The Lake Miwok language is a moribund (or possibly extinct) language of Northern California, traditionally spoken in an area adjacent to the Clear Lake. It is one of the languages of the Clear Lake Linguistic Area, along with Patwin, East and Southeastern Pomo, and Wappo.[1]
The consonant inventory of Lake Miwok differs substantially from the inventories found in the other Miwok languages. Where the other languages only have one series of plosives, Lake Miwok has four: plain, aspirated, ejective and voiced. Lake Miwok has also added the affricates č, c, čʼ, cʼ, ƛʼ and the liquids r and ł. These sounds appear to have been borrowed through loanwords from other, unrelated languages in the Clear Lake area, after which they spread to some native Lake Miwok words.[1][2]
Grammar
The word order of Lake Miwok is relatively free, but SOV (subject–object–verb) is the most common order.[3]
Verb morphology
Pronominal clitics
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st person
ka
ʔic
ma, ʔim
2nd person
ʔin
moc
mon
3rd person
non-reflexive
ʔi
koc
kon
reflexive
hana
hanakoc
hanakon
indefinite
ʔan
In her Lake Miwok grammar, Callaghan reports that one speaker distinguishes between 1st person dual inclusiveʔoc and exclusiveʔic. Another speaker also remembers that this distinction used to be made by older speakers.[4]
the Subjective case marks a noun which functions as the subject of a verb. If the subject noun is placed before the verb, the Subjective has the allomorph-n after vowel (or a vowel followed by /h/), and -Ø after consonants. If it is placed after the verb, the Subjective is -n after vowels and -nu after consonants.
kukú
flea
-n
-subjective
ʔin
2sg
tíkki
forehead
-t
-allative
mékuh
sit
kukú -n ʔin tíkki -t mékuh
flea -subjective 2sg forehead -allative sit
"A flea is sitting on your forehead."
the Possessive case is -n after vowels and -Ø after consonants
ʔóle
coyote
-n
-possessive
ṣúluk
skin
ʔóle -n ṣúluk
coyote -possessive skin
"coyote skin"
táj
man
-Ø
-possessive
ṣáapa
hair
táj -Ø ṣáapa
man -possessive hair
"the man's hair"
the Objective case marks a noun which functions as the object of a verb. It has the allomorph -u (after a consonant) or -Ø (after a vowel) when the noun is placed immediately before a verb which contains the 2nd person prefix ʔin- (which then has the allomorph -n attached to the noun preceding the verb; compare the example below) or does not contain any subject prefix at all.
káac
fish
-u
-objective
-n
-2SG
ʔúṭe?
see
káac -u -n ʔúṭe?
fish -objective -2SG see
"Did you see the fish?"
It has the allomorph -Ø before a verb containing any other subject prefix:
kawáj
horse
-Ø
-objective
ka
1SG
ʔúṭe
see
kawáj -Ø ka ʔúṭe
horse -objective 1SG see
"I saw the horse"
If the object noun does not immediately precede the verb, or if the verb is in the imperative, the allomorph of the Objective is -uc:
káac
fish
-uc
-objective
jolúm
eat
-mi
-imperative
káac -uc jolúm -mi
fish -objective eat -imperative
"Eat the fish"
the allative case is -to or -t depending on the environment. It has a variety of meaning, but often expresses direction towards a goal.
the locative case-m gives a less specific designation of locality than the Allative, and occurs more rarely.
the ablative case is -mu or -m depending on the context, and marks direction out of, or away from, a place.
the instrumental case-ṭu marks instruments, e.g. tumáj-ṭu "(I hit him) with a stick".
the comitative case-ni usually translates as "along with", but can also be used to coordinate nouns, as in kaʔunúu-ni ka ʔáppi-ni "my mother and my father".
the vocative case only occurs with a few kinship terms, e.g. ʔunúu "mother (voc)" from ʔúnu "mother".
the Appositive case is the citation form of nouns.
Possessive clitics
Lake Miwok uses pronominal clitics to indicate the possessor of a noun. Except for the 3d person singular, they have the same shape as the nominative pronominal clitics, but show no allomorphy.
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st person
ka
ʔic
ma
2nd person
ʔin
moc
mon
3rd person
non-reflexive
ʔiṭi
koc
kon
reflexive
hana
hanakoc
hanakon
indefinite
ʔan
The reflexive hana forms have the same referent as the subject of the same clause, whereas the non-reflexive forms have a different referent, e.g.:
Callaghan, Catherine A. (1963). A Grammar of the Lake Miwok Language. University of California, Berkeley.
Callaghan, Catherine A. (1964). "Phonemic Borrowing in Lake Miwok". In William Bright (ed.). Studies in Californian Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 46–53.
Callaghan, Catherine A. (1965). Lake Miwok Dictionary. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages. The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Callaghan, Catherine A. "Note of Lake Miwok Numerals." International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 24, no. 3 (1958): 247.
Keeling, Richard. "Ethnographic Field Recordings at Lowie Museum of Anthropology," 1985. Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. v. 2. North-Central California: Pomo, Wintun, Nomlaki, Patwin, Coast Miwok, and Lake Miwok Indians
Lake Miwok Indians. "Rodriguez-Nieto Guide" Sound Recordings (California Indian Library Collections), LA009. Berkeley: California Indian Library Collections, 1993. "Sound recordings reproduced from the Language Archive sound recordings at the Language Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley." In 2 containers.
OLAC resources in and about the Lake Miwok language
Lake Miwok basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
January 30, 2023
lake, miwok, language, moribund, possibly, extinct, language, northern, california, traditionally, spoken, area, adjacent, clear, lake, languages, clear, lake, linguistic, area, along, with, patwin, east, southeastern, pomo, wappo, lake, miwoknative, tounited,. The Lake Miwok language is a moribund or possibly extinct language of Northern California traditionally spoken in an area adjacent to the Clear Lake It is one of the languages of the Clear Lake Linguistic Area along with Patwin East and Southeastern Pomo and Wappo 1 Lake MiwokNative toUnited StatesRegionLake County CaliforniaEthnicityLake MiwokExtinct No known L1 speakers Language familyYok Utian UtianMiwokanWesternLake MiwokLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code lmw class extiw title iso639 3 lmw lmw a Glottologlake1258ELPLake MiwokClear LakeLake Miwok is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 2 Grammar 2 1 Verb morphology 2 1 1 Pronominal clitics 2 2 Noun morphology 2 2 1 Case inflection 2 2 2 Possessive clitics 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksPhonology EditVowels Edit Short LongFront Back Front BackHigh close i u iː uːMid e o eː oːLow open a aːConsonants Edit Labial Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalPlosive plain p t t ṭ t k ʔaspirated pʰ tʰ t ʰ ṭʰ t ʰ kʰejective pʼ tʼ t ʼ ṭʼ t ʼ kʼvoiced b d d Fricative voiceless s ṣ ʃ l ɬ hejective ƛʼ t ɬʼAffricate voiceless c t s c t ʃejective cʼ t sʼ cʼ t ʃʼNasal m nApproximant w l r jThe consonant inventory of Lake Miwok differs substantially from the inventories found in the other Miwok languages Where the other languages only have one series of plosives Lake Miwok has four plain aspirated ejective and voiced Lake Miwok has also added the affricates c c cʼ cʼ ƛʼ and the liquids r and l These sounds appear to have been borrowed through loanwords from other unrelated languages in the Clear Lake area after which they spread to some native Lake Miwok words 1 2 Grammar EditThe word order of Lake Miwok is relatively free but SOV subject object verb is the most common order 3 Verb morphology Edit Pronominal clitics Edit Singular Dual Plural1st person ka ʔic ma ʔim2nd person ʔin moc mon3rd person non reflexive ʔi koc konreflexive hana hanakoc hanakonindefinite ʔanIn her Lake Miwok grammar Callaghan reports that one speaker distinguishes between 1st person dual inclusive ʔoc and exclusive ʔic Another speaker also remembers that this distinction used to be made by older speakers 4 Noun morphology Edit Case inflection Edit Nouns can be inflected for ten different cases the Subjective case marks a noun which functions as the subject of a verb If the subject noun is placed before the verb the Subjective has the allomorph n after vowel or a vowel followed by h and O after consonants If it is placed after the verb the Subjective is n after vowels and nu after consonants kukuflea n subjectiveʔin2sgtikkiforehead t allativemekuhsitkuku n ʔin tikki t mekuhflea subjective 2sg forehead allative sit A flea is sitting on your forehead the Possessive case is n after vowels and O after consonantsʔolecoyote n possessiveṣulukskinʔole n ṣulukcoyote possessive skin coyote skin tajman O possessiveṣaapahairtaj O ṣaapaman possessive hair the man s hair the Objective case marks a noun which functions as the object of a verb It has the allomorph u after a consonant or O after a vowel when the noun is placed immediately before a verb which contains the 2nd person prefix ʔin which then has the allomorph n attached to the noun preceding the verb compare the example below or does not contain any subject prefix at all kaacfish u objective n 2SGʔuṭe seekaac u n ʔuṭe fish objective 2SG see Did you see the fish It has the allomorph O before a verb containing any other subject prefix kawajhorse O objectiveka1SGʔuṭeseekawaj O ka ʔuṭehorse objective 1SG see I saw the horse If the object noun does not immediately precede the verb or if the verb is in the imperative the allomorph of the Objective is uc kaacfish uc objectivejolumeat mi imperativekaac uc jolum mifish objective eat imperative Eat the fish the allative case is to or t depending on the environment It has a variety of meaning but often expresses direction towards a goal the locative case m gives a less specific designation of locality than the Allative and occurs more rarely the ablative case is mu or m depending on the context and marks direction out of or away from a place the instrumental case ṭu marks instruments e g tumaj ṭu I hit him with a stick the comitative case ni usually translates as along with but can also be used to coordinate nouns as in kaʔunuu ni ka ʔappi ni my mother and my father the vocative case only occurs with a few kinship terms e g ʔunuu mother voc from ʔunu mother the Appositive case is the citation form of nouns Possessive clitics Edit Lake Miwok uses pronominal clitics to indicate the possessor of a noun Except for the 3d person singular they have the same shape as the nominative pronominal clitics but show no allomorphy Singular Dual Plural1st person ka ʔic ma2nd person ʔin moc mon3rd person non reflexive ʔiṭi koc konreflexive hana hanakoc hanakonindefinite ʔanThe reflexive hana forms have the same referent as the subject of the same clause whereas the non reflexive forms have a different referent e g hana haju ʔuṭe He sees his own dog ʔiṭi haju ʔuṭe He sees somebody else s dog Notes Edit a b Campbell 1997 p 336 Callaghan 1964 p 47 Callaghan 1965 p 5 Callaghan 1963 p 75References EditCallaghan Catherine A 1963 A Grammar of the Lake Miwok Language University of California Berkeley Callaghan Catherine A 1964 Phonemic Borrowing in Lake Miwok In William Bright ed Studies in Californian Linguistics Berkeley University of California Press pp 46 53 Callaghan Catherine A 1965 Lake Miwok Dictionary Berkeley University of California Press Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press Callaghan Catherine A Note of Lake Miwok Numerals International Journal of American Linguistics vol 24 no 3 1958 247 Keeling Richard Ethnographic Field Recordings at Lowie Museum of Anthropology 1985 Robert H Lowie Museum of Anthropology University of California Berkeley v 2 North Central California Pomo Wintun Nomlaki Patwin Coast Miwok and Lake Miwok Indians Lake Miwok Indians Rodriguez Nieto Guide Sound Recordings California Indian Library Collections LA009 Berkeley California Indian Library Collections 1993 Sound recordings reproduced from the Language Archive sound recordings at the Language Laboratory University of California Berkeley In 2 containers External links EditLake Miwok language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Lake Miwok audio recordings at the California Language Archive login required Lake Miwok sound recordings Collections Search Center Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 2012 07 20 OLAC resources in and about the Lake Miwok language Lake Miwok basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lake Miwok language amp oldid 1128899478, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
