Indonesians
Indonesians (Indonesian: orang Indonesia) are citizens or people who are identified with the country of Indonesia,[45] regardless of their ethnic or religious background.[46][47] There are more than 1,300 ethnicities in Indonesia,[48] making it a multicultural archipelagic country with a diversity of languages, culture and religious beliefs. The population of Indonesia according to the 2020 national census was 270.2 million.[49] 56% live on the island of Java,[50] the world's most populous island.[51] Around 95% of Indonesians are Native Indonesians (formerly grouped as "Pribumi"), with 40% Javanese and 15% Sundanese forming the majority, while the other 5% are Indonesians with ancestry from foreign origin, such as Arab Indonesians, Chinese Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, and Indos.
Orang Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| Indonesia c. 277 million[1] Indonesia 2022 estimate c. 270 million[2] Indonesia 2020 census c. 237 million[3] Indonesia 2010 census | |
| Malaysia |
|
| Netherlands | |
| Saudi Arabia | |
| Singapore |
|
| South Africa | 300,000 (assimilate into the local Cape Malays)[23][24] |
| Taiwan | 300,000 (2020)[25] |
| Hong Kong | 200,000 (2019)[26] |
| United States | 142,000 (2020)[27][28][29] |
| United Arab Emirates | 111,987 (2019)[15] |
| Australia | c. 87,000–92,400 (2021) (Indonesian-born)[30][31] |
| Suriname |
|
| Japan | 98,865 (2022)[34] |
| Brunei | 80,000 (2018)[35] (excluding Indonesian ancestry) |
| Jordan | 46,586 (2019)[15] |
| Philippines | 43,871[36][37] |
| South Korea | 42,000 (2019)[38] |
| Sri Lanka | 40,148 (2014) (assimilate into the local Sri Lankan Malays) |
| China | 38,000 (2020)[39] (only Indonesian legal workers) |
| Qatar | 37,669 (2019)[15] |
| Bahrain | 33,000[40] |
| Kuwait | 28,954 (2020)[15] |
| Germany | 24,000 (2021)[41] |
| Canada | 21,390 (2016)[42] |
| Syria | 12,904 (2019)[15] |
| United Kingdom | 11,000[40] |
| Brazil | 7,310 (2022)[43] |
| New Zealand | 7,000[40] |
| France | 6,000[40] |
| New Caledonia | 4,300 |
| Sweden | 3,000-5,000 (See: Overseas Acehnese)[40] |
| Italy | 4,000[40] |
| French Guiana | 3,000 |
| Turkey | 2,400 (2020)[44] |
| Norway | 2,000[40] |
| Languages | |
| Indonesian Javanese • Sundanese • Madurese • Minangkabau • Buginese • Bantenese • Banjarese • Balinese • Acehnese and other languages | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Islam 86.7% Minority Christianity 10.72 % (Protestantism 7.6% and Roman Catholicism 3.12%) · Hinduism 1.74% · Buddhism 0.8% · Confucianism 0.03% · Animism · Shamanism · Aliran Kepercayaan · Irreligious 0.04% | |
Population Edit
As of 2020, Indonesians make up 3.4% of the world's total population and Indonesia is the fourth most populous country after China, India and the United States.
Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1967,[52] for the decade ending in 2020, Indonesia's population growth was 1.1 percent. At that rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the present population of the United States and would - if the current US population did not rise – become the world's third biggest after China and India by 2043.[53] The family planning already revitalised based on the 1967 program to avoid Indonesia becoming the world's third most populous country.
With a population of 151.6 million, Java is home to 56 per cent of the Indonesian population, and is the most populous island on Earth.[54] The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the centre of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.
The other major islands of Indonesia are Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and New Guinea, which are home to the other 49 percent of Indonesian population. There are also other small populated island(s) such as Bali, Bangka, Madura, Nias, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Riau Islands and others.
Ethnic groups Edit
There are over 1,300 ethnic groups[55] in Indonesia. This number makes Indonesia one of the most diverse countries in the world. 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry.[56]
The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up nearly 40% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program.[57][58] The Sundanese people 15% of the population in Indonesia, are an ethnic group that shares territory with the Javanese in that, most of the Sundanese live in the western region of Java. Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, and Minangkabau are the next largest groups in the country.[59] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea belong to Papuan languages. The Chinese Indonesians (Tionghoa) population makes up a little less than 1% of the total Indonesian population according to the 2000 census.[60] Some of these Indonesians of Chinese descent speak various Chinese languages, most notably Hokkien and Hakka.
The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some may consider Osing people and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however, some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since they have their own distinct dialects. This is the same case with Baduy people that actually are sub-ethnic of the Sundanese people but sometimes considered as separated ethnicities. An example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, descended not only from marriages between different peoples in Indonesia but also with foreign origin like Arab, Chinese and Indian migrants since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta).
Language Edit
Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Most Indonesians also speak one of more than 700 indigenous languages.[61][62]
Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are fluent in another regional language (examples include Javanese, Sundanese and others), which are commonly used at home and within the local community. Most formal education, and nearly all national media and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese.
Literature Edit
Indonesian literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language (of which Indonesian is one scion). This would extend the reach to the Maritime Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, but also other nations with a common language such as Malaysia and Brunei, as well as population within other nations such as the Malay people living in Singapore.
There are also works written in and about Indonesia in unrelated languages. There are several languages and several distinct but related literary traditions within the geographical boundaries of the modern nation of Indonesia. For example, the island of Java has its own Javanese pre-national cultural and literary history. There are also Sundanese, Balinese, and Batak or Madurese traditions. Indonesia also has a colonial history of Dutch, British and Japanese occupation, as well as a history of Islamic influence that brought its own texts, linguistic and literary influences. There is also an oral literature tradition in the area.
The term "Indonesian literature" is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the Indonesian language i.e. Malay written in the Dutch East Indies.
Religion Edit
Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.[63] The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.[64] However, the government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism).[65][66][67] Although based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 non-official religions in Indonesia.[68] Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may fill in 'believer' on that section in case that person adhere to other religion than six recognized religion[69] or leave that section blank.[70] Indonesia does not recognise agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal.[71] Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population[72][73] In the 2018 Indonesian census, 86.7% of Indonesians identified themselves as Muslim (with Sunnis forming about 99%,[74] Shias 1%,[75] Ahmadis 0.2%[76]), 7.6% Protestant, 3.12% Catholic, 1.74% Hindu, 0.77% Buddhist, 0.03% Confucianism, and 0.04% other religions/ No religion.[77]
Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.[78]
Cuisine Edit
Indonesian cuisine is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world, full of intense flavor.[80] It is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 17,000 in the world's largest archipelago,[81] with more than 1,300 ethnic groups.[82] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences.[81] Indonesia has around 5,350 traditional recipes, with 30 of them considered the most important.[79]
Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences.[81][83][84] Sumatran cuisine, for example, often has Middle Eastern and Indian influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such as gulai and kari, while Javanese cuisine or Sundanese cuisine is mostly indigenous,[81] with some hint of Chinese influence. The cuisines of Eastern Indonesia are similar to Polynesian and Melanesian cuisine. Elements of Chinese cuisine can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such as bakmi (noodles), bakso (meat or fish balls), and lumpia (spring rolls) have been completely assimilated.
Architecture Edit
Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques.
Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture. Religious architecture varies from indigenous forms to mosques, temples, and churches. The sultans and other rulers built palaces. There is a substantial legacy of colonial architecture in Indonesian cities. Independent Indonesia has seen the development of new paradigms for postmodern and contemporary architecture.
See also Edit
- List of Indonesian people
- Native Indonesians (Pribumi)
- Ethnic groups in Indonesia
- Overseas Indonesians
- Culture of Indonesia
Non-indigenous Indonesians:
Notes Edit
References Edit
- ^ "Mid Year Population (Thousand People)". Badan Pusat Statistik - Indonesia. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ "Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ "Malaysia, Negeri Perantau Indonesia" (in Indonesian).
- ^ Wahyu Dwi Anggoro (20 August 2013). "Mayoritas Melayu Malaysia Keturunan Indonesia". Okezone (in Indonesian).
- ^ "Migrasi dan Perkawinan Politik Menghubungkan Melayu dan Nusantara" (in Indonesian).
- ^ "History of Javanese Migration to Malaysia" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ "The Javanese connection in Malaysia". MalaysiaKini. 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ including illegal workers
- ^ Purnomo, Indra. "Tersebar di Berbagai Negara, Pekerja Migran asal RI Capai 9 Juta Orang". idxchannel.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "5,3 Juta PMI Ilegal Diperkirakan Bekerja di Malaysia hingga Timur Tengah". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). 14 May 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Diaspora Indonesia di Belanda Semangat "Bangun Negeri via Investasi"". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "PM Rutte: 1 dari 10 Orang Belanda Berasal dari Indonesia" (in Indonesian).
- ^ "KBRI Den Haag Dorong WNI Gali Peluang Bisnis Kuliner di Belanda". medcom.id (in Indonesian). 3 March 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Data Agregat WNI yang Tercatat di Perwakilan RI" (PDF) (in Indonesian). General Elections Commission. 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Mantan Dubes RI: 50 Persen Penduduk Makkah Keturunan Indonesia". 28 March 2016.
- ^ "4 Tokoh Arab Saudi Keturunan Indonesia, Terakhir Jadi Saksi Kemerdekaan RI".
- ^ "Negara yang Banyak Orang Jawa, Nomor 1 Jumlahnya Lebih dari 1,5 Juta Jiwa".
- ^ Maulana, Victor (23 October 2018). "600.000 WNI Tinggal di Saudi, Dua Menlu Bahas Perlindungan". SINDOnews.com. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "JUMLAH TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA (TKI) MENURUT NEGARA PENEMPATAN" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Bank Indonesia. 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Milner, Anthony (2011). "Chapter 7, Multiple forms of 'Malayness'". The Malays. John Wiley & Sons. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7748-1333-4. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ "Pemerintah Dorong Diaspora Indonesia Turut Aktif Membangun Negeri". setneg.go.id (in Indonesian).
- ^ Vahed, Goolam (13 April 2016). "The Cape Malay:The Quest for 'Malay' Identity in Apartheid South Africa". South African History Online. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ "Malay, Cape in South Africa". Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "KDEI Taipei - Kantor Dagang dan Ekonomi Indonesia". www.kdei-taipei.org. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Media Indonesia Online 2006-11-30
- ^ "Pastikan Keselamatan Dan Keamanan Para Wni Perwakilan Indonesia Di Amerika Serikat Rangkul Tokoh Tokoh Masyarakat | Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia". kemlu.go.id. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010", 2010 Census Summary File 1, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from the original on 12 October 2016, retrieved 21 February 2012
- ^ Barnes, Jessica S.; Bennett, Claudette E. (February 2002), The Asian Population: 2000 (PDF), U.S. Census 2000, U.S. Department of Commerce, p. 9, retrieved 30 September 2009
- ^ "Department of Home Affairs, Country Profile - Indonesia". Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "People in Australia who were born in Indonesia". Retrieved 6 March 2023.
- ^ "Suriname". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ "Profil Negara Suriname". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ 令和４年末現在における在留外国人数について
- ^ "Bertemu Sultan Brunei, Jokowi Akan Bahas Perlindungan WNI". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Population by country of citizenship, sex, and urban/rural residence; each census, 1985–2004, United Nations Statistics Division, 2005, retrieved 15 June 2011
- ^ "Exploring Transnational Communities in the Philippines" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2008.
- ^ "42 Ribu Orang WNI di Korea Selatan | Databoks". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 28 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Habibah, Astrid Faidlatul (3 February 2020). Yuliastuti, Nusarina (ed.). "Menaker pastikan belum ada TKI di China terjangkit virus corona". Antara News (in Indonesian). Jakarta: antaranews.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". 10 February 2014.
- ^ "Uang Kuliah Gratis Ayo Kuliah Di Jerman Saja - | KEMENTERIAN LUAR NEGERI REPUBLIK INDONESIA". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Ethnic origin population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ Immigrants in Brazil (2022)
- ^ "Relations between Turkey and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 or Law No.12/2006" (PDF). 2006. (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2014.
- ^ Center for Information and Development Studies. (1998) Pribumi dan Non-Pribumi dalam Perspektif Pemerataan Ekonomi dan Integrasi Sosial (Pribumi and Non-Pribumi in the Perspective of Economic Redistribution and Social Integration). Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Information and Development Studies
- ^ Suryadinata, Leo. (1992) Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority, and China. Singapore: Heinemann Asia.
- ^ Zein, Subhan (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9780367029548.
- ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). "Most Populous Islands". World Island Information. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
- ^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
- ^ Adam, Shamim; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ Zein, Subhan (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9780367029548.
- ^ . Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
- ^ (PDF). demografi.bps.go.id. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. pp. 23, 31–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ Akhsin Naim, Hendri (2011). Sensus Penduduk 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. ISBN 9789790644175.
- ^ Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Hasbullah, M Sairi; Handayani, Nur Budi; Pramono, Agus (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4519-87-8.
- ^ Suryadinata, Leo; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; Aris Ananta (19 April 2003). Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-212-0. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ Setiono Sugiharto (28 October 2013). "Indigenous language policy as a national cultural strategy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ Hammam Riza (2008). "Resources Report on Languages of Indonesia" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ . Swipa. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
- ^ . US-ASEAN Business Council, Inc. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
- ^ Yang, Heriyanto (2005). (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 10 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ Hosen, N (8 September 2005). (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 36 (3): 419. doi:10.1017/S0022463405000238. S2CID 1636786. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
- ^ Sugana, Marsha (6 October 2011). . imo.thejakartapost.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Margareth S. Aritonang (7 November 2014). "Government to recognize minority faiths".
- ^ Sapiie, Marguerite Afra (7 November 2017). "Constitutional Court rules indigenous faiths 'acknowledged' by state". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
- ^ "Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom". 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom – Indonesia. United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2017 – via UNHCR.
The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials are not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups are often unable to obtain KTPs as a result.
- ^ "'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man". Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1993). Indonesia: A Country Study. Chapter Islam.
- ^ Gross, L. Max (2016). A Muslim archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. Washington, D.C.: National Defense Intelligence College. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-932946-19-2.
- ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Sunni and Shia Muslims". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ There are approximately 1-3 million Shia Muslims in the country which approximates more than 1% of the total Muslim population. See: Reza, Imam. . Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
approximately 400,000 persons who subscribe to the Ahmadiyya
- ^ There are approximately 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population. See: "International Religious Freedom Report 2008". US Department of State. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ "Population by Region and Religion: Indonesia". Population Census 2018. Jakarta, Indonesia: Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia. Retrieved 10 April 2017: Muslim 231069932 (86.7), Christian 20246267 (7.6), Catholic 8325339 (3.12), Hindu 4646357 (1.74), Buddhist 2062150 (0.77), Confucianism 2062150 (0.03), Other 112792 (0.04), Total 266534836.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Transmigration". Prevent Conflict. April 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2006.
- ^ a b Nadya Natahadibrata (10 February 2014). "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ "About Indonesian food". SBS Australia. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Indonesian Cuisine." 23 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Epicurina.com . Accessed July 2011.
- ^ "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ "Indonesian food." 10 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Belindo.com 7 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed July 2011.
- ^ . Diner's Digest. Archived from the original on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.