Demographics of Indonesia

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 in 2010.^[1][2] Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.

Demographics of Indonesia
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2020
Population	270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate	0.79% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	73.08 years
• male	70.86 years
• female	75.4 years
Fertility rate	2.18 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate	19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	23.87%
15–64 years	68.31%
65 and over	7.82%
Sex ratio
Total	1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Indonesian
Major ethnic	Over 1,300 ethnic groups
Language
Official	Indonesian
Spoken	Over 700 languages

Historical population

Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967,^[3] Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the population of the United States if the population growth is not maintained.^[4]

Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017.^[5] Indonesia includes numerous ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Indonesians and are still important.^{[citation needed]}

Population

 

Provinces of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2020

  10,001 and above

  1,001 to 10,000

  101 to 1,000

  11 to 100

  1 to 10

See also: List of Indonesian cities by population and List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia

Historical population of Indonesia

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
0	2,000,000	—
1000	3,500,000	+0.06%
1500	7,750,000	+0.16%
1700	9,500,000	+0.10%
1930	60,727,233	+0.81%
1955	77,473,268	+0.98%
1961	97,085,348	+3.83%
1971	119,208,229	+2.07%
1976	141,862,419	+3.54%
1980	147,490,298	+0.98%
1990	179,378,946	+1.98%
2000	206,264,595	+1.41%
2010	237,641,326	+1.43%
2020	270,203,917	+1.29%
Source: Our World in Data,^[6] Statistics Indonesia,^[7]^[8] Wertheim (1959),^[9] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976),^[10] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)^[11]

Population by province

Province	Population (2010 census)	Urban % in 2010	Total Fertility Rate	Population (2015 census)
Aceh	4,494,410	23.6	2.79	4,496,570
North Sumatra	12,982,204	42.4	3.01	13,923,262
West Sumatra	4,846,909	29.0	2.91	5,190,577
Riau	5,538,367	43.7	2.82	6,330,941
Jambi	3,092,265	28.3	2.51	3,397,164
South Sumatra	7,450,394	34.4	2.56	8,043,042
Bengkulu	1,715,518	29.4	2.51	1,872,136
Lampung	7,608,405	21.0	2.45	8,109,601
Bangka Belitung Islands	1,223,296	43.0	2.54	1,370,331
Riau Islands	1,679,163	67.4	2.38	1,968,313
Banten	10,632,166	52.2	2.35	11,934,373
Jakarta	9,607,787	100.0	1.82	10,154,134
West Java	43,053,732	50.3	2.43	46,668,214
Central Java	32,382,657	40.4	2.20	33,753,023
Yogyakarta	3,457,491	57.7	1.94	3,675,768
East Java	37,476,757	40.9	2.00	38,828,061
Bali	3,890,757	49.8	2.13	4,148,588
West Nusa Tenggara	4,500,212	34.8	2.59	4,830,118
East Nusa Tenggara	4,683,827	15.9	3.82	5,112,760
West Kalimantan	4,395,983	25.1	2.64	4,783,209
Central Kalimantan	2,212,089	27.5	2.56	2,490,178
South Kalimantan	3,626,616	36.3	2.35	3,984,315
East Kalimantan	3,028,487	57.6	2.61	3,422,676
North Kalimantan	524,656			639,639
North Sulawesi	2,270,596	37.0	2.43	2,409,921
Gorontalo	1,040,164	25.5	2.76	1,131,670
Central Sulawesi	2,635,009	19.7	2.94	2,872,857
South Sulawesi	8,034,776	29.4	2.55	8,512,608
Southeast Sulawesi	2,232,586	20.8	3.20	2,495,248
West Sulawesi	1,158,651	--	3.33	1,279,994
Maluku	1,533,506	25.9	3.56	1,683,856
North Maluku	1,038,087	29.5	3.35	1,160,275
Papua	2,833,381	22.2	2.87	3,143,088
West Papua	760,422	--	3.18	868,819
Indonesia	237,641,326		2.41	255,182,144

Source: Population Census 2010,^[2] except for final column, taken from Inter-Census Survey 2015.

Note: ^(a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

Age structure

Age structure in Indonesia (2020)^[12]

  Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)

  Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)

  Retiree: 65 years and over (6.0%)

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):^[13]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	135 337 011	134 266 419	269 603 430	100
0–4	11 101 528	10 850 465	21 951 993	8.14
5–9	11 205 657	10 739 503	21 945 160	8.14
10–14	11 284 333	10 884 509	22 168 842	8.22
15–19	11 189 861	10 949 531	22 139 392	8.21
20–24	11 070 774	10 887 555	21 958 329	8.14
25–29	10 963 605	10 736 361	21 699 966	8.05
30–34	10 777 337	10 524 673	21 302 010	7.90
35–39	10 477 475	10 305 704	20 783 179	7.71
40–44	9 830 929	9 693 109	19 524 038	7.24
45–49	9 140 315	9 023 924	18 164 239	6.74
50–54	7 975 551	7 947 477	15 923 028	5.91
55–59	6 632 329	6 691 467	13 323 796	4.94
60–64	5 234 762	5 287 052	10 521 814	3.90
65-69	3 758 966	3 921 263	7 680 229	2.85
70-74	2 485 308	2 757 062	5 242 370	1.94
75+	2 208 281	3 066 764	5 275 045	1.96
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	33 591 518	32 474 477	66 065 995	24.50
15–64	93 292 938	92 046 853	185 339 791	68.75
65+	8 452 555	9 745 089	18 197 644	6.75

Vital statistics

 

Indonesia fertility rate by province (2017)

3.3 to 3.5   3.0 to 3.2   2.7 to 2.9   2.4 to 2.6   2.1 to 2.3

United Nations estimates

Period	Population (thousands)	Live births (thousands)	Deaths (thousands)	Natural change (thousands)	CBR^[i]	CDR^[i]	NC^[i]	TFR^[i]	IMR^[i]	Life expectancy (years)
1950	69 568	2 826	1 505	1 321	40.6	21.6	19.0	5.19	189.1	39.40
1951	71 019	2 926	1 522	1 404	41.2	21.4	19.8	5.23	186.8	39.79
1952	72 571	3 035	1 517	1 518	41.8	20.9	20.9	5.27	182.0	40.69
1953	74 208	3 146	1 526	1 620	42.4	20.6	21.8	5.31	177.4	41.42
1954	75 925	3 257	1 533	1 723	42.9	20.2	22.7	5.35	172.9	42.19
1955	77 742	3 359	1 542	1 817	43.2	19.8	23.4	5.37	168.4	42.92
1956	79 662	3 475	1 544	1 931	43.6	19.4	24.2	5.41	164.0	43.80
1957	81 691	3 589	1 556	2 033	43.9	19.0	24.9	5.45	159.8	44.50
1958	83 819	3 701	1 575	2 126	44.2	18.8	25.4	5.48	155.8	45.05
1959	86 048	3 811	1 578	2 233	44.3	18.3	26.0	5.51	151.9	45.86
1960	88 383	3 929	1 593	2 337	44.5	18.0	26.4	5.55	148.3	46.45
1961	90 817	4 031	1 602	2 429	44.4	17.6	26.7	5.57	144.8	47.12
1962	93 345	4 127	1 603	2 523	44.2	17.2	27.0	5.59	141.4	47.87
1963	95 963	4 217	1 614	2 603	43.9	16.8	27.1	5.60	138.1	48.43
1964	98 675	4 304	1 609	2 695	43.6	16.3	27.3	5.61	134.8	49.23
1965	101 158	4 380	2 121	2 259	43.3	21.0	22.3	5.62	142.7	42.60
1966	103 561	4 426	1 740	2 686	42.7	16.8	25.9	5.60	129.5	48.20
1967	106 261	4 468	1 596	2 871	42.0	15.0	27.0	5.58	124.8	51.07
1968	109 139	4 503	1 594	2 909	41.3	14.6	26.7	5.54	121.4	51.63
1969	112 149	4 555	1 582	2 973	40.6	14.1	26.5	5.51	118.0	52.35
1970	115 228	4 596	1 576	3 021	39.9	13.7	26.2	5.45	114.6	52.99
1971	118 347	4 627	1 570	3 056	39.1	13.3	25.8	5.36	111.5	53.58
1972	121 504	4 667	1 560	3 107	38.4	12.8	25.6	5.29	108.4	54.24
1973	124 709	4 720	1 554	3 166	37.9	12.5	25.4	5.22	105.3	54.85
1974	127 945	4 727	1 547	3 180	37.0	12.1	24.9	5.09	102.3	55.43
1975	131 213	4 783	1 544	3 239	36.5	11.8	24.7	5.04	99.4	55.97
1976	134 521	4 813	1 540	3 273	35.8	11.5	24.3	4.92	96.8	56.51
1977	137 862	4 849	1 534	3 315	35.2	11.1	24.0	4.81	94.1	57.08
1978	141 251	4 908	1 535	3 373	34.7	10.9	23.9	4.72	91.6	57.57
1979	144 693	4 952	1 530	3 422	34.2	10.6	23.7	4.61	89.3	58.15
1980	148 177	4 981	1 521	3 460	33.6	10.3	23.4	4.49	86.9	58.75
1981	151 686	4 997	1 526	3 472	33.0	10.1	22.9	4.36	84.6	59.14
1982	155 229	5 036	1 514	3 522	32.4	9.8	22.7	4.25	82.3	59.76
1983	158 791	5 016	1 507	3 508	31.6	9.5	22.1	4.10	79.9	60.27
1984	162 332	4 986	1 502	3 484	30.7	9.3	21.5	3.94	77.6	60.73
1985	165 792	4 836	1 481	3 355	29.2	8.9	20.2	3.71	75.2	61.31
1986	169 135	4 736	1 472	3 264	28.0	8.7	19.3	3.53	72.8	61.72
1987	172 421	4 732	1 481	3 251	27.4	8.6	18.9	3.42	70.4	61.97
1988	175 695	4 738	1 495	3 244	27.0	8.5	18.5	3.33	68.0	62.21
1989	178 949	4 707	1 487	3 220	26.3	8.3	18.0	3.22	65.6	62.70
1990	182 160	4 647	1 477	3 170	25.5	8.1	17.4	3.10	63.1	63.18
1991	185 361	4 702	1 484	3 218	25.4	8.0	17.4	3.06	60.6	63.54
1992	188 558	4 644	1 468	3 176	24.6	7.8	16.8	2.94	58.1	64.13
1993	191 737	4 652	1 464	3 188	24.3	7.6	16.6	2.88	55.7	64.60
1994	194 929	4 681	1 481	3 201	24.0	7.6	16.4	2.84	53.3	64.86
1995	198 140	4 714	1 487	3 227	23.8	7.5	16.3	2.80	51.0	65.24
1996	201 374	4 762	1 519	3 244	23.6	7.5	16.1	2.77	48.9	65.36
1997	204 628	4 797	1 526	3 271	23.4	7.5	16.0	2.74	46.8	65.73
1998	207 855	4 744	1 544	3 200	22.8	7.4	15.4	2.66	44.8	65.96
1999	210 997	4 683	1 559	3 123	22.2	7.4	14.8	2.58	42.9	66.22
2000	214 072	4 680	1 581	3 099	21.9	7.4	14.5	2.54	41.1	66.43
2001	217 112	4 679	1 591	3 088	21.5	7.3	14.2	2.50	39.5	66.76
2002	220 115	4 662	1 596	3 066	21.2	7.2	13.9	2.46	37.8	67.13
2003	223 080	4 658	1 612	3 046	20.9	7.2	13.7	2.43	36.3	67.41
2004	225 939	4 678	1 807	2 871	20.7	8.0	12.7	2.42	36.9	65.75
2005	228 805	4 746	1 679	3 067	20.7	7.3	13.4	2.43	33.5	67.65
2006	231 797	4 819	1 698	3 121	20.8	7.3	13.5	2.45	32.2	67.91
2007	234 858	4 923	1 719	3 205	21.0	7.3	13.6	2.49	31.0	68.19
2008	237 937	4 927	1 763	3 164	20.7	7.4	13.3	2.48	29.8	68.23
2009	240 981	4 913	1 780	3 133	20.4	7.4	13.0	2.46	28.7	68.49
2010	244 016	4 920	1 807	3 112	20.2	7.4	12.8	2.45	27.6	68.68
2011	247 100	5 029	1 843	3 186	20.3	7.5	12.9	2.50	26.5	68.82
2012	250 223	5 028	1 875	3 153	20.1	7.5	12.6	2.49	25.6	68.97
2013	253 276	4 917	1 889	3 029	19.4	7.5	12.0	2.43	24.6	69.26
2014	256 230	4 857	1 904	2 953	19.0	7.4	11.5	2.39	23.7	69.53
2015	259 092	4 780	1 933	2 847	18.4	7.5	11.0	2.35	22.8	69.70
2016	261 850	4 718	1 972	2 746	18.0	7.5	10.5	2.31	22.0	69.80
2017	264 499	4 634	2 004	2 629	17.5	7.6	9.9	2.26	21.2	69.94
2018	267 067	4 588	2 002	2 586	17.2	7.5	9.7	2.23	20.5	70.34
2019	269 583	4 559	2 032	2 526	16.9	7.5	9.4	2.22	19.8	70.52
2020	271 858	4 526	2 437	2 089	16.6	9.0	7.7	2.19	19.2	68.81
2021	273 753	4 496	2 755	1 741	16.4	10.1	6.4	2.18	18.6	67.57
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022^[14]

Registered births and deaths

Data from Department of Statistics of Indonesia :^[15]

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates
2003	213,600,000	approx. 4,439,176					13.4
2004	216,400,000	approx. 4,439,176					13.3
2005	219,800,000	approx. 4,439,176					13.2
2006	222,700,000	approx. 4,439,176					13.0
2007	225,600,000	approx. 4,439,176					12.8
2008	228,500,000	approx. 4,439,176					12.5
2009	231,400,000	approx. 4,418,871					12.2
2010	237,641,326	approx. 4,418,871	1,236,154		18.6	5.2
2011	241,000,000	approx. 4,418,871					13.2
2012	244,200,000	approx. 4,418,871					13.1	2.6
2015	255,587,900	approx. 4,418,871
2016	258,496,500	approx. 4,414,499
2017	261,355,500	approx. 4,414,499						2.4
2018	264,161,600	approx. 4,414,499
2019	266,911,900	approx. 4,414,499
2020	269,603,400	approx. 4,414,499
2021	271,350,000							2.18

Fertility and Births (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):^[16]

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)
1981-1983		4.3
1987		3.4 (3.1)		2.9 (2.6)		3.7 (3.4)
1991	25.1	3.02 (2.50)	24.0	2.60 (2.03)	25.6	3.24 (2.73)
1994		2.9 (2.4)		2.3 (1.8)		3.2 (2.7)
1997		2.8 (2.4)		2.4 (2.0)		3.0 (2.6)
2002-2003	21.9	2.6 (2.2)	22.1	2.4 (2.1)	21.7	2.7 (2.3)
2007	20.9	2.6 (2.2)	20.2	2.3 (2.0)	21.5	2.8 (2.4)
2012	20.4	2.6 (2.0)	20.1	2.4 (1.9)	20.7	2.8 (2.2)
2017	18.1	2.4 (2.1)	17.7	2.3 (1.9)	18.5	2.6 (2.2)

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2020 Indonesia's average total fertility rate was 2.04 children/born per woman.^[17]

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:^[18]

Province	Total fertility rate (2010)	Total fertility rate (2020)	Population over age 60 (2010)
North Sumatera	3.01	2.48	5.9
West Sumatera	2.91	2.46	8.1
Riau	2.82	2.28	4.0
Jambi	2.51	2.28	5.5
South Sumatera	2.56	2.23	6.2
Bengkulu	2.51	2.30	5.8
Lampung	2.45	2.28	7.2
Bangka Belitung	2.54	2.24	5.8
Kepulauan Riau	2.38	2.21	3.4
Jakarta	1.82	1.75	5.1
West Java	2.43	2.11	7.0
Central Java	2.20	2.09	10.3
Yogyakarta	1.94	1.89	12.9
East Java	2.00	1.98	10.4
Banten	2.35	2.01	4.6
Bali	2.13	2.04	9.7
East Nusa Tenggara	3.82	2,79	7.4
West Kalimantan	2.64	2,33	5.8
Central Kalimantan	2.56	2,31	4.6
South Kalimantan	2.35	2.31	5.8
East Kalimantan	2.61	2.18	4.0
North Sulawesi	2.43	2.10	8.4
Central Sulawesi	2.94	2.32	6.6
South Sulawesi	2.55	2.22	8.2
Southeast Sulawesi	3.20	2.57	5.8
Gorontalo	2.76	2.30	5.9
West Sulawesi	3.33	2.58	6.2
Maluku	3.56	2.52	6.2
North Maluku	3.35	2.47	4.8
West Papua	3.18	2.66	3.2
Papua	2.87	2.76	2.4

Ethnic groups

More

Ethnic groups			Percentage
Javanese			42.65%
Sundanese			15.41%
Malay			3.45%
Madurese			3.37%
Batak			3.02%
Minangkabau			2.72%
Betawi			2.51%
Bugis			2.49%
Bantenese			2.05%
Banjarese			1.74%
Acehnese			1.66%
Balinese			1.51%
Chinese			1.20%
Makassarese			0.99%

Main article: Ethnic groups in Indonesia

There are over 1,300 ethnic groups in Indonesia;^[19] 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry. Javanese is the largest group with 100 million people (42%), followed by Sundanese, who number nearly 40 million (15%).

Religions

Main article: Religion in Indonesia

Religion in Indonesia (2018)^[20]

  Islam (86.7%)

  Protestantism & Other Christians (7.6%)

  Catholicism (3.12%)

  Hinduism (1.74%)

  Buddhism (0.77%)

  Confucianism (0.03%)

  Other (0.05%)

Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; 86.7% of Indonesians declared themselves Muslim in the 2018 census.^[21] 10.72% of the population adhered to Christianity (of which more than 70% were Protestant), 1.74% were Hindu, 0.77% Buddhist, and 0.07% of other faiths. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese^[22] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.^[23]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Indonesia

Indonesian is the official language, but there are many different languages native to Indonesia. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 living languages spoken in Indonesia,^[24] the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese. In Western New Guinea, there are more than 270 indigenous languages in spoken form.^[25][26] Some Chinese varieties, most prominently Min Nan, are also spoken. The public use of Chinese, especially usage of Chinese characters, was dissuaded officially between 1966 and 1998.^[27]

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.81%
male: 95.5%
female: 90.4% (2011 est.)

Education is free in state schools; it is compulsory for children through to grade 12. Although about 92% of eligible children are enrolled in primary school, a much smaller percentage attend full-time. About 44% of secondary school-age children attend junior high school, and some others of this age group attend vocational schools.^{[citation needed]}

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

 

Population pyramid 2016

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook,^[28] unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%

15-64 years: 70.72%

65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)^[29][30]

Median age

total: 31.1 years

male: 30.5 years

female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)

Birth rate

15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate

6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Population growth rate

1.097% (2010 est.)

1.04% (2012 est.)

0.86% (2017 est.)

0.79% (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 57.9% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanisation: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 19.73 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 22.15 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 17.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

 

Life expectancy in Indonesia since 1927

 

Life expectancy in Indonesia since 1960 by gender

total population: 73.08 years

male: 70.86 years

female: 75.4 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2017 est.)

People living with HIV/AIDS: 630,000 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS deaths: 39,000 (2017 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.9% (2013)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s)

adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Religions

Muslim 86.7%, Christianity 10.72% (Protestant 7.6% and Roman Catholic 3.12%), Hinduism 1.74%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.04% (2018 est.)

Languages

Indonesian (official, a form of Malay influenced by other languages of Indonesia), local languages (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese).

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years

male: 12 years

female: 11 years (2005)

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2014)

See also

•  Indonesia portal

• Census in Indonesia
• Culture of Indonesia
• Native Indonesians
• Overseas Indonesian
• Transmigration program

References

1. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
2. . Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
3. Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
4. Shamim Adam; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
5. "Indonesia Demographics Profile".
6. "Indonesia Population – Our World in Data". ourworldindata.org.
7. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
8. . Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
9. Wertheim, W. F. (1959). Indonesian Society in Transition (Second (revised) ed.). 's-Gravenhage: Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve. p. 370.
10. Geografi dan Kependudukan untuk SMP kelas 2 [Geography and Demographics for High School Grade 2] (in Indonesian). FA. Hasmar. 1976.
11. Nitisastro, Widjojo (2006). Population trends in Indonesia. ISBN 9789793780436.
12. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
13. "UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics".
14. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 8285:8356, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. from the original on 9 August 2022.
15. "Department of Statistics of Indonesia".
16. "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys".
17. "Indonesia People 2020, CIA World Factbook".
18. http://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/2014/09/Indonesian_Ageing_Monograph-print-version1.pdf^{[permanent dead link]}
19. "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
20. (in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020. Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 117091 (0.03), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 266.534.836
21. Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut^{[permanent dead link]}
22. Oey, Eric (1997). Bali (3rd ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
23. "Indonesia – Buddhism". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
24. ethnologue.com
25. Riesberg, Sonja; Shiohara, Asako; Utsumi, Atsuko (2018). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian languages. Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-108-5.
26. "5 Reasons Why Companies Should Do Business in Indonesia". NNRoad. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
27. Tiwary, Shiv Shanker; Kumar, Rajeev (2009). Encyclopaedia of Southeast Asia and Its Tribes. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-3837-1.
28. CIA (2012). "Indonesia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
29. "The Indonesian Population Census 2020 Highlights" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021.
30. "Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia Releases 2020 Census Results". 23 January 2021.

External links

• Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (in Indonesian)
• CIA World Factbook article on Indonesia
• United Nations "World Population Prospects": Country Profile – Indonesia^{[permanent dead link]}