Protestantism in Indonesia
Protestantism (Indonesian: Protestanisme) is one of the six approved religions in Indonesia, the others being Islam, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. It constitutes the bulk of Christianity in Indonesia, which is the second largest religion in the country after Islam.
According to CIA statistics, in 2000 5.7% of the population of Indonesia were Protestant.[1] A nationwide census of 2018 noted that 7.6% (20,250,000) of the population considering themselves Protestant, largest in Southeast Asia.[2]
Protestantism in Indonesia is largely a result of Calvinist (Reformed) and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.[3][4][5] The Dutch East India Company regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago.[6] Although these two branches are the most common, a multitude of other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia.[7] The Batak Protestant Christian Church, founded in 1861 by German Lutheran missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, is the largest one.[8]
History edit
Protestantism arrived in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies colonization. By the mid-1700s a significant Lutheran presence was found in Jakarta, with a Lutheran church built by the Lutheran Governor General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff in 1749.[9] In 1817, the Dutch founded the Protestantsche Kerk in Nederlandsch-Indie ("Indische Kerk") as a union of Reformed, Lutheran, Baptists, Arminian and Mennonite denominations.[10] In 1835, the Dutch king decreed that one church council would fuse and oversee the Protestant denominations in the Dutch colony.[11]
Demographics edit
In 2018, Protestants made up 7.43% of the population.[12]
On the island of Sulawesi, 17% of the citizens are Protestant, particularly in Tana Toraja and North Sulawesi. Up to 65% of the Torajan population is Protestant. In some parts of the country, entire villages belong to a distinct denomination, such as Adventist, Lutheran, Presbyterian or Salvation Army. Two provinces have Protestant majorities: North Sulawesi (64%) and Papua (60%). Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa is the largest Protestant church in North Sulawesi. Gereja Injili di Tanah Jawa is a Mennonite-related denomination. Huria Kristen Batak Protestant is a Lutheran denomination founded by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen. It is the largest Protestant denomination in Indonesia and has over 4 million congregants.[13] The relatively large number of "denominations" per capita in Indonesia may be due to the significant number of different ethnic groups in Indonesia. Many Indonesian Protestants tend to congregate based more on ethnicity than liturgical differences.[14]
Reformed denominations edit
The Reformed faith was brought by Dutch missionaries beginning in the 17th century. Many of these churches are members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches:[15]
- Christian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud (GMIST)
- Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa (GMIM)
- Christian Church in East Timor
- Christian Church in Luwuk Banggai
- Christian Church in Central Sulawesi
- Christian Church of Southern Sumatra
- Christian Church of Sumba
- Church of Toraja Mamasa
- East Java Christian Church
- Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera
- Evangelical Christian Church in Papua
- Evangelical Church in Bolaang Mongondow
- Evangelical Church in Kalimantan
- Indonesian Christian Church
- Indonesian Protestant Church in Buol Toli-Toli
- Indonesian Protestant Church in Donggala
- Indonesian Protestant Church in Gorontalo
- Javanese Christian Church (Sinode Gereja-gereja Kristen Jawa, GKJ)
- Karo Batak Protestant Church
- Pasundan Christian Church
- Protestant Christian Church in Bali
- Protestant Church in Indonesia
- Protestant Church of Maluku
- Protestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi
- Protestant Church in West Indonesia
- Protestant Evangelical Church in Timor
- Toraja Church
Members of the International Conference of Reformed Churches edit
Members of World Reformed Fellowship edit
Lutheran denominations edit
Indonesian churches recognized by the Lutheran World Federation as Lutheran or affiliated with Lutheran are:
- Banua Niha Keriso Protestan (BNKP) – The Protestant Church in Nias Island
- Gereja Angowuloa Masehi Indonesia Nias (AMIN) – Christian Communion of Indonesia in Nias
- Gereja Kristen Luther Indonesia (GKLI) – Indonesian Christian Lutheran Church
- Gereja Kristen Protestan Angkola (GKPA) – Christian Protestant Angkola Church
- Gereja Kristen Protestan di Mentawai (GKPM) – Protestant Christian Church in Mentawai
- Gereja Kristen Protestan Indonesia (GKPI) – Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia
- Gereja Kristen Protestan Pakpak Dairi (GKPPD) – Pakpak Dairi Protestant Christian Church
- Gereja Kristen Protestan Simalungun (GKPS) – Simalungun Protestant Christian Church
- Gereja Punguan Kristen Batak (GPKB) – Batak Christian Community Church
- Gereja Protestan Persekutuan (GPP) – The United Protestant Church
- Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP) – Protestant Christian Batak Church
- Huria Kristen Indonesia (HKI) – The Indonesian Christian Church
- Orahua Niha Keriso Protestan (ONKP) - Communion of Protestant Christian Church
HKI, GMB, GKPS, GKPI, GKLI, GKPA, GPP, and GKPPD all split from HKBP.[19] GKLI maintains a strong relationship with the Norwegian Lutheran Church. GKPM was founded by HKBP missionaries.[20] Although the BNKP and HKBP have historically cooperated, no official relationship exists between those entities. AMIN split from BNKP and retains more of a Lutheran identity.[21]
Gereja Lutheran Indonesia (GLI) is affiliated with the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference. GLI is closely associated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in the United States. GLI has offices in Jakarta and operates a seminary, Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Lutheran (STTL), in Yogyakarta. GLI has large congregations on Java and in West Timor, as well as posts in Papua and Kalimantan.[22][23]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ CIA Factbook
- ^ (in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 117091 (0.03), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 266.534.836
- ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 28, 62.
- ^ Vickers 2005, p. 22.
- ^ Goh, Robbie B.H. (2005). Christianity in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 80. ISBN 981-230-297-2.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 824
- ^ "Indonesia - (Asia)". Reformed Online. Reformed Online. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 337
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, pp. 122–123, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 384, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 647, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010,
Protestants - European or Indonesian - living in the major cities mostly belonged to the Protestant Church in the Dutch East Indies, the Indische Kerk. The status of this church was in some respects quite different from that of the Catholic community, because it was placed more directly under government authority. By a decree of 11 December 1835 the Dutch king, Willem I, commanded the fusion of the Lutheran and Reformed denominations (only effected in 1854), and the establishment of one church council for the whole colony (realised in 1844).
- ^ (in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 71.999 (0.03), Others/Traditional faiths 112.792 (0.04), Total 266.534.836
- ^ Muanda, Colette (January 2011). (PDF). LWF Statistics 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: [Lutheran World Federation]. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 617, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010,
It is remarkable that in the merger of the BKP with the BNKP the choice for unification was made on cultural rather than denominational grounds. While the Batunese congregations show distinctly Lutheran traits, especially in liturgical matters, the sense of communion is determined by ethno-cultural relations. Similar language and customary law, and especially family links between Nias and the Batu Islands, by far outweigh eccliastical tradition.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ^ International Conference of Reformed Churches
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 558, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 619, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010
- ^ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 611, ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, retrieved 30 November 2010
- ^ "Gereja Lutheran Indonesia". Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference. Retrieved 24 Oct 2014.
- ^ "Indonesia". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Syno. Retrieved 24 Oct 2014.
Further reading edit
- Kipp, Rita Smith (November 1995). "conversion by affiliation: the history of the Karo Batak Protestant Church". American Ethnologist. 22 (4). Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association: 868–882. doi:10.1525/ae.1995.22.4.02a00110. JSTOR 646390.
- Pedersen, Paul (1970). Batak Blood and Protestant Soul: The Development of National Batak Churches in North Sumatra. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. doi:10.2307/3163048. JSTOR 3163048. OL 5753747M. S2CID 162473934.