of very small parasites are among the genus of capsalids Listrocephalos reaching a length of 2 cm 0 79 in 215 Flukes Trematoda The largest known species of fluke is Fasciolopsis buski which most often attacks humans and livestock One of these flukes can be up to 7 5 cm 3 0 in long and 2 cm 0 79 in thick 216 Tapeworms Cestoda The largest known species of tapeworm is the whale tapeworm Polygonoporus giganticus which can grow to over 30 m 98 ft 217 218 Segmented worms Annelida edit The largest of the segmented worms including earthworms leeches and polychaetes is the African giant earthworm Microchaetus rappi Although it averages about 1 36 m 4 5 ft in length this huge worm can reach a length of as much as 6 7 m 22 ft and can weigh over 1 5 kg 3 3 lb 219 Only the giant Gippsland earthworm Megascolides australis and a few giant polychaetes including the notorious Eunice aphroditois reach nearly comparable sizes reaching 4 and 3 6 m 13 and 12 ft respectively 1 Ribbon worms Nemertea edit The largest nemertean is the bootlace worm Lineus longissimus A specimen found washed ashore on a beach in St Andrews Scotland in 1864 was recorded at a length of 55 m 180 ft 220 Mollusks Mollusca edit nbsp A 7 m 23 ft giant squid the second largest of all invertebrates encased in ice in the Melbourne Aquarium Both the largest mollusks and the largest of all invertebrates in terms of mass are the largest squids The colossal squid Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni is projected to be the largest invertebrate 221 Current estimates put its maximum size at 12 to 14 m 39 to 46 ft long and 750 kg 1 650 lb 222 based on analysis of smaller specimens In 2007 authorities in New Zealand announced the capture of the largest known colossal squid specimen It was initially thought to be 10 m 33 ft and 450 kg 990 lb It was later measured at 4 2 m 14 ft long and 495 kg 1 091 lb in weight The mantle was 2 5 m 8 2 ft long when measured 223 224 The giant squid Architeuthis dux was previously thought to be the largest squid and while it is less massive and has a smaller mantle than the colossal squid it may exceed the colossal squid in overall length including tentacles One giant squid specimen that washed ashore in 1878 in Newfoundland reportedly measured 16 8 m 55 ft in total length from the tip of the mantle to the end of the long tentacles head and body length 6 1 m 20 ft 4 6 m 15 ft in circumference at the thickest part of mantle and weighed about 900 kg 2 000 lb This specimen is still often cited as the largest invertebrate that has ever been examined 1 225 226 However no animals approaching this size have been scientifically documented and according to giant squid expert Steve O Shea such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands 227 Aplacophorans Aplacophora The largest known of these worm like shell less mollusks are represented in the genus Epimenia which can reach 30 cm 12 in long Most aplacophorans are less than 5 cm 2 0 in long 228 Chitons Polyplacophora The largest of the chitons is the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri which can reach a length of 33 cm 13 in and weigh over 2 kg 4 4 lb 229 nbsp The mouth of a mostly hidden giant clam the largest bivalve Bivalves Bivalvia The largest of the bivalve mollusks is the giant clam Tridacna gigas Although even larger sizes have been reported for this passive animal the top verified size was for a specimen from the Great Barrier Reef This creature weighed 270 kg 600 lb had an axial length of 1 14 m 3 7 ft and depth of 0 75 m 2 5 ft 1 The largest bivalve ever was Platyceramus platinus a Cretaceous giant that reached an axial length of up to 3 m nearly 10 ft 230 Gastropods Gastropoda The largest of this most diverse and successful mollusk class of slugs and snails can be defined in various ways The living gastropod species that has the largest longest shell is Syrinx aruanus with a maximum shell length of 0 91 m 3 0 ft a weight of 18 kg 40 lb and a width of 96 cm 38 in 231 232 Another giant species is Melo amphora which in a 1974 specimen from Western Australia measured 0 71 m 2 3 ft long had a maximum girth of 0 97 m 3 2 ft and weighed 16 kg 35 lb 1 The largest shell less gastropod is the giant black sea hare Aplysia vaccaria at 0 99 m 3 2 ft in length and almost 14 kg 31 lb in weight The largest of the land snails is the giant African snail Achatina achatina at up to 1 kg 2 2 lb and 35 cm 14 in long Cephalopods Cephalopoda See Cephalopod size While generally much smaller than the giant Architeuthis and Mesonychoteuthis the largest of the octopuses the giant Pacific octopus Enteroctopus dofleini can grow to be very large The largest confirmed weight of a giant octopus is 74 kg 163 lb 233 with a 7 m 23 ft arm span with the tentacles fully extended and a head to tentacle tip length of 3 9 m 13 ft 234 Specimens have been reported up to 125 kg 276 lb but are unverified A weight of 10 50kg is a much more common size 1 Roundworms Nematoda edit nbsp Placentonema gigantissima the largest roundworm The largest roundworm Placentonema gigantissima 235 is a parasite found in the placentas of sperm whales which can reach up to 9 m 30 ft in length 236 Velvet worms Onychophora edit The largest velvet worm known is Solorzano s velvet worm Peripatus solorzanoi An adult female was recorded to have a body length of 22 cm approximately 8 7 in 237 Arthropods Arthropoda edit nbsp Japanese spider crab The largest arthropod known to have existed is the eurypterid sea scorpion Jaekelopterus reaching up to 2 5 m 8 2 ft in body length followed by the millipede relative Arthropleura at around 2 1 m 6 9 ft in length 238 Among living arthropods the Japanese spider crab Macrocheira kaempferi is the largest in overall size the record specimen caught in 1921 had an extended arm span of 3 8 m 12 ft and weighed about 19 kg 42 lb 1 The heaviest is the American lobster Homarus americanus the largest verified specimen caught in 1977 off of Nova Scotia weighed 20 kg 44 lb and its body length was 1 1 m 3 6 ft 1 The largest land arthropod and the largest land invertebrate is the coconut crab Birgus latro up to 40 cm 1 3 ft long and weighing up to 4 kg 8 8 lb on average Its legs may span 1 m 3 3 ft 1 Arachnids Arachnida edit Both spiders and scorpions include contenders for the largest arachnids nbsp Giant huntsman spider Spiders Araneae The largest species of arachnid by length is probably the giant huntsman spider Heteropoda maxima of Laos which in 2008 replaced the Goliath birdeater Theraphosa blondi of northern South America as the largest known spider by leg span 239 However the most massive arachnids of comparable dimensions and possibly even greater mass are the Chaco golden knee Grammostola pulchripes and the Brazilian salmon pink Lasiodora parahybana The huntsman spider may span up to 29 cm 11 in across the legs while in the New World tarantulas like Theraphosa can range up to 26 cm 10 in 1 In Grammostola Theraphosa and Lasiodora the weight is projected to be up to at least 150 g 5 3 oz and body length is up to 10 cm 3 9 in 240 Scorpions Scorpiones The largest of the scorpions is the species Heterometrus swammerdami of the Indian subcontinent which have a maximum length of 29 2 cm 11 5 in and weigh around 60 g 2 1 oz Another extremely large scorpion is the African emperor scorpion Pandinus imperator which can weigh 57 g 2 0 oz but is not known to exceed a length of 23 cm 9 1 in 1 However they were dwarfed by Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis a giant extinct species of scorpion from Scotland at an estimated length of 0 7 m 2 3 ft 241 and the aquatic Brontoscorpio at up to 94 cm 3 08 ft which is only known from a free finger 242 Pseudoscorpions Pseudoscorpiones The largest pseudoscorpion is Garypus titanius from Ascension island which can be 12 mm 0 47 in long 243 Crustaceans Crustacea edit The largest crustacean is the Tasmanian giant crab Pseudocarcinus gigas with a weight of 13 kilograms 29 lb and a carapace width of up to 46 centimetres 18 in It is the only species in the genus Pseudocarcinus 244 Males reach more than twice the size of females 245 At a length of up to 40 centimetres 16 in Lysiosquillina maculata is the largest mantis shrimp in the world 246 Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish Astacopsis gouldi 5 kilograms 11 lb in weight and over 80 centimetres 31 in long have been known in the past but now even individuals over 2 kilograms 4 4 lb are rare 247 The species is only found in Tasmanian rivers flowing north into the Bass Strait below 400 metres 1 300 ft above sea level and is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List 248 Branchiopods Branchiopoda The largest of these primarily freshwater crustaceans is probably Branchinecta gigas which can reach a length 10 cm 3 9 in 249 Barnacles and allies Maxillopoda The largest species is Pennella balaenopterae a copepod and ectoparasite specialising in parasitising marine mammals The maximum size attained is 32 cm about 13 in 250 The largest of the barnacles is the giant acorn barnacle Balanus nubilis reaching 7 cm 2 8 in in diameter and 12 7 cm 5 0 in high 251 Ostracods Ostracoda The largest living representative of these small and little known but numerous crustaceans is the species Gigantocypris australis females of which reaching a maximum length of 3 cm 1 2 in Amphipods isopods and allies Peracarida nbsp Giant isopod The largest species is the giant isopod Bathynomus pergiganteus which can reach a length of 45 cm 18 inches and a weight of 1 7 kg 3 7 lb 252 Remipedes Remipedia The largest of these cave dwelling crustaceans is the species Godzillius robustus at up to 4 5 cm 1 8 in 253 Horseshoe crabs Xiphosura edit The four modern horseshoe crabs are of roughly the same sizes with females measuring up to 60 cm 2 0 ft in length and 5 kg 11 lb in weight 254 Sea spiders Pycnogonida edit The largest of the sea spiders is the deep sea species Colossendeis colossea attaining a leg span of nearly 60 cm 2 0 ft 255 Trilobites Trilobita edit Some of these extinct marine arthropods exceeded 60 cm 24 in in length A nearly complete specimen of Isotelus rex from Manitoba attained a length over 70 cm 28 in and an Ogyginus forteyi from Portugal was almost as long Fragments of trilobites suggest even larger record sizes An isolated pygidium of Hungioides bohemicus implies that the full animal was 90 cm 35 in long 256 257 Myriapods Myriapoda edit Centipedes Chilopoda nbsp Scolopendra gigantea The biggest of the centipedes is Scolopendra gigantea of the neotropics reaching a length of 33 cm 13 in 258 Millipedes Diplopoda Two species of millipede both reach a very large size Archispirostreptus gigas of East Africa and Scaphistostreptus seychellarum endemic to the Seychelles islands Both of these species can slightly exceed a length of 28 cm 11 in and measure over 2 cm 0 79 in in diameter 1 The largest ever known was the Arthropleura a gigantic prehistoric specimen that reached nearly 189 cm 74 in Symphylans Symphyla The largest known symphylan is Hanseniella magna originating in Tasmanian caves which can reach lengths from 25 mm 0 98 in up to 30 mm 1 2 in 259 Insects Insecta edit nbsp Goliath beetle Insects a class of Arthropoda are easily the most numerous class of organisms with over one million identified species and probably many undescribed species The heaviest insect is almost certainly a species of beetle which incidentally is the most species rich order of organisms Although heavyweight giant wetas Deinacrida heteracantha are known the elephant beetles of Central and South America Megasoma elephas and M actaeon the Titan beetle Titanus giganteus of the neotropical rainforest or the Goliath beetles Goliathus goliatus and G regius of Africa s rainforest are thought to reach a higher weight 260 The most frequently crowned are the Goliath beetles the top known size of which is at least 100 g 3 5 oz and 11 5 cm 4 5 in 1 The elephant beetles and titan beetle can reach greater lengths than the Goliath at up to 13 1 and 15 2 cm 5 2 and 6 0 in respectively but this is in part thanks to their rather large horns The Goliath beetle s wingspan can range up to 25 cm 9 8 in 1 Some moths and butterflies have much larger areas than the heaviest beetles but weigh a fraction as much The longest insects are the stick insects see below Representatives of the extinct dragonfly like order Meganisoptera such as the Carboniferous Meganeura monyi of what is now France and the Permian Meganeuropsis permiana of what is now North America are the largest insect species known to have existed These creatures had a wingspan of some 75 cm 30 in and a mass of over 1 pound 450 g making them about the size of a crow 1 Cockroaches and termites Blattodea nbsp Giant burrowing cockroach The largest cockroach by body mass is the Australian giant burrowing cockroach Macropanesthia rhinoceros also known as the rhinoceros cockroach This species can attain a length of 8 3 cm 3 3 in and a weight of 36 g 1 3 oz It does not have wings 261 The Brazilian giant cockroach Blaberus giganteus of the neotropics reaches greater sizes of up to 10 cm in length and 15 cm in wingspan although it is not as massive and heavy as the burrowing species The termites traditionally classified in their own order Isoptera have recently been re considered to belong in Blattodea The largest of the termites is the African species Macrotermes bellicosus The queen of this species can attain a length of 14 cm 5 5 in and breadth of 5 5 cm 2 2 in across the abdomen other adults on the other hand are about a third of the size 1 Beetles Coleoptera The beetles are the largest order of organisms on earth with about 400 000 species so far identified The most massive species are the Goliathus Megasoma and Titanus beetles already mentioned Another fairly large species is the Hercules beetle Dynastes hercules of the neotropic rainforest with a maximum overall length of at least 19 cm 7 5 in including the extremely long pronotal horn The weight in this species does not exceed 16 5 g 0 58 oz 1 The longest overall beetle is a species of longhorn beetle Batocera wallacei from New Guinea which can attain a length of 26 6 cm 10 5 in about 19 cm 7 5 in of which is comprised by the long antennae 1 Earwigs Dermaptera Since 1798 the largest of the earwigs has been the Saint Helena giant earwig Labidura herculeana endemic to the island of its name measuring up to 8 cm 3 1 in in length 262 As of 2014 with the declaring of the organism extinct by the IUCN 263 this may no longer be the case although some believe a small number individuals are still extant 264 True flies Diptera nbsp Gauromydas heros the largest fly The largest species of this order which includes the common housefly is the neotropical species Gauromydas heros which can reach a length of 6 cm 2 3 8 in and a wingspan of 10 cm 3 9 in 1 Species of crane fly the largest of which is Holorusia brobdignagius can attain a length of 23 cm 9 1 in but are extremely slender and much lighter in weight than Gauromydas Mayflies Ephemeroptera The largest mayflies are members of the genus Proboscidoplocia from Madagascar These insects can reach a length of 7 cm 2 8 in 265 True bugs Hemiptera nbsp Giant water bug walking over land The largest species of this diverse order is usually listed as the giant water bug in the genus Lethocerus with L maximus from the Neotropics being the absolutely largest 266 They can surpass 12 cm 4 7 in in length 267 with some suggesting that the maximum size is 15 cm 5 9 in 268 It is more slender and less heavy than most other insects of this size principally the huge beetles The largest cicada is Megapomponia imperatoria which has a head body length of about 7 cm 2 8 in and a wingspan of 18 20 cm 7 8 in 269 270 The cicadas of the genus Tacua can also grow to comparably large sizes The largest type of aphid is the giant oak aphid Stomaphis quercus which can reach an overall length of 2 cm 0 79 in 271 The biggest species of leafhopper is Ledromorpha planirostris which can reach a length of 2 8 cm 1 1 in 272 nbsp Megachile pluto the largest bee Ants and allies Hymenoptera The largest of the ants and the heaviest species of the order are the females of the African Dorylus helvolus reaching a length of 5 1 cm 2 0 in and a weight of 8 5 g 0 30 oz 1 The ant that averages the largest for the mean size within the whole colony is a ponerine ant Dinoponera gigantea from South America averaging up to 3 3 cm 1 3 in from the mandibles to the end of abdomen 1 Workers of the bulldog ant Myrmecia brevinoda of Australia are up to 3 7 cm 1 5 in in total length although much of this is from their extremely large mandibles 1 The largest of the bee species also in the order Hymenoptera is Megachile pluto of Indonesia the females of which can be 3 8 cm 1 5 in long with a 6 3 cm 2 5 in wingspan Nearly as large the carpenter bees can range up to 2 53 cm 1 00 in 1 The largest wasp is probably the so called tarantula hawk species Pepsis pulszkyi of South America at up to 6 8 cm 2 7 in long and 11 6 cm 4 6 in wingspan although many other Pepsis approach a similar size The giant scarab hunting wasp Megascolia procer may rival the largest tarantula hawks in weight and wingspan though its body is not as long 1 Moths and allies Lepidoptera nbsp Queen Alexandra s birdwing The Hercules moth Coscinocera hercules in the family Saturniidae is endemic to New Guinea and northern Australia and its wings have the largest documented surface area 300 square centimeters of any living insect 273 274 and a maximum wingspan which is confirmed to 28 cm 11 in while unconfirmed specimens have spanned up to 35 5 cm 14 0 in The largest species overall is often claimed to be either the Queen Alexandra s birdwing Ornithoptera alexandrae a butterfly from Papua New Guinea or the Atlas moth Attacus atlas a moth from Southeast Asia Both of these species can reach a length of 8 cm 3 1 in a wingspan of 28 cm 11 in and a weight of 12 g 0 42 oz One Atlas moth allegedly had a wingspan of 30 cm 12 in but this measurement was not verified 1 The larvae in the previous species can weigh up to 58 and 54 g 2 0 and 1 9 oz respectively However there are no reported measurements of surface area that would exceed the Hercules moth and the white witch Thysania agrippina of Central and South America has the largest recorded wingspan of the order and indeed of any living insect though the white witch is exceeded in surface area by the Hercules moth The verified record sized Thysania spanned 30 8 cm 12 1 in across the wings although specimens have been reported to 36 cm 14 in 1 The heaviest mature moths have been cited in the giant carpenter moth Xyleutes boisduvali of Australia which has weighed up to 20 g 0 71 oz although the species does not surpass 25 5 cm 10 0 in in wingspan 1 Mantises Mantodea The largest species of this order is Toxodera denticulata from Java which has been measured up to 20 cm 7 9 in in overall length 275 However an undescribed species from the Cameroon jungle is allegedly much larger than any other mantis and may rival the larger stick insects for the longest living insect 276 Among widespread mantis species the largest is the Chinese mantis Tenodera aridifolia The females of this species can attain a length of up to 10 6 cm 4 2 in Scorpionflies Mecoptera The largest scorpionfly the common scorpionfly Panorpa communis can reach a body length of about 30 millimetres 1 2 in 277 Alderflies and allies Megaloptera This relatively small insect order includes some rather large species many of which are noticeable for their elongated imposing mandibles The dobsonflies reach the greatest sizes of the order and can range up to 12 5 cm 4 9 in in length 278 Net winged insects Neuroptera nbsp Blue eyes lacewing These flying insects reach their largest size in Palparellus voeltzkowi which can have a wingspan over 16 cm 6 3 in 279 The largest lacewing is the blue eyes lacewing Nymphes myrmeleonides of Australia which can measure up to 4 cm 1 6 in in length and span 11 cm 4 3 in across the wings 280 Some forms of this ancient order could grow extremely large during the Jurassic period and may have ranked among the largest insects ever 281 Found in the Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks Makarkinia adamsi had wings nearly 140 160 mm 5 5 6 3 in in length 282 Dragonflies and damselflies Odonata The largest species of Odonata is the damselfly Megaloprepus caerulatus of the neotropics attaining a size of as much as 19 cm 7 5 in across the wings and a body length of over 12 cm 4 7 in 1 The largest species of dragonfly is Tetracanthagyna plagiata of Southeast Asia spanning up to 17 6 cm 6 9 in and measuring up to 11 8 cm 4 6 in long while bulkier and heavier than Megaloprepus at up to 7 g 0 25 oz it is smaller in its linear dimensions 1 Grasshoppers and allies Orthoptera nbsp Giant weta The largest of this widespread varied complex of insects are the giant wetas of New Zealand which is now split among 12 species The largest of these is the Little Barrier Island giant weta Deinacrida heteracantha the largest specimen was weighed at 71 3 g 2 52 oz one of the largest insects weights ever known These heavyweight insects can be over 9 cm 3 5 in long 1 The largest grasshopper species is often considered to be the Australian giant grasshopper Valanga irregularis which ranges up to 9 cm 3 5 in in length 283 The American eastern lubber grasshopper Romalea guttata can allegedly range up to 10 cm 3 9 in in length 284 However the greatest grasshopper sizes known to 12 cm 4 7 in have been cited in the South American giant grasshopper Tropidacris violaceus The longest members of this order although much lighter than the giant wetas is the katydid Macrolyristes corporalis of Southeast Asia which can range up to 21 5 cm 8 5 in with its long legs extended and can have a wingspan of 20 cm 7 9 in 285 Stick insects Phasmatodea The longest known stick insects are also the longest known insects notably species in the tribe Pharnaciini but they are generally relatively lightweight because of their slender shape The longest is an unnamed species of Phryganistria discovered in China in 2016 where a specimen held at the Insect Museum of West China in Chengdu has a total length of 62 4 cm 24 6 in 286 The second longest species is the Australian Ctenomorpha gargantua females of which have been measured at over 60 cm 24 in in total length 287 Other very large species formerly believed to be longest but now considered third longest is Sadyattes chani a specimen held in the Natural History Museum in London has a total length of 56 7 cm 22 3 in 288 289 These measurements are however with the front legs fully extended it has a body length measuring 35 7 cm 14 1 in 290 Another very large species is Phobaeticus kirbyi where the total length including extended legs is up to 54 6 cm 21 5 in and the body alone up to 32 8 cm 12 9 in 291 Another of the longest insect in terms of total length is Phobaeticus serratipes of Malaysia and Singapore measuring up to 55 5 cm 21 9 in 292 Another extremely long stick insect is Pharnacia maxima which measured 51 cm 20 in with its legs extended 1 The spiny stick insect Heteropteryx dilatata of Malaysia does not reach the extreme lengths of its cousins the body reaching up to 16 cm 6 3 in long but it is much bulkier The largest Heteropteryx weighed about 65 g 2 3 oz and was 3 5 cm 1 4 in wide across the thickest part of the body 1 Lice Phthiraptera These insects which live parasitically on other animals are as a rule quite small The largest known species is the hog louse Haematopinus suis a sucking louse that lives on large livestock like pigs and cattle It can range up to 6 mm 0 24 in in length 293 Stoneflies Plecoptera nbsp Pteronarcys californica The largest species of stonefly is Pteronarcys californica of western North America a species favored by fishermen as lures This species can attain a length of 5 cm 2 0 in and a wingspan of over 9 5 cm 3 7 in 294 Booklice Psocoptera The largest of this order of very small insects are the barklice of the genus Psocus the top size of which is about 1 cm 295 Fleas Siphonaptera The largest species of flea is Hystrichopsylla schefferi This parasite is known exclusively from the fur of the mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa and can reach a length of 1 2 cm 0 47 in 1 Silverfishes and allies Thysanura These ancient flightless insects some of which feed on human household objects can range up to 4 3 cm 1 7 in in length A 350 million year old form was known to grow quite large at up to 6 cm 2 4 in citation needed Thrips Thysanoptera Members of the genus Phasmothrips are the largest kinds of thrips The maximum size these species attain is approximately 1 3 cm 0 51 in in length 296 Caddisflies Trichoptera The largest of the small moth like caddisflies is Eubasilissa maclachlani This species can range up to 7 cm 2 8 in across the wings 297 Angel insects Zoraptera The largest angel insect species Hubbard s angel insect Zorotypus hubbardi grows up to 3 mm 0 12 in in length 298 299 Cnidarians Cnidaria edit nbsp The lion s mane jellyfish one of the longest extant animals The lion s mane jellyfish Cyanea capillata is the largest cnidarian species of the class Scyphozoa The largest known specimen of this giant found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870 300 301 had a bell diameter of 2 5 m 8 2 ft a weight of 150 kg 330 lb The tentacles of this specimens were as long as 37 m 121 ft and were projected to have a tentacular spread of about 75 m 246 ft making it one of the longest extant animals 1 Corals and sea anemones Anthozoa The largest individual species are the sea anemones of the genus Discoma which can attain a mouth disc diameter of 60 cm 2 0 ft 302 Longer but much less massive overall are the anemones of the genus Ceriantharia at up to 2 m 6 6 ft tall 303 Communities of coral can be truly massive a single colony of the genus Porites can be over 10 m 33 ft but the actual individual organisms are quite small Hydrozoans Hydrozoa The colonial siphonophore Praya dubia can attain lengths of 40 50 m 130 160 ft 304 The Portuguese man o war s Physalia physalis tentacles can attain a length of up to 50 m 160 ft 305 On 6 April 2020 the Schmidt Ocean Institute announced the discovery of a giant Apolemia siphonophore in submarine canyons near Ningaloo Coast measuring 15 m 49 ft diameter with a ring approximately 47 m 154 ft long claiming it was possibly the largest siphonophore ever recorded 306 307 Sponges Porifera edit nbsp Despite its inert appearance the heavyweight Xestospongia muta is indeed an animal The largest known species of sea sponge is the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta These massively built sponges can reach 2 4 m 8 ft in height and can be about the same thickness at the thickest part of the body 308 Some of these creatures have been estimated to be over 2 400 years of age 309 Calcareous sponges Calcarea The largest known of these small inconspicuous sponges is probably the species Pericharax heteroraphis attaining a height of 30 cm 0 98 ft Most calcareous sponges do not exceed 10 cm 3 9 in tall citation needed Hexactinellid sponges Hexactinellida A relatively common species Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni can reach a height of 1 m 3 3 ft once they are of a very old age 310 This is the maximum size recorded for a hexactinellid sponge citation needed See also editLargest prehistoric animals Megafauna Largest organismsReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Wood Gerald The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 1983 ISBN 978 0 85112 235 9 Davies Ella 20 April 2016 The longest animal alive may be one you never thought of BBC Earth Retrieved 14 February 2018 Largest mammal Guinness World Records Motani Ryosuke Pyenson Nicholas D 29 February 2024 Downsizing a heavyweight factors and methods that revise weight estimates of the giant fossil whale Perucetus colossus PeerJ 12 e16978 doi 10 7717 peerj 16978 ISSN 2167 8359 PMC 10909350 PMID 38436015 How Large Are Blue Whales Really Size Comparison Archived from the original on 11 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