Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000[update]) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java,[2] Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.[3] Most Balinese speakers also know Indonesian. The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.[4]
The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language.
According to the 2000 census, Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.
In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. But in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.[6]
The official spelling denotes both /a/ and /ə/ by ⟨a⟩. However, ⟨a⟩ is usually pronounced [ə] when it ends a word, and [ə] occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-.[7]
Depending on dialect, the phoneme /t/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including Standard Indonesian), which have a dental /t/ patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.[3]
Even though most of the basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian are of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin, many cognates in both languages sound quite different.[8] Balinese has different registers depending on the relationship and status of those speaking: low (basa ketah), middle (basa madia), and high (basa singgih). Basa singgih contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese (specifically Old Javanese) which reflect the fifteenth century usage spoken Old Javanese. The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:
First, mutation r into h of initial r, intervocalic r, and final r
Second, h into ø, everywhere except final consonant
However, these mutations are not expressed by the High Balinese, thus this infer high Balinese was loanwords from Sanskrit and (Old) Javanese. These loanwords are identical in sound with their Javanese cognates.[9]
Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.
Grammar
The word order is similar to that of Indonesian, and verb and noun inflectionalmorphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession.[7]
The Balinese script (Aksara Bali, ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ), which is arranged as Hanacaraka (ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ), is an abugida, ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.[10]
Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.[11] The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script.
Latin alphabet
Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Tulisan Bali.[12]
Street sign in Singaraja, written in Latin and Balinese script
Klungkung Regent's Office sign
Note
^1 In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, basa, in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanesebhāṣa which came from the Sanskrit word भाषाbhāṣā, hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ in Balinese script. The ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ and basa Bali are the standard forms.
^ abClynes, Adrian (1995). Topics in the Phonology and Morphosyntax of Balinese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d77865d38e15. hdl:1885/10744.
^Adelaar, K. Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42.
^Ni Komang Erviani (March 30, 2012). "Balinese Language 'Will Never Die'". The Jakarta Post.
^ abcSpitzing, Günter (2002). Practical Balinese: Phrasebook and Dictionary. Rutland VT: Tuttle Publishing. p. 22.
^"√ Kamus Bahasa Bali Lengkap". curcol.co. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^Clynes, Adrian (1994-01-31), Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.), "Old Javanese influence in Balinese: Balinese speech styles", Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World, Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, doi:10.1515/9783110883091.141, ISBN978-3-11-088309-1, retrieved 2022-11-05
^Beratha, Ni Luh Sutjiati (1992). Evolution of Verbal Morphology in Balinese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d7786429c1ff. hdl:1885/109364.
^"Balinese (Basa Bali)". Omniglot. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
^Eiseman, Fred B. Jr. . Bali Vision. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19.
Kaipuleohone's Blust collection includes materials on Balinese, including RB2-006,RB2-009.
The Balinese Language (ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ) - YouTube
January 09, 2023
balinese, language, confused, with, bali, language, disambiguation, pali, balinese, malayo, polynesian, language, spoken, million, people, 2000, update, indonesian, island, bali, well, northern, nusa, penida, western, lombok, eastern, java, southern, sumatra, . Not to be confused with Bali language disambiguation or Pali Balinese is a Malayo Polynesian language spoken by 3 3 million people as of 2000 update on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida Western Lombok Eastern Java 2 Southern Sumatra and Sulawesi 3 Most Balinese speakers also know Indonesian The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island is under 1 million The language has been classified as not endangered by Glottolog 4 Balineseᬪ ᬱᬩᬮ ᬩᬲᬩᬮ 1Bhaṣa Bali Basa Bali1Native toIndonesiaRegionBali Nusa Penida Lombok JavaEthnicityBalinese Bali Aga Loloan MalayNative speakers3 3 million 2000 census 1 Language familyAustronesian Malayo PolynesianMalayo Sumbawan Bali SasakBalineseEarly formOld BalineseWriting systemLatin scriptBalinese scriptLanguage codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks ban span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code ban class extiw title iso639 3 ban ban a Glottologbali1278This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA This article contains Balinese alphabet Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Balinese characters source Balinese language speaker The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese an old form of classical Javanese Kawi is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language Contents 1 Classification 2 Demographics 3 Phonology 3 1 Vowels 3 2 Consonants 3 3 Stress 4 Vocabulary 4 1 Registers 4 2 Numerals 5 Grammar 6 Writing 6 1 Balinese script 6 2 Latin alphabet 7 Gallery 8 Note 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksClassification EditBalinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo Polynesian branch of the family Within Malayo Polynesian it is part of the Bali Sasak Sumbawa subgroup 5 Internally Balinese has three distinct varieties Highland Bali Lowland Bali and Nusa Penida 4 Demographics EditAccording to the 2000 census Balinese language is spoken by 3 3 million people in Indonesia mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas In 2011 the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island does not exceed 1 million as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech But in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language 6 Phonology EditVowels Edit Balinese vowels Front Central BackHigh i uMid e e oLow aThe official spelling denotes both a and e by a However a is usually pronounced e when it ends a word and e occurs also in prefixes ma pa and da 7 Consonants Edit Balinese consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɲ ŋStop Affricate p b t d tʃ dʒ k gFricative s hApproximant w l jTrill rDepending on dialect the phoneme t is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia including Standard Indonesian which have a dental t patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series 3 Stress Edit Stress falls on the last syllable 7 Vocabulary EditRegisters Edit Even though most of the basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian are of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin many cognates in both languages sound quite different 8 Balinese has different registers depending on the relationship and status of those speaking low basa ketah middle basa madia and high basa singgih Basa singgih contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese specifically Old Javanese which reflect the fifteenth century usage spoken Old Javanese The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are First mutation r into h of initial r intervocalic r and final r Second h into o everywhere except final consonantHowever these mutations are not expressed by the High Balinese thus this infer high Balinese was loanwords from Sanskrit and Old Javanese These loanwords are identical in sound with their Javanese cognates 9 Basic Vocabulary Comparison English Low Balinese High Balinese Indonesian Old Javanesethis ene niki ini ikithat ento nika itu ikahere dini driki di sinithere ditu drika di sana di situwhat apa napi apahuman manusa jelema jadma manusia jadmahair bok rambut rambutfire api gni api gĕnichild panak pianak oka anak kecilto live idup urip hidup uripto drink nginem nginem minum manginumbig gede ageng besar gedenew baru anyar baruday wai rahina hari rahinasun matan ai surya matahari suryalake danu danu danauegg taluh taluh telurfriend timpal suwitra temanto sightsee melali lali malelancaran tamasyaname adan parab nama parabto be to become dadi dados menjadito stay nongos meneng tinggalfrom uli saking dariNumerals Edit Main article Balinese numerals Balinese has a decimal numeral system but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45 175 and 1600 Grammar EditThe word order is similar to that of Indonesian and verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal However derivational morphology is extensive and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles and optionally to indicate possession 7 Writing EditBalinese has been written in two different writing systems the Balinese script and in modern times the Latin script Balinese script Edit Basic signs of the Balinese scriptNote The script is arranged in Javanese order Main article Balinese script The Balinese script Aksara Bali ᬅᬓ ᬱᬭᬩᬮ which is arranged as Hanacaraka ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ is an abugida ultimately derived from the Brahmi script of India The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD 10 Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script 11 The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script Latin alphabet Edit Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Tulisan Bali 12 Gallery Edit Balinese palm leaf manuscript Sign at Pura Puseh Temple Batuan Bali Page from a Bible printed with Balinese script Street sign in Singaraja written in Latin and Balinese script Klungkung Regent s Office signNote Edit 1 In Balinese script Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script The word for language basa in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanese bhaṣa which came from the Sanskrit word भ ष bhaṣa hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling ᬪ ᬱᬩᬮ in Balinese script The ᬩᬲᬩᬮ form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers Meanwhile diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language Thus both ᬪ ᬱᬩᬮ and basa Bali are the standard forms See also EditBalinese Unicode block References Edit Balinese at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Ethnologue a b Clynes Adrian 1995 Topics in the Phonology and Morphosyntax of Balinese PhD thesis Australian National University doi 10 25911 5d77865d38e15 hdl 1885 10744 a b Glottolog 4 3 Balinese glottolog org Retrieved 2021 04 27 Adelaar K Alexander 2005 The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar a historical perspective In Adelaar K Alexander Himmelmann Nikolaus eds The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar London Routledge pp 1 42 Ni Komang Erviani March 30 2012 Balinese Language Will Never Die The Jakarta Post a b c Spitzing Gunter 2002 Practical Balinese Phrasebook and Dictionary Rutland VT Tuttle Publishing p 22 Kamus Bahasa Bali Lengkap curcol co Retrieved 2021 04 09 Clynes Adrian 1994 01 31 Dutton Tom Tryon Darrell T eds Old Javanese influence in Balinese Balinese speech styles Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World Berlin New York DE GRUYTER MOUTON doi 10 1515 9783110883091 141 ISBN 978 3 11 088309 1 retrieved 2022 11 05 Beratha Ni Luh Sutjiati 1992 Evolution of Verbal Morphology in Balinese PhD thesis Australian National University doi 10 25911 5d7786429c1ff hdl 1885 109364 Balinese Basa Bali Omniglot Retrieved 2021 01 30 Eiseman Fred B Jr The Balinese Languages Bali Vision Archived from the original on 2010 08 19 External links Edit Indonesia portal Balinese edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Balinese language edition of Wikisource the free library Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Bali Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Balinese Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balinese language Balinese man speaking Balinese language in different Balinese dialects Ager Simon Balinese Omniglot Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 Retrieved 2007 03 07 The Balinese Digital Library Widiadana R A amp Erviani N K 29 January 2011 Ancient lontar manuscripts go digital The Jakarta Post Erviani N K 14 January 2011 US scholar brings ancient Balinese scripts to digital age The Jakarta Post Unicode website Paradisec open access recording of Balinese song Kaipuleohone s Blust collection includes materials on Balinese including RB2 006 RB2 009 The Balinese Language ᬩᬲᬩᬮ YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Balinese language amp oldid 1129470170, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
