Pyura pachydermatina is a sea tulip, a solitary species of tunicate in the suborder Stolidobranchia. It is native to shallow waters around New Zealand.
Pyura pachydermatina has a club-shaped body supported by a long stalk, both being covered by a tough exterior tunic.[2] In colour it is off-white or a garish shade of reddish-purple. The stalk is two thirds to three quarters the length of the whole animal which helps distinguish it from certain invasive tunicates not native to New Zealand such as Styela clava and Pyura stolonifera.[3] It is one of the largest species of tunicates and can grow to over a metre (yard) in length.[4]
Distribution and habitatedit
Pyura pachydermatina is found attached to rocks in shallow, wave-swept areas of the seas around New Zealand. It is a filter feeder.[2] It is usually found subtidally and prefers cooler waters than does Pyura stolonifera.[3]
Biologyedit
Pyura pachydermatina has a lifespan of about one year. It breeds in the winter after which the adult generation die. The planktonic larvae settle on the seabed in late winter and early spring. It usually co-exists with a parasitic ribbon worm, Gononemertes australiensis which lives in its digestive gland or body cavity. This has a similar annual life cycle, the peak of which is synchronised with that of its host. The ribbon worm larvae invade their hosts when they are juveniles soon after settlement and become precociously mature within three weeks. This means that the maximum number of ribbon worm larvae are available to invade the hosts when they are newly settled. Almost all the tunicates contain at least one worm.[5]
Researchedit
Cells lining the gut of Pyura pachydermatina have been found to contain an insulin-like material in two forms that are immunologically active.[6]
The tissues of this tunicate are strengthened by the presence of two types of spicules. In the blood vessels in the tunic there are dogbone-shaped spicules and in the vessels in the body wall there are antler-shaped spicules.[2] These spicules have a core of amorphous calcium carbonate enveloped in an insoluble layer of organic material with a thick exterior covering of calcite. This is in contrast to the spicules of a sponge such as Clathrina which has a calcite core, a thick layer of amorphous calcium carbonate and a thin outer covering of calcite.[7]
^ abcLambert, Gretchen; Lambert, Charles C. (1996). "Spicule Formation in the New Zealand Ascidian Pyura pachydermatina (Chordata, Ascidiacea)". Connective Tissue Research. 34 (4): 263–269. doi:10.3109/03008209609005270. PMID 9084635.
^ ab. Biosecurity in New Zealand. Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
^Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. p. 941. ISBN81-315-0104-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Egan, Elizabeth A. (1984). "The seasonal reproductive cycle of the nemertean Gononemertes australiensis Gibson in relation to that of its ascidian host, Pyura pachydermatina (Herdman)". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 76 (3): 225–246. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(84)90190-4.
^Galloway, S. M.; Cutfield, J. F. (1988). "Insulin-like material from the digestive tract of the tunicate Pyura pachydermatina (sea tulip)". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 69 (1): 106–113. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(88)90058-5. PMID 3282971.
^Aizenberg, J.; Weiner, S.; Addadi, L. (2003). "Coexistence of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate in skeletal tissues". Connective Tissue Research. 44 (1): 20–25. doi:10.1080/713713602. PMID 12952169.
pyura, pachydermatina, tulip, solitary, species, tunicate, suborder, stolidobranchia, native, shallow, waters, around, zealand, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, animaliaphylum, chordatasubphylum, tunicataclass, ascidiaceaorder, stolidobranch. Pyura pachydermatina is a sea tulip a solitary species of tunicate in the suborder Stolidobranchia It is native to shallow waters around New Zealand Pyura pachydermatinaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum TunicataClass AscidiaceaOrder StolidobranchiaFamily PyuridaeGenus PyuraSpecies P pachydermatinaBinomial namePyura pachydermatina Herdman 1881 1 SynonymsBoltenia pachydermatinaHerdman 1881 Boltenia pedunculataHutton 1873 Pyura pachydermata Herdman 1881 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Biology 4 Research 5 References 6 External linksDescription editPyura pachydermatina has a club shaped body supported by a long stalk both being covered by a tough exterior tunic 2 In colour it is off white or a garish shade of reddish purple The stalk is two thirds to three quarters the length of the whole animal which helps distinguish it from certain invasive tunicates not native to New Zealand such as Styela clava and Pyura stolonifera 3 It is one of the largest species of tunicates and can grow to over a metre yard in length 4 Distribution and habitat editPyura pachydermatina is found attached to rocks in shallow wave swept areas of the seas around New Zealand It is a filter feeder 2 It is usually found subtidally and prefers cooler waters than does Pyura stolonifera 3 Biology editPyura pachydermatina has a lifespan of about one year It breeds in the winter after which the adult generation die The planktonic larvae settle on the seabed in late winter and early spring It usually co exists with a parasitic ribbon worm Gononemertes australiensis which lives in its digestive gland or body cavity This has a similar annual life cycle the peak of which is synchronised with that of its host The ribbon worm larvae invade their hosts when they are juveniles soon after settlement and become precociously mature within three weeks This means that the maximum number of ribbon worm larvae are available to invade the hosts when they are newly settled Almost all the tunicates contain at least one worm 5 Research editCells lining the gut of Pyura pachydermatina have been found to contain an insulin like material in two forms that are immunologically active 6 The tissues of this tunicate are strengthened by the presence of two types of spicules In the blood vessels in the tunic there are dogbone shaped spicules and in the vessels in the body wall there are antler shaped spicules 2 These spicules have a core of amorphous calcium carbonate enveloped in an insoluble layer of organic material with a thick exterior covering of calcite This is in contrast to the spicules of a sponge such as Clathrina which has a calcite core a thick layer of amorphous calcium carbonate and a thin outer covering of calcite 7 References edit Sanamyan Karen 2012 Pyura pachydermatina Herdman 1881 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 2013 04 18 a b c Lambert Gretchen Lambert Charles C 1996 Spicule Formation in the New Zealand Ascidian Pyura pachydermatina Chordata Ascidiacea Connective Tissue Research 34 4 263 269 doi 10 3109 03008209609005270 PMID 9084635 a b Pyura Biosecurity in New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand Government Archived from the original on 2013 02 09 Retrieved 2013 04 19 Ruppert Edward E Fox Richard S Barnes Robert D 2004 Invertebrate Zoology 7th edition Cengage Learning p 941 ISBN 81 315 0104 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Egan Elizabeth A 1984 The seasonal reproductive cycle of the nemertean Gononemertes australiensis Gibson in relation to that of its ascidian host Pyura pachydermatina Herdman Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 76 3 225 246 doi 10 1016 0022 0981 84 90190 4 Galloway S M Cutfield J F 1988 Insulin like material from the digestive tract of the tunicate Pyura pachydermatina sea tulip General and Comparative Endocrinology 69 1 106 113 doi 10 1016 0016 6480 88 90058 5 PMID 3282971 Aizenberg J Weiner S Addadi L 2003 Coexistence of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate in skeletal tissues Connective Tissue Research 44 1 20 25 doi 10 1080 713713602 PMID 12952169 External links editPyura pachydermatina discussed in RNZ Critter of the Week 26 Jun 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pyura pachydermatina amp oldid 1180149953, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
