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Imelda Marcos

January 26, 2023

In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Trinidad, the birth surname or paternal family name is Romualdez, and the marital name is Marcos.

Imelda Romualdez Marcos[4] (locally [ɪˈmelda ˈmaɾkɔs]; born Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romualdez; July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician who served as the First Lady of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, wielding significant political power during the dictatorship of her husband,[5][6] 10th president Ferdinand Marcos.[7] She is the mother of current president Bongbong Marcos.[8]

The Honorable
Imelda Marcos
Marcos in 2006
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district
In office
June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2019
Preceded byBongbong Marcos
Succeeded byEugenio Angelo Barba
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Leyte's 1st district
In office
June 30, 1995 – June 30, 1998
Preceded byCirilo Roy Montejo
Succeeded byAlfred Romualdez
Member of Parliament for Region IV (Metro Manila)
In office
June 12, 1978 – June 5, 1984
1st Governor of Metro Manila
In office
February 27, 1975 – February 25, 1986
Appointed byFerdinand Marcos
Vice GovernorMel Mathay (1979–1986)
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byJoey Lina (OIC)
Minister of Human Settlements
In office
June 12, 1978 – February 25, 1986
PresidentFerdinand Marcos
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice abolished
First Lady of the Philippines
In role
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986
PresidentFerdinand Marcos
Preceded byEva Macapagal
Succeeded byVacant
Amelita Ramos (1992)
Personal details
Born
Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romualdez[1]

(1929-07-02) July 2, 1929 (age 93)
San Miguel, Manila, Philippine Islands
NationalityFilipino
Political partyNacionalista (1965–1978; 2009–present)
Other political
affiliations		Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–2015)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1954; died 1989)​
ChildrenImee Marcos
Bongbong Marcos
Irene Marcos
Aimee Marcos
Residence(s)Makati, Metro Manila
Criminal information
Criminal statusReleased on bail pending appeal[2]
Conviction(s)Graft[3]

During her husband's 21-year rule, Imelda Marcos ordered the construction of many grandiose architectural projects, using public funds and "in impossibly short order"[9] – a propaganda practice,[10][11] which eventually came to be known as her "edifice complex".[9][12] She and her husband stole billions of pesos[13][14] from the Filipino people,[15][16][17] amassing a personal fortune estimated to have been worth US$5 billion to US$10 billion by the time they were deposed in 1986;[18][19][20] by 2018, about $3.6 billion of this had been recovered by the Philippine government,[21][22] either through compromise deals or sequestration cases.[16][23]

Marcos and her family gained notoriety for living a lavish lifestyle during a period of economic crisis and civil unrest in the country.[7] She spent much of her time abroad on state visits, extravagant parties, and shopping sprees, and spent much of the State's money on her personal art, jewelry and shoe collections – amassing 3,000 pairs of shoes.[24][25][26] The subject of dozens[27] of court cases around the world,[21] she was eventually convicted of corruption charges in 2018 for her activities during her term as governor of Metro Manila; the case is under appeal.[28][29] She and her husband hold the Guinness World Record for the "Greatest Robbery of a Government".[30][31][32]

The People Power Revolution in February 1986 unseated the Marcoses and forced the family into exile in Hawaii.[33] In 1991, President Corazon Aquino allowed the Marcos family to return to the Philippines to face various charges after the 1989 death of Ferdinand.[34][35] Imelda Marcos was elected four times to the House of Representatives of the Philippines,[36] and ran twice for the presidency of the Philippines but failed to garner enough votes.

Early life

Imelda Remedios Visitación Romuáldez[1] was born at dawn in San Miguel, Manila, on July 2, 1929.[1] Her parents were Vicente Orestes Romuáldez, a lawyer, and his second wife, Remedios Trinidad. Imelda is the sixth of Vicente's eleven children, and Remedios' firstborn.[37]

Born into the Romualdez political dynasty from the province of Leyte, Imelda grew up in a wealthy clan of devout Catholics.[38][page needed] She was baptized in the nearby San Miguel Church on the day after her birth.

Notable members of Imelda's family include the clan matriarch Doña Trinidad Lopez de Romualdez; her uncle Norberto Romualdez, who was a Supreme Court Associate Justice;[39] and her younger brother Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez, who served as Governor of Leyte and later as an ambassador under the regime of Imelda's husband, Ferdinand Marcos.[40]

At the time of her birth, the Romualdezes were wealthy. Around 1932, the financial conditions of Imelda's family began to decline.[41][page needed][8]

Imelda's parents were separated for a time, during which Remedios worked for the nuns at the Asilo de San Vicente de Paul.[41][page needed] Vicente and Remedios eventually reconciled but to avoid further conflict, she and her children, including Imelda, moved to their house's garage. In 1937, after Conchita's birth, Remedios's health began to fail and she died on April 7, 1938, due to double pneumonia.[41][page needed] In her ten years of marriage, Remedios had six children – Imelda, Benjamin, Alita, Alfredo, Armando and Conchita.[42][page needed]

In the same year, 1938,[41][page needed] Imelda's father gave up Manila due to his declining fortunes in his law practice and returned to Tacloban, where he could support his family with a simpler lifestyle. She grew up learning the Waray language, and then learned the Tagalog language and eventually English.[citation needed]

Education

Elementary

Imelda finished grade one in the nearby College of the Holy Spirit Manila, where her older half-sisters also studied.

She continued her early studies at Holy Infant Academy, a convent school run by Order of Saint Benedict. The old wooden structure of the school still stands today four blocks away from the Romualdez house. At school, Imelda had to face her family's humiliating poverty, and she was frequently among the students who had to apologize for late payments.[43]

High school

In 1942, the Romualdezes returned to Tacloban, and around that time, Imelda's father refused to let her go back to school.[44] When the Americans returned in 1944, she was eager to resume her studies at Leyte Progressive High School. She finished her first year at the provincial high school where she was also chosen Miss I-A; then in her second year, she moved to Holy Infant and stayed there until she graduated.[45]

Imelda continued her higher studies at Holy Infant Academy from 1938 to 1948, the year she graduated from high school. As a student, her scholastic record shows that she had a general average of 80 percent throughout her primary and high school.[41][page needed]

College

Imelda ran for President of the student council at St. Paul's College (now named Divine Word University) in 1951, three years before her marriage to Marcos.[38][page needed] At that time, she was about to graduate with a degree in Education. She was put up as candidate for the Department of Education, which had an enrollment of 800 students. Even during the nomination, her victory was already a foregone conclusion, but the school authorities insisted that another candidate be put up to make the elections a democratic procedure. That was how the College of Law, with 200 students, put up Francisco Pedrosa.[41][page needed]

While an undergraduate student, Marcos taught at a local Chinese high school before graduating in 1952. She had won a scholarship to study music at the Philippine Women's University under Adoración Reyes, a close friend of the family. She briefly held a job at a music store but left this for a better one at the Central Bank.[46] After a few lessons, Adoración was convinced that Imelda had talent and persuaded her to enroll at the College of Music and Fine Arts at PWU, under a special arrangement that put her on register while Adoración continued to give her free lessons.[38][page needed]

Early career

 
Imelda Marcos in 1953

Imelda returned to Manila in 1952 under the rule of President Elpidio Quirino and stayed in the house of her relative, House of Representatives of the Philippines Speaker Pro tempore Daniel Romuáldez, who had three adopted children. Imelda's status in the Romuáldez household during this time has been described as "higher than servants and lower than family members as a poor relative". Imelda found work as a salesgirl in a store called P.E. Domingo, which infuriated her father when he learnt of during one of his visits, perceiving it as ill treatment of Imelda.[47]

To calm the indignation of Vicente Romuáldez, Eduardo and Daniel exercised their political and economic influence to find work for Imelda in the Central Bank where she worked under Braulio Hipuna, the Chief Clerk of the Intelligence Division.[48]: 143–144 

During this time her cousin Loreto Ramos introduced her to Adoración Reyes, a teacher from the College of Music and Fine Arts of Philippine Women's University (PWU), who gave her vocal lessons and a chance to get a PWU scholarship. She later sang three songs at a performance with her cousin Loreto at Holy Ghost College (now named College of the Holy Spirit Manila).[49]

Imelda also joined the 1953 Miss Manila beauty pageant. The results became controversial, resulting in both Imelda and Miss Norma Jiménez being declared Manila's candidate to the larger Miss Philippines pageant.[50] Both of them eventually lost to Miss Cristina Galang.[51]

Courtship and marriage

Imelda and Ferdinand Marcos met on April 6, 1954,[52] during a budget hearing at the Philippine Congress. Ferdinand was part of the opposition team who led the argument against the budget,[53] while Imelda was there to visit her cousin Daniel, who was the Speaker of the House. During a recess, Imelda caught Ferdinand's eye, and he asked his journalist friend Jose Guevara of The Manila Times to introduce him to Imelda.[53][page needed] At that time, Ferdinand already knew of Imelda. Imelda, on the other hand, knew very little of Ferdinand Marcos.[41][page needed] After comparing heights and confirming that he was at least an inch taller than her,[53][page needed] Ferdinand sought the help of Guevara to pursue Imelda in marriage.[53][page needed] This whirlwind courtship lasted only eleven days.[54]

During Holy Week of that year, Ferdinand visited Imelda's house, and when Imelda claimed that she planned to spend the holidays in Baguio, Ferdinand and Guevara offered her a ride up to Daniel's family mansion where she planned to stay, while the two booked a room in nearby Pines. For the remainder of that Holy Week, Ferdinand showered Imelda with flowers and gifts and visited her daily, prodding her to sign the marriage license that sealed the agreement.[41][page needed] On April 16, 1954, Good Friday, after having been jokingly asked by Guevara if she wanted to be "the First Lady of the Land someday",[53][page needed] Imelda finally agreed to sign it. On April 17, 1954, Ferdinand and Imelda were secretly married by a reluctant[41][page needed] Francisco Chanco, a judge befriended by Ferdinand who lived in the area. The church wedding followed only after receiving the blessing of Vicente Orestes, Imelda's father, which Ferdinand asked via telegram on Easter Sunday. Their wedding was held on May 1, 1954, at the San Miguel Pro-Cathedral in Manila where Imelda was christened.[53][page needed]

The marriage meant that Ferdinand's common-law wife, Carmen Ortega of La Union's Ortega political clan, with whom he had already sired three children, had to be quietly taken out of the public eye.[55][56]

1965 presidential campaign

 
Imelda Romualdez-Marcos with former President Ferdinand Marcos and family during the 1965 inauguration

It was during the 1965 campaign that Imelda became influential as a political figure at the national level, supporting her husband’s political tactics through her charismatic appeal and youth.[57]: 125 [58] Crowds of working class Filipinos came out in droves to Marcos campaigns because they wanted to see the "beautiful wife of Marcos".[59][58]

Campaign strategists incorporated Imelda’s public appeal into the overall tone of the Marcos-led Nacionalista campaign, asking Imelda to always appear at her best in public at all times regardless of the type of audience and encouraging her to wear her signature ternos as an integral part of their image strategy.[59]

Marcos heavily relied on Imelda,[60][58] eventually telling the press at one point that it was Imelda who had delivered the one million vote margin he needed to win the election.[61][page needed][62]

It was in this period that Imelda described herself – a neophyte transitioning into a true political partner to her husband – as "a butterfly breaking out of its cocoon". This led one foreign journalist to call her "the iron butterfly".[41][page needed]

Imelda had assumed a managerial position in her husband's campaign early on, when Marcos faced his first challenge of the campaign, which was to win the presidential candidacy for the Nacionalista Party.[41][page needed] She enthusiastically ran a detailed campaign, befriending the 1,347 delegates of the Nacionalista Party Convention[41][page needed] until Ferdinand Marcos won the party’s presidential nomination on November 21, 1964, for the Nacionalista Party.[42][page needed]

McCoy recounts that it was supposedly also Imelda who convinced Fernando Lopez to accept the vice-presidential nomination alongside Marcos.[63]: 507  She met Lopez personally, appealing to him by recounting the many struggles she and Ferdinand faced during the campaign. Lopez refused to give in multiple times, until Imelda cried in front of him. When he relented, Imelda proceeded to hand a document to sign, stating that he had accepted the nomination as the Nacionalista vice-presidential candidate.[63]: 507 

During the presidential election itself, she delivered votes from the southern province of Leyte and Manila. She was especially popular with the poor.[41][page needed] Imelda also used her voice to appeal to voters, singing during campaigns. Her songs were usually varieties of local folk songs.[41][page needed]

First term (1965–1969)

Imelda began Ferdinand Marcos's first term doing the duties traditionally expected of a First Lady, mostly social events and public appearances.[64] Imelda became a power broker. Receptions at her offices in the Malacañang "Music Room" were sought after by cabinet members, heads of financing institutions, and business leaders who felt that she had Ferdinand's ear.[56]

A year later in March 1966, Marcos established the Cultural Center of the Philippines through Executive Order No. 60 and arranged for Imelda to be elected chairman of the board[65][11] in a bid to change the perception that she was just another "politician's wife".[64]

Inauguration

 
Imelda Marcos at the Bataan Death March Memorial

Ferdinand Marcos was elected as the 10th president of the Philippines on November 9, 1965.[66] When he was inaugurated on December 30, 1965, Imelda officially became the First Lady.[citation needed]

The Romualdez clan had been torn apart by the presidential campaign. To fix this, Imelda allegedly sent out invitations to family members, some of whom supported the opposing party, and told them they were all welcome at their house on Ortega Street, San Juan, Metro Manila.[42][page needed]

Ferdinand and Imelda held mass in the courtyard of their house on Ortega Street before proceeding to Luneta Park for the inauguration ceremonies.[38][page needed]

At night, a state dinner hosted 60 guests in the reception hall of the Malacañang Palace.[42][page needed]

Early projects

In the first three years of being First Lady, she spent ₱1 million for the beautification of the Paco Park and ₱24 million for the beautification of Fort Santiago.

In May 1966, Imelda pushed a twelve million peso plan to pool together the social welfare efforts of several dozen social welfare groups. The plan involved the construction of welfare villages and the reorientation of personnel to staff them. The cornerstone for first village, the Reception and Study Center in Quezon City was laid in 1966, and several more were built from then until 1968: Marilla Hills in Alabang, the Children's Orphanage in Pasay, the Molave Village in Tanay, Rizal, a Home for the Aged in Quezon City, and the Philippine Village at Manila International Airport.

In mid-1967, Imelda started the "Share for Progress" Seed Dispersal Program[67] a project that suggested making vegetable gardens out of idle lots all over the country. By 1968, 309,392 kits containing seeds had been distributed in over 1500 towns.

Blue Ladies

The "Blue Ladies", a group initially composed of wives of political men in the Nacionalista Party, had played a critical role during Marcos's 1965 campaign.[59] They contributed funds and provided publicity, giving the campaign a personal touch by visiting factories and farms to shake hands and have small conversations with the voters, making door-to-door appeals in the slum areas. That year they also introduced to politics the purchase of radio and television time, to campaign for Marcos, through the use of little speeches for the voters. This was affordable because the Blue Ladies were mostly prominent matrons and/or beautiful youthful girls married to men of means.[59]

Upon becoming First Lady, Imelda often asked members of the Blue Ladies to accompany her on her trips out of the country. One of her most famous socialite friends was Cristina Ford.[41][page needed]

Imelda's Blue Ladies—specifically Maria Luisa, a daughter of the rich Madrigal family and the wife of Daniel Vazquez—contributed to the fashion spending of Imelda. In 1968, Maria Luisa accompanied Imelda on an overseas trip, during which Imelda and daughter Imee spent $3.3 million. At this time Vazquez and Maria Luisa opened a Citibank account. In November 1968, the couple added "Fernanda Vazquez" as a joint holder of the bank account. An allegation that Imelda and Fernanda Vazquez are one and the same is validated by the notations for the bank account had Imelda Marcos's handwriting.[68]

Beatles incident

Main article: The Beatles' 1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines § Philippines

On July 4, 1966, the First Lady also invited the Beatles to perform at a private event in the Palace but the invitation was declined. An order to lock down Manila International Airport was enacted as a result of the rejection. This resulted in mobs trying to storm the band's hotel rooms and prevent them from leaving the country. There were also reports that a ₱100,000 tax assessment was issued to their manager.[69][70]: 200 

Increased independence

The Dovie Beams scandal, which began as rumors in the late 60s,[71] eventually led to a significant change in Imelda's public role.[72][70]: "225" [5] President Marcos had met the American actress after she arrived in Manila in 1968 to play the female lead in "Maharlika," a propaganda film portraying Ferdinand's supposed exploits during World War II. According to Beams, the two had an affair and she was moved into one of Ferdinand's safe houses,[71] where she recorded their sexual encounters with Ferdinand's full consent.[70]: "225"  These tapes were later played in a press conference, causing great humiliation for Imelda.[70]: "225" [5]

Members of the Marcos Cabinet such as Cesar Virata and Gerardo Sicat recount that Imelda used the humiliation of the Dovie Beams affair[70]: "225"  as leverage to begin developing an independent political agenda which gave her more and more political power.[5] Initially, this meant that Imelda had free rein on her projects while her husband prepared for the Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969,[5] but as Marcos's health declined, it involved her being put in increasingly powerful positions, including those of Minister of Human Settlements and of Governor of Metro Manila.[70][5]

Second term (1969–1972)

In July 1974, the annual Ms. Universe pageant was held in Manila, to which then First Lady Imelda Marcos allegedly spent ₱40 million (US$5.5 million) for the renovation of all public and private infrastructures throughout Manila, and the other cities in which the Ms. Universe pageant participants were subsequently toured.[citation needed]

Foreign relations roles

 
Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos with Lyndon B. and Lady Bird Johnson at the White House, 1966
 
Richard and Pat Nixon with the Marcos family in Manila, 1969

Since the President hardly left the Malacañang Palace, Ferdinand increasingly sent his wife on official visits to other countries as a de facto vice president.[41][page needed]

When the Marcoses went to the United States in September 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson offered Imelda the Philippine war damage claims totaling US$28 million. President Johnson agreed to have US$3.5 million be used as funds for the Cultural Center, one of Imelda's projects.[citation needed]

For the inauguration of the CCP, a gala opening of the Golden Salakot, a pageant-drama of a story about the prehistory of the Philippines, occurred on September 8, 1969. US President Richard Nixon was invited but instead California Governor (and future President) Ronald Reagan, along with his wife, flew to the country on Air Force One for the event. There were accounts that the First Lady attempted to bring other celebrities by getting them tickets to ride Air Force One but she was denied this luxury by President Nixon. Accounts have also mentioned that this trip by the then-Governor Reagan and his wife led to the closeness of the Reagans and Marcoses.[68]

In 1971, Imelda attended Iran's 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire of the founding of the Persian Empire. This trip, according to palace insiders, provided her with a social introduction to some of the world's wealthiest people.

Accusation of bribery in Constitutional Convention

Main articles: Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 and Eduardo Quintero (Filipino diplomat)

On May 19, 1972, the Constitutional Convention delegate for Leyte's first district, Eduardo Quintero, accused Imelda and thirteen others of bribing some of the convention members[73][74] to vote against provisions which would have prevented Marcos from retaining power beyond the two four-year terms allowed him by the previous constitution.[73][57]

In the stress following the accusations and media circus, Imelda claimed to have suffered a miscarriage. Later, this was revealed to be a hoax to avoid Quintero's charges. According to Ellison, this was "an eloquent example of the lengths to which Imelda would go to support [Ferdinand] and her ambition".[53]

Actions preceding martial law

In Ferdinand's diary preceding May, he wrote that he and Imelda were planning to wager all their power and wealth "on a single throw of the dice of fate for the sake of the people and the Republic".[53]

On the eve of September 5, 1972, tourism minister Manuel Elizalde called each member of Manila's foreign press corps to a party. Imelda arrived at the party, allegedly rambling about democracy and how only the Americans could afford it.[53] On that same day, Martial Law was announced. Ferdinand stated the purpose of the Martial Law was to create a "New Society" with reformed institutions, no inequalities, corruption, or crime. Imelda called it "martial law with a smile".[53] Days after the announcement, a warrant of arrest was issued for Amelita Cruz, author of the "you-know-who" columns on Imelda. Cruz was told that the orders "came directly from the music room", Imelda's palace study.[53]

Martial law (1972–1981)

Main article: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
 
The Marcoses at a ceremony in 1979

During this time period, she orchestrated public events using national funds to bolster her and her husband's image.[75][76] She secured the Miss Universe 1974 pageant in Manila, which required the construction of the Folk Arts Theater in less than three months.[77][78] She organized the Kasaysayan ng Lahi,[79] a festival showcasing Philippine history.[79] She also initiated social programs, such as the Green Revolution,[80] which was intended to address hunger by encouraging the people to plant produce in household gardens,[80] and created a national family-planning program.[81]

In 1972, she took control of the distribution of a bread ration called Nutribun, which actually came from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).[82][83] An assassination attempt against Imelda Marcos occurred on December 7, 1972, when an assailant tried to stab her with a bolo knife but was shot by the police.[84][85]The motive appeared to have been her role in her husband's presidency but human rights dissidents believed it was staged by the government.[86][verification needed][additional citation(s) needed]

Foreign relations roles

In 1972, Imelda Marcos initiated the first of many trips to the Soviet Union; it was dubbed as "cultural missions" but eventually led to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the Philippines.[41][page needed][87]

In 1975, after the assassination of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Marcos wanted to extend the official condolences. Women were not welcome in the Saudi court, but Imelda, through her connection to the surgeon who previously performed a heart surgery on the new king, managed to be the first woman guest to be honored.[41][page needed]

In 1978, she was also appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary,[88][verification needed] allowing her to tour the United States, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Cuba.[89][88] Throughout her travels, she became friends with Richard Nixon,[90] Muammar Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein, Fidel Castro, and Joseph Tito.[88] She traveled to Iraq to secure oil and to Libya for a peace treaty with the Moro National Liberation Front.[88]

Governor of Metro Manila

Main article: Governor of Metro Manila

In 1975, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree 824, establishing the Metro Manila Commission (MMC), the central government of Metro Manila, and named Imelda to head it, making her Governor of Metro Manila from that point until the Marcoses were deposed in 1986.[91]

Minister of Human Settlements

Ferdinand Marcos appointed Imelda to the position of Minister of Human Settlements in 1976[92]—a post which she held until the EDSA Revolution of February 1986,[92] and which allowed her to construct the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine Heart Center, the Lung Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, the Coconut Palace, the Manila Film Center,[93] and the Calauit Safari Park.[94]

Batasan Pambansa

Main article: Interim Batasang Pambansa

In 1978, the administration Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party fielded Imelda as a candidate in the Philippine parliamentary elections of 1978.[95] Because most of the opposition candidates were either in jail or had limited mobility as a result of Martial Law,[96] Imelda Marcos easily won a seat as a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Congress) representing Region IV (Metro Manila).[95]

Role in Benigno Aquino Jr.'s exile

In 1980, after learning former Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. had a life-threatening heart ailment, Imelda convinced her husband to allow Aquino leave for the United States for medical treatment.[97] This was arranged after a secret hospital visit by Imelda. Aquino supposedly agreed to her conditions that he return to the Philippines and not speak out against the Marcos regime in the US.[98][additional citation(s) needed] Having made a quick recovery, Aquino decided to remain in the US, saying, "a pact with the devil is no pact at all".[99][100]

Six months after martial law was lifted on January 17, 1981, Ferdinand Marcos was re-elected as president. While her husband began to suffer from lupus erythematosus, Imelda effectively ruled in his place.[101][additional citation(s) needed]

Imelda claimed that during her last meeting with Aquino on May 21, 1983, in New York, she "begged him for 3½ hours to postpone his return to the Philippines until it was safe for him to come".[102] Aquino returned to the Philippines on August 21, 1983, and was assassinated at Manila International Airport upon his arrival.[103] Feeling that he was pressured into causing an investigation of the assassination, Ferdinand created the Agrava Commission, a fact-finding committee, to investigate the circumstances surrounding the assassination of Aquino Jr.,[104][105] ultimately finding the military guilty.[97][104]

Downfall

 
The Marcoses with President Reagan, 1982

On February 7, 1986, snap elections were held between Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr. Despite Ferdinand Marcos claiming to have won the election, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests, later known as the People Power Revolution.[106]

On February 25, Ferdinand Marcos, with his wife Imelda by his side, held the inauguration at Malacañang Palace. The couple later emerged on the Palace balcony in front of a loyalist crowd and Imelda sang a song for the crowd.

Later that day, Ferdinand Marcos finally agreed to step down and was given safe passage for him and his entire family to flee to Hawaii, United States.[107]

Exile in Hawaii (1986–1991)

At midnight, February 26, 1986, the Marcos family fled the country to Hawaii[33] with a party of about 80 individuals[108] – the extended Marcos family and a number of close associates.[109][108] Their arrival was controversial, and soon led to Hawaii residents calling on the government to force the Marcoses to leave.[110]

The US Government initially hosted the exiles at Hickam Air Force Base.[108] Ferdinand and Imelda moved into a pair of residences in Makiki Heights, Honolulu, a month later.[108]

Ferdinand Marcos eventually died in exile in September 1989.[111] His son Bongbong Marcos was the only family member present at his deathbed.[112]

After Imelda left Malacañang Palace, press reports worldwide took note of her lavish wardrobe, said to include 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 888 handbags, and 3,000 pairs of shoes.[26][25][113] Some news reports estimated that there were up to 7,500 pairs,[114] but Time magazine reported that the final tally was 1,060.[113] The US government documented that the Marcos family entered the United States with millions of dollars in cash, stocks, jewelry, and gold kilobars inscribed "To my husband on our 24th anniversary".[115]

Return from exile (1991–present)

On November 4, 1991, Imelda and her children were allowed to return to the Philippines by President Corazon Aquino after living in exile in Hawaii for more than five years to face charges of tax fraud and corruption.[116][117] After her return from exile, Imelda returned to politics.

In 1992, Imelda ran for president in the 1992 Philippine presidential election, finishing 5th out of 7 candidates.[118]

She was elected as a congresswoman of Leyte during the 1995 Philippine general election, representing the first district, despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.[119]

She sought the presidency again in the 1998 Philippine presidential election, but later withdrew to support the eventual winner Joseph Estrada while she finished 9th among 11 candidates.[120][121][122] She considered running for mayor of Manila in the 2001 Philippine general election but did not push through with it.[122]

 
Marcos in 2006

In November 2006, Marcos started her own business, a fashion label "Imelda Collection" including jewelry, clothing and shoes with the help of her daughter Imee Marcos.[123][124]

Imelda ran for the second district of Ilocos Norte in the 2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections to replace her son,[125] Ferdinand Jr., who ran for senator under the Nacionalista Party.[126][127] During her term, she held the position of Millennium Development Goals committee chair in the Lower House.[128][129]

She was re-elected on May 14, 2013,[130][131] and on May 9, 2016, for a third and final term.[132][133]

In October 2018, Marcos filed her certificate of candidacy to run for governor of Ilocos Norte in the 2019 Philippine general election to replace her daughter, Imee, who ran for senator.[134] However, following her conviction of graft, she withdrew from the race a month later and was substituted by her grandson Matthew Manotoc, who was initially her running mate for vice governor and the eventual winner.[135]

Major court cases

Imelda Marcos has been involved in court cases against her in the Philippines and abroad. Some of these, such as her corruption charges in the Philippines, are criminal cases. Others, such as the rulings of the Swiss Federal Court on her bank accounts, are either civil or forfeiture cases.[136]

1988 racketeering case (Manhattan)

In October 1988, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos,[137][138] together with eight associates (including Adnan Khashoggi, a Saudi Arabian businessman and weapons smuggler believed to have been involved with her husband's regime), were indicted by a federal grand jury in Manhattan on charges of racketeering,[139][140] conspiracy, fraud and obstruction of justice.[141][142] She pleaded not guilty to federal charges that she used $103 million in stolen government funds to buy Manhattan real estate and art.[140] Tobacco heiress Doris Duke posted $5 million bail for the former First Lady.[143][144] The Marcos couple's defense team was led by criminal defense attorney Gerry Spence.[145][146] Actor George Hamilton, an unindicted co-conspirator, testified at trial under a grant of immunity, acknowledging that he had received a $5.5-million loan from Marcos's associate.[147] In July 1990, following a three-month trial, she was acquitted of all charges,[146] after Imelda had successfully characterized herself as “a poor widow who knew nothing about her husband’s activities.”[115][16]

1990 Swiss Federal Supreme Court forfeiture case

In 1990, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that funds in the Marcoses' Swiss bank accounts were of "criminal provenance". This cleared the way for the transfer of assets worth around $356 million back to the Philippines.[27] These assets were previously frozen by Swiss courts in 1986 shortly after the People Power Revolution. The decision eventually led to reforms in 1998 that made it more difficult for dictators and criminals to keep their money in the Swiss banking system.[148]

1995 human rights violations class suit (Hawaii)

In February 1995, the United States District Court in Hawaii ruled against the Marcoses, awarding $1.96 billion to 9,539 victims of human rights violations during the Marcos dictatorship. This decision was upheld by US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in 1996. The ruling has yet to be enforced in the Philippines due to jurisdiction issues.[27]

Corruption cases in the Philippines

Upon the Marcos family's return to the Philippines in the early 1990s, 28 criminal cases were filed against Mrs. Marcos by the Philippines' Office of the Ombudsman from 1991 to 1995. These included cases of graft and malversation of public funds.[149]

In 1993, Marcos was convicted on a graft case. This was overturned by the Appellate Court in 2008,[150][151] and the reversal was upheld by the Philippine Supreme Court in 2018[152] because of technical issues with the evidence.[153]

In March 2008, a judge in Manila acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976, determining that the government had failed to prove its case.[154]

In 2011, the Sandiganbayan Fifth Division ordered her to return US$280,000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority.[155] On November 9, 2018, the Sandiganbayan convicted Marcos on seven counts of graft and corruption, which disqualified Marcos from holding any public office.[152]

In October 2015, Imelda Marcos still faced 10 criminal charges of graft and 25 civil cases in the Philippines.[156]

2018 Swiss foundation cases convictions

In 1991, Marcos was indicted on ten corruption charges in the Philippines' anti-graft court, the Sandiganbayan.[157]

Twenty-seven years later, on November 9, 2018, she was convicted on seven counts of violating the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, for funneling roughly US$200 million to various Swiss foundations while she was still serving as governor of Metro Manila in the 1970s.[152][158] That same day, the court announced her acquittal on the three remaining counts,[152] but since she failed to appear, the court also ordered the forfeiture of the earlier bond that she had posted in 1991.[159]

She was sentenced to prison terms ranging from six to eleven years for each count – totalling a minimum of 42 years and 7 months, and a maximum of 77 years.[3] The Sandiganbayan also disqualified Marcos, a representative for the first district of Ilocos Norte and a candidate for governor of the same province, from holding any public office.[152] The sanction will not go into immediate effect, pending appeal by her,[152] but she nonetheless withdrew her candidacy for the governorship.[160]

On November 12, 2018, Marcos's attorney filed a "Motion for Leave of Court to Avail of Post-Conviction Remedies", which included a provision for bail.[161] The court granted bail due to her "ill health",[162] but reserved ruling on the balance of the requests until November 28.[161][163] Marcos posted bail on November 16, 2018, a week after her conviction.[164] She intends to appeal her conviction.[165][166][152] The normal form of appeal is a motion for reconsideration to the Sandiganbayan;[165] she further requested a direct appeal to the Philippine Supreme Court, which was originally denied as premature,[159][167] then granted on November 28.[163]

Ill-gotten wealth

 
A pair of shoes from Marcos's infamous collection

Court rulings and estimated amount

The Philippine Supreme Court considers the unexplained wealth of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos to be "ill-gotten" based on the definitions set forth in Republic Act 1379, which was passed in 1955.[168] The Supreme Court's interpretation of R.A. 1379 says that property acquired by a public officer or employee which is "manifestly out of proportion to his salary as such public officer and to his other lawful income" is "presumed prima facie to have been unlawfully acquired".[168] The bulk of the assets of the Marcoses, including the Marcos jewels, were treated as unlawful in a 2012 decision which specified that "according to the Official Report of the Minister of Budget, the total salaries of former President Marcos as President from 1966 to 1976 was ₱60,000 a year and from 1977 to 1985, ₱100,000 a year; while that of the former First Lady, Imelda R. Marcos, as Minister of Human Settlements from June 1976 to February 22–25, 1986 was ₱75,000 a year"[168] – about $304,372.43.[169][170]

Estimates of this ill-gotten wealth vary,[23][171] with sources estimating a figure of about US$5 billion to US$10 billion for wealth acquired in the last years of the Marcos administration.[14]: 175  The Daily Telegraph estimates her current net worth at a more modest $22M (the amount declared by Imelda Marcos in 2012),[172] but states that it is likely that she and her husband stole billions of pesos while in power, and that the amount they stole could have paid off the entirety of the Philippine foreign debt.[173]

In a 1985 report to the United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs, US Ambassador to the Philippines Stephen Bosworth estimated that the Marcoses had stolen an accumulated wealth of US$10 billion "in recent years", in the context of the rapid decline of the Philippine economy in the early 1980s.[174][175]: 634–635  The same figure was cited by the Philippines' Office of the Solicitor General soon after Marcos was deposed by the EDSA Revolution in 1986.[176] Bosworth's source, Dr. Bernardo Villegas of the Philippine think tank the Center for Research and Communication (CRC), noted that the figure ultimately cited by Bosworth was a conservative estimate, and that the amount probably came closer to $13 billion.[177]: "27" 

The PCGG's first chairperson, Jovito Salonga, later said that he estimated the figure to be US$5 billion to US$10 billion,[23] based on the documentary trail left behind by the Marcoses in 1986.[15] Internationally, Salonga's estimate has become the popularly cited estimate of the Marcoses' unexplained wealth.[23] Dr. Jesus Estanislao, another noted economist from the CRC, said this figure reflected amounts taken out of the country in the years immediately prior to the ouster of the Marcos administration, and that there was no way to accurately estimate the wealth acquired by the Marcoses since the 1950s. He suggested that the figure could be as much as $30 billion.[14]: 175 

Aside from the Marcoses' amassed wealth, Imelda Marcos was famous for spending it, with some accounts calling her "the ultimate personification of conspicuous consumption".[178] On one occasion, Imelda spent $2,000 on chewing gum at the San Francisco International Airport and, on another, forced a plane to do a U-turn mid-air because she had forgotten to buy cheese in Rome.[179] A portion of her famous shoe collection[180][181][182] is now kept in the National Museum of the Philippines, while another is displayed in a shoe museum in Marikina.[183][184][185] Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban, which also serves as a museum,[186] although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati, where she resides.[187]

Sequestration

Some of this wealth has been recovered as the result of various court cases – and have either been returned to the Philippine government, or awarded as reparations to the victims of human rights abuses under Marcos's presidency.[136] Some of it has also been recovered by the Philippine government through settlements and compromise deals, either with Imelda or cronies who say that certain properties had been entrusted to them by the Marcoses.[16] Some of the recovery cases have been dismissed by the courts for reasons such as improper case filing procedures and technical issues with documentary evidence.[188] An amount of unidentified proportions[177] has yet to be recovered, as the full extent of the family's wealth remains unknown.[115]

In March 1968, Ferdinand and Imelda opened four accounts, under the names of William Saunders and Jane Ryan, with Credit Suisse in Zurich,[189][190]—Marcos using the alias "William Saunders" and Imelda using the alias "Jane Ryan".[191][192] These were later moved into other accounts under various dummy foundations, but when relevant records were discovered by the new Philippine government after the 1986 EDSA revolution, the Swiss Federal council froze them.[193] On December 21, 1990, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court ruled that these accounts could be turned over to the Philippine government, on the condition that there be a concurring "final and absolute judgment" by a Philippine court.[194][195][196] In 1997, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court established the funds to have been "of criminal provenance" and permitted their transfer to an escrow account in Manila, pending a ruling from a Philippine court[136] which came in the form a confiscation ruling by the Philippine Supreme court on July 15, 2003.[197] Switzerland finally released a total of $683 million in Marcos funds to the Philippines Treasury in 2004.[198]

Throughout the 1980s, Imelda Marcos bought four prominent buildings in Manhattan.[199] These were the US$51 million Crown Building at the corner of 57th and Fifth; 40 Wall Street, later renamed the Trump building; the US$60 million Herald Center;[200] and the building at 200 Madison Avenue.[201][202][203] She declined to buy the Empire State Building because she felt it was "too ostentatious".[204][179]

On January 13, 2014, three collections of Imelda Marcos's jewelry:[205] the Malacanang collection, the Roumeliotes collection, and the Hawaii collection; along with paintings by Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government.[206][207] In 2015, a rare pink diamond worth $5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection.[208][209][210] The value of the three collections was appraised to be at about $21 million on February 16, 2016, when the government of the Philippines announced their intention to auction them off.[211][212] They had not been sold as of April 17, 2020.[213]

Her property also used to include a 175-piece art collection,[214] which included works by Michelangelo, Botticelli, Canaletto, Raphael,[215] as well as Monet's L'Église et La Seine à Vétheuil (1881), Alfred Sisley's Langland Bay (1887), and Albert Marquet's Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said (1946).[216][217] On October 17, 2013, the attempted sale of two Claude Monet paintings,[218] L'Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas, became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista, a one-time aide to Imelda Marcos.[219][220] Bautista was sentenced in 2014 to 2–6 years in prison for attempting to sell "valuable masterpieces that belonged to her country".[221][222][223]

All told, about P170 billion worth of the Marcos wealth had been recovered by the PCGG by 2018 from the Marcoses[224][22] – about $3.6 billion out of their $5 billion to 10 billion estimated ill-gotten wealth.[21]

Net worth in 2012

In 2012, Imelda Marcos declared her net worth to be US$22 million and was likewise listed as the second-richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician Manny Pacquiao.[225][226][227] She has claimed without evidence that her fortune came from Ferdinand Marcos's discovery of Yamashita's gold, a semi-mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II.[228][229][230]

But Marcos has also said in interviews that "If you know how rich you are, you are not rich. But me, I am not aware of the extent of my wealth. That's how rich we are."[231]

World record for largest theft from a government

The amount the Marcoses were estimated to have plundered from the Philippines is so large that it has been the subject of world records. Imelda Marcos, together with her husband Ferdinand (who is considered by many to be one of the greatest plunderers in history according to the Washington Post),[232] were jointly credited in 1989 by Guinness World Records with the largest-ever theft from a government: an estimated 5 billion to 10 billion dollars salted away.[233][234][30] She is quoted as having stated: "We practically own everything in the Philippines, from electricity, telecommunications, airlines, banking, beer and tobacco, newspaper publishing, television stations, shipping, oil and mining, hotels and beach resorts, down to coconut milling, small farms, real estate and insurance."[235] In 2009, Imelda Marcos was listed by Newsweek as being one of the "greediest people of all time".[236][237] To this, Marcos replied: "I plead guilty. For me, greedy is giving. I was first lady for 20 years, you have to be greedy first to give to all. It is natural. The only things we keep in life are those we give away."[238]

Edifice complex

See also: Edifice complex

The term "edifice complex" has been applied to Imelda and her penchant for grandiose public buildings, often constructed in impossibly short order.[9] Imelda's building projects were often of the Brutalist architectural style[239][240] characterized by fortress-like, massive shapes intended to effect a sense of grandiosity.

In 1966, Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No. 60, establishing the Cultural Center of the Philippines and appointing its board of directors. The board elected Imelda as their chairperson, giving her the legal mandate to negotiate and manage funds for the center.[11][65]

The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex is considered the premier symbol of Imelda's edifice complex.[241][240] It was designed by Architect Leandro Locsin, and was built on a reclaimed land along Roxas Boulevard in Manila and covered an area of about 21 hectares (52 acres). Ninety thousand pesos was granted by the Philippine-American Culture Foundation for its construction[42][page needed] and was aided with funds from the Cultural Development Fund and the Special Fund for Education.[241][page needed] Upon completion, it amounted to ₱50 million—a 50 000% increase from the original budget.[41][page needed] Although it is notable that prices of the construction materials such as cement, steel, and tiles increased by 30% to 40% within this time frame, the escalation in the increase of the expenditures are highly questionable. Imelda called the CCP Complex the "sanctuary of the Filipino soul," as it became the locus of all state-initiated cultural productions.[241][page needed]

Another construction project linked with Imelda during her husband's first term as President is the San Juanico Bridge, which links the island of Samar to Imelda's home province, Leyte.[242] Although it wasn't initiated by Imelda herself, it was promoted by the administration as Ferdinand Marcos's gift to his wife.[243][244] It was funded with foreign loans of US$22 million (about ₱140 million),[245] from Japan's Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency (OTCA), the predecessor of today's Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[242][246] Upon its completion on July 2, 1973, Imelda's birthday, economists and public works engineers quickly tagged it as a white elephant which was "constructed several decades too soon,"[242] because its average daily traffic (ADT) was too low to justify the cost of its construction.[242]

Cultural influence

 
Imelda Marcos features prominently in protest art displayed in the lobby of the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Museum, which documents the events of the Marcos Dictatorship and "honors the heroes and martyrs that fought the regime".

"Imeldific"

In the late 1980s, the revelation that Imelda Marcos had "amassed a huge collection of art, jewellery, property and – most famously – at least 1,000 pairs of shoes",[247] had turned her into a household name, frequently compared to Marie Antoinette of France,[248][249] except "with shoes".[7]

This led to the coining of the Philippine English adjective "Imeldific",[250] to describe

"anything exaggeratedly ostentatious or in bad taste", referring to clothing, architecture, décor, etc.[251]

It also refers to people who have "the Imelda Marcos syndrome" – tending to be extravagant and not being afraid to flaunt it,[252] or to describe a lifestyle of "ostentatious extravagance".[253]

It has also come to be used in International English, with dictionary writer and Atlantic columnist Anne Soukhanov expounding on the "ostentatious extravagance" etymology.[254] In popular international media, the Sydney Morning Herald's Jackie Dent said it simply "means to be ... well, like Imelda".[34]

The coining of the term is often attributed to Imelda Marcos,[253] although it was used by People Magazine's Carlos Lopez as early as April 1986,[255] when he said:

Well, at least Mrs. Marcos has made a significant contribution to our lexicon. To call something "imeldific" describes it as a shameless and vulgar extravagance.[255]

Fashion

Marcos influenced fashion in the Philippines,[256] although her role as a patroness of the arts and fashion is still controversial.[257][258][259] For instance, she actively promoted the terno, which also became her sartorial symbol,[260] through projects such as "Bagong Anyo" and exhibitions abroad such as the Philippine contribution to the Expo '75 in Okinawa Japan.[261]

Imelda made a conscious effort to portray herself as a patron of the arts,[58] including those who specialize in Filipino haute couture such as Pitoy Moreno and Inno Sotto.[262][self-published source?]

In a section of the 2003 Ramona Diaz film named after her, Imelda says that she maintains her extravagant clothing because it "inspired the poor to dress better".[263]

Portrayals in news and art

In August 2019, writer/director Lauren Greenfield debuted her documentary film The Kingmaker at the 76th Venice Film Festival, after which it premiered at the Telluride Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival, and the London Film Festival, the first documentary to ever debut at all four festivals in the same year.[264][265] The documentary features the political career of Imelda Marcos with a focus on the Marcos family's efforts to rehabilitate the family's image and to return to political power[266][267] – including her plans to see her son Bongbong become Vice President of the Philippines.[268] It has a 97% fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 76/100 from Metacritic.[269][270]

In the late 1990s, Imelda Marcos agreed to be the subject of a television documentary episode for PBS's Independent Lens, simply titled Imelda, by Ramona S. Diaz.[271] Released in 2003, the film documents her marriage to future President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos, her rule under the dictatorship, her exile in Hawaii and her eventual return to the Philippines.[272][273][274] Imelda had its world premiere at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and its North American premiere in the documentary competition of the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award Documentary.[275] The film was also screened at the Maryland Film Festival in Baltimore. It has a 94% fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 69/100 from Metacritic.[276][277] Imelda Marcos obtained a temporary injunction that prevented the film from being shown in the Philippines for a brief time. When the injunction was canceled and the film was released, it earned more than Spider-Man 2 and was considered a hit.[278]

The villain character "Madame" in the popular Filipino Comic Book series Trese is known for being a visual reference to Marcos, with her coiffed hair, butterfly sleeves, and deep connections to the powerful figures of the Trese universe.[279][280][281]

The second track of Mark Knopfler's 1996 album Golden Heart is a sardonic song about her.[282] In 2010, British producer Fatboy Slim and musician David Byrne released a concept album about her life called Here Lies Love,[283] which later became a rock musical of the same name.[284]

In Manila, local performance artist Carlos Celdran became known for his Living La Vida Imelda walking tour,[285] which was also performed in Dubai in 2012.[286][287] Filipino-American drag artist Manila Luzon impersonated Mrs. Marcos in the "Snatch Game" challenge in the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race,[288] deriving humor from the First Lady's renowned obsession with shoes. Hawaiian comedian Frank De Lima has impersonated her on various occasions.[289]

Actress Dimples Romana portrayed Marcos in the Maalaala Mo Kaya episode entitled Makinilya, the second of the two-part "The Ninoy & Cory Aquino Story" aired on ABS-CBN in 2010.[290][291] Actress Ruffa Gutierrez also portrayed her in the 2022 film Maid in Malacañang and its sequel, the 2023 film Martyr or Murderer; actress Cindy Miranda portrays the young Marcos in the latter.[292]

In an episode of Saturday Night Live (aired October 8, 1988), she was portrayed by comedienne Nora Dunn during the segment Weekend Update.[293][294]

She is frequently mentioned in the following Netflix shows like Russian Doll (episode: Coney Island Baby), The Crown (episode: Fairytale) and Dynasty (episode: A Litte Father-Daughter Chat).[295][296]

Honors

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Bibliography

  • Ellison, Katherine (1988). Imelda: Steel Butterfly of the Philippines (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07019-335-2. Retrieved June 13, 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  • Mijares, Primitivo (1976). The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Union Square Publications. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  • Pedrosa, Carmen Navarro (1969). The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos. Tandem Publishing Co. ASIN B004X1NGV2.
  • Pedrosa, Carmen Navarro (1987). Imelda Marcos: The Rise and Fall of One of the World's Most Powerful Women. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-31200-058-5.
  • Pedrosa, Carmen Navarro (1987b). The Rise and Fall of Imelda Marcos. Bookmark. ISBN 978-9-71134-031-5.
  • Polotan, Kerima (1970). Imelda Romualdez Marcos: A Biography (First ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: The World Publishing Company. ASIN B0006CUAQQ.
  • Quah, Jon S. T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: an Impossible Dream?. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85724-819-0.
  • Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, Part 2, From World War II to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66372-4. Retrieved June 13, 2016.

External links

  • - website by the Presidential Commission on Good Government on artworks bought by the Marcoses using stolen taxpayer money
  • The Marcos Regime Research (MRR) program by the University of the Philippines Third World Studies Center

January 26, 2023
imelda, marcos, this, philippine, name, married, women, birth, middle, name, maternal, family, name, trinidad, birth, surname, paternal, family, name, romualdez, marital, name, marcos, imelda, romualdez, marcos, locally, ɪˈmelda, ˈmaɾkɔs, born, imelda, remedio. In this Philippine name for married women the birth middle name or maternal family name is Trinidad the birth surname or paternal family name is Romualdez and the marital name is Marcos Imelda Romualdez Marcos 4 locally ɪˈmelda ˈmaɾkɔs born Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romualdez July 2 1929 is a Filipino politician who served as the First Lady of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 wielding significant political power during the dictatorship of her husband 5 6 10th president Ferdinand Marcos 7 She is the mother of current president Bongbong Marcos 8 The HonorableImelda MarcosMarcos in 2006Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte s 2nd districtIn office June 30 2010 June 30 2019Preceded byBongbong MarcosSucceeded byEugenio Angelo BarbaMember of the Philippine House of Representatives from Leyte s 1st districtIn office June 30 1995 June 30 1998Preceded byCirilo Roy MontejoSucceeded byAlfred RomualdezMember of Parliament for Region IV Metro Manila In office June 12 1978 June 5 19841st Governor of Metro ManilaIn office February 27 1975 February 25 1986Appointed byFerdinand MarcosVice GovernorMel Mathay 1979 1986 Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byJoey Lina OIC Minister of Human SettlementsIn office June 12 1978 February 25 1986PresidentFerdinand MarcosPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byOffice abolishedFirst Lady of the PhilippinesIn role December 30 1965 February 25 1986PresidentFerdinand MarcosPreceded byEva MacapagalSucceeded byVacant Amelita Ramos 1992 Personal detailsBornImelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romualdez 1 1929 07 02 July 2 1929 age 93 San Miguel Manila Philippine IslandsNationalityFilipinoPolitical partyNacionalista 1965 1978 2009 present Other politicalaffiliationsKilusang Bagong Lipunan 1978 2015 SpouseFerdinand Marcos m 1954 died 1989 wbr ChildrenImee MarcosBongbong MarcosIrene MarcosAimee MarcosResidence s Makati Metro ManilaCriminal informationCriminal statusReleased on bail pending appeal 2 Conviction s Graft 3 During her husband s 21 year rule Imelda Marcos ordered the construction of many grandiose architectural projects using public funds and in impossibly short order 9 a propaganda practice 10 11 which eventually came to be known as her edifice complex 9 12 She and her husband stole billions of pesos 13 14 from the Filipino people 15 16 17 amassing a personal fortune estimated to have been worth US 5 billion to US 10 billion by the time they were deposed in 1986 18 19 20 by 2018 about 3 6 billion of this had been recovered by the Philippine government 21 22 either through compromise deals or sequestration cases 16 23 Marcos and her family gained notoriety for living a lavish lifestyle during a period of economic crisis and civil unrest in the country 7 She spent much of her time abroad on state visits extravagant parties and shopping sprees and spent much of the State s money on her personal art jewelry and shoe collections amassing 3 000 pairs of shoes 24 25 26 The subject of dozens 27 of court cases around the world 21 she was eventually convicted of corruption charges in 2018 for her activities during her term as governor of Metro Manila the case is under appeal 28 29 She and her husband hold the Guinness World Record for the Greatest Robbery of a Government 30 31 32 The People Power Revolution in February 1986 unseated the Marcoses and forced the family into exile in Hawaii 33 In 1991 President Corazon Aquino allowed the Marcos family to return to the Philippines to face various charges after the 1989 death of Ferdinand 34 35 Imelda Marcos was elected four times to the House of Representatives of the Philippines 36 and ran twice for the presidency of the Philippines but failed to garner enough votes Contents 1 Early life 2 Education 2 1 Elementary 2 2 High school 2 3 College 3 Early career 4 Courtship and marriage 5 1965 presidential campaign 6 First term 1965 1969 6 1 Inauguration 6 2 Early projects 6 3 Blue Ladies 6 4 Beatles incident 6 5 Increased independence 7 Second term 1969 1972 7 1 Foreign relations roles 7 2 Accusation of bribery in Constitutional Convention 7 3 Actions preceding martial law 8 Martial law 1972 1981 8 1 Foreign relations roles 8 2 Governor of Metro Manila 8 3 Minister of Human Settlements 8 4 Batasan Pambansa 8 5 Role in Benigno Aquino Jr s exile 9 Downfall 10 Exile in Hawaii 1986 1991 11 Return from exile 1991 present 12 Major court cases 12 1 1988 racketeering case Manhattan 12 2 1990 Swiss Federal Supreme Court forfeiture case 12 3 1995 human rights violations class suit Hawaii 12 4 Corruption cases in the Philippines 12 5 2018 Swiss foundation cases convictions 13 Ill gotten wealth 13 1 Court rulings and estimated amount 13 2 Sequestration 13 3 Net worth in 2012 13 4 World record for largest theft from a government 14 Edifice complex 15 Cultural influence 15 1 Imeldific 15 2 Fashion 15 3 Portrayals in news and art 16 Honors 17 References 17 1 Bibliography 18 External linksEarly life EditImelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez 1 was born at dawn in San Miguel Manila on July 2 1929 1 Her parents were Vicente Orestes Romualdez a lawyer and his second wife Remedios Trinidad Imelda is the sixth of Vicente s eleven children and Remedios firstborn 37 Born into the Romualdez political dynasty from the province of Leyte Imelda grew up in a wealthy clan of devout Catholics 38 page needed She was baptized in the nearby San Miguel Church on the day after her birth Notable members of Imelda s family include the clan matriarch Dona Trinidad Lopez de Romualdez her uncle Norberto Romualdez who was a Supreme Court Associate Justice 39 and her younger brother Benjamin Kokoy Romualdez who served as Governor of Leyte and later as an ambassador under the regime of Imelda s husband Ferdinand Marcos 40 At the time of her birth the Romualdezes were wealthy Around 1932 the financial conditions of Imelda s family began to decline 41 page needed 8 Imelda s parents were separated for a time during which Remedios worked for the nuns at the Asilo de San Vicente de Paul 41 page needed Vicente and Remedios eventually reconciled but to avoid further conflict she and her children including Imelda moved to their house s garage In 1937 after Conchita s birth Remedios s health began to fail and she died on April 7 1938 due to double pneumonia 41 page needed In her ten years of marriage Remedios had six children Imelda Benjamin Alita Alfredo Armando and Conchita 42 page needed In the same year 1938 41 page needed Imelda s father gave up Manila due to his declining fortunes in his law practice and returned to Tacloban where he could support his family with a simpler lifestyle She grew up learning the Waray language and then learned the Tagalog language and eventually English citation needed Education EditElementary Edit Imelda finished grade one in the nearby College of the Holy Spirit Manila where her older half sisters also studied She continued her early studies at Holy Infant Academy a convent school run by Order of Saint Benedict The old wooden structure of the school still stands today four blocks away from the Romualdez house At school Imelda had to face her family s humiliating poverty and she was frequently among the students who had to apologize for late payments 43 High school Edit In 1942 the Romualdezes returned to Tacloban and around that time Imelda s father refused to let her go back to school 44 When the Americans returned in 1944 she was eager to resume her studies at Leyte Progressive High School She finished her first year at the provincial high school where she was also chosen Miss I A then in her second year she moved to Holy Infant and stayed there until she graduated 45 Imelda continued her higher studies at Holy Infant Academy from 1938 to 1948 the year she graduated from high school As a student her scholastic record shows that she had a general average of 80 percent throughout her primary and high school 41 page needed College Edit Imelda ran for President of the student council at St Paul s College now named Divine Word University in 1951 three years before her marriage to Marcos 38 page needed At that time she was about to graduate with a degree in Education She was put up as candidate for the Department of Education which had an enrollment of 800 students Even during the nomination her victory was already a foregone conclusion but the school authorities insisted that another candidate be put up to make the elections a democratic procedure That was how the College of Law with 200 students put up Francisco Pedrosa 41 page needed While an undergraduate student Marcos taught at a local Chinese high school before graduating in 1952 She had won a scholarship to study music at the Philippine Women s University under Adoracion Reyes a close friend of the family She briefly held a job at a music store but left this for a better one at the Central Bank 46 After a few lessons Adoracion was convinced that Imelda had talent and persuaded her to enroll at the College of Music and Fine Arts at PWU under a special arrangement that put her on register while Adoracion continued to give her free lessons 38 page needed Early career Edit Imelda Marcos in 1953 Imelda returned to Manila in 1952 under the rule of President Elpidio Quirino and stayed in the house of her relative House of Representatives of the Philippines Speaker Pro tempore Daniel Romualdez who had three adopted children Imelda s status in the Romualdez household during this time has been described as higher than servants and lower than family members as a poor relative Imelda found work as a salesgirl in a store called P E Domingo which infuriated her father when he learnt of during one of his visits perceiving it as ill treatment of Imelda 47 To calm the indignation of Vicente Romualdez Eduardo and Daniel exercised their political and economic influence to find work for Imelda in the Central Bank where she worked under Braulio Hipuna the Chief Clerk of the Intelligence Division 48 143 144 During this time her cousin Loreto Ramos introduced her to Adoracion Reyes a teacher from the College of Music and Fine Arts of Philippine Women s University PWU who gave her vocal lessons and a chance to get a PWU scholarship She later sang three songs at a performance with her cousin Loreto at Holy Ghost College now named College of the Holy Spirit Manila 49 Imelda also joined the 1953 Miss Manila beauty pageant The results became controversial resulting in both Imelda and Miss Norma Jimenez being declared Manila s candidate to the larger Miss Philippines pageant 50 Both of them eventually lost to Miss Cristina Galang 51 Courtship and marriage EditImelda and Ferdinand Marcos met on April 6 1954 52 during a budget hearing at the Philippine Congress Ferdinand was part of the opposition team who led the argument against the budget 53 while Imelda was there to visit her cousin Daniel who was the Speaker of the House During a recess Imelda caught Ferdinand s eye and he asked his journalist friend Jose Guevara of The Manila Times to introduce him to Imelda 53 page needed At that time Ferdinand already knew of Imelda Imelda on the other hand knew very little of Ferdinand Marcos 41 page needed After comparing heights and confirming that he was at least an inch taller than her 53 page needed Ferdinand sought the help of Guevara to pursue Imelda in marriage 53 page needed This whirlwind courtship lasted only eleven days 54 During Holy Week of that year Ferdinand visited Imelda s house and when Imelda claimed that she planned to spend the holidays in Baguio Ferdinand and Guevara offered her a ride up to Daniel s family mansion where she planned to stay while the two booked a room in nearby Pines For the remainder of that Holy Week Ferdinand showered Imelda with flowers and gifts and visited her daily prodding her to sign the marriage license that sealed the agreement 41 page needed On April 16 1954 Good Friday after having been jokingly asked by Guevara if she wanted to be the First Lady of the Land someday 53 page needed Imelda finally agreed to sign it On April 17 1954 Ferdinand and Imelda were secretly married by a reluctant 41 page needed Francisco Chanco a judge befriended by Ferdinand who lived in the area The church wedding followed only after receiving the blessing of Vicente Orestes Imelda s father which Ferdinand asked via telegram on Easter Sunday Their wedding was held on May 1 1954 at the San Miguel Pro Cathedral in Manila where Imelda was christened 53 page needed The marriage meant that Ferdinand s common law wife Carmen Ortega of La Union s Ortega political clan with whom he had already sired three children had to be quietly taken out of the public eye 55 56 1965 presidential campaign Edit Imelda Romualdez Marcos with former President Ferdinand Marcos and family during the 1965 inauguration It was during the 1965 campaign that Imelda became influential as a political figure at the national level supporting her husband s political tactics through her charismatic appeal and youth 57 125 58 Crowds of working class Filipinos came out in droves to Marcos campaigns because they wanted to see the beautiful wife of Marcos 59 58 Campaign strategists incorporated Imelda s public appeal into the overall tone of the Marcos led Nacionalista campaign asking Imelda to always appear at her best in public at all times regardless of the type of audience and encouraging her to wear her signature ternos as an integral part of their image strategy 59 Marcos heavily relied on Imelda 60 58 eventually telling the press at one point that it was Imelda who had delivered the one million vote margin he needed to win the election 61 page needed 62 It was in this period that Imelda described herself a neophyte transitioning into a true political partner to her husband as a butterfly breaking out of its cocoon This led one foreign journalist to call her the iron butterfly 41 page needed Imelda had assumed a managerial position in her husband s campaign early on when Marcos faced his first challenge of the campaign which was to win the presidential candidacy for the Nacionalista Party 41 page needed She enthusiastically ran a detailed campaign befriending the 1 347 delegates of the Nacionalista Party Convention 41 page needed until Ferdinand Marcos won the party s presidential nomination on November 21 1964 for the Nacionalista Party 42 page needed McCoy recounts that it was supposedly also Imelda who convinced Fernando Lopez to accept the vice presidential nomination alongside Marcos 63 507 She met Lopez personally appealing to him by recounting the many struggles she and Ferdinand faced during the campaign Lopez refused to give in multiple times until Imelda cried in front of him When he relented Imelda proceeded to hand a document to sign stating that he had accepted the nomination as the Nacionalista vice presidential candidate 63 507 During the presidential election itself she delivered votes from the southern province of Leyte and Manila She was especially popular with the poor 41 page needed Imelda also used her voice to appeal to voters singing during campaigns Her songs were usually varieties of local folk songs 41 page needed First term 1965 1969 EditImelda began Ferdinand Marcos s first term doing the duties traditionally expected of a First Lady mostly social events and public appearances 64 Imelda became a power broker Receptions at her offices in the Malacanang Music Room were sought after by cabinet members heads of financing institutions and business leaders who felt that she had Ferdinand s ear 56 A year later in March 1966 Marcos established the Cultural Center of the Philippines through Executive Order No 60 and arranged for Imelda to be elected chairman of the board 65 11 in a bid to change the perception that she was just another politician s wife 64 Inauguration Edit Imelda Marcos at the Bataan Death March Memorial Ferdinand Marcos was elected as the 10th president of the Philippines on November 9 1965 66 When he was inaugurated on December 30 1965 Imelda officially became the First Lady citation needed The Romualdez clan had been torn apart by the presidential campaign To fix this Imelda allegedly sent out invitations to family members some of whom supported the opposing party and told them they were all welcome at their house on Ortega Street San Juan Metro Manila 42 page needed Ferdinand and Imelda held mass in the courtyard of their house on Ortega Street before proceeding to Luneta Park for the inauguration ceremonies 38 page needed At night a state dinner hosted 60 guests in the reception hall of the Malacanang Palace 42 page needed Early projects Edit In the first three years of being First Lady she spent 1 million for the beautification of the Paco Park and 24 million for the beautification of Fort Santiago In May 1966 Imelda pushed a twelve million peso plan to pool together the social welfare efforts of several dozen social welfare groups The plan involved the construction of welfare villages and the reorientation of personnel to staff them The cornerstone for first village the Reception and Study Center in Quezon City was laid in 1966 and several more were built from then until 1968 Marilla Hills in Alabang the Children s Orphanage in Pasay the Molave Village in Tanay Rizal a Home for the Aged in Quezon City and the Philippine Village at Manila International Airport In mid 1967 Imelda started the Share for Progress Seed Dispersal Program 67 a project that suggested making vegetable gardens out of idle lots all over the country By 1968 309 392 kits containing seeds had been distributed in over 1500 towns Blue Ladies Edit The Blue Ladies a group initially composed of wives of political men in the Nacionalista Party had played a critical role during Marcos s 1965 campaign 59 They contributed funds and provided publicity giving the campaign a personal touch by visiting factories and farms to shake hands and have small conversations with the voters making door to door appeals in the slum areas That year they also introduced to politics the purchase of radio and television time to campaign for Marcos through the use of little speeches for the voters This was affordable because the Blue Ladies were mostly prominent matrons and or beautiful youthful girls married to men of means 59 Upon becoming First Lady Imelda often asked members of the Blue Ladies to accompany her on her trips out of the country One of her most famous socialite friends was Cristina Ford 41 page needed Imelda s Blue Ladies specifically Maria Luisa a daughter of the rich Madrigal family and the wife of Daniel Vazquez contributed to the fashion spending of Imelda In 1968 Maria Luisa accompanied Imelda on an overseas trip during which Imelda and daughter Imee spent 3 3 million At this time Vazquez and Maria Luisa opened a Citibank account In November 1968 the couple added Fernanda Vazquez as a joint holder of the bank account An allegation that Imelda and Fernanda Vazquez are one and the same is validated by the notations for the bank account had Imelda Marcos s handwriting 68 Beatles incident Edit Main article The Beatles 1966 tour of Germany Japan and the Philippines Philippines On July 4 1966 the First Lady also invited the Beatles to perform at a private event in the Palace but the invitation was declined An order to lock down Manila International Airport was enacted as a result of the rejection This resulted in mobs trying to storm the band s hotel rooms and prevent them from leaving the country There were also reports that a 100 000 tax assessment was issued to their manager 69 70 200 Increased independence Edit The Dovie Beams scandal which began as rumors in the late 60s 71 eventually led to a significant change in Imelda s public role 72 70 225 5 President Marcos had met the American actress after she arrived in Manila in 1968 to play the female lead in Maharlika a propaganda film portraying Ferdinand s supposed exploits during World War II According to Beams the two had an affair and she was moved into one of Ferdinand s safe houses 71 where she recorded their sexual encounters with Ferdinand s full consent 70 225 These tapes were later played in a press conference causing great humiliation for Imelda 70 225 5 Members of the Marcos Cabinet such as Cesar Virata and Gerardo Sicat recount that Imelda used the humiliation of the Dovie Beams affair 70 225 as leverage to begin developing an independent political agenda which gave her more and more political power 5 Initially this meant that Imelda had free rein on her projects while her husband prepared for the Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign 1969 5 but as Marcos s health declined it involved her being put in increasingly powerful positions including those of Minister of Human Settlements and of Governor of Metro Manila 70 5 Second term 1969 1972 EditIn July 1974 the annual Ms Universe pageant was held in Manila to which then First Lady Imelda Marcos allegedly spent 40 million US 5 5 million for the renovation of all public and private infrastructures throughout Manila and the other cities in which the Ms Universe pageant participants were subsequently toured citation needed Foreign relations roles Edit Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos with Lyndon B and Lady Bird Johnson at the White House 1966 Richard and Pat Nixon with the Marcos family in Manila 1969 Since the President hardly left the Malacanang Palace Ferdinand increasingly sent his wife on official visits to other countries as a de facto vice president 41 page needed When the Marcoses went to the United States in September 1966 President Lyndon B Johnson offered Imelda the Philippine war damage claims totaling US 28 million President Johnson agreed to have US 3 5 million be used as funds for the Cultural Center one of Imelda s projects citation needed For the inauguration of the CCP a gala opening of the Golden Salakot a pageant drama of a story about the prehistory of the Philippines occurred on September 8 1969 US President Richard Nixon was invited but instead California Governor and future President Ronald Reagan along with his wife flew to the country on Air Force One for the event There were accounts that the First Lady attempted to bring other celebrities by getting them tickets to ride Air Force One but she was denied this luxury by President Nixon Accounts have also mentioned that this trip by the then Governor Reagan and his wife led to the closeness of the Reagans and Marcoses 68 In 1971 Imelda attended Iran s 2 500 year celebration of the Persian Empire of the founding of the Persian Empire This trip according to palace insiders provided her with a social introduction to some of the world s wealthiest people Accusation of bribery in Constitutional Convention Edit Main articles Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 and Eduardo Quintero Filipino diplomat On May 19 1972 the Constitutional Convention delegate for Leyte s first district Eduardo Quintero accused Imelda and thirteen others of bribing some of the convention members 73 74 to vote against provisions which would have prevented Marcos from retaining power beyond the two four year terms allowed him by the previous constitution 73 57 In the stress following the accusations and media circus Imelda claimed to have suffered a miscarriage Later this was revealed to be a hoax to avoid Quintero s charges According to Ellison this was an eloquent example of the lengths to which Imelda would go to support Ferdinand and her ambition 53 Actions preceding martial law Edit In Ferdinand s diary preceding May he wrote that he and Imelda were planning to wager all their power and wealth on a single throw of the dice of fate for the sake of the people and the Republic 53 On the eve of September 5 1972 tourism minister Manuel Elizalde called each member of Manila s foreign press corps to a party Imelda arrived at the party allegedly rambling about democracy and how only the Americans could afford it 53 On that same day Martial Law was announced Ferdinand stated the purpose of the Martial Law was to create a New Society with reformed institutions no inequalities corruption or crime Imelda called it martial law with a smile 53 Days after the announcement a warrant of arrest was issued for Amelita Cruz author of the you know who columns on Imelda Cruz was told that the orders came directly from the music room Imelda s palace study 53 Martial law 1972 1981 EditMain article Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos The Marcoses at a ceremony in 1979 During this time period she orchestrated public events using national funds to bolster her and her husband s image 75 76 She secured the Miss Universe 1974 pageant in Manila which required the construction of the Folk Arts Theater in less than three months 77 78 She organized the Kasaysayan ng Lahi 79 a festival showcasing Philippine history 79 She also initiated social programs such as the Green Revolution 80 which was intended to address hunger by encouraging the people to plant produce in household gardens 80 and created a national family planning program 81 In 1972 she took control of the distribution of a bread ration called Nutribun which actually came from the United States Agency for International Development USAID 82 83 An assassination attempt against Imelda Marcos occurred on December 7 1972 when an assailant tried to stab her with a bolo knife but was shot by the police 84 85 The motive appeared to have been her role in her husband s presidency but human rights dissidents believed it was staged by the government 86 verification needed additional citation s needed Foreign relations roles Edit In 1972 Imelda Marcos initiated the first of many trips to the Soviet Union it was dubbed as cultural missions but eventually led to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the Philippines 41 page needed 87 In 1975 after the assassination of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia Marcos wanted to extend the official condolences Women were not welcome in the Saudi court but Imelda through her connection to the surgeon who previously performed a heart surgery on the new king managed to be the first woman guest to be honored 41 page needed In 1978 she was also appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary 88 verification needed allowing her to tour the United States the Soviet Union Yugoslavia and Cuba 89 88 Throughout her travels she became friends with Richard Nixon 90 Muammar Gaddafi Saddam Hussein Fidel Castro and Joseph Tito 88 She traveled to Iraq to secure oil and to Libya for a peace treaty with the Moro National Liberation Front 88 Governor of Metro Manila Edit Main article Governor of Metro Manila In 1975 Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree 824 establishing the Metro Manila Commission MMC the central government of Metro Manila and named Imelda to head it making her Governor of Metro Manila from that point until the Marcoses were deposed in 1986 91 Minister of Human Settlements Edit Ferdinand Marcos appointed Imelda to the position of Minister of Human Settlements in 1976 92 a post which she held until the EDSA Revolution of February 1986 92 and which allowed her to construct the Cultural Center of the Philippines the Philippine Heart Center the Lung Center of the Philippines the Philippine International Convention Center the Coconut Palace the Manila Film Center 93 and the Calauit Safari Park 94 Batasan Pambansa Edit Main article Interim Batasang Pambansa In 1978 the administration Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party fielded Imelda as a candidate in the Philippine parliamentary elections of 1978 95 Because most of the opposition candidates were either in jail or had limited mobility as a result of Martial Law 96 Imelda Marcos easily won a seat as a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa National Congress representing Region IV Metro Manila 95 Role in Benigno Aquino Jr s exile Edit In 1980 after learning former Senator Benigno Aquino Jr had a life threatening heart ailment Imelda convinced her husband to allow Aquino leave for the United States for medical treatment 97 This was arranged after a secret hospital visit by Imelda Aquino supposedly agreed to her conditions that he return to the Philippines and not speak out against the Marcos regime in the US 98 additional citation s needed Having made a quick recovery Aquino decided to remain in the US saying a pact with the devil is no pact at all 99 100 Six months after martial law was lifted on January 17 1981 Ferdinand Marcos was re elected as president While her husband began to suffer from lupus erythematosus Imelda effectively ruled in his place 101 additional citation s needed Imelda claimed that during her last meeting with Aquino on May 21 1983 in New York she begged him for 3 hours to postpone his return to the Philippines until it was safe for him to come 102 Aquino returned to the Philippines on August 21 1983 and was assassinated at Manila International Airport upon his arrival 103 Feeling that he was pressured into causing an investigation of the assassination Ferdinand created the Agrava Commission a fact finding committee to investigate the circumstances surrounding the assassination of Aquino Jr 104 105 ultimately finding the military guilty 97 104 Downfall Edit The Marcoses with President Reagan 1982 On February 7 1986 snap elections were held between Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr Despite Ferdinand Marcos claiming to have won the election allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests later known as the People Power Revolution 106 On February 25 Ferdinand Marcos with his wife Imelda by his side held the inauguration at Malacanang Palace The couple later emerged on the Palace balcony in front of a loyalist crowd and Imelda sang a song for the crowd Later that day Ferdinand Marcos finally agreed to step down and was given safe passage for him and his entire family to flee to Hawaii United States 107 Exile in Hawaii 1986 1991 EditAt midnight February 26 1986 the Marcos family fled the country to Hawaii 33 with a party of about 80 individuals 108 the extended Marcos family and a number of close associates 109 108 Their arrival was controversial and soon led to Hawaii residents calling on the government to force the Marcoses to leave 110 The US Government initially hosted the exiles at Hickam Air Force Base 108 Ferdinand and Imelda moved into a pair of residences in Makiki Heights Honolulu a month later 108 Ferdinand Marcos eventually died in exile in September 1989 111 His son Bongbong Marcos was the only family member present at his deathbed 112 After Imelda left Malacanang Palace press reports worldwide took note of her lavish wardrobe said to include 15 mink coats 508 gowns 888 handbags and 3 000 pairs of shoes 26 25 113 Some news reports estimated that there were up to 7 500 pairs 114 but Time magazine reported that the final tally was 1 060 113 The US government documented that the Marcos family entered the United States with millions of dollars in cash stocks jewelry and gold kilobars inscribed To my husband on our 24th anniversary 115 Return from exile 1991 present EditOn November 4 1991 Imelda and her children were allowed to return to the Philippines by President Corazon Aquino after living in exile in Hawaii for more than five years to face charges of tax fraud and corruption 116 117 After her return from exile Imelda returned to politics In 1992 Imelda ran for president in the 1992 Philippine presidential election finishing 5th out of 7 candidates 118 She was elected as a congresswoman of Leyte during the 1995 Philippine general election representing the first district despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor 119 She sought the presidency again in the 1998 Philippine presidential election but later withdrew to support the eventual winner Joseph Estrada while she finished 9th among 11 candidates 120 121 122 She considered running for mayor of Manila in the 2001 Philippine general election but did not push through with it 122 Marcos in 2006 In November 2006 Marcos started her own business a fashion label Imelda Collection including jewelry clothing and shoes with the help of her daughter Imee Marcos 123 124 Imelda ran for the second district of Ilocos Norte in the 2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections to replace her son 125 Ferdinand Jr who ran for senator under the Nacionalista Party 126 127 During her term she held the position of Millennium Development Goals committee chair in the Lower House 128 129 She was re elected on May 14 2013 130 131 and on May 9 2016 for a third and final term 132 133 In October 2018 Marcos filed her certificate of candidacy to run for governor of Ilocos Norte in the 2019 Philippine general election to replace her daughter Imee who ran for senator 134 However following her conviction of graft she withdrew from the race a month later and was substituted by her grandson Matthew Manotoc who was initially her running mate for vice governor and the eventual winner 135 Major court cases EditImelda Marcos has been involved in court cases against her in the Philippines and abroad Some of these such as her corruption charges in the Philippines are criminal cases Others such as the rulings of the Swiss Federal Court on her bank accounts are either civil or forfeiture cases 136 1988 racketeering case Manhattan Edit In October 1988 Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos 137 138 together with eight associates including Adnan Khashoggi a Saudi Arabian businessman and weapons smuggler believed to have been involved with her husband s regime were indicted by a federal grand jury in Manhattan on charges of racketeering 139 140 conspiracy fraud and obstruction of justice 141 142 She pleaded not guilty to federal charges that she used 103 million in stolen government funds to buy Manhattan real estate and art 140 Tobacco heiress Doris Duke posted 5 million bail for the former First Lady 143 144 The Marcos couple s defense team was led by criminal defense attorney Gerry Spence 145 146 Actor George Hamilton an unindicted co conspirator testified at trial under a grant of immunity acknowledging that he had received a 5 5 million loan from Marcos s associate 147 In July 1990 following a three month trial she was acquitted of all charges 146 after Imelda had successfully characterized herself as a poor widow who knew nothing about her husband s activities 115 16 1990 Swiss Federal Supreme Court forfeiture case Edit In 1990 the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that funds in the Marcoses Swiss bank accounts were of criminal provenance This cleared the way for the transfer of assets worth around 356 million back to the Philippines 27 These assets were previously frozen by Swiss courts in 1986 shortly after the People Power Revolution The decision eventually led to reforms in 1998 that made it more difficult for dictators and criminals to keep their money in the Swiss banking system 148 1995 human rights violations class suit Hawaii Edit In February 1995 the United States District Court in Hawaii ruled against the Marcoses awarding 1 96 billion to 9 539 victims of human rights violations during the Marcos dictatorship This decision was upheld by US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in 1996 The ruling has yet to be enforced in the Philippines due to jurisdiction issues 27 Corruption cases in the Philippines Edit Upon the Marcos family s return to the Philippines in the early 1990s 28 criminal cases were filed against Mrs Marcos by the Philippines Office of the Ombudsman from 1991 to 1995 These included cases of graft and malversation of public funds 149 In 1993 Marcos was convicted on a graft case This was overturned by the Appellate Court in 2008 150 151 and the reversal was upheld by the Philippine Supreme Court in 2018 152 because of technical issues with the evidence 153 In March 2008 a judge in Manila acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976 determining that the government had failed to prove its case 154 In 2011 the Sandiganbayan Fifth Division ordered her to return US 280 000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority 155 On November 9 2018 the Sandiganbayan convicted Marcos on seven counts of graft and corruption which disqualified Marcos from holding any public office 152 In October 2015 Imelda Marcos still faced 10 criminal charges of graft and 25 civil cases in the Philippines 156 2018 Swiss foundation cases convictions Edit In 1991 Marcos was indicted on ten corruption charges in the Philippines anti graft court the Sandiganbayan 157 Twenty seven years later on November 9 2018 she was convicted on seven counts of violating the Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices Act for funneling roughly US 200 million to various Swiss foundations while she was still serving as governor of Metro Manila in the 1970s 152 158 That same day the court announced her acquittal on the three remaining counts 152 but since she failed to appear the court also ordered the forfeiture of the earlier bond that she had posted in 1991 159 She was sentenced to prison terms ranging from six to eleven years for each count totalling a minimum of 42 years and 7 months and a maximum of 77 years 3 The Sandiganbayan also disqualified Marcos a representative for the first district of Ilocos Norte and a candidate for governor of the same province from holding any public office 152 The sanction will not go into immediate effect pending appeal by her 152 but she nonetheless withdrew her candidacy for the governorship 160 On November 12 2018 Marcos s attorney filed a Motion for Leave of Court to Avail of Post Conviction Remedies which included a provision for bail 161 The court granted bail due to her ill health 162 but reserved ruling on the balance of the requests until November 28 161 163 Marcos posted bail on November 16 2018 a week after her conviction 164 She intends to appeal her conviction 165 166 152 The normal form of appeal is a motion for reconsideration to the Sandiganbayan 165 she further requested a direct appeal to the Philippine Supreme Court which was originally denied as premature 159 167 then granted on November 28 163 Ill gotten wealth Edit A pair of shoes from Marcos s infamous collection Court rulings and estimated amount Edit The Philippine Supreme Court considers the unexplained wealth of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos to be ill gotten based on the definitions set forth in Republic Act 1379 which was passed in 1955 168 The Supreme Court s interpretation of R A 1379 says that property acquired by a public officer or employee which is manifestly out of proportion to his salary as such public officer and to his other lawful income is presumed prima facie to have been unlawfully acquired 168 The bulk of the assets of the Marcoses including the Marcos jewels were treated as unlawful in a 2012 decision which specified that according to the Official Report of the Minister of Budget the total salaries of former President Marcos as President from 1966 to 1976 was 60 000 a year and from 1977 to 1985 100 000 a year while that of the former First Lady Imelda R Marcos as Minister of Human Settlements from June 1976 to February 22 25 1986 was 75 000 a year 168 about 304 372 43 169 170 Estimates of this ill gotten wealth vary 23 171 with sources estimating a figure of about US 5 billion to US 10 billion for wealth acquired in the last years of the Marcos administration 14 175 The Daily Telegraph estimates her current net worth at a more modest 22M the amount declared by Imelda Marcos in 2012 172 but states that it is likely that she and her husband stole billions of pesos while in power and that the amount they stole could have paid off the entirety of the Philippine foreign debt 173 In a 1985 report to the United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs US Ambassador to the Philippines Stephen Bosworth estimated that the Marcoses had stolen an accumulated wealth of US 10 billion in recent years in the context of the rapid decline of the Philippine economy in the early 1980s 174 175 634 635 The same figure was cited by the Philippines Office of the Solicitor General soon after Marcos was deposed by the EDSA Revolution in 1986 176 Bosworth s source Dr Bernardo Villegas of the Philippine think tank the Center for Research and Communication CRC noted that the figure ultimately cited by Bosworth was a conservative estimate and that the amount probably came closer to 13 billion 177 27 The PCGG s first chairperson Jovito Salonga later said that he estimated the figure to be US 5 billion to US 10 billion 23 based on the documentary trail left behind by the Marcoses in 1986 15 Internationally Salonga s estimate has become the popularly cited estimate of the Marcoses unexplained wealth 23 Dr Jesus Estanislao another noted economist from the CRC said this figure reflected amounts taken out of the country in the years immediately prior to the ouster of the Marcos administration and that there was no way to accurately estimate the wealth acquired by the Marcoses since the 1950s He suggested that the figure could be as much as 30 billion 14 175 Aside from the Marcoses amassed wealth Imelda Marcos was famous for spending it with some accounts calling her the ultimate personification of conspicuous consumption 178 On one occasion Imelda spent 2 000 on chewing gum at the San Francisco International Airport and on another forced a plane to do a U turn mid air because she had forgotten to buy cheese in Rome 179 A portion of her famous shoe collection 180 181 182 is now kept in the National Museum of the Philippines while another is displayed in a shoe museum in Marikina 183 184 185 Typhoon Haiyan Yolanda damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban which also serves as a museum 186 although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati where she resides 187 Sequestration Edit Some of this wealth has been recovered as the result of various court cases and have either been returned to the Philippine government or awarded as reparations to the victims of human rights abuses under Marcos s presidency 136 Some of it has also been recovered by the Philippine government through settlements and compromise deals either with Imelda or cronies who say that certain properties had been entrusted to them by the Marcoses 16 Some of the recovery cases have been dismissed by the courts for reasons such as improper case filing procedures and technical issues with documentary evidence 188 An amount of unidentified proportions 177 has yet to be recovered as the full extent of the family s wealth remains unknown 115 In March 1968 Ferdinand and Imelda opened four accounts under the names of William Saunders and Jane Ryan with Credit Suisse in Zurich 189 190 Marcos using the alias William Saunders and Imelda using the alias Jane Ryan 191 192 These were later moved into other accounts under various dummy foundations but when relevant records were discovered by the new Philippine government after the 1986 EDSA revolution the Swiss Federal council froze them 193 On December 21 1990 the Swiss Federal Supreme Court ruled that these accounts could be turned over to the Philippine government on the condition that there be a concurring final and absolute judgment by a Philippine court 194 195 196 In 1997 the Swiss Federal Supreme Court established the funds to have been of criminal provenance and permitted their transfer to an escrow account in Manila pending a ruling from a Philippine court 136 which came in the form a confiscation ruling by the Philippine Supreme court on July 15 2003 197 Switzerland finally released a total of 683 million in Marcos funds to the Philippines Treasury in 2004 198 Throughout the 1980s Imelda Marcos bought four prominent buildings in Manhattan 199 These were the US 51 million Crown Building at the corner of 57th and Fifth 40 Wall Street later renamed the Trump building the US 60 million Herald Center 200 and the building at 200 Madison Avenue 201 202 203 She declined to buy the Empire State Building because she felt it was too ostentatious 204 179 On January 13 2014 three collections of Imelda Marcos s jewelry 205 the Malacanang collection the Roumeliotes collection and the Hawaii collection along with paintings by Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government 206 207 In 2015 a rare pink diamond worth 5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection 208 209 210 The value of the three collections was appraised to be at about 21 million on February 16 2016 when the government of the Philippines announced their intention to auction them off 211 212 They had not been sold as of April 17 2020 213 Her property also used to include a 175 piece art collection 214 which included works by Michelangelo Botticelli Canaletto Raphael 215 as well as Monet s L Eglise et La Seine a Vetheuil 1881 Alfred Sisley s Langland Bay 1887 and Albert Marquet s Le Cypres de Djenan Sidi Said 1946 216 217 On October 17 2013 the attempted sale of two Claude Monet paintings 218 L Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin Aux Nympheas became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista a one time aide to Imelda Marcos 219 220 Bautista was sentenced in 2014 to 2 6 years in prison for attempting to sell valuable masterpieces that belonged to her country 221 222 223 All told about P170 billion worth of the Marcos wealth had been recovered by the PCGG by 2018 from the Marcoses 224 22 about 3 6 billion out of their 5 billion to 10 billion estimated ill gotten wealth 21 Net worth in 2012 Edit In 2012 Imelda Marcos declared her net worth to be US 22 million and was likewise listed as the second richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician Manny Pacquiao 225 226 227 She has claimed without evidence that her fortune came from Ferdinand Marcos s discovery of Yamashita s gold a semi mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II 228 229 230 But Marcos has also said in interviews that If you know how rich you are you are not rich But me I am not aware of the extent of my wealth That s how rich we are 231 World record for largest theft from a government Edit The amount the Marcoses were estimated to have plundered from the Philippines is so large that it has been the subject of world records Imelda Marcos together with her husband Ferdinand who is considered by many to be one of the greatest plunderers in history according to the Washington Post 232 were jointly credited in 1989 by Guinness World Records with the largest ever theft from a government an estimated 5 billion to 10 billion dollars salted away 233 234 30 She is quoted as having stated We practically own everything in the Philippines from electricity telecommunications airlines banking beer and tobacco newspaper publishing television stations shipping oil and mining hotels and beach resorts down to coconut milling small farms real estate and insurance 235 In 2009 Imelda Marcos was listed by Newsweek as being one of the greediest people of all time 236 237 To this Marcos replied I plead guilty For me greedy is giving I was first lady for 20 years you have to be greedy first to give to all It is natural The only things we keep in life are those we give away 238 Edifice complex EditSee also Edifice complex The term edifice complex has been applied to Imelda and her penchant for grandiose public buildings often constructed in impossibly short order 9 Imelda s building projects were often of the Brutalist architectural style 239 240 characterized by fortress like massive shapes intended to effect a sense of grandiosity In 1966 Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No 60 establishing the Cultural Center of the Philippines and appointing its board of directors The board elected Imelda as their chairperson giving her the legal mandate to negotiate and manage funds for the center 11 65 The Cultural Center of the Philippines CCP Complex is considered the premier symbol of Imelda s edifice complex 241 240 It was designed by Architect Leandro Locsin and was built on a reclaimed land along Roxas Boulevard in Manila and covered an area of about 21 hectares 52 acres Ninety thousand pesos was granted by the Philippine American Culture Foundation for its construction 42 page needed and was aided with funds from the Cultural Development Fund and the Special Fund for Education 241 page needed Upon completion it amounted to 50 million a 50 000 increase from the original budget 41 page needed Although it is notable that prices of the construction materials such as cement steel and tiles increased by 30 to 40 within this time frame the escalation in the increase of the expenditures are highly questionable Imelda called the CCP Complex the sanctuary of the Filipino soul as it became the locus of all state initiated cultural productions 241 page needed Another construction project linked with Imelda during her husband s first term as President is the San Juanico Bridge which links the island of Samar to Imelda s home province Leyte 242 Although it wasn t initiated by Imelda herself it was promoted by the administration as Ferdinand Marcos s gift to his wife 243 244 It was funded with foreign loans of US 22 million about 140 million 245 from Japan s Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency OTCA the predecessor of today s Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA 242 246 Upon its completion on July 2 1973 Imelda s birthday economists and public works engineers quickly tagged it as a white elephant which was constructed several decades too soon 242 because its average daily traffic ADT was too low to justify the cost of its construction 242 Cultural influence Edit Imelda Marcos features prominently in protest art displayed in the lobby of the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Museum which documents the events of the Marcos Dictatorship and honors the heroes and martyrs that fought the regime Imeldific Edit In the late 1980s the revelation that Imelda Marcos had amassed a huge collection of art jewellery property and most famously at least 1 000 pairs of shoes 247 had turned her into a household name frequently compared to Marie Antoinette of France 248 249 except with shoes 7 This led to the coining of the Philippine English adjective Imeldific 250 to describe anything exaggeratedly ostentatious or in bad taste referring to clothing architecture decor etc 251 It also refers to people who have the Imelda Marcos syndrome tending to be extravagant and not being afraid to flaunt it 252 or to describe a lifestyle of ostentatious extravagance 253 It has also come to be used in International English with dictionary writer and Atlantic columnist Anne Soukhanov expounding on the ostentatious extravagance etymology 254 In popular international media the Sydney Morning Herald s Jackie Dent said it simply means to be well like Imelda 34 The coining of the term is often attributed to Imelda Marcos 253 although it was used by People Magazine s Carlos Lopez as early as April 1986 255 when he said Well at least Mrs Marcos has made a significant contribution to our lexicon To call something imeldific describes it as a shameless and vulgar extravagance 255 Fashion Edit Marcos influenced fashion in the Philippines 256 although her role as a patroness of the arts and fashion is still controversial 257 258 259 For instance she actively promoted the terno which also became her sartorial symbol 260 through projects such as Bagong Anyo and exhibitions abroad such as the Philippine contribution to the Expo 75 in Okinawa Japan 261 Imelda made a conscious effort to portray herself as a patron of the arts 58 including those who specialize in Filipino haute couture such as Pitoy Moreno and Inno Sotto 262 self published source In a section of the 2003 Ramona Diaz film named after her Imelda says that she maintains her extravagant clothing because it inspired the poor to dress better 263 Portrayals in news and art Edit In August 2019 writer director Lauren Greenfield debuted her documentary film The Kingmaker at the 76th Venice Film Festival after which it premiered at the Telluride Film Festival the Toronto International Film Festival and the London Film Festival the first documentary to ever debut at all four festivals in the same year 264 265 The documentary features the political career of Imelda Marcos with a focus on the Marcos family s efforts to rehabilitate the family s image and to return to political power 266 267 including her plans to see her son Bongbong become Vice President of the Philippines 268 It has a 97 fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 76 100 from Metacritic 269 270 In the late 1990s Imelda Marcos agreed to be the subject of a television documentary episode for PBS s Independent Lens simply titled Imelda by Ramona S Diaz 271 Released in 2003 the film documents her marriage to future President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos her rule under the dictatorship her exile in Hawaii and her eventual return to the Philippines 272 273 274 Imelda had its world premiere at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and its North American premiere in the documentary competition of the 2004 Sundance Film Festival where it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award Documentary 275 The film was also screened at the Maryland Film Festival in Baltimore It has a 94 fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 69 100 from Metacritic 276 277 Imelda Marcos obtained a temporary injunction that prevented the film from being shown in the Philippines for a brief time When the injunction was canceled and the film was released it earned more than Spider Man 2 and was considered a hit 278 The villain character Madame in the popular Filipino Comic Book series Trese is known for being a visual reference to Marcos with her coiffed hair butterfly sleeves and deep connections to the powerful figures of the Trese universe 279 280 281 The second track of Mark Knopfler s 1996 album Golden Heart is a sardonic song about her 282 In 2010 British producer Fatboy Slim and musician David Byrne released a concept album about her life called Here Lies Love 283 which later became a rock musical of the same name 284 In Manila local performance artist Carlos Celdran became known for his Living La Vida Imelda walking tour 285 which was also performed in Dubai in 2012 286 287 Filipino American drag artist Manila Luzon impersonated Mrs Marcos in the Snatch Game challenge in the third season of RuPaul s Drag Race 288 deriving humor from the First Lady s renowned obsession with shoes Hawaiian comedian Frank De Lima has impersonated her on various occasions 289 Actress Dimples Romana portrayed Marcos in the Maalaala Mo Kaya episode entitled Makinilya the second of the two part The Ninoy amp Cory Aquino Story aired on ABS CBN in 2010 290 291 Actress Ruffa Gutierrez also portrayed her in the 2022 film Maid in Malacanang and its sequel the 2023 film Martyr or Murderer actress Cindy Miranda portrays the young Marcos in the latter 292 In an episode of Saturday Night Live aired October 8 1988 she was portrayed by comedienne Nora Dunn during the segment Weekend Update 293 294 She is frequently mentioned in the following Netflix shows like Russian Doll episode Coney Island Baby The Crown episode Fairytale and Dynasty episode A Litte Father Daughter Chat 295 296 Honors Edit Japan Grand Cordon Paulownia of the Order of the Precious Crown 297 References Edit a b c Pedrosa 1987 pp 16 17 Imelda Marcos posts bail for graft conviction in Philippines NBC News Archived from the original on November 17 2018 Retrieved August 13 2020 a b Imelda Marcos ordered arrested for seven counts of graft CNN Philippines November 10 2018 Archived from the original on 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19 1990 a b Lodi News Sentinel Google News Archive Search news google com Retrieved September 22 2020 Judge Delays Hearing for Marcos Not Wife The New York Times October 28 1988 Lubasch Arnold October 22 1988 Marcos and wife 8 others Charged by US with fraud The New York Times Retrieved August 30 2013 Doris Duke Putting Up 5 Million Bail for Her Friend Imelda Marcos Associated Press November 2 1988 Celestine Bohlen Doris Duke Offers Mrs Marcos s Bail The New York Times November 3 1988 Craig Wolff The Marcos Verdict Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case The New York Times July 3 1990 a b From the archive 3 July 1990 Tears and cheers as Imelda cleared The Guardian July 2 2015 Retrieved September 11 2015 William C Rempel amp Kristina M Luz Imelda Marcos Saved Mother Hamilton Says Los Angeles Times May 16 1990 Olson Elizabeth October 23 1998 Ferdinand Marcos s Swiss Bank Legacy Tighter Rules for Despots and Criminals The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 4 2020 Marcelo Elizabeth September 11 2017 Cases vs Marcoses cronies remain pending at Sandigan since late 80s The Philippine Star Retrieved November 9 2018 Sandigan OKs Imelda bid for daily hearings on graft cases GMA News September 21 2007 Imelda Marcos innocent of dollar salting United Press International May 10 2008 a b c d e f g Gomez Jim November 9 2018 Imelda Marcos convicted of graft court orders her arrest The Miami Herald Archived from the original on November 9 2018 Aning Jerome September 22 2018 SC upholds Imelda acquittal scolds gov t Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved November 9 2018 Imelda Marcos Acquitted Again The New York Times March 11 2008 Unthinkable State lawyers want to know where Marcos funds went Philippine Daily Inquirer August 29 2012 Cayabyab Marc Jayson Imelda Marcos allowed to travel to Singapore despite graft cases Philippine Daily Inquirer Baun Lian January 17 2017 Imelda Marcos snubs last day of trial for 1991 graft case Rappler Philippines Archived from the original on January 22 2017 Malasig Jeline November 9 2018 Guilty The case of Imelda Marcos and her illegal Swiss based organizations InterAksyon Archived from the original on November 16 2018 a b Marcelo Elizabeth November 20 2018 Imelda Marcos lawyer told to explain absences The Philippine Star Archived from the original on November 20 2018 Imelda Marcos withdraws bid for governor after graft conviction ABS CBN News November 29 2018 Archived from the original on November 30 2018 a b Imelda Marcos temporarily free as Sandiganbayan decides on her appeal for post conviction remedies CNN Philippines November 16 2018 Archived from the original on November 23 2018 Nonato Vince F December 4 2018 Like Enrile old age also applied in Imelda s case Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on December 4 2018 a b Punongbayan Michael December 1 2018 Sandiganbayan allows Imelda Marcos to run to Supreme Court The Philippine Star Archived from the original on December 4 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their ill gotten wealth VeraFiles September 28 2017 Retrieved June 23 2020 Imelda Marcos net worth P932 8 M ABS CBN News Agence France Presse May 4 2012 Halls Eleanor December 6 2019 7 million shopping sprees and 3 000 pairs of shoes the crazy rich life of Imelda Marcos Archived from the original on January 11 2022 Retrieved September 18 2020 Quinn Hal December 16 1985 The Marcos money empire Maclean s Archived from the original on June 23 2020 Retrieved June 24 2020 Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs 1987 Investigation of Philippine Investments in the United States Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives Ninety ninth Congress First and Second Sessions December 3 11 12 13 17 and 19 1985 January 21 23 and 29 March 18 and 19 April 9 and 17 1986 U S Government Printing Office Henry James S 2003 The blood bankers tales from the global underground economy New York Hachette UK ISBN 1 56858 305 2 OCLC 53930958 a b Romero Jose V Jr 2008 Philippine political economy Quezon City Philippines Central Book Supply ISBN 9789716918892 OCLC 302100329 Imelda The first lady of fashion Independent co uk November 8 2006 a b O Connor Maureen April 15 2013 5 Shopping Sprees So Wild They Made History New York Archived from the original on April 19 2013 Imeldific Aquino gives guided tour of Palace Philippine Daily Inquirer May 29 2016 Retrieved June 7 2016 Homage to Imelda s shoes BBC News February 16 2001 Global Corruption Report PDF Transparency International Archived from the original PDF on July 4 2007 Retrieved August 6 2009 Imelda Marcos s shoe collection gathers mould after years of neglect The Guardian September 23 2012 Retrieved June 9 2016 Imelda Marcos shoe collection survives Typhoon Ketsana The Guardian October 8 2009 Retrieved June 9 2016 Manila 10 Things to Do 7 Marikina Shoe Museum Time magazine January 21 2010 Yolanda destroys Imelda s ancestral house in Leyte GMA News November 19 2013 Tully Shawn January 9 2014 My afternoon with Imelda Marcos Fortune Retrieved June 7 2016 VERA FILES FACT CHECK Bongbong Marcos falsely claims martial law horrors fabricated Vera Files January 17 2020 Some Are Smarter Than Others amp The Collection of Jane Ryan and William Saunders Pio Abad s exploration of the Marcos horde The Philippine Star September 18 2014 Witness Say Imelda Marcos Used Pseudonym to Open Account The Daily News April 19 1990 Marcos Chronology Report www bibliotecapleyades net Rep of the Phil vs Sandiganbayan 152154 July 15 2003 J Corona En Banc Archived from the original on March 12 2019 Retrieved April 19 2015 R Salonga Jovito 2000 Presidential plunder the quest for the Marcos ill gotten wealth Quezon City U P Center for Leadership Citizenship and Democracy ISBN 9718567283 OCLC 44927743 Marcos convicted of graft in Manila The New York Times September 24 1993 Retrieved August 30 2013 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on April 17 2018 Retrieved August 21 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link The Political Economy of Corruption University of Hawaii July 1997 Philippines government gets Marcos millions StAR Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative Corruption Cases Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos Switzerland Archived from the original on February 19 2014 Perlez Jane March 21 1986 Marcos Linked to Four Manhattan Sites The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 24 2020 Manila After Marcos Managing a Frail economy Marcos Mansion Suggests Luxury The New York Times February 28 1986 Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs 1987 Investigation of Philippine Investments in the United States Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives Ninety ninth Congress First and Second 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Imelda Marcos s ill gotten jewels worth millions CNN Retrieved February 16 2016 Philippines to sell jewellery confiscated from Imelda Marcos The Daily Telegraph February 16 2016 Retrieved March 27 2016 Magcamit Yann April 17 2020 Palace considers selling Imelda s sequestered jewelry to fund COVID 19 efforts NoliSoli ph Makati Hinge Inquirer Publications Inquirer Group of Companies Retrieved August 18 2020 Marcoses Silver Sets Record At Auction The New York Times January 11 1991 Marcoses Raphael Sold To Italy for 1 65 Million The New York Times January 12 1991 Buettner Russ November 20 2012 Imelda Marcos s Ex Aide Charged in 80s Art Theft The New York Times Retrieved August 30 2013 Shoes jewels and Monets recovering the ill gotten wealth of Imelda Marcos Foreign Policy January 16 2014 Imelda Marcos s Ex Aide Charged in 80s Art Theft The New York Times November 20 2012 Ex Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet work Philippine Daily Inquirer October 17 2013 Retrieved October 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walk in the shoes of Imelda Marcos The Boston Globe Published on August 6 2004 Retrieved on January 8 2014 Ela Norby December 11 2014 LET S TALK KOMIKS Budjette Tan amp Kajo Baldisimo swim to HIGH TIDE AT MIDNIGHT Trese Book 6 FlipGeeks Retrieved August 30 2021 Trese on Netflix Here s our wishlist November 18 2018 Trese fanatics get lucky February 26 2015 Golden Heart Warner Music Group March 26 1996 The Imelda Marcos Story As Told by David Byrne Time magazine April 10 2010 Brantley Ben A Rise to Power Disco Round Included The New York Times April 23 2013 Retrieved June 9 2016 Whaley Floyd October 12 2012 In Manila Livin La Vida Imelda The New York Times Retrieved October 14 2012 Celdran held questioned over Imelda Marcos art in Dubai Philippine Daily Inquirer April 7 2012 Retrieved June 9 2016 Censored in Dubai Carlos Celdran cancels Imelda show GMA News March 23 2012 Retrieved June 9 2016 On the Spot Manila Luzon SPOT PH The Best of De Lima Too Pocholinga Productions 1991 OCLC 663146712 Kalapati Ninoy Cory Love Story Maalaala Mo Kaya The 25th Anniversary ABS CBN Corporation Archived from the original on August 20 2016 Llanes Rommel R January 19 2010 Dimples Romana turns Imeldific in Maalaala Mo Kaya PEP ph Philippine Entertainment Portal Inc Retrieved September 7 2020 de Leon Richard December 1 2022 Cindy Miranda gaganap na young Imelda sa MoM Balita Retrieved January 5 2023 Imelda Marcos Saturday Night Live retrieved December 29 2022 Saturday Night Live Bruce Willis Neil Young TV Episode 1989 IMDb retrieved December 29 2022 Shell or Shoe Netflix s The Crown makes fun of Imelda Marcos November 16 2020 Retrieved November 13 2022 Imelda Marcos becomes a punchline in the latest episode of Dynasty PEP ph Philippine Entertainment Portal Inc November 5 2021 Retrieved October 16 2022 Filipino recipients of Japanese decorations and Japanese recipients of Philippine decorations Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Archived from the original on June 3 2017 Retrieved June 30 2022 Bibliography Edit Ellison Katherine 1988 Imelda Steel Butterfly of the Philippines 1st ed McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0 07019 335 2 Retrieved June 13 2016 via Internet Archive Mijares Primitivo 1976 The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos Union Square Publications Retrieved June 13 2016 Pedrosa Carmen Navarro 1969 The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos Tandem Publishing Co ASIN B004X1NGV2 Pedrosa Carmen Navarro 1987 Imelda Marcos The Rise and Fall of One of the World s Most Powerful Women St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 31200 058 5 Pedrosa Carmen Navarro 1987b The Rise and Fall of Imelda Marcos Bookmark ISBN 978 9 71134 031 5 Polotan Kerima 1970 Imelda Romualdez Marcos A Biography First ed Cleveland Ohio The World Publishing Company ASIN B0006CUAQQ Quah Jon S T 2011 Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries an Impossible Dream Emerald Group Publishing ISBN 978 0 85724 819 0 Tarling Nicholas 1999 The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia Volume 2 Part 2 From World War II to the Present Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 66372 4 Retrieved June 13 2016 External links EditThe Missing Art Movement archived website by the Presidential Commission on Good Government on artworks bought by the Marcoses using stolen taxpayer money The Marcos Regime Research MRR program by the University of the Philippines Third World Studies Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imelda Marcos amp oldid 1133847479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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