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Faisal of Saudi Arabia

January 08, 2024

"Shah Faisal" redirects here. For other uses, see Shah Faisal (disambiguation).

Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود Fayṣal ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz Āl Suʿūd, Najdi Arabic pronunciation: [fæjsˤɑl ben ˈʕæbd ælʕæˈziːz ʔæːl sæˈʕuːd]; 14 April 1906 – 25 March 1975) was a Saudi Arabian statesman and diplomat who was King of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 until his assassination in 1975. Prior to his ascension, he served as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 9 November 1953 to 2 November 1964, and he was briefly regent to his half-brother King Saud in 1964. He was prime minister from 1954 to 1960 and from 1962 to 1975. Faisal was the third son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia.[note 1]

Faisal
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Formal portrait, 1945
King of Saudi Arabia
Reign2 November 1964 – 25 March 1975
Bay'ah2 November 1964
PredecessorSaud
SuccessorKhalid
Regent of Saudi Arabia
Tenure4 March 1964 – 2 November 1964
Monarch
Saud
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
Tenure16 August 1954 – 21 December 1960
PredecessorSaud bin Abdulaziz
SuccessorSaud bin Abdulaziz
Tenure31 October 1962 – 25 March 1975
PredecessorSaud bin Abdulaziz
SuccessorKhalid bin Abdulaziz
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
Tenure9 November 1953 – 2 November 1964
Monarch
Saud
PredecessorSaud bin Abdulaziz
SuccessorKhalid bin Abdulaziz
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Tenure19 December 1930 – 22 December 1960
Monarch
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorIbrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel
Tenure16 March 1962 – 25 March 1975
Monarch
Saud
Himself
PredecessorIbrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel
SuccessorSaud Al Faisal
Viceroy of Hejaz
Tenure9 February 1926 – 22 September 1932
Monarch
Abdulaziz
SuccessorKhalid bin Abdulaziz
Born(1906-04-14)14 April 1906
Riyadh, Emirate of Riyadh
Died25 March 1975(1975-03-25) (aged 68)
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Burial26 March 1975
Al-Oud cemetery, Riyadh
Spouses
List
  • Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
  • Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan
  • Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir
  • Haya bint Turki Al Turki
  • Hessa bint Muhammad Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail
  • Munira bint Suhaim Al Thunayan Al Mahasher
  • Fatima bint Abdulaziz Al Shahrani
Issue
Among others ...
List
Names
Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman
HouseAl Saud
FatherAbdulaziz of Saudi Arabia
MotherTarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh
Occupation
  • Politician
  • diplomat
Signature
Military career
AllegianceSaudi Arabia
Service/branchArmed Forces of Saudi Arabia
Years of service1917–1975
Battles/wars

Faisal was the son of Abdulaziz and Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh. His father was still reigning as Emir of Nejd at the time of Faisal's birth,[note 2] and his mother was from the Al ash-Sheikh family which has produced many prominent Saudi religious leaders. Faisal emerged as an influential royal politician during his father's reign. He served as viceroy of Hejaz from 1926 to 1932. He was the Saudi foreign minister from 1930 and prime minister from 1954 until his death, except for a two-year break in both positions from 1960 to 1962. After his father died in 1953 and his half-brother Saud became king, Faisal became crown prince, and in that position he outlawed slavery in Saudi Arabia. He persuaded King Saud to abdicate in his favour in 1964 with the help of other members of the royal family and his maternal cousin Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia.

Faisal implemented a policy of modernization and reform. His main foreign policy themes were pan-Islamism, anti-communism,[5][note 3] and pro-Palestinianism. He attempted to limit the power of Islamic religious officials. Protesting against support that Israel received from the West, he led the oil embargo which caused the 1973 oil crisis. Faisal successfully stabilized the Kingdom's bureaucracy, and his reign had significant popularity among Saudi Arabians despite his reforms facing some controversy. Following his assassination by his nephew Faisal bin Musaid in 1975, he was succeeded by his half-brother Khalid.

Early life and education

 
At the age of thirteen, during his visit to the United Kingdom in 1919

Faisal bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh on 14 April 1906.[6][7] He was the third son of Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman, then Emir of Nejd; Faisal was the first of his father's sons who was born in Riyadh.[8][9] His mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh,[10] whom Abdulaziz had married in 1902 after capturing Riyadh. Tarfa was a descendant of the religious leader Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.[11] Faisal's maternal grandfather, Abdullah bin Abdullatif Al Sheikh, was one of Abdulaziz's principal religious teachers and advisers.[12][13] Faisal had an older full sister, Noura, who married her cousin Khalid bin Muhammad, a son of Abdulaziz's half-brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman.[14][note 4]

Tarfa bint Abdullah died in 1906 when Faisal was six months old.[12] He then began to live with his maternal grandparents, Abdullah bin Abdullatif and Haya bint Abdul Rahman Al Muqbel,[15] who educated their grandson.[12] Under the mentorship of his grandfather, Prince Faisal completed his studies of reading the Qur'an and studying Islamic law and doctrines at the age of nine.[16] He also learned horseback riding and politics from his father. His father influenced him militarily and politically, and at a young age, Faisal was chosen to represent his father in international forums.[16]

According to Helen Chapin Metz, Faisal, and most of his generation, was raised in an atmosphere in which courage was extremely valued and reinforced.[17] From 1916 he was tutored by Hafiz Wahba who later served in various governmental posts.[18][19]

Early political experience

 
Leading the Asir campaign, 1922
 
Visiting Camp de Satory in France, 1932
 
Faisal, as minister of foreign affairs, in 1942

As one of Abdulaziz's eldest sons, Faisal was given numerous responsibilities. In 1919 the British government invited Abdulaziz to visit London.[20] He could not go, but he assigned his eldest son, Turki, as his envoy.[20] However, Prince Turki died due to Spanish flu before the visit.[20] Therefore, Faisal was sent to London instead, making him the first ever Saudi Arabian royal to visit England.[20] His visit lasted for five months, and he met with British officials.[21] During the same period, he also visited France, again being the first Saudi Arabian royal to pay an official visit there.[22]

Abdulaziz gave his son Faisal many military duties to consolidate authority over Arabia. After the capture of Hail and initial control over Asir in 1922, Faisal was sent to these provinces with nearly six thousand fighters. He achieved complete control over Asir at the end of the year.[23]

Viceroy of Hejaz and foreign minister

Prince Faisal was appointed viceroy of Hejaz on 9 February 1926 following his father's takeover of the region.[24][25][26] He often consulted with local leaders during his tenure.[27] Faisal was the president of the Consultative Assembly and the minister of interior.[28] In December 1931, following the announcement of the constitution of the Council of Deputies (Majlis al Wukala), he also became the president of the four-member council and minister of foreign affairs.[28] He would continue to oversee Saudi foreign policy until his death—even as king, with only a two-year break[29] between 1960 and 1962.[25]

 
With Prince Khalid in Washington, D.C., 1943

Faisal visited several countries in this period, including Iran in May 1932,[30] Poland in 1932 and Russia in 1933.[31][32] On 8 July 1932 he visited Turkey and met with President Kemal Atatürk.[33] On 23 September 1932, the prince officially announced the establishment of Saudi Arabia on behalf of his father from Al Hamidiyah Palace in Mecca by reading out the royal decree that renamed the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[34][35] Faisal commanded a campaign during the Saudi–Yemeni War in 1934, resulting in a Saudi victory.[25] He and his half-brother Khalid visited the US in October 1943 following the invitation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[36] This is one of the early contacts between Saudi Arabia and the US.[36]

As King Abdulaziz neared the end of his life, he favored Faisal as a possible successor over his eldest living son, Crown Prince Saud, due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Abdulaziz recognized him as the most brilliant of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Abdulaziz once said when discussing who would succeed him.[37] However, Abdulaziz made the decision to keep Saud as crown prince in the fear that otherwise would lead to decreased stability.[38]

Crown prince and prime minister

King Abdulaziz died on 9 November 1953, and Prince Faisal was at his side.[7][39][40] Faisal's elder half-brother, Saud, became king. Faisal was then appointed crown prince. On 16 August 1954 he was made prime minister.[41]

 
With Gamal Abdel Nasser in Hejaz, 1954

King Saud embarked on a spending program that included the construction of a massive royal residence on the outskirts of the capital, Riyadh. He also faced pressure from neighboring Egypt, where Gamal Abdel Nasser had overthrown the monarchy in 1952. Nasser was able to cultivate a group of dissident princes led by Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz, who defected to Egypt. Fearing that Saud's financial policies were bringing the state to the brink of collapse, and that his handling of foreign affairs was inept, senior members of the royal family and the ulema (religious leadership) pressured Saud into appointing Faisal to the position of prime minister in 1958, giving Faisal wide executive powers.[42]

A power struggle ensued between Saud and Faisal, and on 18 December 1960, Faisal resigned as prime minister in protest, arguing that Saud was frustrating his financial reforms. Saud took back his executive powers and, having induced Prince Talal to return from Egypt, appointed him as minister of finance in July 1958.[43][44] In 1962, however, Faisal rallied enough support within the royal family to install himself as prime minister for a second time.[42] Less than a month before this event Faisal held a secret meeting with US president John F. Kennedy in Washington, D.C., on 4 October 1962.[45][46] The same year, Faisal announced the Ten Point Program, which outlined Saudi Arabia's path to becoming an industrialized nation by implementing economic, financial, political, and legal principles. Among the highlights were:

 
Meeting with President Kennedy, October 1962
  • Issuing a basic system of governance derived from Islamic Sharia and developing the system of governance and the Saudi Arabian Council of Ministers.
  • Establishing a system for the provinces, clarifying the method of local government, in the various regions of the Kingdom.
  • Establishing a system for the independence of the judiciary, under the control of a Supreme Judicial Council, and establishing the Ministry of Justice.
  • Establishing a Supreme Council for issuing fatwas, comprising twenty jurists.
  • Improving the social level of the Saudi people, through free medical treatment, free education, and the exemption of many foodstuffs from customs duties. In addition, a social security system and a system to protect workers from unemployment were established.
  • Establishing a program for economic recovery, strengthening the financial position of the Kingdom, developing a program to raise the standard of living of citizens, establishing a road network linking parts of the Kingdom and its cities, providing water sources for drinking and agriculture, and ensuring the protection of light and heavy national industries. This includes allocating all the additional sums that the government would receive from Aramco for its rights claimed by the companies for the past years, and harnessing them to serve development projects.
  • Continuing to develop girls' education as well as the advancement of women.
  • The liberation of slaves and the abolition of slavery, once and for all in Saudi Arabia.[47][24]

Faisal founded the Economic Development Committee in 1958.[48] He was instrumental in the establishment of the Islamic University of Madinah in 1961. In 1962 he helped found the Muslim World League, a worldwide charity to which the Saudi royal family has reportedly since donated more than a billion dollars.[49] In 1963 he established the country's first television station, though actual broadcasts would not begin for another two years.[50]

Struggle with King Saud

Further information: History of Saudi Arabia § Modern history
 
King Abdulaziz (seated) with his sons Faisal (left) and Saud, early 1950s. After their father died in 1953, a rivalry developed between Saud and Faisal that would culminate in Saud's removal from power.

During this period, the struggle with King Saud continued in the background, with the royal princes meeting and asking Faisal to take over effective control from Saud. Saud had driven the country into serious debt and embarrassed the royal family by becoming embroiled in a plan to assassinate United Arab Republic president Gamal Abdel Nasser.[51]

Faisal took advantage of Saud's absence from the country for medical reasons in early 1963 to amass greater power for himself as Saudi Arabia's political and economic circumstances worsened. He removed many of Saud's loyalists from their posts and appointed like-minded princes in key military and security positions,[52][53] such as his half-brother Prince Abdullah, to whom he gave command of the National Guard in 1962. Upon his return, Saud rejected Faisal's new arrangement and requested that all of his powers be restored.[51]

In response, Faisal called a meeting of all senior members of the royal family, excluding Saud, as well as ulema and tribal elders. Faisal had convened the tribe chiefs in response to Saud's demand that his full powers be restored.[51] As a result, the assembly supported Faisal and proposed that Saud be deposed from the throne and Faisal be proclaimed monarch. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, a maternal cousin of Faisal, issued a fatwa (edict) calling on the King to accede to his brother's demands.[51] Faisal, on the other hand, urged that Saud keep the royal title. He was said to have felt bound by his oath to his father that he would recognize Saud as king. All that mattered, he maintained, was that Saud leave power in Faisal's hands and stay out of public life.[52]

As a last-ditch attempt to reclaim executive powers, Saud ordered the deployment of the Royal Guard at Nasriyah Palace, prompting Faisal to order the National Guard to surround Saud's palace.[51] His loyalists outnumbered and outgunned, Saud relented, and on 4 March 1964, Faisal was appointed regent. A meeting of the elders of the royal family and the ulema was convened later that year, and the grand mufti decreed a second fatwa, calling on Saud to abdicate the throne in favor of his brother. Faisal believed that Saud's continued ill health compelled him to take the throne, thus absolving him of the oath.[54] The royal family supported the fatwa and immediately informed Saud of their decision. Saud, by now shorn of all his powers, agreed, and Faisal was proclaimed king on 2 November 1964.[42][53] Saud then went into exile, finding refuge in Egypt before eventually settling in Greece.[55]

Abolition of slavery

See also: Islamic views on slavery

Slavery did not vanish in Saudi Arabia until Faisal issued a decree for its total abolition in 1962. BBC presenter Peter Hobday stated that about 1,682 slaves were freed at that time, at a cost to the government of $2,000 each.[56] The political analyst Bruce Riedel argued that the US began to raise the issue of slavery after the meeting between King Abdulaziz and US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 and that John F. Kennedy finally persuaded the House of Saud to abolish slavery in 1962.[57]

King of Saudi Arabia

Further information: History of Saudi Arabia § Modern history
 
Arab leaders meet in Cairo, September 1970. From left to right: Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), Yasser Arafat (Palestine), Jaafar al-Nimeiri (Sudan), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), King Faisal (Saudi Arabia) and Sheikh Sabah (Kuwait)

In a speech shortly after becoming king, Faisal said:

I beg of you, brothers, to look upon me as both brother and servant. 'Majesty' is reserved to God alone and 'the throne' is the throne of the Heavens and Earth.[58]

One of the earliest actions Faisal took as king was to establish a council to deal with future succession issues.[59] The members were his uncles Abdullah and Musaid and his half-brothers Khalid, Fahd, Abdullah, Sultan, and Nawwaf.[59] In 1967 Faisal established the post of second prime minister and appointed Prince Fahd to this post.[46] The reason for this newly established body was Prince Khalid's request and suggestion.[60] The use of Saudi Arabia's flag was made by him official on 15 March 1973, although it had been in use since 1902.[61]

Faisal's most senior adviser during his reign was Rashad Pharaon, his father's private physician.[62] Another adviser was Grand Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al Sheikh, who was influential in shaping the King's political role in the Arab world.[63]

Modernization

Early in his rule, Faisal issued an edict that all Saudi princes had to school their children inside the country, rather than sending them abroad; this had the effect of making it popular for upper-class families to bring their sons back to study in the Kingdom.[64] He also introduced the country's current system of administrative regions, and laid the foundations for a modern welfare system. In 1970 he established the Ministry of Justice and inaugurated the country's first "five-year plan" for economic development.[65]

One of Faisal's modernization attempts was the new laws on media, publishing, and archiving and bilateral cultural cooperation protocols with foreign and corporate archives that kept records about mid-twentieth century Arabia.[45] Television broadcasts officially began in 1965. The same year a nephew of Faisal attacked the newly established headquarters of Saudi television but was killed by security personnel. The attacker was the brother of Faisal's future assassin, and the incident is the most widely accepted motive for the murder.[66] Although there was some discontent with the social changes he carried out, the Arab world grew to respect Faisal as a result of his policies modernizing Saudi Arabia, his management of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, his reputation as a staunch opponent of Zionism, and the country's fast-rising financial strength.[67]

Economic development

Faisal pursued strategies to maximize the utilization of oil revenue and initiated a thorough evaluation of the profit-sharing agreement with Aramco, which he deemed inequitable and requested its revision. Additionally, the government transitioned from engaging in oil reservoir exploitation agreements to exclusively granting oil investment concessions to state institutions.[68] Following the declaration of bankruptcy within the government treasury, Faisal directed his focus towards revitalizing industrial, agricultural, financial, and economic enterprises, earning recognition for his instrumental role in the economic and administrative rejuvenation of the Kingdom.[69]

Faisal took charge of formulating the nation's five-year plans and started setting up the structure of administrative regions. To bolster the capabilities of state service institutions, he enlisted the aid of foreign consulting firms. Furthermore, he actively participated in the development of industries, agriculture, project initiatives, land investments, and the exploration of natural resources and sources of potable water. Faisal played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Petromin Corporation and laid the foundation for a comprehensive network of power plants. Additionally, he spearheaded the creation of essential industries such as petrochemicals, iron, steel, cement, and mining. Recognizing the significance of skill development, Faisal advocated for sending students to Western countries for training, thereby contributing to the growth of industrial ventures. In 1969, the Kingdom initiated its inaugural development strategy.[70] Faisal held a meeting with US president Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966, forging a Saudi-American alliance focused on collaborative endeavors for the advancement of the Kingdom. Subsequently, in 1971, Faisal engaged with President Richard Nixon during a meeting in Washington. Three years later, in 1973, the Joint Saudi-American Economic Committee was established. A milestone occurred in 1974 when Nixon became the first US president to visit Saudi Arabia.[71][72]

 
Abha Dam, completed in 1974

Agricultural development

In 1965, the Ministry of Agriculture collaborated with multinational consulting firms to establish a comprehensive program for water exploration. This initiative aimed to systematically search for water resources by extraction. The Ministry dedicated its endeavors to enhance agricultural practices, promote livestock and fisheries, conserve plant species, combat desertification, and provide guidance to farmers for improving date production.[68] Furthermore, it actively encouraged the commercial sector to invest in the packaging and preservation of dates. Several significant projects were successfully accomplished during this period, including the construction of the Jizan Dam in 1970, which was completed with the assistance of foreign corporations.[68] In Al-Ahsa, a water-saving initiative was implemented through an irrigation and drainage project, aimed at conserving water from springs and wells while effectively utilizing any surplus. Dams were constructed in Abha, Al-Majma'ah, and along Wadi Hanifa near Riyadh to collect rainwater. Moreover, agricultural ventures were initiated in Tabuk Province, Al-Jawf Province, Wadi Sirhan, Al-Qassim Province, Al Aflaj Governorate, Wadi Bisha, and Najran Province.[68] The Ministry also instructed the Agricultural Bank to offer loans to farmers and fishermen for the procurement of essential equipment, with the condition that the loans be repaid in interest-free, long-term installments.[68]

Transportation development

Under his leadership, Faisal oversaw the extensive expansion of modern road networks throughout the Kingdom, enlisting the expertise of international companies for their implementation. These developments facilitated connections with neighboring countries such as Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Kuwait.[68] Additionally, he prioritized the development of agricultural roads, enabling villages and farmers to transport their products to market efficiently. In the realm of aviation, airports were expanded and upgraded, while Saudi Arabian Airlines acquired jet planes to enhance their services.[68] Notably, an institute for civil aviation training was established in Jeddah. In parallel, port traffic experienced significant growth, with the expansion of the Jeddah Islamic Port and the establishment of new ports in Yanbu and Jazan.[68]

 
Inaugurating the College of Petroleum and Minerals, 1974

Education development

Education received paramount attention and underwent significant improvements during Faisal's reign. Reforms were implemented in the curricula, accompanied by an increase in foreign educational missions. Special provisions were made to financially support families who lacked resources to educate their children, emphasizing equal opportunities for both male and female students. Textbooks were distributed free of charge, eliminating any associated fees. In 1974, Faisal also directed the establishment of Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh.[73] Furthermore, in 1967, he established the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. In 1974, he ordered the Council of Ministers to merge the university with the government, converting it to a public university and offering free education to Saudi students.[74] In 1975, the College of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran was converted into the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.[75] Similarly, King Faisal University was established in Al-Ahsa in 1975, although it was inaugurated during the reign of his brother Khalid in 1977.[76]

Faisal is recognized for his significant contributions to women's education in Saudi Arabia, starting from his time as crown prince. In 1956, he established the first regular government school for girls in the country, known as Dar Al Hanan. This school was established under the patronage of his wife Iffat. A major milestone occurred in 1960 when a royal order was issued during the reign of King Saud, leading to the establishment of the General Presidency for Girls Education. This marked the official beginning of women's education in Saudi Arabia, providing them with broader access to educational opportunities.[77]

Health development

Medical professionals, including doctors and nursing staff, were recruited from various countries worldwide under the leadership of King Faisal. Recognizing the importance of healthcare, he issued an order to establish the King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh on land that he donated, which commenced its operations in 1975. Collaboration with the World Health Organization was fostered to develop government health programs.[78] Notably, significant investments were allocated to the healthcare sector, with funding reaching 3.4% of the budget, aimed at advancing the foundational components of the healthcare system. In 1973 alone, the allocated budget for public health and social affairs amounted to 591 million riyals. The kingdom implemented a strategic planning system within its five-year plan from 1970 to 1975. The number of doctors increased to 1,020, health assistants rose to 3,750, hospital beds witnessed a 30% increase, dispensaries expanded by 60%, and the number of health centers grew to 200, reflecting the Kingdom's commitment to enhancing healthcare services.[79]

 
A Saudi Arabian Lightning fighter on display at the gates of King Faisal Air Base in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
 
A Saudi Arabian Mirage 5SDE tactical fighter in 1972

Military development

Upon ascending to the throne, Faisal devised a comprehensive strategy for the Royal Saudi Air Force that aligned with the prevailing needs and demands of the era. Recognizing the necessity of a distinguished institution capable of accommodating a substantial number of Saudi students and providing them with top-tier training, he embarked on the task of finding a suitable college. Consequently, the announcement regarding the establishment of the King Faisal Air Academy was made in 1967, and it officially commenced its operations three years later, specifically in 1970.[80]

In December 1965, Faisal initiated a procurement of advanced weaponry and equipment, which included forty Lightning fighters. This consisted of 34 single-seat aircraft and 6 two-seat aircraft. Deliveries of these aircraft commenced on July 1, 1968, with two (F.Mk 53) aircraft taking off from Wharton and reaching Jeddah. The delivery process concluded in September 1969, with the receipt of the final aircraft manufactured, bearing the serial number (53-700), on June 29, 1972. The Lightning fighters remained in active service until January 1986.

In 1972, Faisal placed an order for 39 Mirage 5 aircraft from France. However, upon their arrival in the Kingdom in 1974, and before the Royal Saudi Air Force could utilize them, the King decided to donate the aircraft to Egypt in order to bolster their air force. Faisal undertook this gesture of support to assist Egypt in strengthening its military capabilities.[81]

Military cities

During his reign, Faisal oversaw the establishment of the first advanced military cities. These cities were designed as modern complexes, encompassing military bases, training and shooting fields, warehouses for storing ammunition and combat equipment vehicles, as well as residential neighborhoods with educational, healthcare, recreational, and commercial facilities. These military cities also featured landscaped gardens, green spaces, and sports clubs. The inaugural military city was the King Faisal Military City, established in 1971 near the city of Khamis Mushait in the southern region. Subsequently, the King Abdulaziz Military City was established in the northwestern region and was officially inaugurated by King Faisal in 1973. These military cities represented significant developments in infrastructure and provided comprehensive facilities to support military personnel and their families.[82][83]

Steps against coups d'état

See also: 1969 Saudi Arabian coup d'état attempt

The 1950s and 1960s saw numerous coups d'état in the region. Muammar Gaddafi's coup that overthrew the monarchy in oil-rich Libya in 1969 was especially threatening for Saudi Arabia due to the similarity between the two sparsely-populated desert countries.[84] As a result, Faisal undertook to build a sophisticated security apparatus and cracked down firmly on dissent. As in all affairs, he justified these policies in Islamic terms. Early in his reign, when faced with demands for a written constitution for the country, Faisal responded that "our constitution is the Qur'an".[85] In the summer of 1969 he ordered the arrest of hundreds of military officers, including some generals,[86] alleging that a military coup d'état was being planned. The coup was planned primarily by air force officers and aimed at overthrowing the monarchy and founding a Nasserist regime in the country.[87] King Faisal claimed that Sami Sharaf, one of the Gamal Abdel Nasser's officials, was the planner of the plot.[88] The arrests were possibly based on a tip from American intelligence.[84]

Religious inclusiveness

See also: Religion in Saudi Arabia
 
With Egyptian imam and Quran reciter Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad, early 1970s

Faisal seemed to hold the pluralist view, favouring limited, cautious accommodation of popular demands for inclusive reform, and made repeated attempts to broaden political representation, harking back to his temporarily successful national integration policy from 1965 to 1975. The King acknowledged his country's religious and cultural diversity, which includes the predominantly Shia Al Ahsa in the east; the Asir in the southwest, with tribal affinities to Yemen, especially among the Ismaili tribes of Najran and Jizan; and the Kingdom of the Hejaz, with its capital Mecca. He included non-Wahhabi, cosmopolitan Sunni Hejazis from Mecca and Jeddah in the Saudi government.[89] It was said that he would not take any decision regarding Mecca without seeking the advice of Sunni (Sufi) scholar al-Sayyid 'Alawi ibn 'Abbas al-Maliki al-Hasani, the father of Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki.[90] Similarly in 1962, in promoting a broader, non-sectarian form of pan-Islamism, Faisal launched the Muslim World League where the Tijani Sufi scholar Ibrahim Niass was invited.[91] Furthermore, he countered the outlook of certain prior Saudi rulers in declaring to the Saudi state clergy that, "All Muslims, from Egypt, India etc. are your brothers".[92] However Mai Yamani argued that after his reign, discrimination based on sect, tribe, region, and gender became the order of the day and has remained as such until today.[89]

The role and authority of the state clergy declined after Faisal became king in 1964, even though they had helped bring him to the throne. Despite his piety and biological relationship through his mother to the Al as Shaykh family, and his support for the pan-Islamic movement in his struggle against pan-Arabism, he decreased the ulema's power and influence.[93] Unlike his successor Khalid, Faisal attempted to prevent radical clerics from controlling religious institutions such as the Council of Senior Ulema, the highest religious institution in Saudi Arabia, or taking religious offices such as Grand Mufti, responsible for preserving Islamic law. But his advisers warned that, once religious zealots had been motivated, disastrous effects would result.[49]

Due to his status as a pious Muslim, Faisal was able to implement careful social reforms such as female education. Despite this, religious conservatives staged large protests. By holding talks with the conservatives, he was able to persuade them of the importance of progress in the coming years by using their own logic.[93][94]

Corruption in the royal family was taken very seriously by religious figures in the Islamic theological colleges. They challenged some of the accepted theological interpretations adopted by the Saudi regime. One such influential figure was Sheikh Abdulaziz Bin Baz, then rector of the Al Medina college of theology (later he would serve as the country's grand mufti). Faisal would not tolerate his criticism and had him removed from his position. However, the teachings of Bin Baz had already radicalized some of his students, one of which was Juhayman al-Otaybi.[56]

Interest in holy sites

 
Visiting Palestine in 1966. During this time, he prayed in Al Aqsa Mosque.

The Saudi Binladin Group was tasked with expanding Masjid al-Haram, which would be the first substantial enlargement in a thousand years. This massive project began in 1955, during the reign of King Saud, and continued for twenty years during the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid. In 1967, a conference in Mecca brought together a significant number of Muslim architects to discuss possible design alternatives. Faisal objected to the conference's recommendation to demolish a significant portion of the Ottoman structure, arguing that the Ottoman structure should be preserved and new architectural designs created using the best methods of convergence. A new phase of construction began in 1969 with the addition of two new wings and repairs to the sanctuary's existing structure. During this phase, the surrounding roadways were developed and the squares were installed. At the time, the project cost approximately 800 million Saudi riyals. In 1962, he also ordered the reopening of the Kaaba Cloth Factory in Mecca due to political tensions between Egypt (then called the United Arab Republic) and Saudi Arabia.[95]

The Muslim World League planned to renovate Maqam Ibrahim in 1965, with the maqam housed inside a crystal pillar with a silver lid. Faisal agreed and issued an order putting the plan in motion. Buildings were demolished to make the circumambulation rituals easier. By 1967, the area around Maqam Ibrahim had grown, and crowds were able to perform the circumambulation rituals in comfort and ease.[96]

In the case of the Prophet's Mosque, Faisal gave an order to construct prayer areas to the west of the mosque following the completion of the first Saudi expansion, which opened in 1955 and due to an increase in the number of pilgrims. It was built in 1973 and stood until the second Saudi expansion, when it was decommissioned. The Saudi Binladin Group was also sent to East Jerusalem in 1964 to perform restoration work on the Dome of the Rock.[97]

Foreign policy

Further information: Arab Cold War
 
Meeting US president Richard Nixon and his wife Pat Nixon in Washington, D.C., 27 May 1971

As king, Faisal employed Islam as one of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy tools which differentiated him from King Abdulaziz and King Saud.[98] However, he continued the close alliance with the United States begun by King Abdulaziz, and relied on the US heavily for arming and training his armed forces. Faisal's first official visit as king to the US was in June 1966.[36]

Faisal was anti-communist. He refused any political ties with the Soviet Union and other Communist bloc countries, professing to see a complete incompatibility between communism and Islam.[99] He signed an agreement with Abdel-Halim Mahmoud, the Egyptian Grand Imam of al-Azhar, to combat Communism in 1971 during the presidency of Anwar Sadat.[100] The agreement had a budget of 40 million pounds.[100]

Faisal is said to have reminded the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, in a correspondence that he was not "the Shah of France" and that he should keep in mind that Iran was a majority Muslim country. This was in response to a provocative letter from Mohammad Reza asking Faisal to modernise Saudi Arabia, urging him to allow women to wear miniskirts and permitting the disco among other things. Otherwise, the Shah felt, he could not guarantee that the King would stay on the throne.[101]

Palestinian cause

See also: Israeli–Palestinian conflict
 
With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (left) and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat (right) at the 1970 Arab League summit

After he became foreign minister, Prince Faisal was recognized for his support for the Palestinian cause. His involvement with the Palestinian cause began in 1938, when he represented his father in the London Conference on the Palestine issue, where he delivered an important address opposing the partition plan. He wrote a message to the Saudi people in 1948 in which he discussed the Palestinian struggle and the suffering of the Palestinian people.[102]

The Saudi delegation was led by Faisal and his brother Khalid at the St. James Palace Conference, which Britain called for, inviting representatives of the Arabs of Palestine, neighboring Arab states, and the Jewish Agency to consult with the British government in London on the partition of Palestine.[103] The conference began on 7 February 1939 and ended on 17 March 1939, at St. James's Palace in London. In light of the Woodhead Commission's report, both the Arabs and the British government rejected the partition plan as impractical. The British government issued a policy statement rejecting partition as impracticable due to "political, administrative, and financial difficulties."[104] The conference was also unable to resolve the issue of Jewish immigration to Palestine, which had become more common following Nazi Germany's annexation of all of Czechoslovakia.[105][106]

Faisal was a global advocate for Palestinian rights, as evidenced by one of his speeches to the United Nations in 1963, in which he claimed that the Palestinian crisis is the only thing that has ruined Arab peace since the UN resolution to partition Palestine. One of his policies on this issue was to refuse to recognize Israel, to unite Arab efforts while leaving differences aside, to donate money and fight, to establish a body representing Palestinians, and to involve Muslims in the defense of the cause.[107]

 
Faisal sits at his table at a meeting at the United Nations during his tenure as Minister of Foreign Affairs

In his speech on 22 September 1947 to the United Nations, Faisal said:

But today the Arabs wish to repel the aggression of a political minority group, namely, the Zionists. It is a group which does not represent world Jewry. It is a group which is more political than religious, a group whose ways and methods are not different from those of the Nazis.[107]

Arson attack on Al-Aqsa Mosque

Between 23 and 25 September 1969, Faisal convened a conference in Rabat, Morocco, to discuss the arson attack on the Al Aqsa Mosque that had occurred a month earlier. The leaders of 25 Muslim states attended and the conference called for Israel to give up territory conquered in 1967. The conference also set up the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and pledged its support for the Palestinians.[108]

North Yemen Civil War

 
With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser in a meeting at Qubbah Palace in Cairo, 18 December 1969
See also: North Yemen Civil War

The North Yemen Civil War raged between loyalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and those of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970. The Yemeni republic was created after revolutionary republicans headed by the army under Abdullah al-Sallal staged a coup against Imam Muhammad al-Badr. As a result, the Imam fled to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, where he rallied backing from northern Shia tribes to reclaim control, sparking a full-fledged civil war. Saudi Arabia backed al-Badr and his royalist followers, while Egypt under the United Arab Republic backed the Yemeni republicans. As a result, Saudi and Egyptian relations were strained.[109]

In September 1964, Nasser and Faisal met in Alexandria, Egypt, at the Arab summit. At the time, Egypt had 40,000 troops in Yemen, with 10,000 civilians killed. The two leaders committed in their formal declaration to completely cooperate in resolving current disagreements between Yemen's diverse factions, collaborate in preventing armed clashes in Yemen, and to reach a peaceful conclusion. The declaration was widely praised in the Arab world, and Washington praised it as a "statesmanlike action" and a "major step toward eventual peaceful resolution of the long civil war." At Alexandria's airport, Nasser and Faisal exchanged heartfelt embraces and referred to each other as "brother." Faisal said he was leaving Egypt "with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser."[110]

Gamal Abdel Nasser traveled to Jeddah on the Freedom ship in August 1965, marking his first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1954, when he came to perform Hajj. Faisal greeted Nasser warmly when he arrived.[111] Despite their differences, the two countries' relations were restored. Both men came to an agreement on the following (known as the Jeddah Agreement) within 48 hours:

  • The gradual withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Yemen within ten months[111]
  • The cessation of all Saudi aid to the royalists[111]
  • The formation of a Yemeni council of 50 members representing all Yemeni factions and charged with forming a transitional government in preparation for a general referendum to determine the future of Yemen[111]

Sami Sharaf, an Egyptian official, recognized that implementing the agreement would be difficult because it had been rejected by all Yemeni parties. Republican chairman Abdullah al-Sallal stated, "The agreement is a blatant interference in the independence of the Yemen Arab Republic, and a blatant attack on its sovereignty for all International laws." The royalists, on the other hand, backed the agreement at first before rejecting any attempt to terminate the war with the republicans.[111]

The Haradh conference was conducted on November 23, 1965, under the auspices of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, to put the Saudi-Egyptian declaration between the two parties of the Yemeni conflict into effect.[112] Judge Abd al-Rahman al-Iryani led the republican delegation, while Ahmed Muhammad al-Shami, the royalists' foreign minister, led the royal delegation. The conflicting parties, however, were unable to strike a compromise, which resulted in further bloodshed between republicans and royalists.[113]

Egypt indicated its willingness to stop the war in Yemen as part of the Khartoum Resolution of August 1967. Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad suggested that Egypt and Saudi Arabia renew their 1965 Jeddah Agreement. Faisal was pleased with Nasser's offer, and Imam al-Badr pledged to deploy his troops to fight alongside Egypt against Israel if Nasser kept his word.[114] Nasser and Faisal signed a deal in which Nasser agreed to withdraw his 20,000 troops from Yemen, Faisal agreed to stop delivering weapons to al-Badr, and three neutral Arab states agreed to send in observers. Al-Sallal felt that Nasser had betrayed him.[115] Nasser unfroze approximately $100 million in Saudi assets in Egypt, and Faisal denationalized two Egyptian-owned banks he had taken over earlier that year.[116] Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to give Egypt a $266 million annual subsidy, with Saudi Arabia contributing $154 million.[117]

Six-Day War

See also: Six-Day War
 
Some of the attending heads of state at the Arab League Summit in Khartoum following the Six-Day War. From left to right: Faisal, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Abdullah al-Sallal of Yemen, Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah of Kuwait and Abd al-Rahman Arif of Iraq, 2 September 1967

During the Six-Day War, Faisal ordered the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces to be on alert, canceling all vacations and mobilizing forces in the Kingdom's north. Following that, orders were issued for a force of 20,000 Saudi soldiers to travel to Jordan to participate alongside the Arab forces. After the war, he directed that a Saudi force be stationed inside Jordanian territory to provide support and assistance as needed for ten years.[118][119][120]

Furthermore, at the Khartoum Conference, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to establish a fund worth $378 million to be distributed among countries affected by the June 1967 War. Saudi Arabia would contribute $140 million.[121] However, Faisal did not attend himself and did not send a representative to the Arab League summits until 1969 to keep away from the requests of the Arab countries involved in the war concerning the increase of Saudi Arabia's financial aid.[122]

Faisal's grandson, Prince Amr bin Mohammed Al Faisal, said "I am told by my relatives, my other relatives, after 1967 and the fall of Jerusalem to the Israelis, that was a turning point in his life. He never smiled again, according to them. I didn't see him smile much, and he became very quiet and contemplative, and mostly he would spend his time listening rather than speaking himself."[123]

Ramadan War

See also: Ramadan War
 
After taking office in 1970, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat formed a strong diplomatic relationship with Faisal.

After President Nasser of Egypt died in 1970, Faisal drew closer to Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, who himself was planning a break with the Soviet Union and a move towards the pro-American camp. After Sadat launched the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, Faisal withdrew Saudi oil from world markets and was the primary force behind the 1973 oil crisis, in protest over Western support for Israel during the conflict. The embargo was initially imposed on Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but it was later extended to Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa.[124] The price of oil had risen about 300 percent by the conclusion of the embargo in March 1974,[125] from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly $12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally; US prices were much higher. The embargo triggered an oil crisis, or "shock", with numerous short- and long-term implications for world politics and the economy. This was regarded as the defining act of Faisal's career, and gained him lasting prestige among many Arabs and Muslims worldwide.

 
Saluting Saudi military personnel, 1974

In 1974 Faisal was named Time magazine's Man of the Year, and the financial windfall generated by the crisis fueled the economic boom that occurred in Saudi Arabia after his death. The new oil revenue also allowed Faisal to greatly increase the aid and subsidies begun following the 1967 Six-Day War[126] to Egypt, Syria, and the Palestine Liberation Organization.[127]

It is a commonly-held belief in Saudi Arabia, and the wider Arab world, that Faisal's oil embargo was the real cause of his assassination, via a Western conspiracy.[128][129]

Personal life

 
Making dua'a at a mosque, 1957
 
Queen Iffat visiting a school, 1960s

Faisal married many times concurrently.[15] His spouses were from powerful families: Al Kabir, Al Sudairi, Al Jiluwi and Al Thunayan.[130] His wives were:

  • Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, the mother of his eldest son Prince Abdullah, whom Faisal fathered when he was between 15 and 17. Sultana was from the Sudairi family and the younger sister of Hassa bint Ahmed, the mother of the Sudairi brothers.[55]
  • Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan (1916–2000), who was born and raised in Turkey. Her ancestors were part of the Al Thunayan branch of the Al Saud family.[131] They first met in Istanbul around 1932 while he was in Turkey for an official visit.[21][132] They had nine children,[131] including Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, and Prince Turki.[133] Iffat was credited with being the influence behind many of her husband's reforms, particularly with regard to women.[134][135] Faisal also raised Iffat's younger half-brother, Kamal Adham.[136] The King later appointed Kamal as the first president of the Saudi intelligence agency, Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah.[137] He was also an advisor to his royal brother-in-law.[138]
  • Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir, the daughter of his aunt Noura bint Abdul Rahman and Saud Al Kabir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.[139] They married in October 1935.[19] With Al Jawhara, Faisal had one daughter, Mashail (died October 2011).[15][140]
  • Haya bint Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Turki, the mother of Princess Noura, Prince Saad and Prince Khalid.[141] She was a member of the Al Jiluwi clan.[10][142] Princess Noura bint Faisal died on 13 March 2022.[143]
  • Hessa bint Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail, the mother of Princess Al Anoud (died June 2011) and Princess Al Jawhara (died April 2014).[15]
  • Munira bint Suhaim bin Hitimi Al Thunayan Al Mahasher, the mother of Princess Hessa (died in December 2020).[144]
  • Fatima bint Abdulaziz bin Mushait Al Shahrani, the mother of Princess Munira (died young).[15]

Faisal's children were well educated and had prominent roles in Saudi society and government. His daughters were educated abroad and they went on to graduate from a variety of schools and universities around the world.[145][146] His sons were likewise educated abroad.[147] Comparatively, only six of the 108 children of King Saud graduated from high school.[145][146] Faisal's son Turki received formal education at prestigious schools in New Jersey, and he later attended Georgetown University,[148] while another son, Saud, was an alumnus of Princeton University. Faisal's sons held important positions in the Saudi government. His eldest son, Abdullah, held governmental positions for a while. Faisal's son Khalid was the governor of Asir Province in southwestern Saudi Arabia for more than three decades before becoming governor of Makkah Province in 2007. Prince Saud was the Saudi foreign minister between 1975 and 2015. Prince Turki served as head of Saudi Intelligence, ambassador to the United Kingdom, and later ambassador to the United States.[149] One of Faisal's sons, Abdul Rahman, was a graduate of Sandhurst Military Academy, and he died in March 2014. Faisal's son Mohammed was a businessman.[150] Faisal's daughters also held important roles in Saudi society. From 2013 to 2016, his daughter Sara served in the Shura Council.[151][152] She is also a prominent activist for women's education and other social issues in Saudi Arabia, and so are her sisters Lolowah, Latifa, and Haifa.[153][24][154]

Faisal's daughter Haifa is married to Prince Bandar, son of Faisal's half-brother Sultan by a concubine. The marriage of Princess Haifa and Prince Bandar forced Prince Sultan to recognize Bandar as a legitimate prince. Another daughter of Faisal, Lolowah, is a prominent activist for women's education in Saudi Arabia. In 1962 his daughter Sara founded one of the first charitable organizations, Al Nahda, which won the first Chaillot prize for human rights organisations in the Gulf in 2009.[155] Her spouse was Prince Muhammed, one of King Saud's sons. His granddaughter Reem bint Mohammed is a photographer and gallery owner based in Jeddah,[156][157] while another of his granddaughters, Reema bint Bandar, is Saudi Arabia's first female ambassador.[158]

Unlike most of his half-brothers, Faisal spoke fluent English and French. However, he preferred to speak in Arabic. When his translators made errors, Faisal would correct them.[159]

Personality and appearance

Faisal was known for his integrity, extreme humility, kindness, and tact with everyone. As a result, he was ascetic, avoiding displays of extravagance and luxury. He had many hobbies, some of which were falconry, hunting, literature, reading, and poetry. He was also a big admirer of the yearly Najdi festivals and celebrations.[160] Faisal chose to work long hours and set aside some of his interests after assuming power and becoming preoccupied with state affairs.[161]

After coming to power in 1964, Faisal quickly caught the attention of the international public. The New York Times stated that Faisal looked like "someone out of a poem by Rudyard Kipling or a casting office in Hollywood."[159] He was around six feet tall, above average height,[159] but not quite as tall as his father Abdulaziz and his brother Saud.[162][163] Compared to other Muslim rulers such as Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, who almost exclusively wore European-styled outfits, Faisal was known to have dressed modestly, as he was most often seen wearing a traditional Saudi thawb, even in the presence of foreign dignitaries.[159]

Assassination and aftermath

 
Prince Faisal bin Musaid

On 25 March 1975, the King was shot point-blank and killed by Faisal bin Musaid, son of his half-brother Musaid bin Abdulaziz. He had just come back from the United States. The murder occurred at a majlis (literally 'a place for sitting'), an event where the king or leader opens up his residence to the citizens to enter and petition him.[164]

In the waiting room, Prince Faisal talked to Kuwaiti representatives who were also waiting to meet King Faisal. When the prince went to embrace him, King Faisal leaned to kiss his nephew in accordance with Saudi custom. At that instant, Prince Faisal took out a pistol and shot him. The first shot hit the King's chin and the second one went through his ear. A bodyguard hit Prince Faisal with a sheathed sword. Oil minister Zaki Yamani yelled repeatedly not to kill the prince.[165]

King Faisal was quickly taken to Central Hospital in Riyadh. He was still alive as doctors massaged his heart and gave him a blood transfusion. Their efforts were unsuccessful, and he died shortly afterward. Both before and after the attack the assassin was reported to be calm. Following the killing, Riyadh had three days of mourning during which all government activities were suspended.[165] The funeral service for King Faisal was performed in 'Id mosque in Riyadh,[166] and he was buried in Al Oud cemetery on 26 March 1975.[167][168] During the funeral, the newly ascended King Khalid wept over his murdered brother's body.[169]

One theory for the King's murder was avenging the death of Prince Khalid bin Musaid, the brother of Prince Faisal bin Musaid. King Faisal instituted secular reforms that led to the installation of television, which provoked violent protests. Prince Khalid led an attack on a television station in 1966, and he was shot dead by a policeman.[170]

In a documentary entitled Faisal, Legacy of a King, Faisal's grandson Amr bin Mohammed bin Faisal claims that the King had distanced himself from the world days before his death. Zaki Yamani claimed that King Faisal told his own relatives and friends about a dream he had in which his father, the late King Abdulaziz, was traveling in a car and asked him to get in. Yamani went on to say that Faisal felt that his death was approaching. According to Islamic beliefs, if a dead person takes a living person in a dream, the living person will most likely die within a short amount of time.[171][172]

Prince Faisal bin Musaid was captured directly after the attack. He was at first officially declared insane, but following the trial a panel of Saudi medical experts decided that he was sane when he shot the King. The nation's high religious court convicted him of regicide and sentenced him to execution. He was publicly beheaded in Deera Square in Riyadh.[165]

Memorials and legacy

Further information: List of things named after Saudi kings § Faisal

After his death, Faisal's sons established an international philanthropic organisation, the King Faisal Foundation, in his honour.[173] Faisal was eulogized by lyricist Robert Hunter in the title track of the Grateful Dead's 1975 album Blues for Allah.[174]

Gerald de Gaury published a biography of Faisal entitled Faisal: King of Saudi Arabia.[175] In 2013 Russian Arabist Alexei Vassiliev published another biography, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia: Personality, Faith and Times.[5] A movie directed by Agustí Villaronga in 2019 entitled Born a King is about the visit of Faisal to London in 1919 when he was thirteen years old.[176]

In October 1976 King Khalid initiated the construction of Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan.[177] Lyallpur, the third largest city of Pakistan, was renamed Faisalabad (literally, "City of Faisal") in 1979 in Faisal's honour.[178][179] One of the two major Pakistan Air Force bases in Karachi, the largest city in Sindh province, is named "PAF Base Faisal" in Faisal's honour.[179][180]

Views

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

The livers are torn apart, and the wings are torn apart when we hear or see our brothers in religion, in the homeland, and in blood, their sanctities are violated, they are displaced and abused daily, not for something they committed, nor for the aggression they attacked, but for the love of control and aggression and to commit injustice. –King Faisal bin Abdulaziz[181]

Faisal held pro-Palestinian views. Throughout his career, he supported the Palestinian cause, and he was noted for his strong criticism of Israel.[126] He was also anti-communist, and Saudi Arabia under Faisal continued to be allied with the United States against the Soviet Union.[99] Faisal also supported pan-Islamism, and he sought to establish unity among Muslims. Nevertheless, he reduced the power of the Islamic clergy during his reign.[93]

Honours

Styles of
King Faisal
 
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
 
 
Faisal's royal flag before 1973 (left) and from 1973 onwards

Faisal has received numerous honours from the countries he visited both before and after assuming power.[182] The honours and awards given to Faisal are displayed at the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh which was established by the King Faisal Foundation in 1983.[173][182] The awards are as follows:

  • Guinea:
    •   Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit[182]
  • Niger:
    •   Grand Cross of the Order of Niger[182]
    •   Grand Cross of the Order of Merit[182]
  • Turkey:
    •   Gold Red Crescent Medal[182]

Notes

  1. ^ King Abdulaziz's eldest son, Turki I bin Abdulaziz, was born to Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair. Prince Turki was the heir to his father, but he died in 1919. Abdulaziz's next eldest son, Turki's full brother Saud, would eventually become king in 1953.
  2. ^ Faisal's father, Abdulaziz, became Emir of Nejd in 1902 following the Battle of Riyadh.[1] He became King of Hejaz in 1926,[2] and he raised Nejd to a kingdom in 1927.[3] Abdulaziz united the two kingdoms in 1932, reigning thereafter as King of Saudi Arabia until his death in 1953.[4]
  3. ^ Faisal associated Communism with Zionism, which he also opposed.[5]
  4. ^ He also had many half-siblings, a number of whom would play an important role in his life and his reign, including King Saud, King Khalid, King Fahd, King Abdullah, and Prince Sultan.

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External links

  •   Quotations related to Faisal of Saudi Arabia at Wikiquote
  •   Media related to Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Saud at Wikimedia Commons
Faisal of Saudi Arabia
Born: 1906 Died: 1975
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Saudi Arabia
2 November 1964 – 25 March 1975 		Succeeded by
Saudi Arabian royalty
Preceded by
Saud
 Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
9 November 1953 – 2 November 1964 		Succeeded by
Political offices
New title Minister for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia
1930–1960 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel
 Minister for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia
1962–1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
 Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
1954–1960 		Succeeded by
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
1962–1975 		Succeeded by
Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

January 08, 2024
faisal, saudi, arabia, shah, faisal, redirects, here, other, uses, shah, faisal, disambiguation, faisal, abdulaziz, saud, arabic, فيصل, بن, عبدالعزيز, آل, سعود, fayṣal, ʿabd, ʿazīz, suʿūd, najdi, arabic, pronunciation, fæjsˤɑl, ˈʕæbd, ælʕæˈziːz, ʔæːl, sæˈʕuːd,. Shah Faisal redirects here For other uses see Shah Faisal disambiguation Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Arabic فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود Fayṣal ibn ʿAbd al ʿAziz Al Suʿud Najdi Arabic pronunciation faejsˤɑl ben ˈʕaebd aelʕaeˈziːz ʔaeːl saeˈʕuːd 14 April 1906 25 March 1975 was a Saudi Arabian statesman and diplomat who was King of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 until his assassination in 1975 Prior to his ascension he served as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 9 November 1953 to 2 November 1964 and he was briefly regent to his half brother King Saud in 1964 He was prime minister from 1954 to 1960 and from 1962 to 1975 Faisal was the third son of King Abdulaziz the founder of modern Saudi Arabia note 1 FaisalCustodian of the Two Holy MosquesFormal portrait 1945King of Saudi ArabiaReign2 November 1964 25 March 1975Bay ah2 November 1964PredecessorSaudSuccessorKhalidRegent of Saudi ArabiaTenure4 March 1964 2 November 1964MonarchSaudPrime Minister of Saudi ArabiaTenure16 August 1954 21 December 1960PredecessorSaud bin AbdulazizSuccessorSaud bin AbdulazizTenure31 October 1962 25 March 1975PredecessorSaud bin AbdulazizSuccessorKhalid bin AbdulazizCrown Prince of Saudi ArabiaTenure9 November 1953 2 November 1964MonarchSaudPredecessorSaud bin AbdulazizSuccessorKhalid bin AbdulazizMinister of Foreign AffairsTenure19 December 1930 22 December 1960MonarchAbdulazizSaudPredecessorOffice establishedSuccessorIbrahim bin Abdullah Al SuwaiyelTenure16 March 1962 25 March 1975MonarchSaudHimselfPredecessorIbrahim bin Abdullah Al SuwaiyelSuccessorSaud Al FaisalViceroy of HejazTenure9 February 1926 22 September 1932MonarchAbdulazizSuccessorKhalid bin AbdulazizBorn 1906 04 14 14 April 1906Riyadh Emirate of RiyadhDied25 March 1975 1975 03 25 aged 68 Riyadh Saudi ArabiaBurial26 March 1975Al Oud cemetery RiyadhSpousesList Sultana bint Ahmed Al SudairiIffat bint Mohammad Al ThunayanAl Jawhara bint Saud Al KabirHaya bint Turki Al TurkiHessa bint Muhammad Al Muhanna Aba Al KhailMunira bint Suhaim Al Thunayan Al MahasherFatima bint Abdulaziz Al ShahraniIssueAmong others List Prince AbdullahPrincess SaraPrince MohammedPrince SaudPrince KhalidPrince Abdul RahmanPrince SaadPrince BandarPrince TurkiPrincess LolowahPrincess HaifaNamesFaisal bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul RahmanHouseAl SaudFatherAbdulaziz of Saudi ArabiaMotherTarfa bint Abdullah Al SheikhOccupationPoliticiandiplomatSignatureMilitary careerAllegianceSaudi ArabiaService wbr branchArmed Forces of Saudi ArabiaYears of service1917 1975Battles warsUnification of Saudi Arabia First Arab Israeli War Buraimi Dispute North Yemen Civil War Al Wadiah War Six Day War Ramadan WarFaisal was the son of Abdulaziz and Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh His father was still reigning as Emir of Nejd at the time of Faisal s birth note 2 and his mother was from the Al ash Sheikh family which has produced many prominent Saudi religious leaders Faisal emerged as an influential royal politician during his father s reign He served as viceroy of Hejaz from 1926 to 1932 He was the Saudi foreign minister from 1930 and prime minister from 1954 until his death except for a two year break in both positions from 1960 to 1962 After his father died in 1953 and his half brother Saud became king Faisal became crown prince and in that position he outlawed slavery in Saudi Arabia He persuaded King Saud to abdicate in his favour in 1964 with the help of other members of the royal family and his maternal cousin Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash Sheikh Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Faisal implemented a policy of modernization and reform His main foreign policy themes were pan Islamism anti communism 5 note 3 and pro Palestinianism He attempted to limit the power of Islamic religious officials Protesting against support that Israel received from the West he led the oil embargo which caused the 1973 oil crisis Faisal successfully stabilized the Kingdom s bureaucracy and his reign had significant popularity among Saudi Arabians despite his reforms facing some controversy Following his assassination by his nephew Faisal bin Musaid in 1975 he was succeeded by his half brother Khalid Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Early political experience 2 1 Viceroy of Hejaz and foreign minister 3 Crown prince and prime minister 4 Struggle with King Saud 4 1 Abolition of slavery 5 King of Saudi Arabia 5 1 Modernization 5 2 Economic development 5 3 Agricultural development 5 4 Transportation development 5 5 Education development 5 6 Health development 5 7 Military development 5 7 1 Military cities 5 8 Steps against coups d etat 5 9 Religious inclusiveness 5 10 Interest in holy sites 6 Foreign policy 6 1 Palestinian cause 6 1 1 Arson attack on Al Aqsa Mosque 6 2 North Yemen Civil War 6 3 Six Day War 6 4 Ramadan War 7 Personal life 7 1 Personality and appearance 8 Assassination and aftermath 9 Memorials and legacy 10 Views 11 Honours 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksEarly life and education nbsp At the age of thirteen during his visit to the United Kingdom in 1919Faisal bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh on 14 April 1906 6 7 He was the third son of Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman then Emir of Nejd Faisal was the first of his father s sons who was born in Riyadh 8 9 His mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh 10 whom Abdulaziz had married in 1902 after capturing Riyadh Tarfa was a descendant of the religious leader Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab 11 Faisal s maternal grandfather Abdullah bin Abdullatif Al Sheikh was one of Abdulaziz s principal religious teachers and advisers 12 13 Faisal had an older full sister Noura who married her cousin Khalid bin Muhammad a son of Abdulaziz s half brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman 14 note 4 Tarfa bint Abdullah died in 1906 when Faisal was six months old 12 He then began to live with his maternal grandparents Abdullah bin Abdullatif and Haya bint Abdul Rahman Al Muqbel 15 who educated their grandson 12 Under the mentorship of his grandfather Prince Faisal completed his studies of reading the Qur an and studying Islamic law and doctrines at the age of nine 16 He also learned horseback riding and politics from his father His father influenced him militarily and politically and at a young age Faisal was chosen to represent his father in international forums 16 According to Helen Chapin Metz Faisal and most of his generation was raised in an atmosphere in which courage was extremely valued and reinforced 17 From 1916 he was tutored by Hafiz Wahba who later served in various governmental posts 18 19 Early political experience nbsp Leading the Asir campaign 1922 nbsp Visiting Camp de Satory in France 1932 nbsp Faisal as minister of foreign affairs in 1942As one of Abdulaziz s eldest sons Faisal was given numerous responsibilities In 1919 the British government invited Abdulaziz to visit London 20 He could not go but he assigned his eldest son Turki as his envoy 20 However Prince Turki died due to Spanish flu before the visit 20 Therefore Faisal was sent to London instead making him the first ever Saudi Arabian royal to visit England 20 His visit lasted for five months and he met with British officials 21 During the same period he also visited France again being the first Saudi Arabian royal to pay an official visit there 22 Abdulaziz gave his son Faisal many military duties to consolidate authority over Arabia After the capture of Hail and initial control over Asir in 1922 Faisal was sent to these provinces with nearly six thousand fighters He achieved complete control over Asir at the end of the year 23 Viceroy of Hejaz and foreign minister Prince Faisal was appointed viceroy of Hejaz on 9 February 1926 following his father s takeover of the region 24 25 26 He often consulted with local leaders during his tenure 27 Faisal was the president of the Consultative Assembly and the minister of interior 28 In December 1931 following the announcement of the constitution of the Council of Deputies Majlis al Wukala he also became the president of the four member council and minister of foreign affairs 28 He would continue to oversee Saudi foreign policy until his death even as king with only a two year break 29 between 1960 and 1962 25 nbsp With Prince Khalid in Washington D C 1943Faisal visited several countries in this period including Iran in May 1932 30 Poland in 1932 and Russia in 1933 31 32 On 8 July 1932 he visited Turkey and met with President Kemal Ataturk 33 On 23 September 1932 the prince officially announced the establishment of Saudi Arabia on behalf of his father from Al Hamidiyah Palace in Mecca by reading out the royal decree that renamed the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 34 35 Faisal commanded a campaign during the Saudi Yemeni War in 1934 resulting in a Saudi victory 25 He and his half brother Khalid visited the US in October 1943 following the invitation of President Franklin D Roosevelt 36 This is one of the early contacts between Saudi Arabia and the US 36 As King Abdulaziz neared the end of his life he favored Faisal as a possible successor over his eldest living son Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal s extensive knowledge as well as his years of experience Since Faisal was a child Abdulaziz recognized him as the most brilliant of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy In addition Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle I only wish I had three Faisals Abdulaziz once said when discussing who would succeed him 37 However Abdulaziz made the decision to keep Saud as crown prince in the fear that otherwise would lead to decreased stability 38 Crown prince and prime ministerKing Abdulaziz died on 9 November 1953 and Prince Faisal was at his side 7 39 40 Faisal s elder half brother Saud became king Faisal was then appointed crown prince On 16 August 1954 he was made prime minister 41 nbsp With Gamal Abdel Nasser in Hejaz 1954King Saud embarked on a spending program that included the construction of a massive royal residence on the outskirts of the capital Riyadh He also faced pressure from neighboring Egypt where Gamal Abdel Nasser had overthrown the monarchy in 1952 Nasser was able to cultivate a group of dissident princes led by Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz who defected to Egypt Fearing that Saud s financial policies were bringing the state to the brink of collapse and that his handling of foreign affairs was inept senior members of the royal family and the ulema religious leadership pressured Saud into appointing Faisal to the position of prime minister in 1958 giving Faisal wide executive powers 42 A power struggle ensued between Saud and Faisal and on 18 December 1960 Faisal resigned as prime minister in protest arguing that Saud was frustrating his financial reforms Saud took back his executive powers and having induced Prince Talal to return from Egypt appointed him as minister of finance in July 1958 43 44 In 1962 however Faisal rallied enough support within the royal family to install himself as prime minister for a second time 42 Less than a month before this event Faisal held a secret meeting with US president John F Kennedy in Washington D C on 4 October 1962 45 46 The same year Faisal announced the Ten Point Program which outlined Saudi Arabia s path to becoming an industrialized nation by implementing economic financial political and legal principles Among the highlights were nbsp Meeting with President Kennedy October 1962Issuing a basic system of governance derived from Islamic Sharia and developing the system of governance and the Saudi Arabian Council of Ministers Establishing a system for the provinces clarifying the method of local government in the various regions of the Kingdom Establishing a system for the independence of the judiciary under the control of a Supreme Judicial Council and establishing the Ministry of Justice Establishing a Supreme Council for issuing fatwas comprising twenty jurists Improving the social level of the Saudi people through free medical treatment free education and the exemption of many foodstuffs from customs duties In addition a social security system and a system to protect workers from unemployment were established Establishing a program for economic recovery strengthening the financial position of the Kingdom developing a program to raise the standard of living of citizens establishing a road network linking parts of the Kingdom and its cities providing water sources for drinking and agriculture and ensuring the protection of light and heavy national industries This includes allocating all the additional sums that the government would receive from Aramco for its rights claimed by the companies for the past years and harnessing them to serve development projects Continuing to develop girls education as well as the advancement of women The liberation of slaves and the abolition of slavery once and for all in Saudi Arabia 47 24 Faisal founded the Economic Development Committee in 1958 48 He was instrumental in the establishment of the Islamic University of Madinah in 1961 In 1962 he helped found the Muslim World League a worldwide charity to which the Saudi royal family has reportedly since donated more than a billion dollars 49 In 1963 he established the country s first television station though actual broadcasts would not begin for another two years 50 Struggle with King SaudFurther information History of Saudi Arabia Modern history nbsp King Abdulaziz seated with his sons Faisal left and Saud early 1950s After their father died in 1953 a rivalry developed between Saud and Faisal that would culminate in Saud s removal from power During this period the struggle with King Saud continued in the background with the royal princes meeting and asking Faisal to take over effective control from Saud Saud had driven the country into serious debt and embarrassed the royal family by becoming embroiled in a plan to assassinate United Arab Republic president Gamal Abdel Nasser 51 Faisal took advantage of Saud s absence from the country for medical reasons in early 1963 to amass greater power for himself as Saudi Arabia s political and economic circumstances worsened He removed many of Saud s loyalists from their posts and appointed like minded princes in key military and security positions 52 53 such as his half brother Prince Abdullah to whom he gave command of the National Guard in 1962 Upon his return Saud rejected Faisal s new arrangement and requested that all of his powers be restored 51 In response Faisal called a meeting of all senior members of the royal family excluding Saud as well as ulema and tribal elders Faisal had convened the tribe chiefs in response to Saud s demand that his full powers be restored 51 As a result the assembly supported Faisal and proposed that Saud be deposed from the throne and Faisal be proclaimed monarch The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash Sheikh a maternal cousin of Faisal issued a fatwa edict calling on the King to accede to his brother s demands 51 Faisal on the other hand urged that Saud keep the royal title He was said to have felt bound by his oath to his father that he would recognize Saud as king All that mattered he maintained was that Saud leave power in Faisal s hands and stay out of public life 52 As a last ditch attempt to reclaim executive powers Saud ordered the deployment of the Royal Guard at Nasriyah Palace prompting Faisal to order the National Guard to surround Saud s palace 51 His loyalists outnumbered and outgunned Saud relented and on 4 March 1964 Faisal was appointed regent A meeting of the elders of the royal family and the ulema was convened later that year and the grand mufti decreed a second fatwa calling on Saud to abdicate the throne in favor of his brother Faisal believed that Saud s continued ill health compelled him to take the throne thus absolving him of the oath 54 The royal family supported the fatwa and immediately informed Saud of their decision Saud by now shorn of all his powers agreed and Faisal was proclaimed king on 2 November 1964 42 53 Saud then went into exile finding refuge in Egypt before eventually settling in Greece 55 Abolition of slavery See also Islamic views on slavery Slavery did not vanish in Saudi Arabia until Faisal issued a decree for its total abolition in 1962 BBC presenter Peter Hobday stated that about 1 682 slaves were freed at that time at a cost to the government of 2 000 each 56 The political analyst Bruce Riedel argued that the US began to raise the issue of slavery after the meeting between King Abdulaziz and US president Franklin D Roosevelt in 1945 and that John F Kennedy finally persuaded the House of Saud to abolish slavery in 1962 57 King of Saudi ArabiaFurther information History of Saudi Arabia Modern history nbsp Arab leaders meet in Cairo September 1970 From left to right Muammar Gaddafi Libya Yasser Arafat Palestine Jaafar al Nimeiri Sudan Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt King Faisal Saudi Arabia and Sheikh Sabah Kuwait In a speech shortly after becoming king Faisal said I beg of you brothers to look upon me as both brother and servant Majesty is reserved to God alone and the throne is the throne of the Heavens and Earth 58 One of the earliest actions Faisal took as king was to establish a council to deal with future succession issues 59 The members were his uncles Abdullah and Musaid and his half brothers Khalid Fahd Abdullah Sultan and Nawwaf 59 In 1967 Faisal established the post of second prime minister and appointed Prince Fahd to this post 46 The reason for this newly established body was Prince Khalid s request and suggestion 60 The use of Saudi Arabia s flag was made by him official on 15 March 1973 although it had been in use since 1902 61 Faisal s most senior adviser during his reign was Rashad Pharaon his father s private physician 62 Another adviser was Grand Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al Sheikh who was influential in shaping the King s political role in the Arab world 63 Modernization Early in his rule Faisal issued an edict that all Saudi princes had to school their children inside the country rather than sending them abroad this had the effect of making it popular for upper class families to bring their sons back to study in the Kingdom 64 He also introduced the country s current system of administrative regions and laid the foundations for a modern welfare system In 1970 he established the Ministry of Justice and inaugurated the country s first five year plan for economic development 65 One of Faisal s modernization attempts was the new laws on media publishing and archiving and bilateral cultural cooperation protocols with foreign and corporate archives that kept records about mid twentieth century Arabia 45 Television broadcasts officially began in 1965 The same year a nephew of Faisal attacked the newly established headquarters of Saudi television but was killed by security personnel The attacker was the brother of Faisal s future assassin and the incident is the most widely accepted motive for the murder 66 Although there was some discontent with the social changes he carried out the Arab world grew to respect Faisal as a result of his policies modernizing Saudi Arabia his management of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina his reputation as a staunch opponent of Zionism and the country s fast rising financial strength 67 Economic development Faisal pursued strategies to maximize the utilization of oil revenue and initiated a thorough evaluation of the profit sharing agreement with Aramco which he deemed inequitable and requested its revision Additionally the government transitioned from engaging in oil reservoir exploitation agreements to exclusively granting oil investment concessions to state institutions 68 Following the declaration of bankruptcy within the government treasury Faisal directed his focus towards revitalizing industrial agricultural financial and economic enterprises earning recognition for his instrumental role in the economic and administrative rejuvenation of the Kingdom 69 Faisal took charge of formulating the nation s five year plans and started setting up the structure of administrative regions To bolster the capabilities of state service institutions he enlisted the aid of foreign consulting firms Furthermore he actively participated in the development of industries agriculture project initiatives land investments and the exploration of natural resources and sources of potable water Faisal played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Petromin Corporation and laid the foundation for a comprehensive network of power plants Additionally he spearheaded the creation of essential industries such as petrochemicals iron steel cement and mining Recognizing the significance of skill development Faisal advocated for sending students to Western countries for training thereby contributing to the growth of industrial ventures In 1969 the Kingdom initiated its inaugural development strategy 70 Faisal held a meeting with US president Lyndon B Johnson in 1966 forging a Saudi American alliance focused on collaborative endeavors for the advancement of the Kingdom Subsequently in 1971 Faisal engaged with President Richard Nixon during a meeting in Washington Three years later in 1973 the Joint Saudi American Economic Committee was established A milestone occurred in 1974 when Nixon became the first US president to visit Saudi Arabia 71 72 nbsp Abha Dam completed in 1974Agricultural development In 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture collaborated with multinational consulting firms to establish a comprehensive program for water exploration This initiative aimed to systematically search for water resources by extraction The Ministry dedicated its endeavors to enhance agricultural practices promote livestock and fisheries conserve plant species combat desertification and provide guidance to farmers for improving date production 68 Furthermore it actively encouraged the commercial sector to invest in the packaging and preservation of dates Several significant projects were successfully accomplished during this period including the construction of the Jizan Dam in 1970 which was completed with the assistance of foreign corporations 68 In Al Ahsa a water saving initiative was implemented through an irrigation and drainage project aimed at conserving water from springs and wells while effectively utilizing any surplus Dams were constructed in Abha Al Majma ah and along Wadi Hanifa near Riyadh to collect rainwater Moreover agricultural ventures were initiated in Tabuk Province Al Jawf Province Wadi Sirhan Al Qassim Province Al Aflaj Governorate Wadi Bisha and Najran Province 68 The Ministry also instructed the Agricultural Bank to offer loans to farmers and fishermen for the procurement of essential equipment with the condition that the loans be repaid in interest free long term installments 68 Transportation development Under his leadership Faisal oversaw the extensive expansion of modern road networks throughout the Kingdom enlisting the expertise of international companies for their implementation These developments facilitated connections with neighboring countries such as Jordan Syria Iraq and Kuwait 68 Additionally he prioritized the development of agricultural roads enabling villages and farmers to transport their products to market efficiently In the realm of aviation airports were expanded and upgraded while Saudi Arabian Airlines acquired jet planes to enhance their services 68 Notably an institute for civil aviation training was established in Jeddah In parallel port traffic experienced significant growth with the expansion of the Jeddah Islamic Port and the establishment of new ports in Yanbu and Jazan 68 nbsp Inaugurating the College of Petroleum and Minerals 1974Education development Education received paramount attention and underwent significant improvements during Faisal s reign Reforms were implemented in the curricula accompanied by an increase in foreign educational missions Special provisions were made to financially support families who lacked resources to educate their children emphasizing equal opportunities for both male and female students Textbooks were distributed free of charge eliminating any associated fees In 1974 Faisal also directed the establishment of Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh 73 Furthermore in 1967 he established the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah In 1974 he ordered the Council of Ministers to merge the university with the government converting it to a public university and offering free education to Saudi students 74 In 1975 the College of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran was converted into the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 75 Similarly King Faisal University was established in Al Ahsa in 1975 although it was inaugurated during the reign of his brother Khalid in 1977 76 Faisal is recognized for his significant contributions to women s education in Saudi Arabia starting from his time as crown prince In 1956 he established the first regular government school for girls in the country known as Dar Al Hanan This school was established under the patronage of his wife Iffat A major milestone occurred in 1960 when a royal order was issued during the reign of King Saud leading to the establishment of the General Presidency for Girls Education This marked the official beginning of women s education in Saudi Arabia providing them with broader access to educational opportunities 77 Health development Medical professionals including doctors and nursing staff were recruited from various countries worldwide under the leadership of King Faisal Recognizing the importance of healthcare he issued an order to establish the King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh on land that he donated which commenced its operations in 1975 Collaboration with the World Health Organization was fostered to develop government health programs 78 Notably significant investments were allocated to the healthcare sector with funding reaching 3 4 of the budget aimed at advancing the foundational components of the healthcare system In 1973 alone the allocated budget for public health and social affairs amounted to 591 million riyals The kingdom implemented a strategic planning system within its five year plan from 1970 to 1975 The number of doctors increased to 1 020 health assistants rose to 3 750 hospital beds witnessed a 30 increase dispensaries expanded by 60 and the number of health centers grew to 200 reflecting the Kingdom s commitment to enhancing healthcare services 79 nbsp A Saudi Arabian Lightning fighter on display at the gates of King Faisal Air Base in Tabuk Saudi Arabia nbsp A Saudi Arabian Mirage 5SDE tactical fighter in 1972Military development Upon ascending to the throne Faisal devised a comprehensive strategy for the Royal Saudi Air Force that aligned with the prevailing needs and demands of the era Recognizing the necessity of a distinguished institution capable of accommodating a substantial number of Saudi students and providing them with top tier training he embarked on the task of finding a suitable college Consequently the announcement regarding the establishment of the King Faisal Air Academy was made in 1967 and it officially commenced its operations three years later specifically in 1970 80 In December 1965 Faisal initiated a procurement of advanced weaponry and equipment which included forty Lightning fighters This consisted of 34 single seat aircraft and 6 two seat aircraft Deliveries of these aircraft commenced on July 1 1968 with two F Mk 53 aircraft taking off from Wharton and reaching Jeddah The delivery process concluded in September 1969 with the receipt of the final aircraft manufactured bearing the serial number 53 700 on June 29 1972 The Lightning fighters remained in active service until January 1986 In 1972 Faisal placed an order for 39 Mirage 5 aircraft from France However upon their arrival in the Kingdom in 1974 and before the Royal Saudi Air Force could utilize them the King decided to donate the aircraft to Egypt in order to bolster their air force Faisal undertook this gesture of support to assist Egypt in strengthening its military capabilities 81 Military cities During his reign Faisal oversaw the establishment of the first advanced military cities These cities were designed as modern complexes encompassing military bases training and shooting fields warehouses for storing ammunition and combat equipment vehicles as well as residential neighborhoods with educational healthcare recreational and commercial facilities These military cities also featured landscaped gardens green spaces and sports clubs The inaugural military city was the King Faisal Military City established in 1971 near the city of Khamis Mushait in the southern region Subsequently the King Abdulaziz Military City was established in the northwestern region and was officially inaugurated by King Faisal in 1973 These military cities represented significant developments in infrastructure and provided comprehensive facilities to support military personnel and their families 82 83 Steps against coups d etat See also 1969 Saudi Arabian coup d etat attempt The 1950s and 1960s saw numerous coups d etat in the region Muammar Gaddafi s coup that overthrew the monarchy in oil rich Libya in 1969 was especially threatening for Saudi Arabia due to the similarity between the two sparsely populated desert countries 84 As a result Faisal undertook to build a sophisticated security apparatus and cracked down firmly on dissent As in all affairs he justified these policies in Islamic terms Early in his reign when faced with demands for a written constitution for the country Faisal responded that our constitution is the Qur an 85 In the summer of 1969 he ordered the arrest of hundreds of military officers including some generals 86 alleging that a military coup d etat was being planned The coup was planned primarily by air force officers and aimed at overthrowing the monarchy and founding a Nasserist regime in the country 87 King Faisal claimed that Sami Sharaf one of the Gamal Abdel Nasser s officials was the planner of the plot 88 The arrests were possibly based on a tip from American intelligence 84 Religious inclusiveness See also Religion in Saudi Arabia nbsp With Egyptian imam and Quran reciter Abdul Basit Abd us Samad early 1970sFaisal seemed to hold the pluralist view favouring limited cautious accommodation of popular demands for inclusive reform and made repeated attempts to broaden political representation harking back to his temporarily successful national integration policy from 1965 to 1975 The King acknowledged his country s religious and cultural diversity which includes the predominantly Shia Al Ahsa in the east the Asir in the southwest with tribal affinities to Yemen especially among the Ismaili tribes of Najran and Jizan and the Kingdom of the Hejaz with its capital Mecca He included non Wahhabi cosmopolitan Sunni Hejazis from Mecca and Jeddah in the Saudi government 89 It was said that he would not take any decision regarding Mecca without seeking the advice of Sunni Sufi scholar al Sayyid Alawi ibn Abbas al Maliki al Hasani the father of Muhammad ibn Alawi al Maliki 90 Similarly in 1962 in promoting a broader non sectarian form of pan Islamism Faisal launched the Muslim World League where the Tijani Sufi scholar Ibrahim Niass was invited 91 Furthermore he countered the outlook of certain prior Saudi rulers in declaring to the Saudi state clergy that All Muslims from Egypt India etc are your brothers 92 However Mai Yamani argued that after his reign discrimination based on sect tribe region and gender became the order of the day and has remained as such until today 89 The role and authority of the state clergy declined after Faisal became king in 1964 even though they had helped bring him to the throne Despite his piety and biological relationship through his mother to the Al as Shaykh family and his support for the pan Islamic movement in his struggle against pan Arabism he decreased the ulema s power and influence 93 Unlike his successor Khalid Faisal attempted to prevent radical clerics from controlling religious institutions such as the Council of Senior Ulema the highest religious institution in Saudi Arabia or taking religious offices such as Grand Mufti responsible for preserving Islamic law But his advisers warned that once religious zealots had been motivated disastrous effects would result 49 Due to his status as a pious Muslim Faisal was able to implement careful social reforms such as female education Despite this religious conservatives staged large protests By holding talks with the conservatives he was able to persuade them of the importance of progress in the coming years by using their own logic 93 94 Corruption in the royal family was taken very seriously by religious figures in the Islamic theological colleges They challenged some of the accepted theological interpretations adopted by the Saudi regime One such influential figure was Sheikh Abdulaziz Bin Baz then rector of the Al Medina college of theology later he would serve as the country s grand mufti Faisal would not tolerate his criticism and had him removed from his position However the teachings of Bin Baz had already radicalized some of his students one of which was Juhayman al Otaybi 56 Interest in holy sites nbsp Visiting Palestine in 1966 During this time he prayed in Al Aqsa Mosque The Saudi Binladin Group was tasked with expanding Masjid al Haram which would be the first substantial enlargement in a thousand years This massive project began in 1955 during the reign of King Saud and continued for twenty years during the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid In 1967 a conference in Mecca brought together a significant number of Muslim architects to discuss possible design alternatives Faisal objected to the conference s recommendation to demolish a significant portion of the Ottoman structure arguing that the Ottoman structure should be preserved and new architectural designs created using the best methods of convergence A new phase of construction began in 1969 with the addition of two new wings and repairs to the sanctuary s existing structure During this phase the surrounding roadways were developed and the squares were installed At the time the project cost approximately 800 million Saudi riyals In 1962 he also ordered the reopening of the Kaaba Cloth Factory in Mecca due to political tensions between Egypt then called the United Arab Republic and Saudi Arabia 95 The Muslim World League planned to renovate Maqam Ibrahim in 1965 with the maqam housed inside a crystal pillar with a silver lid Faisal agreed and issued an order putting the plan in motion Buildings were demolished to make the circumambulation rituals easier By 1967 the area around Maqam Ibrahim had grown and crowds were able to perform the circumambulation rituals in comfort and ease 96 In the case of the Prophet s Mosque Faisal gave an order to construct prayer areas to the west of the mosque following the completion of the first Saudi expansion which opened in 1955 and due to an increase in the number of pilgrims It was built in 1973 and stood until the second Saudi expansion when it was decommissioned The Saudi Binladin Group was also sent to East Jerusalem in 1964 to perform restoration work on the Dome of the Rock 97 Foreign policyFurther information Arab Cold War nbsp Meeting US president Richard Nixon and his wife Pat Nixon in Washington D C 27 May 1971As king Faisal employed Islam as one of Saudi Arabia s foreign policy tools which differentiated him from King Abdulaziz and King Saud 98 However he continued the close alliance with the United States begun by King Abdulaziz and relied on the US heavily for arming and training his armed forces Faisal s first official visit as king to the US was in June 1966 36 Faisal was anti communist He refused any political ties with the Soviet Union and other Communist bloc countries professing to see a complete incompatibility between communism and Islam 99 He signed an agreement with Abdel Halim Mahmoud the Egyptian Grand Imam of al Azhar to combat Communism in 1971 during the presidency of Anwar Sadat 100 The agreement had a budget of 40 million pounds 100 Faisal is said to have reminded the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in a correspondence that he was not the Shah of France and that he should keep in mind that Iran was a majority Muslim country This was in response to a provocative letter from Mohammad Reza asking Faisal to modernise Saudi Arabia urging him to allow women to wear miniskirts and permitting the disco among other things Otherwise the Shah felt he could not guarantee that the King would stay on the throne 101 Palestinian cause See also Israeli Palestinian conflict nbsp With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser left and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat right at the 1970 Arab League summitAfter he became foreign minister Prince Faisal was recognized for his support for the Palestinian cause His involvement with the Palestinian cause began in 1938 when he represented his father in the London Conference on the Palestine issue where he delivered an important address opposing the partition plan He wrote a message to the Saudi people in 1948 in which he discussed the Palestinian struggle and the suffering of the Palestinian people 102 The Saudi delegation was led by Faisal and his brother Khalid at the St James Palace Conference which Britain called for inviting representatives of the Arabs of Palestine neighboring Arab states and the Jewish Agency to consult with the British government in London on the partition of Palestine 103 The conference began on 7 February 1939 and ended on 17 March 1939 at St James s Palace in London In light of the Woodhead Commission s report both the Arabs and the British government rejected the partition plan as impractical The British government issued a policy statement rejecting partition as impracticable due to political administrative and financial difficulties 104 The conference was also unable to resolve the issue of Jewish immigration to Palestine which had become more common following Nazi Germany s annexation of all of Czechoslovakia 105 106 Faisal was a global advocate for Palestinian rights as evidenced by one of his speeches to the United Nations in 1963 in which he claimed that the Palestinian crisis is the only thing that has ruined Arab peace since the UN resolution to partition Palestine One of his policies on this issue was to refuse to recognize Israel to unite Arab efforts while leaving differences aside to donate money and fight to establish a body representing Palestinians and to involve Muslims in the defense of the cause 107 nbsp Faisal sits at his table at a meeting at the United Nations during his tenure as Minister of Foreign AffairsIn his speech on 22 September 1947 to the United Nations Faisal said But today the Arabs wish to repel the aggression of a political minority group namely the Zionists It is a group which does not represent world Jewry It is a group which is more political than religious a group whose ways and methods are not different from those of the Nazis 107 Arson attack on Al Aqsa Mosque Between 23 and 25 September 1969 Faisal convened a conference in Rabat Morocco to discuss the arson attack on the Al Aqsa Mosque that had occurred a month earlier The leaders of 25 Muslim states attended and the conference called for Israel to give up territory conquered in 1967 The conference also set up the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and pledged its support for the Palestinians 108 North Yemen Civil War nbsp With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser in a meeting at Qubbah Palace in Cairo 18 December 1969See also North Yemen Civil War The North Yemen Civil War raged between loyalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and those of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970 The Yemeni republic was created after revolutionary republicans headed by the army under Abdullah al Sallal staged a coup against Imam Muhammad al Badr As a result the Imam fled to the Saudi Arabia Yemen border where he rallied backing from northern Shia tribes to reclaim control sparking a full fledged civil war Saudi Arabia backed al Badr and his royalist followers while Egypt under the United Arab Republic backed the Yemeni republicans As a result Saudi and Egyptian relations were strained 109 In September 1964 Nasser and Faisal met in Alexandria Egypt at the Arab summit At the time Egypt had 40 000 troops in Yemen with 10 000 civilians killed The two leaders committed in their formal declaration to completely cooperate in resolving current disagreements between Yemen s diverse factions collaborate in preventing armed clashes in Yemen and to reach a peaceful conclusion The declaration was widely praised in the Arab world and Washington praised it as a statesmanlike action and a major step toward eventual peaceful resolution of the long civil war At Alexandria s airport Nasser and Faisal exchanged heartfelt embraces and referred to each other as brother Faisal said he was leaving Egypt with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser 110 Gamal Abdel Nasser traveled to Jeddah on the Freedom ship in August 1965 marking his first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1954 when he came to perform Hajj Faisal greeted Nasser warmly when he arrived 111 Despite their differences the two countries relations were restored Both men came to an agreement on the following known as the Jeddah Agreement within 48 hours The gradual withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Yemen within ten months 111 The cessation of all Saudi aid to the royalists 111 The formation of a Yemeni council of 50 members representing all Yemeni factions and charged with forming a transitional government in preparation for a general referendum to determine the future of Yemen 111 Sami Sharaf an Egyptian official recognized that implementing the agreement would be difficult because it had been rejected by all Yemeni parties Republican chairman Abdullah al Sallal stated The agreement is a blatant interference in the independence of the Yemen Arab Republic and a blatant attack on its sovereignty for all International laws The royalists on the other hand backed the agreement at first before rejecting any attempt to terminate the war with the republicans 111 The Haradh conference was conducted on November 23 1965 under the auspices of Egypt and Saudi Arabia to put the Saudi Egyptian declaration between the two parties of the Yemeni conflict into effect 112 Judge Abd al Rahman al Iryani led the republican delegation while Ahmed Muhammad al Shami the royalists foreign minister led the royal delegation The conflicting parties however were unable to strike a compromise which resulted in further bloodshed between republicans and royalists 113 Egypt indicated its willingness to stop the war in Yemen as part of the Khartoum Resolution of August 1967 Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad suggested that Egypt and Saudi Arabia renew their 1965 Jeddah Agreement Faisal was pleased with Nasser s offer and Imam al Badr pledged to deploy his troops to fight alongside Egypt against Israel if Nasser kept his word 114 Nasser and Faisal signed a deal in which Nasser agreed to withdraw his 20 000 troops from Yemen Faisal agreed to stop delivering weapons to al Badr and three neutral Arab states agreed to send in observers Al Sallal felt that Nasser had betrayed him 115 Nasser unfroze approximately 100 million in Saudi assets in Egypt and Faisal denationalized two Egyptian owned banks he had taken over earlier that year 116 Saudi Arabia Libya and Kuwait agreed to give Egypt a 266 million annual subsidy with Saudi Arabia contributing 154 million 117 Six Day War See also Six Day War nbsp Some of the attending heads of state at the Arab League Summit in Khartoum following the Six Day War From left to right Faisal Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt Abdullah al Sallal of Yemen Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah of Kuwait and Abd al Rahman Arif of Iraq 2 September 1967During the Six Day War Faisal ordered the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces to be on alert canceling all vacations and mobilizing forces in the Kingdom s north Following that orders were issued for a force of 20 000 Saudi soldiers to travel to Jordan to participate alongside the Arab forces After the war he directed that a Saudi force be stationed inside Jordanian territory to provide support and assistance as needed for ten years 118 119 120 Furthermore at the Khartoum Conference Saudi Arabia Libya and Kuwait agreed to establish a fund worth 378 million to be distributed among countries affected by the June 1967 War Saudi Arabia would contribute 140 million 121 However Faisal did not attend himself and did not send a representative to the Arab League summits until 1969 to keep away from the requests of the Arab countries involved in the war concerning the increase of Saudi Arabia s financial aid 122 Faisal s grandson Prince Amr bin Mohammed Al Faisal said I am told by my relatives my other relatives after 1967 and the fall of Jerusalem to the Israelis that was a turning point in his life He never smiled again according to them I didn t see him smile much and he became very quiet and contemplative and mostly he would spend his time listening rather than speaking himself 123 Ramadan War See also Ramadan War nbsp After taking office in 1970 Egyptian president Anwar Sadat formed a strong diplomatic relationship with Faisal After President Nasser of Egypt died in 1970 Faisal drew closer to Nasser s successor Anwar Sadat who himself was planning a break with the Soviet Union and a move towards the pro American camp After Sadat launched the 1973 Arab Israeli War Faisal withdrew Saudi oil from world markets and was the primary force behind the 1973 oil crisis in protest over Western support for Israel during the conflict The embargo was initially imposed on Canada Japan the Netherlands the United Kingdom and the United States but it was later extended to Portugal Rhodesia and South Africa 124 The price of oil had risen about 300 percent by the conclusion of the embargo in March 1974 125 from US 3 per barrel 19 m3 to nearly 12 per barrel 75 m3 globally US prices were much higher The embargo triggered an oil crisis or shock with numerous short and long term implications for world politics and the economy This was regarded as the defining act of Faisal s career and gained him lasting prestige among many Arabs and Muslims worldwide nbsp Saluting Saudi military personnel 1974In 1974 Faisal was named Time magazine s Man of the Year and the financial windfall generated by the crisis fueled the economic boom that occurred in Saudi Arabia after his death The new oil revenue also allowed Faisal to greatly increase the aid and subsidies begun following the 1967 Six Day War 126 to Egypt Syria and the Palestine Liberation Organization 127 It is a commonly held belief in Saudi Arabia and the wider Arab world that Faisal s oil embargo was the real cause of his assassination via a Western conspiracy 128 129 Personal life nbsp Making dua a at a mosque 1957 nbsp Queen Iffat visiting a school 1960sFaisal married many times concurrently 15 His spouses were from powerful families Al Kabir Al Sudairi Al Jiluwi and Al Thunayan 130 His wives were Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi the mother of his eldest son Prince Abdullah whom Faisal fathered when he was between 15 and 17 Sultana was from the Sudairi family and the younger sister of Hassa bint Ahmed the mother of the Sudairi brothers 55 Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan 1916 2000 who was born and raised in Turkey Her ancestors were part of the Al Thunayan branch of the Al Saud family 131 They first met in Istanbul around 1932 while he was in Turkey for an official visit 21 132 They had nine children 131 including Prince Mohammed Prince Saud and Prince Turki 133 Iffat was credited with being the influence behind many of her husband s reforms particularly with regard to women 134 135 Faisal also raised Iffat s younger half brother Kamal Adham 136 The King later appointed Kamal as the first president of the Saudi intelligence agency Al Mukhabarat Al A amah 137 He was also an advisor to his royal brother in law 138 Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir the daughter of his aunt Noura bint Abdul Rahman and Saud Al Kabir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 139 They married in October 1935 19 With Al Jawhara Faisal had one daughter Mashail died October 2011 15 140 Haya bint Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Turki the mother of Princess Noura Prince Saad and Prince Khalid 141 She was a member of the Al Jiluwi clan 10 142 Princess Noura bint Faisal died on 13 March 2022 143 Hessa bint Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail the mother of Princess Al Anoud died June 2011 and Princess Al Jawhara died April 2014 15 Munira bint Suhaim bin Hitimi Al Thunayan Al Mahasher the mother of Princess Hessa died in December 2020 144 Fatima bint Abdulaziz bin Mushait Al Shahrani the mother of Princess Munira died young 15 Faisal s children were well educated and had prominent roles in Saudi society and government His daughters were educated abroad and they went on to graduate from a variety of schools and universities around the world 145 146 His sons were likewise educated abroad 147 Comparatively only six of the 108 children of King Saud graduated from high school 145 146 Faisal s son Turki received formal education at prestigious schools in New Jersey and he later attended Georgetown University 148 while another son Saud was an alumnus of Princeton University Faisal s sons held important positions in the Saudi government His eldest son Abdullah held governmental positions for a while Faisal s son Khalid was the governor of Asir Province in southwestern Saudi Arabia for more than three decades before becoming governor of Makkah Province in 2007 Prince Saud was the Saudi foreign minister between 1975 and 2015 Prince Turki served as head of Saudi Intelligence ambassador to the United Kingdom and later ambassador to the United States 149 One of Faisal s sons Abdul Rahman was a graduate of Sandhurst Military Academy and he died in March 2014 Faisal s son Mohammed was a businessman 150 Faisal s daughters also held important roles in Saudi society From 2013 to 2016 his daughter Sara served in the Shura Council 151 152 She is also a prominent activist for women s education and other social issues in Saudi Arabia and so are her sisters Lolowah Latifa and Haifa 153 24 154 Faisal s daughter Haifa is married to Prince Bandar son of Faisal s half brother Sultan by a concubine The marriage of Princess Haifa and Prince Bandar forced Prince Sultan to recognize Bandar as a legitimate prince Another daughter of Faisal Lolowah is a prominent activist for women s education in Saudi Arabia In 1962 his daughter Sara founded one of the first charitable organizations Al Nahda which won the first Chaillot prize for human rights organisations in the Gulf in 2009 155 Her spouse was Prince Muhammed one of King Saud s sons His granddaughter Reem bint Mohammed is a photographer and gallery owner based in Jeddah 156 157 while another of his granddaughters Reema bint Bandar is Saudi Arabia s first female ambassador 158 Unlike most of his half brothers Faisal spoke fluent English and French However he preferred to speak in Arabic When his translators made errors Faisal would correct them 159 Personality and appearance Faisal was known for his integrity extreme humility kindness and tact with everyone As a result he was ascetic avoiding displays of extravagance and luxury He had many hobbies some of which were falconry hunting literature reading and poetry He was also a big admirer of the yearly Najdi festivals and celebrations 160 Faisal chose to work long hours and set aside some of his interests after assuming power and becoming preoccupied with state affairs 161 After coming to power in 1964 Faisal quickly caught the attention of the international public The New York Times stated that Faisal looked like someone out of a poem by Rudyard Kipling or a casting office in Hollywood 159 He was around six feet tall above average height 159 but not quite as tall as his father Abdulaziz and his brother Saud 162 163 Compared to other Muslim rulers such as Mohammad Reza Pahlavi the Shah of Iran who almost exclusively wore European styled outfits Faisal was known to have dressed modestly as he was most often seen wearing a traditional Saudi thawb even in the presence of foreign dignitaries 159 Assassination and aftermath nbsp Prince Faisal bin MusaidOn 25 March 1975 the King was shot point blank and killed by Faisal bin Musaid son of his half brother Musaid bin Abdulaziz He had just come back from the United States The murder occurred at a majlis literally a place for sitting an event where the king or leader opens up his residence to the citizens to enter and petition him 164 In the waiting room Prince Faisal talked to Kuwaiti representatives who were also waiting to meet King Faisal When the prince went to embrace him King Faisal leaned to kiss his nephew in accordance with Saudi custom At that instant Prince Faisal took out a pistol and shot him The first shot hit the King s chin and the second one went through his ear A bodyguard hit Prince Faisal with a sheathed sword Oil minister Zaki Yamani yelled repeatedly not to kill the prince 165 King Faisal was quickly taken to Central Hospital in Riyadh He was still alive as doctors massaged his heart and gave him a blood transfusion Their efforts were unsuccessful and he died shortly afterward Both before and after the attack the assassin was reported to be calm Following the killing Riyadh had three days of mourning during which all government activities were suspended 165 The funeral service for King Faisal was performed in Id mosque in Riyadh 166 and he was buried in Al Oud cemetery on 26 March 1975 167 168 During the funeral the newly ascended King Khalid wept over his murdered brother s body 169 One theory for the King s murder was avenging the death of Prince Khalid bin Musaid the brother of Prince Faisal bin Musaid King Faisal instituted secular reforms that led to the installation of television which provoked violent protests Prince Khalid led an attack on a television station in 1966 and he was shot dead by a policeman 170 In a documentary entitled Faisal Legacy of a King Faisal s grandson Amr bin Mohammed bin Faisal claims that the King had distanced himself from the world days before his death Zaki Yamani claimed that King Faisal told his own relatives and friends about a dream he had in which his father the late King Abdulaziz was traveling in a car and asked him to get in Yamani went on to say that Faisal felt that his death was approaching According to Islamic beliefs if a dead person takes a living person in a dream the living person will most likely die within a short amount of time 171 172 Prince Faisal bin Musaid was captured directly after the attack He was at first officially declared insane but following the trial a panel of Saudi medical experts decided that he was sane when he shot the King The nation s high religious court convicted him of regicide and sentenced him to execution He was publicly beheaded in Deera Square in Riyadh 165 Memorials and legacyFurther information List of things named after Saudi kings Faisal After his death Faisal s sons established an international philanthropic organisation the King Faisal Foundation in his honour 173 Faisal was eulogized by lyricist Robert Hunter in the title track of the Grateful Dead s 1975 album Blues for Allah 174 Gerald de Gaury published a biography of Faisal entitled Faisal King of Saudi Arabia 175 In 2013 Russian Arabist Alexei Vassiliev published another biography King Faisal of Saudi Arabia Personality Faith and Times 5 A movie directed by Agusti Villaronga in 2019 entitled Born a King is about the visit of Faisal to London in 1919 when he was thirteen years old 176 In October 1976 King Khalid initiated the construction of Faisal Mosque in Islamabad Pakistan 177 Lyallpur the third largest city of Pakistan was renamed Faisalabad literally City of Faisal in 1979 in Faisal s honour 178 179 One of the two major Pakistan Air Force bases in Karachi the largest city in Sindh province is named PAF Base Faisal in Faisal s honour 179 180 Views nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Faisal of Saudi Arabia The livers are torn apart and the wings are torn apart when we hear or see our brothers in religion in the homeland and in blood their sanctities are violated they are displaced and abused daily not for something they committed nor for the aggression they attacked but for the love of control and aggression and to commit injustice King Faisal bin Abdulaziz 181 Faisal held pro Palestinian views Throughout his career he supported the Palestinian cause and he was noted for his strong criticism of Israel 126 He was also anti communist and Saudi Arabia under Faisal continued to be allied with the United States against the Soviet Union 99 Faisal also supported pan Islamism and he sought to establish unity among Muslims Nevertheless he reduced the power of the Islamic clergy during his reign 93 HonoursStyles of King Faisal nbsp Reference styleHis MajestySpoken styleYour Majesty nbsp nbsp Faisal s royal flag before 1973 left and from 1973 onwards Faisal has received numerous honours from the countries he visited both before and after assuming power 182 The honours and awards given to Faisal are displayed at the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh which was established by the King Faisal Foundation in 1983 173 182 The awards are as follows Afghanistan nbsp Collar of the Order of the Supreme Sun 182 nbsp Order of Independence 182 Belgium nbsp Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold 182 Chad nbsp Grand Cross of the National Order of Chad 182 Egypt nbsp Order of Ismail 182 nbsp Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile 182 nbsp Collar of the Order of the Nile 182 France nbsp Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 182 nbsp Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour 182 Greece nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of George I 182 Guinea nbsp Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 182 Indonesia nbsp First Class of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia 182 Iran nbsp Order of the Crown 1953 183 nbsp Order of Pahlavi 182 nbsp Order of Taj 182 Iraq nbsp Order of the Two Rivers 182 nbsp Order of Faisal I 182 Italy nbsp Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy 182 Japan nbsp Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum 182 Jordan nbsp Collar of the Order of Al Hussein bin Ali 182 nbsp Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance twice 182 Lebanon nbsp Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar 182 Liberia nbsp Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia 182 Libya nbsp Grand Collar of the Order of Idris I 182 Malaysia nbsp Order of the Crown of the Realm 182 Mauritania nbsp National Order of Merit 182 Morrocco nbsp Collar of the Order of Muhammad 182 Netherlands nbsp Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange Nassau 182 Niger nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of Niger 182 nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 182 Oman nbsp Collar of the Order of Oman military 182 Poland nbsp Commander s Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta 182 Pakistan nbsp Nishan e Imtiaz 182 nbsp Nishan e Pakistan 182 Saudi Arabia nbsp Order of King Abdulaziz 184 Senegal nbsp Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 182 Somalia nbsp Collar of the Order of the Somali Star 182 South Korea nbsp First Class of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit 182 Spain nbsp Collar of the Order of Civil Merit 182 Sudan nbsp Collar of Honour 182 Syria nbsp Member First Class of the Order of Umayyad 182 Taiwan nbsp Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Jade 185 nbsp Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star 185 Tunisia nbsp Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory 182 nbsp Collar of the Order of Independence 182 Turkey nbsp Gold Red Crescent Medal 182 Uganda nbsp First Class of the Distinguished Order of The Nile 182 United Kingdom nbsp Royal Victorian Chain 182 nbsp Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 182 nbsp Second Class of the Order of St Michael and St George 182 Zaire nbsp Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard 182 Notes King Abdulaziz s eldest son Turki I bin Abdulaziz was born to Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair Prince Turki was the heir to his father but he died in 1919 Abdulaziz s next eldest son Turki s full brother Saud would eventually become king in 1953 Faisal s father Abdulaziz became Emir of Nejd in 1902 following the Battle of Riyadh 1 He became King of Hejaz in 1926 2 and he raised Nejd 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Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2018 The Sounds of the 60s How Dick Dale the Doors and Dylan Swayed to Arab Music Alternet 3 December 2008 Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 26 May 2012 Natana J DeLong Bas 2011 Faisal King of Saudi Arabia By Gerald de Gaury Louisville Ky Fons Vitae 2008 p xiv 191 The Historian 73 1 117 118 doi 10 1111 j 1540 6563 2010 00288 2 x S2CID 145473673 Born a King 2019 IMDb 26 September 2019 Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 12 July 2020 Mujtaba Razvi 1981 PAK Saudi Arabian Relations An Example of Entente Cordiale PDF Pakistan Horizon 34 1 81 92 JSTOR 41393647 Shahid Javed Burki 2018 Historical Dictionary of Pakistan Rowman amp Littlefield p 196 ISBN 978 1 4422 4148 0 Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 8 October 2020 a b Sabir Shah 15 February 2019 Saudi Royals who have visited Pakistan till date The News Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 4 November 2020 Pakistan Air Force paf gov pk Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 Retrieved 24 January 2015 King Faisal Speech during Hajj in 1968 Moqatel Archived from the original on 15 August 2021 Retrieved 15 August 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Owain Raw Rees 1998 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia His Awards and the Saudi Order of King Faisal PDF The Medal Collector 49 4 Banafsheh Keynoush 2016 Saudi Arabia and Iran Friends or Foes New York Palgrave Macmillan p 66 doi 10 1007 978 1 137 58939 2 ISBN 978 1 137 58939 2 S2CID 156413085 البترول العربى ليس بأغلى من الدم صفحات خالدة من مسيرة القائد العربي الملك فيصل Al Ahram in Arabic 14 April 2021 Retrieved 30 July 2021 a b King Faisal meets President Chiang Taiwan Today 1 June 1971 Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 7 November 2020 External links nbsp Biography portal nbsp Monarchy portal nbsp Saudi Arabia portal nbsp Middle East portal nbsp Islam portal nbsp Quotations related to Faisal of Saudi Arabia at Wikiquote nbsp Media related to Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Saud at Wikimedia CommonsFaisal of Saudi ArabiaHouse of SaudBorn 1906 Died 1975Regnal titlesPreceded bySaud King of Saudi Arabia2 November 1964 25 March 1975 Succeeded byKhalidSaudi Arabian royaltyPreceded bySaud Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia9 November 1953 2 November 1964 Succeeded byMuhammadPolitical officesNew title Minister for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia1930 1960 Succeeded byIbrahim bin Abdullah Al SuwaiyelPreceded byIbrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel Minister for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia1962 1975 Succeeded bySaud bin Faisal Al SaudPreceded bySaud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia1954 1960 Succeeded bySaud bin Abdulaziz Al SaudPrime Minister of Saudi Arabia1962 1975 Succeeded byKhalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Faisal of Saudi Arabia amp oldid 1191623337, wikipedia, wiki, 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