"Sea hare" redirects here. For the fairy tale, see The Sea-Hare.
"Sea bag" redirects here. For the type of luggage, see Duffel bag.
This article is about the clade of gastropod molluscs. For the similarly named clade of extinct jawless fishes, see Anaspida. For the informal group of reptiles, see Anapsida. For the freshwater crustacean family, see Anaspididae.
The common name "sea hare" is a direct translation from Latin: lepus marinus, as the animal's existence was known in Roman times. The name derives from their rounded shape and from the two long rhinophores that project upward from their heads and that somewhat resemble the ears of a hare.
Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as "Anaspidea". The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family.[1] In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder.
The scientific name for the order in which they used to be classified, the Anaspidea, is derived from the Greek for "without a shield" and refers to the lack of the characteristic head shield found in the cephalaspidean opisthobranchs. Many anaspideans have only a thin, internal and much-reduced shell with a small mantle cavity; some have no shell at all. All species have a radula and gizzard plates.
2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010)[2] have moved this taxon (named as Anaspidea) to Euopisthobranchia.
2017 taxonomy
The name "Aplysiomorpha" was preferred by Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) over "Anaspidea Fischer", 1883, but the authors now agree that there is a consistent usage for Anaspidea in the recent literature and that the older name must be preferred.[3]
Description
Sea hares are mostly rather large, bulky creatures when adults. Juveniles are mainly unobserved on the shoreline. The biggest species, Aplysia vaccaria, can reach a length of 75 centimetres (30 in) and a weight of 14 kilograms (31 lb) and is arguably the largest gastropod species.[4]
Sea hares have soft bodies with an internal shell, and like all opisthobranch molluscs, they are hermaphroditic. Unlike many other gastropods, they are more or less bilaterally symmetrical in their external appearance. The foot has lateral projections, or "parapodia".[5]
Sea hares are herbivorous, and are typically found on seaweed in shallow water. Some young sea hares seemingly are capable of burrowing in soft sediment, leaving only their rhinophores and mantle opening showing. Sea hares have an extremely good sense of smell. They can follow even the faintest scent using their rhinophores, which are extremely sensitive chemoreceptors.
Their color corresponds with the color of the seaweed they eat: red sea hares have been feeding on red seaweed. This camouflages them from predators. When disturbed, a sea hare can release ink from its ink glands, providing a fluid, smoke-like toxic screen, adversely affecting its predators' olfactory senses while acting as a powerful deterrent. The toxic ink may be white, purple, or red, depending on the pigments in their seaweed food source and lightens in color as it spreads, diluted by seawater. Their skin contains a similar toxin that renders sea hares largely inedible to many predators.[citation needed] In addition to the colored ink, sea hares can secrete a clear slime akin to that released defensively by hagfish which physically plugs the olfactory receptors of predators like lobsters.[6][7]
Some sea hares can employ jet propulsion as a locomotion and others move like stingrays but with greater fluttering fluidity in their jelly-like "wings". In the moving marine environment and without the sophisticated cognitive machinery of the cephalopods, their motion appears to be somewhat erratic, but they do reach their goals, such as the seabed, according to the wave-action, currents, or calmness of their area.[8][9]
Human use
Sea hares are consumed in several parts of the world. An example may be "酱爆海兔"[10] (jiàng bào hǎi tù), lit. "sauce-fried sea hare", a Chinese dish featuring sea hare and occasionally squid quickly fried in a sauce. In Hawaii, sea hares, or kualakai, are typically cooked in an imu wrapped in ti leaves.[citation needed]
Sea hares are often used as a method of eradicating nuisance algae and cyanobacteria ("red slime algae") in reef aquaria. The hares usually do an excellent job, but when they have eaten all of the algae and cyanobacteria, they often shrink from starvation and eventually starve to death. Many reef-keeping clubs have started programs where groups of hobbyists "share" a single sea hare among a large group.
^Fischer, P. (1883). Manuel de conchyliologie et de paléontologie conchyliologique fasc. 6. Paris: Savy. pp. 513–608.
^Jörger, K. M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schrödl, M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. PMC3087543. PMID 20973994.
^Gofas, S. (2010). Aplysiomorpha. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at marinespecies.org on 2017-03-30
^Rudman, W.B.; Firminger, P.I., eds. (15 July 2010). "Aplysia vaccaria". The Sea Slug Forum (seaslugforum.net). New South Wales, AU: Australian Museum.
^Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 376. ISBN0-03-056747-5.
^Ceurstemont, Sandrine (2013-03-28). "New Scientist TV: Sea hares use sticky weapon to cripple predators". Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^Peterson, Coyote (2016-09-30). "Inked by a Giant Slug! - YouTube". Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^Packard, A. (1972). "Cephalopods and Fish: the Limits of Convergence". Biological Reviews. 47 (2): 241–307. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1972.tb00975.x.
^For details of locomotion in the Aplysiomorpha, see Bebbington; Hughes (1973). "Locomotion in Aplysia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 40 (5): 399–405. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065237.
^Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson. "A Nobel Prize with help from sea slugs". CNN. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
^Agranoff, Bernard W.; Cotman, Carl W.; Uhler, Michael D. (1999). "Invertebrate Learning and Memory". Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aplysiomorpha.
anaspidea, hare, redirects, here, fairy, tale, hare, redirects, here, type, luggage, duffel, this, article, about, clade, gastropod, molluscs, similarly, named, clade, extinct, jawless, fishes, anaspida, informal, group, reptiles, anapsida, freshwater, crustac. Sea hare redirects here For the fairy tale see The Sea Hare Sea bag redirects here For the type of luggage see Duffel bag This article is about the clade of gastropod molluscs For the similarly named clade of extinct jawless fishes see Anaspida For the informal group of reptiles see Anapsida For the freshwater crustacean family see Anaspididae The clade Anaspidea commonly known as sea hares Aplysia species and related genera are medium sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein These are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamilies Aplysioidea and Akeroidea AnaspideaAplysia californica a typical sea hare displaying inking behaviorScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass GastropodaSubclass HeterobranchiaClade EuopisthobranchiaClade AnaspideaP Fischer 1883FamiliesSuperfamily Akeroidea Akeridae Superfamily Aplysioidea AplysiidaeSynonymsAplysiomorphaThe common name sea hare is a direct translation from Latin lepus marinus as the animal s existence was known in Roman times The name derives from their rounded shape and from the two long rhinophores that project upward from their heads and that somewhat resemble the ears of a hare Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 2005 taxonomy 1 2 2010 taxonomy 1 3 2017 taxonomy 2 Description 3 Life habits 4 Human use 5 Reef aquaria 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy EditMany older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea The original author Paul Henri Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family 1 In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder 2005 taxonomy Edit Since the taxon Anaspidea was not based on an existing genus this name is no longer available according to the rules of the ICZN citation needed Anaspidea has been replaced in the new Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Bouchet amp Rocroi 2005 by the clade Aplysiomorpha The scientific name for the order in which they used to be classified the Anaspidea is derived from the Greek for without a shield and refers to the lack of the characteristic head shield found in the cephalaspidean opisthobranchs Many anaspideans have only a thin internal and much reduced shell with a small mantle cavity some have no shell at all All species have a radula and gizzard plates 2010 taxonomy Edit Jorger et al 2010 2 have moved this taxon named as Anaspidea to Euopisthobranchia 2017 taxonomy Edit The name Aplysiomorpha was preferred by Bouchet and Rocroi 2005 over Anaspidea Fischer 1883 but the authors now agree that there is a consistent usage for Anaspidea in the recent literature and that the older name must be preferred 3 Description EditSea hares are mostly rather large bulky creatures when adults Juveniles are mainly unobserved on the shoreline The biggest species Aplysia vaccaria can reach a length of 75 centimetres 30 in and a weight of 14 kilograms 31 lb and is arguably the largest gastropod species 4 Sea hares have soft bodies with an internal shell and like all opisthobranch molluscs they are hermaphroditic Unlike many other gastropods they are more or less bilaterally symmetrical in their external appearance The foot has lateral projections or parapodia 5 Life habits Edit Sea Hare Dolabella auricularia at Big Island of Hawaii Sea hares are herbivorous and are typically found on seaweed in shallow water Some young sea hares seemingly are capable of burrowing in soft sediment leaving only their rhinophores and mantle opening showing Sea hares have an extremely good sense of smell They can follow even the faintest scent using their rhinophores which are extremely sensitive chemoreceptors Their color corresponds with the color of the seaweed they eat red sea hares have been feeding on red seaweed This camouflages them from predators When disturbed a sea hare can release ink from its ink glands providing a fluid smoke like toxic screen adversely affecting its predators olfactory senses while acting as a powerful deterrent The toxic ink may be white purple or red depending on the pigments in their seaweed food source and lightens in color as it spreads diluted by seawater Their skin contains a similar toxin that renders sea hares largely inedible to many predators citation needed In addition to the colored ink sea hares can secrete a clear slime akin to that released defensively by hagfish which physically plugs the olfactory receptors of predators like lobsters 6 7 Some sea hares can employ jet propulsion as a locomotion and others move like stingrays but with greater fluttering fluidity in their jelly like wings In the moving marine environment and without the sophisticated cognitive machinery of the cephalopods their motion appears to be somewhat erratic but they do reach their goals such as the seabed according to the wave action currents or calmness of their area 8 9 Human use EditSea hares are consumed in several parts of the world An example may be 酱爆海兔 10 jiang bao hǎi tu lit sauce fried sea hare a Chinese dish featuring sea hare and occasionally squid quickly fried in a sauce In Hawaii sea hares or kualakai are typically cooked in an imu wrapped in ti leaves citation needed Aplysia californica is a species of sea hare noteworthy for its use in studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory due to its unusually large axons It is especially associated with the work of Nobel Laureate Eric Kandel 11 Research surrounding the aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex may be of particular interest with respect to this 12 Reef aquaria EditSea hares are often used as a method of eradicating nuisance algae and cyanobacteria red slime algae in reef aquaria The hares usually do an excellent job but when they have eaten all of the algae and cyanobacteria they often shrink from starvation and eventually starve to death Many reef keeping clubs have started programs where groups of hobbyists share a single sea hare among a large group Gallery Edit Sea hare Aplysia dactylomela Aplysia dactylomela showing mouthReferences Edit Fischer P 1883 Manuel de conchyliologie et de paleontologie conchyliologique fasc 6 Paris Savy pp 513 608 Jorger K M Stoger I Kano Y Fukuda H Knebelsberger T Schrodl M 2010 On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 1 323 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 10 323 PMC 3087543 PMID 20973994 Gofas S 2010 Aplysiomorpha In MolluscaBase 2017 Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at marinespecies org on 2017 03 30 Rudman W B Firminger P I eds 15 July 2010 Aplysia vaccaria The Sea Slug Forum seaslugforum net New South Wales AU Australian Museum Barnes Robert D 1982 Invertebrate Zoology Philadelphia PA Holt Saunders International p 376 ISBN 0 03 056747 5 Ceurstemont Sandrine 2013 03 28 New Scientist TV Sea hares use sticky weapon to cripple predators Retrieved 2016 09 30 Peterson Coyote 2016 09 30 Inked by a Giant Slug YouTube Retrieved 2016 09 30 Packard A 1972 Cephalopods and Fish the Limits of Convergence Biological Reviews 47 2 241 307 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 1972 tb00975 x For details of locomotion in the Aplysiomorpha see Bebbington Hughes 1973 Locomotion in Aplysia Gastropoda Opisthobranchia Journal of Molluscan Studies 40 5 399 405 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals mollus a065237 酱爆海兔的作法 Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson A Nobel Prize with help from sea slugs CNN Retrieved 2020 10 31 Agranoff Bernard W Cotman Carl W Uhler Michael D 1999 Invertebrate Learning and Memory Basic Neurochemistry Molecular Cellular and Medical Aspects 6th edition External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aplysiomorpha Wikispecies has information related to Anaspidea California Brown Sea Hare Cabrillo Marine Aquarium Aplysiidae sea slugs of Hawaii Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anaspidea amp oldid 1080650782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
