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Transparency International

February 07, 2023

This article is about the international umbrella organization. For its national member organizations, see Transparency International (disambiguation).

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank. Based in Berlin, its nonprofit and non-governmental purpose is to take action to combat global[1] corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption. Its most notable publications include the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International serves as an umbrella organization. From 1993 till today its members have grown from a few individuals to more than 100 national chapters which engage in fighting perceived corruption in their home countries.[2][3] TI is a member of G20 Think Tanks,[4] UNESCO Consultative Status,[5] United Nations Global Compact,[6] Sustainable Development Solutions Network[7] and shares the goals of peace, justice, strong institutions and partnerships of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG).[8] TI is a social partner of Global Alliance in Management Education.[9] TI confirmed the dis-accreditation of the national chapter of United States of America in 2017.[10]

AbbreviationTI
Formation1993 (1993)
TypeInternational non-governmental organization
Legal statusEingetragener Verein (German registered voluntary association)
PurposeCombat corruption, crime prevention
HeadquartersBerlin, Germany
Location
  • Alt-Moabit 96
    10559 Berlin, Germany
Coordinates52°31′26″N 13°20′42″E / 52.5238°N 13.3450°E / 52.5238; 13.3450Coordinates: 52°31′26″N 13°20′42″E / 52.5238°N 13.3450°E / 52.5238; 13.3450
Region served
Global
Managing Director
Daniel Eriksson
Chairman
Delia Ferreira Rubio
Key people
Peter Eigen
Websitewww.transparency.org

According to the 2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, Transparency International was number 9 of 100 in the Top Think Tanks Worldwide (non-U.S.) category and number 27 of 150 in the Top Think Tanks Worldwide (U.S. and non-U.S.) category.[11]

History

Transparency International was founded in May 1993. According to political scientist Ellen Gutterman, "TI's presence in Germany, and indeed its organizational development and rise from a small operation to a prominent international TNGO [Transnational Non Governmental Organisation], benefited from the activities and personal connections of at least three key German individuals: Peter Eigen, Hansjoerg Elshorst, and Michael Wiehen".[12]

The founding members included:[13][14]

In 1995, Transparency International developed the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). The CPI ranked nations on the prevalence of corruption within each country, based upon surveys of business people. The CPI was subsequently published annually. It was initially criticized for poor methodology and unfair treatment of developing nations, while also being praised for highlighting corruption and embarrassing governments.[23]

Starting in 1999 and ending in 2011, Transparency International published the Bribe Payers Index (BPI) which ranked nations according to the prevalence that a country's multinational corporations would offer bribes.[23] Transparency International has not stated why it scope publishing such report. The Journal of Business Ethics states "Bribery in international business transactions can be seen as a function of not only the demand for such bribes in different countries, but the supply, or willingness to provide bribes by multinational firms and their representatives. This study addresses the propensity of firms from 30 different countries to engage in international bribery".[24]

Since 2005, Transparency International has published thirteen Exporting Corruption reports. Exporting Corruption is a research report that rates the bribery-related performance of leading global exporters, including countries that are signatories of OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.[25]

Areas of work and products

Transparency International is the global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption. It brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. TI's mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption.[This quote needs a citation]

The organization defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain which eventually hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority.[26] It develops tools for fighting corruption and works with other civil society organizations, companies and governments to implement them. Since 1995, Transparency International has issued an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI); it also publishes a Global Corruption Report, a Global Corruption Barometer, and a Bribe Payers Index. In 2010, Transparency International developed a five-year strategy with six strategic priorities organized by the following categories: People, Institutions, Laws, Values, Network, Impact.[27] In 2015, Transparency International (TI) developed a five-year strategy which sets out their collective ambition for the coming years. Together against Corruption: Transparency International Strategy 2020 is a strategy by and for the Transparency International movement. This strategy is based on more than 1500 external and internal contributions addressing both the corruption environment of today and the one TI anticipates in the years ahead.[28]

Corruption Perceptions Index

Main article: Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index – a combination of polls – drawing on corruption-related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions. The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world.[29]

The Corruption Perceptions Index has received criticism over the years. The main one stems from the difficulty in measuring corruption, which by definition happens behind the scenes. The Corruption Perceptions Index therefore needs to rely on third-party survey which have been criticized as potentially unreliable. Data can vary widely depending on the public perception of a country, the completeness of the surveys and the methodology used. The second issue is that data cannot be compared from year to year because Transparency International uses different methodologies and samples every year. This makes it difficult to evaluate the result of new policies.[30] The Corruption Perceptions Index authors replied to these criticisms by reminding that the Corruption Perceptions Index is meant to measure perception and not "reality". They argue that "perceptions matter in their own right, since... firms and individuals take actions based on perceptions".[31]

Other key products

  • The Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) is a survey that asks citizens about their direct personal experience of corruption in their daily lives.[32]
  • The Global Corruption Report picks a specific topic like corruption in climate change for example and provides in-depth research.[33]
  • National integrity system assessments are designed to provide comprehensive analysis on a given country's mechanisms to fight corruption.[34]
  • In 2013, Transparency International published the Government Defence Anti-corruption Index with which corruption in the defence sector of 82 countries was measured.[35] Some governments have expressed criticism towards the methodology of the report. Mark Pyman, the founder of TI's Defence & Security program, defended the report in an interview and stressed the importance of transparency in the military sector. The plan is to publish the index every two years.[36]
  • Exporting Corruption is a research report that rates the corruption performance of leading exporting countries, including signatories of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.[25]

Organizational structure

 
Transparency International's headquarters in Berlin

Transparency International consists of chapters – locally established, independent organizations – that address corruption in their respective countries. From small bribes to large-scale looting, corruption differs from country to country. As chapters are staffed with local experts they are ideally placed to determine the priorities and approaches best suited to tackling corruption in their countries. This work ranges from visiting rural communities to provide free legal support to advising their government on policy reform. Corruption does not stop at national borders. The chapters play a crucial role in shaping its collective work and realising its regional and global goals, such as Strategy 2015. Transparency International's multi-country research and advocacy initiatives are driven by the chapters.

According to its 2012 Annual Report, it is funded by western governments (with almost €5 million from the UK government) and several multinational companies, including oil companies Exxon Mobil and Shell, hedge funds KKR and Wermuth Asset Management, Deloitte and Ernst & Young.[37] Exxon Mobil itself was ranked in 2008 as the least transparent of 42 major oil and gas firms.[38]

As far as organizational structure is concerned, one important leadership structure is their advisory council. The Advisory Council is a group of individuals with extensive experience in the areas of Transparency International's work. They come from diverse geographical, cultural and professional backgrounds. The council is appointed by the Board of Directors to advise them and to support the work of the organization as a whole.[39]

Controversies

According to the newspaper Le Monde: "In its main surveys, Transparency International does not measure the weight of corruption in economic terms for each country. It develops a Corruption Perception Index (CPI) based on surveys conducted by private structures or other NGOs: the Economist Intelligence Unit, backed by the British liberal weekly newspaper The Economist, the American neoconservative organization Freedom House, the World Economic Forum, or large corporations. (...) The IPC ignores corruption cases that concern the business world. So, the collapse of Lehman Brothers (2008) or the manipulation of the money market reference rate (Libor) by major British banks revealed in 2011 did not affect the ratings of the United States or United Kingdom." The organization also receives funding from companies that are themselves convicted of corruption offences.[40] CPI's reliance on opinions of a relatively small group of experts and businesspeople, has been criticised by some. Alex Cobham, fellow at the Center for Global Development, states that it "embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption". Others argue it is not plausible to ever measure the true scale and depth of a highly complex issue like corruption with a single number, and then rank countries accordingly.[41]

2013 non-support of Edward Snowden

At its annual members' meeting in November 2013 in Berlin, Transparency International's national chapters from Germany and Ireland proposed a resolution calling for the "end of the prosecution of Edward J. Snowden... He should be recognized as a whistleblower for his help to reveal the over-reaching and unlawful surveillance by secret services...He symbolizes the courage of numerous other whistleblowers around the world."[42]

The final resolution that was passed by the plenary excluded any reference to Snowden, and excluded a call for "comprehensive protection on whistleblowers from all forms of retaliation". The original resolution was weakened following the intervention of the USA chapter.[43] Five months earlier, in June 2013, representatives from Transparency International declined Snowden's request to meet him at the Moscow airport. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch met Snowden to support his asylum request, but Transparency International refused.[citation needed]

2014 funding from Siemens

In January 2015 it was reported that Transparency International accepted $3 million from the German engineering multinational Siemens, which in 2008 paid one of the largest corporate corruption fines[44] in history – $1.6 billion – for bribing government officials in numerous countries. In 2014, Siemens made the donation to Transparency International after pleading guilty in 2008 to bribery charges relating to widespread corrupt practices in Greece, Norway, Iraq, Vietnam, Italy, Israel, Argentina, Venezuela, China and Russia.[45]

Transparency International applied for and received the funding from Siemens, even though TI's due diligence procedures[46] prohibit the organization from accepting money from corporations that want to "greenwash" their reputations by making donations to TI. "If any corporate donor is accused of having been involved in corruption, the donor can expect no protection from TI," the procedures state. Transparency International received the funding from the Siemens Integrity Initiative[47] about a year after the Initiative hired former TI staffer Jana Mittermaier, raising questions of a "revolving door" that has benefited both the organization and the company.

Several of TI's national chapters also have accepted money from Siemens: $660,000 for TI USA, $600,000 for TI Italy, $450,000 for TI Bulgaria, and $230,000 for TI Mexico – each for a period of three years. "This really shows that Transparency International is not as pure as people think," a TI insider told Corporate Crime Reporter. Transparency International Managing Director at the time, Cobus de Swardt, said, "We did not file an application to Siemens, we applied to the Siemens Integrity Initiative. There's a difference. We have not applied to Siemens." However, according to Siemens, the money for these grants is "provided by Siemens".[48][49][50]

2015 whistleblowing

In August 2015 former TI staffer Anna Buzzoni went public regarding retaliation she and her colleagues faced after reporting to managers questionable financial dealings at TI's Water Integrity Network.[51] Two of Buzzoni's project responsibilities were suspended and she was transferred against her will. She left TI shortly before internal whistleblower guidelines were adopted in June 2014.[52]

2015 Croatia chapter disaccreditation

Due to a "lack of confidence", TI's chapter in Croatia was disaccredited by the organization's board of directors in November 2015.[53] The previous year, several leaders of the Croatia chapter challenged the legality of the chapter president's election. The president was accused of falsifying records, conflicts of interest, and arbitrarily expelling 10 chapter members who opposed the hiring of staff against the organization's rules. The Croatian government eventually revoked the president's appointment.[54]

2017 USA chapter disaccreditation

In January 2017, the TI Secretariat confirmed that its International Board of Directors decided on 10 January 2017 to strip its US affiliate – Transparency International USA – of its accreditation as the National Chapter in the United States.[10] The stated basis for the dis-accreditation was the board's recognition of differences in philosophies, strategies, and priorities between the former chapter and the Transparency International Movement. Elsewhere, it was reported that TI-USA came to be seen in the United States as a corporate front group, funded by multinational corporations. TI-USA's funding was provided by Bechtel Corporation, Deloitte, Google, Pfizer ($50,000 or more), Citigroup, ExxonMobil, Fluor, General Electric, Lockheed Martin, Marsh & McLennan, PepsiCo, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Raytheon, Realogy, Tyco ($25,000–$49,999), and Freeport-McMoRan and Johnson & Johnson (up to $24,999).[55] TI-USA previously awarded an annual corporate leadership award to one of its big corporate funders. In 2016, this award went to Bechtel. In April 2015 the Secretariat defended the decision by TI-USA to give Hillary Clinton its Integrity Award in 2012.[56] Since January 1, 2020, Transparency International has an office in the United States.[57]

2017–21 reports of bullying, harassment and abuse of power by Board members and senior management

In 2017, Cobus de Swardt stood down as Transparency International’s Managing Director, following a dispute with the organisation’s Board of Directors. De Swardt agreed a settlement with a Transparency International in a Labour Court in Berlin.[58]

In August 2019 accounts from seven current and former TI Secretariat staff were reported in The Guardian alleging a "toxic" workplace culture at the organisation.[59]

De Swardt's successor, Patricia Moreira, left in 2020 after making similar accusations to those of De Swardt, accusing the Board of failing to protect whistleblowers, as well as corruption.

The German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported that Transparency International dismissed Moreira "without giving any reasons".[60] The article added that, "dozens of employees, including high-ranking ones, have left the organisation in recent years. Even long-standing and deeply committed employees complain that TI is involved in political intrigues in which some are only interested in their own progress. For a non-governmental organization whose goal is to fight corruption around the world, and which collects millions of dollars in funding from governments and companies every year, this is a disturbing finding."[61]

In 2021, de Swardt published a book accusing Transparency International of abuse of power and silencing whistleblowers.[62] De Swardt also presented a video published on YouTube by his publisher, Springer, criticising corruption at Transparency International.[63]

Daniel Eriksson was appointed Interim Managing Director in March 2020.[64]

Political activities in Brazil

Transparency International's political impartiality, as well as its own transparency, have been called into question over hacked conversations of prosecutors in Operation Car Wash, leaked to The Intercept.[65][66] In these, chief prosecutor Deltan Dallagnol and head of TI Brazil, Bruno Brandão, discuss a "backstage campaign" to "disarm resistance on the left", fund selected candidates, and target others, seen as adversaries, using social media. Plans extended to preparing a series of false accusations ("denúncias sem materialidade") intended to damage the reputation of former president and potential candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and lead up to a chat in which participants celebrate the election of Jair Bolsonaro.[67][68]

In April 2022, Brazil's auditing court announced that it had opened an investigation against Transparency International over the illegal imprisonment of Lula da Silva.[69]

See also

References

  1. ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Our impact - Transparency International". www.transparency.org.
  2. ^ Transparency International e.V. "Our Organisation – overview". transparency.org.
  3. ^ "2020 Corruption Perceptions Index reveals widespread corruption is…". Transparency.org. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  4. ^ "Think Tanks". G20 Insights.
  5. ^ "NGOs in official partnership with UNESCO in consultative status" (PDF). unesco.org.
  6. ^ "Transparency International | UN Global Compact". www.unglobalcompact.org.
  7. ^ "94. Perception of public sector corruption – Indicators and a Monitoring Framework". indicators.report.
  8. ^ "Transparency International - United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform". sustainabledevelopment.un.org.
  9. ^ "CEMS Social Partners | CEMS". www.cems.org.
  10. ^ a b e.V., Transparency International. "Transparency International confirms the disaccreditation of its chapter in the US".
  11. ^ James G. McGann (Director) (February 4, 2015). "2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report". Retrieved February 14, 2015. Other "Top Think Tank" rankings include #7 (of 80) in Top Think Tanks in Western Europe, #13 (of 85) in Foreign Policy and International Affairs Think Tanks, #1 (of 40) in Transparency and Good Governance Think Tanks, #2 (of 75) for Best Advocacy Campaign, #42 (of 65) for Best Managed Think Tanks, #10 (of 60) for Best Use of Social Networks, #8 (of 60) of Think Tanks with the Best External Relations/Public Engagement Program, #4 (of 40) for Best Use of the Internet, #9 (of 40) for Best Use of Media, and #10 (of 70) for the Most Significant Impact on Public Policy, #8 (of 60) of Think Tanks with Outstanding Policy-Oriented Public Programs.
  12. ^ a b Ellen Gutterman (June 2012). "The Legitimacy of Transnational NGOs: Lessons from the Experience of Transparency International in Germany and France (PDF)" (PDF). Paper Submitted to the 84th Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association.
  13. ^ [Usurped!], International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
  14. ^ Larmour, Peter (September 2006). Bowden, Brett (ed.). Global standards of market civilization. Routledge. pp. 95–106. ISBN 0-415-37545-2.
  15. ^ "Michael Wiehen - Partnership for Transparency Fund".
  16. ^ a b c "Advisory Council". Transparency.org.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  18. ^ . Fairfax Group. Archived from the original on 2015-08-14. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  19. ^ "George Moody Stuart obituary". The Times. November 24, 2004.
  20. ^ "Gerald Parfitt". Group DF.
  21. ^ Hicks, Bill (2010). "Transparency International". Pinkindustry.com.
  22. ^ "Frank Vogl - The Huffington Post". HuffPost. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  23. ^ a b Chaikin, David (June 2009). Corruption and money laundering: a symbiotic relationship. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-230-61360-7.
  24. ^ Baughn, Christopher; Bodie, Nancy L.; Buchanan, Mark A.; Bixby, Michael B. (2010). "Bribery in International Business Transactions". Journal of Business Ethics. 92 (1): 15–32. ISSN 0167-4544.
  25. ^ a b "Exporting Corruption 2020 - Projects". Transparency.org.
  26. ^ Transparency International e.V. "Transparency International – What we do". transparency.org.
  27. ^ Transparency International e.V. "2015 Strategy". transparency.org.
  28. ^ Transparency International e.V. "2020 Strategy". transparency.org.
  29. ^ Transparency International e.V. "2012 Corruption Perceptions Index – In detail". transparency.org.
  30. ^ . Global Integrity & UNDP. Archived from the original on 2011-01-31.
  31. ^ Uslaner, Eric M. (2008). Corruption, inequality, and the rule of law: the bulging pocket makes the easy life. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–17. ISBN 978-0-521-87489-2.
  32. ^ e.V, Transparency International. "Global Corruption Barometer: citizens' voices from around the world". www.transparency.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  33. ^ "Research - GCR - Overview". www.transparency.org.
  34. ^ "What we do - National integrity system assessments". www.transparency.org.
  35. ^ . Transparency International. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-05-08.
  36. ^ Mark Pyman (March 2013). "Transparency is feasible". dandc.eu.
  37. ^ e.V., Transparency International. "TI Publication - Annual Report 2012". Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  38. ^ "Exxon 'ranks low on transparency'". BBC News. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  39. ^ "Advisory Council". Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  40. ^ "" ¿Quién investiga a los investigadores? " - Le Monde diplomatique en español". mondiplo.com.
  41. ^ "Is Transparency International's measure of corruption still valid?". the Guardian. 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  42. ^ Germany, TI; Ireland, TI (10 February 2014). "Whistleblower protection of Edward Snowden" (PDF). Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  43. ^ Mokhiber, Russell (10 February 2014). "Transparency International Nixes Edward Snowden". HuffPost. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  44. ^ Lichtblau, Eric; Dougherty, Carter (15 December 2008). "Settling Bribery Case to Cost Siemens $1.6 Billion". The New York Times.
  45. ^ "Press Release: SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery; 2008-294; Dec. 15, 2008". www.SEC.gov.
  46. ^ "Private-Sector Donors Approval and Due Diligence Processes" (PDF).
  47. ^ "Integrity Initiative". www.siemens.com.
  48. ^ "Transparency International Siemens Revolving Door Spins, Money Pipeline Flows - Corporate Crime Reporter". 11 February 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  49. ^ "Transparency International and the Greenwashing of Siemens - Corporate Crime Reporter". 2 April 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  50. ^ "Siemens Donates $3 Million to Transparency International - Corporate Crime Reporter". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  51. ^ "Home page - WIN - Water Integrity Network". WIN - Water Integrity Network.
  52. ^ "Falling on Deaf Ears". 27 August 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  53. ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Press release - Transparency International statement on its former chapter in Croatia". Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  54. ^ Ognian Shentov; Ruslan Stefanov; Boyko Todorov, eds. (2014). Anti-Corruption Reloaded Assessment of Southeast Europe (PDF). Southeast Europe Leadership for Development and Integrity. ISBN 978-954-477-221-5.
  55. ^ "Transparency International Strips United States Affiliate of Accreditation - Corporate Crime Reporter". 19 January 2017.
  56. ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Transparency and The Clinton Foundation: Regarding recent statements" (Press release). Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  57. ^ "Home". Transparency International.
  58. ^ "Statement on allegations by Mr. de Swardt - Press". Transparency.org.
  59. ^ Doshi, Vidhi (2019-08-21). "Transparency International staff complain of bullying and harassment". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  60. ^ Burras, Corrina (19 June 2020). "Die dunklen Seiten der Korruptionsjagd". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  61. ^ " Die dunklen Seiten der Korruptionsjard", by Corinna Budras, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 June 2020
  62. ^ de Swardt, Cobus (February 19, 2021). Silencing a Whistleblower. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76540-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76539-2.
  63. ^ "Silencing a Whistleblower | Authors @ Fbm21" – via www.youtube.com.
  64. ^ "Management". Transparency International. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  65. ^ Fishman, Andrew; Viana, Natalia; Saleh, Maryam (March 12, 2020). ""Keep It Confidential": The Secret History of U.S. Involvement in Brazil's Scandal-Wracked Operation Car Wash". The Intercept.
  66. ^ Fishman, Andrew (June 8, 2021). "House Democrats Want Answers About U.S. Role in Disgraced Brazil Corruption Probe". The Intercept.
  67. ^ "Lava Jato debateu cláusula anti-Bolsonaro em ranking de candidatos em 2018". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  68. ^ "Deltan e Transparência Internacional tentaram criar plataforma de candidatos lavajatistas". Consultor Jurídico (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  69. ^ Mier, Brian (April 14, 2022). "Transparency International: Brazil Court Opens Investigation Of Anti-Corruption NGO". Brasil Wire. Retrieved April 14, 2022.

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February 07, 2023
transparency, international, this, article, about, international, umbrella, organization, national, member, organizations, disambiguation, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, condi. This article is about the international umbrella organization For its national member organizations see Transparency International disambiguation The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Transparency International e V TI is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank Based in Berlin its nonprofit and non governmental purpose is to take action to combat global 1 corruption with civil societal anti corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption Its most notable publications include the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perceptions Index Transparency International serves as an umbrella organization From 1993 till today its members have grown from a few individuals to more than 100 national chapters which engage in fighting perceived corruption in their home countries 2 3 TI is a member of G20 Think Tanks 4 UNESCO Consultative Status 5 United Nations Global Compact 6 Sustainable Development Solutions Network 7 and shares the goals of peace justice strong institutions and partnerships of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group UNSDG 8 TI is a social partner of Global Alliance in Management Education 9 TI confirmed the dis accreditation of the national chapter of United States of America in 2017 10 AbbreviationTIFormation1993 1993 TypeInternational non governmental organizationLegal statusEingetragener Verein German registered voluntary association PurposeCombat corruption crime preventionHeadquartersBerlin GermanyLocationAlt Moabit 9610559 Berlin GermanyCoordinates52 31 26 N 13 20 42 E 52 5238 N 13 3450 E 52 5238 13 3450 Coordinates 52 31 26 N 13 20 42 E 52 5238 N 13 3450 E 52 5238 13 3450Region servedGlobalManaging DirectorDaniel ErikssonChairmanDelia Ferreira RubioKey peoplePeter EigenWebsitewww wbr transparency wbr orgAccording to the 2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report Transparency International was number 9 of 100 in the Top Think Tanks Worldwide non U S category and number 27 of 150 in the Top Think Tanks Worldwide U S and non U S category 11 Contents 1 History 2 Areas of work and products 2 1 Corruption Perceptions Index 2 2 Other key products 3 Organizational structure 4 Controversies 4 1 2013 non support of Edward Snowden 4 2 2014 funding from Siemens 4 3 2015 whistleblowing 4 4 2015 Croatia chapter disaccreditation 4 5 2017 USA chapter disaccreditation 4 6 2017 21 reports of bullying harassment and abuse of power by Board members and senior management 4 7 Political activities in Brazil 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditTransparency International was founded in May 1993 According to political scientist Ellen Gutterman TI s presence in Germany and indeed its organizational development and rise from a small operation to a prominent international TNGO Transnational Non Governmental Organisation benefited from the activities and personal connections of at least three key German individuals Peter Eigen Hansjoerg Elshorst and Michael Wiehen 12 The founding members included 13 14 Peter Eigen a former regional director for the World Bank is recognized as a founder 12 Michael Wiehen a former World Bank official at Washington D C 15 Hansjorg Elshorst former managing director of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation John Githongo former Permanent Secretary for Ethics and Governance in the office of the President Kenya 16 Fritz Heimann of General Electric 17 Michael J Hershman of the U S military intelligence establishment now President and CEO of the Fairfax Group 18 Kamal Hossain former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh 16 Dolores L Espanol the Philippines former presiding Judge of Regional Trial Court 16 George Moody Stuart sugar industrialist 19 Gerald Parfitt formerly of Coopers amp Lybrand then PricewaterhouseCoopers in Ukraine 20 Jeremy Pope a New Zealand activist and writer 21 Frank Vogl a senior official at the World Bank and head of Vogl Communications Inc which has provided advice to leaders of international finance 22 In 1995 Transparency International developed the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI The CPI ranked nations on the prevalence of corruption within each country based upon surveys of business people The CPI was subsequently published annually It was initially criticized for poor methodology and unfair treatment of developing nations while also being praised for highlighting corruption and embarrassing governments 23 Starting in 1999 and ending in 2011 Transparency International published the Bribe Payers Index BPI which ranked nations according to the prevalence that a country s multinational corporations would offer bribes 23 Transparency International has not stated why it scope publishing such report The Journal of Business Ethics states Bribery in international business transactions can be seen as a function of not only the demand for such bribes in different countries but the supply or willingness to provide bribes by multinational firms and their representatives This study addresses the propensity of firms from 30 different countries to engage in international bribery 24 Since 2005 Transparency International has published thirteen Exporting Corruption reports Exporting Corruption is a research report that rates the bribery related performance of leading global exporters including countries that are signatories of OECD Anti Bribery Convention 25 Areas of work and products EditTransparency International is the global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption It brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men women and children around the world TI s mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption This quote needs a citation The organization defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain which eventually hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority 26 It develops tools for fighting corruption and works with other civil society organizations companies and governments to implement them Since 1995 Transparency International has issued an annual Corruption Perceptions Index CPI it also publishes a Global Corruption Report a Global Corruption Barometer and a Bribe Payers Index In 2010 Transparency International developed a five year strategy with six strategic priorities organized by the following categories People Institutions Laws Values Network Impact 27 In 2015 Transparency International TI developed a five year strategy which sets out their collective ambition for the coming years Together against Corruption Transparency International Strategy 2020 is a strategy by and for the Transparency International movement This strategy is based on more than 1500 external and internal contributions addressing both the corruption environment of today and the one TI anticipates in the years ahead 28 Corruption Perceptions Index Edit Main article Corruption Perceptions Index The Corruption Perceptions Index CPI ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be It is a composite index a combination of polls drawing on corruption related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world 29 The Corruption Perceptions Index has received criticism over the years The main one stems from the difficulty in measuring corruption which by definition happens behind the scenes The Corruption Perceptions Index therefore needs to rely on third party survey which have been criticized as potentially unreliable Data can vary widely depending on the public perception of a country the completeness of the surveys and the methodology used The second issue is that data cannot be compared from year to year because Transparency International uses different methodologies and samples every year This makes it difficult to evaluate the result of new policies 30 The Corruption Perceptions Index authors replied to these criticisms by reminding that the Corruption Perceptions Index is meant to measure perception and not reality They argue that perceptions matter in their own right since firms and individuals take actions based on perceptions 31 Other key products Edit The Global Corruption Barometer GCB is a survey that asks citizens about their direct personal experience of corruption in their daily lives 32 The Global Corruption Report picks a specific topic like corruption in climate change for example and provides in depth research 33 National integrity system assessments are designed to provide comprehensive analysis on a given country s mechanisms to fight corruption 34 In 2013 Transparency International published the Government Defence Anti corruption Index with which corruption in the defence sector of 82 countries was measured 35 Some governments have expressed criticism towards the methodology of the report Mark Pyman the founder of TI s Defence amp Security program defended the report in an interview and stressed the importance of transparency in the military sector The plan is to publish the index every two years 36 Exporting Corruption is a research report that rates the corruption performance of leading exporting countries including signatories of the OECD Anti Bribery Convention 25 Organizational structure Edit Transparency International s headquarters in Berlin Transparency International consists of chapters locally established independent organizations that address corruption in their respective countries From small bribes to large scale looting corruption differs from country to country As chapters are staffed with local experts they are ideally placed to determine the priorities and approaches best suited to tackling corruption in their countries This work ranges from visiting rural communities to provide free legal support to advising their government on policy reform Corruption does not stop at national borders The chapters play a crucial role in shaping its collective work and realising its regional and global goals such as Strategy 2015 Transparency International s multi country research and advocacy initiatives are driven by the chapters According to its 2012 Annual Report it is funded by western governments with almost 5 million from the UK government and several multinational companies including oil companies Exxon Mobil and Shell hedge funds KKR and Wermuth Asset Management Deloitte and Ernst amp Young 37 Exxon Mobil itself was ranked in 2008 as the least transparent of 42 major oil and gas firms 38 As far as organizational structure is concerned one important leadership structure is their advisory council The Advisory Council is a group of individuals with extensive experience in the areas of Transparency International s work They come from diverse geographical cultural and professional backgrounds The council is appointed by the Board of Directors to advise them and to support the work of the organization as a whole 39 Controversies EditAccording to the newspaper Le Monde In its main surveys Transparency International does not measure the weight of corruption in economic terms for each country It develops a Corruption Perception Index CPI based on surveys conducted by private structures or other NGOs the Economist Intelligence Unit backed by the British liberal weekly newspaper The Economist the American neoconservative organization Freedom House the World Economic Forum or large corporations The IPC ignores corruption cases that concern the business world So the collapse of Lehman Brothers 2008 or the manipulation of the money market reference rate Libor by major British banks revealed in 2011 did not affect the ratings of the United States or United Kingdom The organization also receives funding from companies that are themselves convicted of corruption offences 40 CPI s reliance on opinions of a relatively small group of experts and businesspeople has been criticised by some Alex Cobham fellow at the Center for Global Development states that it embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption Others argue it is not plausible to ever measure the true scale and depth of a highly complex issue like corruption with a single number and then rank countries accordingly 41 2013 non support of Edward Snowden Edit At its annual members meeting in November 2013 in Berlin Transparency International s national chapters from Germany and Ireland proposed a resolution calling for the end of the prosecution of Edward J Snowden He should be recognized as a whistleblower for his help to reveal the over reaching and unlawful surveillance by secret services He symbolizes the courage of numerous other whistleblowers around the world 42 The final resolution that was passed by the plenary excluded any reference to Snowden and excluded a call for comprehensive protection on whistleblowers from all forms of retaliation The original resolution was weakened following the intervention of the USA chapter 43 Five months earlier in June 2013 representatives from Transparency International declined Snowden s request to meet him at the Moscow airport Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch met Snowden to support his asylum request but Transparency International refused citation needed 2014 funding from Siemens Edit In January 2015 it was reported that Transparency International accepted 3 million from the German engineering multinational Siemens which in 2008 paid one of the largest corporate corruption fines 44 in history 1 6 billion for bribing government officials in numerous countries In 2014 Siemens made the donation to Transparency International after pleading guilty in 2008 to bribery charges relating to widespread corrupt practices in Greece Norway Iraq Vietnam Italy Israel Argentina Venezuela China and Russia 45 Transparency International applied for and received the funding from Siemens even though TI s due diligence procedures 46 prohibit the organization from accepting money from corporations that want to greenwash their reputations by making donations to TI If any corporate donor is accused of having been involved in corruption the donor can expect no protection from TI the procedures state Transparency International received the funding from the Siemens Integrity Initiative 47 about a year after the Initiative hired former TI staffer Jana Mittermaier raising questions of a revolving door that has benefited both the organization and the company Several of TI s national chapters also have accepted money from Siemens 660 000 for TI USA 600 000 for TI Italy 450 000 for TI Bulgaria and 230 000 for TI Mexico each for a period of three years This really shows that Transparency International is not as pure as people think a TI insider told Corporate Crime Reporter Transparency International Managing Director at the time Cobus de Swardt said We did not file an application to Siemens we applied to the Siemens Integrity Initiative There s a difference We have not applied to Siemens However according to Siemens the money for these grants is provided by Siemens 48 49 50 2015 whistleblowing Edit In August 2015 former TI staffer Anna Buzzoni went public regarding retaliation she and her colleagues faced after reporting to managers questionable financial dealings at TI s Water Integrity Network 51 Two of Buzzoni s project responsibilities were suspended and she was transferred against her will She left TI shortly before internal whistleblower guidelines were adopted in June 2014 52 2015 Croatia chapter disaccreditation Edit Due to a lack of confidence TI s chapter in Croatia was disaccredited by the organization s board of directors in November 2015 53 The previous year several leaders of the Croatia chapter challenged the legality of the chapter president s election The president was accused of falsifying records conflicts of interest and arbitrarily expelling 10 chapter members who opposed the hiring of staff against the organization s rules The Croatian government eventually revoked the president s appointment 54 2017 USA chapter disaccreditation Edit In January 2017 the TI Secretariat confirmed that its International Board of Directors decided on 10 January 2017 to strip its US affiliate Transparency International USA of its accreditation as the National Chapter in the United States 10 The stated basis for the dis accreditation was the board s recognition of differences in philosophies strategies and priorities between the former chapter and the Transparency International Movement Elsewhere it was reported that TI USA came to be seen in the United States as a corporate front group funded by multinational corporations TI USA s funding was provided by Bechtel Corporation Deloitte Google Pfizer 50 000 or more Citigroup ExxonMobil Fluor General Electric Lockheed Martin Marsh amp McLennan PepsiCo PricewaterhouseCoopers Raytheon Realogy Tyco 25 000 49 999 and Freeport McMoRan and Johnson amp Johnson up to 24 999 55 TI USA previously awarded an annual corporate leadership award to one of its big corporate funders In 2016 this award went to Bechtel In April 2015 the Secretariat defended the decision by TI USA to give Hillary Clinton its Integrity Award in 2012 56 Since January 1 2020 Transparency International has an office in the United States 57 2017 21 reports of bullying harassment and abuse of power by Board members and senior management Edit In 2017 Cobus de Swardt stood down as Transparency International s Managing Director following a dispute with the organisation s Board of Directors De Swardt agreed a settlement with a Transparency International in a Labour Court in Berlin 58 In August 2019 accounts from seven current and former TI Secretariat staff were reported in The Guardian alleging a toxic workplace culture at the organisation 59 De Swardt s successor Patricia Moreira left in 2020 after making similar accusations to those of De Swardt accusing the Board of failing to protect whistleblowers as well as corruption The German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported that Transparency International dismissed Moreira without giving any reasons 60 The article added that dozens of employees including high ranking ones have left the organisation in recent years Even long standing and deeply committed employees complain that TI is involved in political intrigues in which some are only interested in their own progress For a non governmental organization whose goal is to fight corruption around the world and which collects millions of dollars in funding from governments and companies every year this is a disturbing finding 61 In 2021 de Swardt published a book accusing Transparency International of abuse of power and silencing whistleblowers 62 De Swardt also presented a video published on YouTube by his publisher Springer criticising corruption at Transparency International 63 Daniel Eriksson was appointed Interim Managing Director in March 2020 64 Political activities in Brazil Edit Transparency International s political impartiality as well as its own transparency have been called into question over hacked conversations of prosecutors in Operation Car Wash leaked to The Intercept 65 66 In these chief prosecutor Deltan Dallagnol and head of TI Brazil Bruno Brandao discuss a backstage campaign to disarm resistance on the left fund selected candidates and target others seen as adversaries using social media Plans extended to preparing a series of false accusations denuncias sem materialidade intended to damage the reputation of former president and potential candidate Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and lead up to a chat in which participants celebrate the election of Jair Bolsonaro 67 68 In April 2022 Brazil s auditing court announced that it had opened an investigation against Transparency International over the illegal imprisonment of Lula da Silva 69 See also EditEuropean Public Prosecutor Group of States Against Corruption Information commissioner International Anti Corruption Academy ISO 37001 Anti bribery management systems Transparency International Bangladesh Transparency International Canada Transparency International Slovakia Transparency Serbia United Nations Convention against CorruptionReferences Edit e V Transparency International Our impact Transparency International www transparency org Transparency International e V Our Organisation overview transparency org 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index reveals widespread corruption is Transparency org Retrieved 2021 04 08 Think Tanks G20 Insights NGOs in official partnership with UNESCO in consultative status PDF unesco org Transparency International UN Global Compact www unglobalcompact org 94 Perception of public sector corruption Indicators and a Monitoring Framework indicators report Transparency International United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform sustainabledevelopment un org CEMS Social Partners CEMS www cems org a b e V Transparency International Transparency International confirms the disaccreditation of its chapter in the US James G McGann Director February 4 2015 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report Retrieved February 14 2015 Other Top Think Tank rankings include 7 of 80 in Top Think Tanks in Western Europe 13 of 85 in Foreign Policy and International Affairs Think Tanks 1 of 40 in Transparency and Good Governance Think Tanks 2 of 75 for Best Advocacy Campaign 42 of 65 for Best Managed Think Tanks 10 of 60 for Best Use of Social Networks 8 of 60 of Think Tanks with the Best External Relations Public Engagement Program 4 of 40 for Best Use of the Internet 9 of 40 for Best Use of Media and 10 of 70 for the Most Significant Impact on Public Policy 8 of 60 of Think Tanks with Outstanding Policy Oriented Public Programs a b Ellen Gutterman June 2012 The Legitimacy of Transnational NGOs Lessons from the Experience of Transparency International in Germany and France PDF PDF Paper Submitted to the 84th Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association Transparency International TI Usurped International Association of Anti Corruption Authorities Larmour Peter September 2006 Bowden Brett ed Global standards of market civilization Routledge pp 95 106 ISBN 0 415 37545 2 Michael Wiehen Partnership for Transparency Fund a b c Advisory Council Transparency org CEWS Panelist Biographies Butler Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2016 Senior Division Leaders Michael J Hershman Fairfax Group Archived from the original on 2015 08 14 Retrieved 2015 10 10 George Moody Stuart obituary The Times November 24 2004 Gerald Parfitt Group DF Hicks Bill 2010 Transparency International Pinkindustry com Frank Vogl The Huffington Post HuffPost Retrieved 16 November 2016 a b Chaikin David June 2009 Corruption and money laundering a symbiotic relationship Palgrave Macmillan pp 12 13 ISBN 978 0 230 61360 7 Baughn Christopher Bodie Nancy L Buchanan Mark A Bixby Michael B 2010 Bribery in International Business Transactions Journal of Business Ethics 92 1 15 32 ISSN 0167 4544 a b Exporting Corruption 2020 Projects Transparency org Transparency International e V Transparency International What we do transparency org Transparency International e V 2015 Strategy transparency org Transparency International e V 2020 Strategy transparency org Transparency International e V 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index In detail transparency org A Users Guide to Measuring Corruption Global Integrity amp UNDP Archived from the original on 2011 01 31 Uslaner Eric M 2008 Corruption inequality and the rule of law the bulging pocket makes the easy life Cambridge University Press pp 11 17 ISBN 978 0 521 87489 2 e V Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer citizens voices from around the world www transparency org Retrieved 23 April 2019 Research GCR Overview www transparency org What we do National integrity system assessments www transparency org Government Defence Anti corruption Index Transparency International 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 05 08 Mark Pyman March 2013 Transparency is feasible dandc eu e V Transparency International TI Publication Annual Report 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2016 Exxon ranks low on transparency BBC News 28 April 2008 Retrieved 16 November 2016 Advisory Council Retrieved 1 April 2019 Quien investiga a los investigadores Le Monde diplomatique en espanol mondiplo com Is Transparency International s measure of corruption still valid the Guardian 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2021 10 08 Germany TI Ireland TI 10 February 2014 Whistleblower protection of Edward Snowden PDF Retrieved 16 November 2018 Mokhiber Russell 10 February 2014 Transparency International Nixes Edward Snowden HuffPost Retrieved 16 November 2018 Lichtblau Eric Dougherty Carter 15 December 2008 Settling Bribery Case to Cost Siemens 1 6 Billion The New York Times Press Release SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery 2008 294 Dec 15 2008 www SEC gov Private Sector Donors Approval and Due Diligence Processes PDF Integrity Initiative www siemens com Transparency International Siemens Revolving Door Spins Money Pipeline Flows Corporate Crime Reporter 11 February 2014 Retrieved 16 November 2016 Transparency International and the Greenwashing of Siemens Corporate Crime Reporter 2 April 2014 Retrieved 16 November 2016 Siemens Donates 3 Million to Transparency International Corporate Crime Reporter 21 January 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2016 Home page WIN Water Integrity Network WIN Water Integrity Network Falling on Deaf Ears 27 August 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2016 e V Transparency International Press release Transparency International statement on its former chapter in Croatia Retrieved 16 November 2016 Ognian Shentov Ruslan Stefanov Boyko Todorov eds 2014 Anti Corruption Reloaded Assessment of Southeast Europe PDF Southeast Europe Leadership for Development and Integrity ISBN 978 954 477 221 5 Transparency International Strips United States Affiliate of Accreditation Corporate Crime Reporter 19 January 2017 e V Transparency International Transparency and The Clinton Foundation Regarding recent statements Press release Retrieved 16 November 2016 Home Transparency International Statement on allegations by Mr de Swardt Press Transparency org Doshi Vidhi 2019 08 21 Transparency International staff complain of bullying and harassment The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2019 11 12 Burras Corrina 19 June 2020 Die dunklen Seiten der Korruptionsjagd Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung pp 1 3 Retrieved 21 February 2022 Die dunklen Seiten der Korruptionsjard by Corinna Budras Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 7 June 2020 de Swardt Cobus February 19 2021 Silencing a Whistleblower doi 10 1007 978 3 030 76540 8 ISBN 978 3 030 76539 2 Silencing a Whistleblower Authors Fbm21 via www youtube com Management Transparency International Retrieved 2020 06 09 Fishman Andrew Viana Natalia Saleh Maryam March 12 2020 Keep It Confidential The Secret History of U S Involvement in Brazil s Scandal Wracked Operation Car Wash The Intercept Fishman Andrew June 8 2021 House Democrats Want Answers About U S Role in Disgraced Brazil Corruption Probe The Intercept Lava Jato debateu clausula anti Bolsonaro em ranking de candidatos em 2018 CNN Brasil in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2021 03 09 Deltan e Transparencia Internacional tentaram criar plataforma de candidatos lavajatistas Consultor Juridico in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2021 03 09 Mier Brian April 14 2022 Transparency International Brazil Court Opens Investigation Of Anti Corruption NGO Brasil Wire Retrieved April 14 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transparency International Wikiquote has quotations related to Transparency International Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transparency International amp oldid 1136903996, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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