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Hlai languages

October 17, 2023

The Hlai languages (Chinese: 黎语; pinyin: Líyǔ) are a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan in China by the Hlai people, not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou branch of Min Chinese (Chinese: 黎话; pinyin: Líhuà). They include Cun, whose speakers are ethnically distinct.[2] A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the Latin script was adopted for Ha.

Hlai
Li
Native toChina
RegionHainan
EthnicityHlai
Native speakers
667,000 (1999)[1]
Early form
Proto-Hlai (reconstructed)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
lic – Hlai
cuq – Cun
Glottolognucl1241
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classification Edit

Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows.[3] Individual languages are highlighted in bold. There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers.

  • Proto-Hlai
    • Bouhin (Heitu 黑土) – 73,000
    • Greater Hlai
      • Ha Em 哈炎 (Zhongsha 中沙) – 193,000
      • Central Hlai
        • East Central Hlai – 344,000
          • Lauhut (Baoding 保定) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
          • Qi 杞 (also known as Gei) – 178,000
            • Tongzha (Tongshi 通什) – 125,000
            • Zandui (Qiandui 堑对) – 29,000
            • Baoting 保亭 – 24,000
        • North Central Hlai – 136,500
          • Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
            • Cun 村语 (Ngan Fon, Gelong 仡隆) – 60,000
            • Nadou 那斗 (Dongfang 东方) – 2,500
          • Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
            • Meifu 美孚 (Moifau) – 30,000
              • Changjiang 昌江
              • Moyfaw (Xifang 西方)
            • Run 润 (Zwn; also known as Bendi 本地) – 44,000
              • Baisha 白沙 – 36,000
              • Yuanmen 元门 – 8,000

Nadou is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in the two villages of Nadou 那斗村 (in Xinlong Town 新龙镇) and Yue 月村 (in Basuo Town 八所镇), in Dongfang, Hainan. Speakers refer to themselves as lai¹¹ and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese.[4]

Jiamao 加茂 (52,000 speakers) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.[3]

Reconstruction Edit

Main article: Proto-Hlai language

The Proto-Hlai language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

Phonology Edit

The following displays the phonological features of the modern Hlai dialects:[5][6][7]

Consonants Edit

  • [ɬ], [f] mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. [ɬ] may also be realized as [tɬ].
  • [x], [ɣ] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
  • [ɣ] can also occur as an allophone of /ɡ/.
  • /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /z/ are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], among other various dialects.
  • /r/ can have allophones as [ɾ, dɾ].
  • For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished /m/ and /ɱ/ after */ŋw/ became /ɱ/ which soon merged with /m/.[8]


Vowels Edit

  • Among other Hlai dialects, /a, i, e, o/ can have allophones of [ɐ, ɪ, ɛ, ɔ].
  • Vowel sounds /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are common among the Baisha and Jiamao dialects.
  • /ə/ occurs among some dialects.

History Edit

Liang & Zhang (1996:18-21)[9] conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the Leizhou Peninsula, and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the Hainan Strait to Hainan island about 4,000 years before present.[9]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Hlai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Cun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the Kra languages.
  3. ^ a b Norquest, Peter K. (2007). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (Ph.D. thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194203.
  4. ^ Fu, Changzhong 符昌忠 (2020). Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. OCLC 1294545717.
  5. ^ Ostapirat, Weera (2008). "The Hlai Language". In Diller, Anthony V. N.; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai-Kadai Languages. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 623–652.
  6. ^ Yuan, Zhongshu 苑中树, ed. (1994). Líyǔ yǔfǎ gāngyào 黎语语法纲要 [An Outline of Li Grammar] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. pp. 1–10.
  7. ^ Ouyang, Jueya 欧阳觉亚 (1980). Líyǔ jiǎnzhì 黎语简志 [Description of the Li language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  8. ^ Norquest (2007), p. 106
  9. ^ a b Liang, Min 梁敏; Zhang, Junru 张均如 (1996). Dòng tái yǔzú gàilùn 侗台语族概论 [An Introduction to the Kam–Tai Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 9787500416814.

References Edit

  • Ostapirat, Weera (2005). "The Cun Language, by Ouyang Jueya. Shanghai Far East Publishers. 1998" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 28 (1): 99–105.
  • Ouyang, Jueya 欧阳觉亚; Zheng, Yiqing 郑贻青 (1983). Líyǔ diàochá yánjiū 黎语调查研究 [Li Language Investigation and Research] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.

Further reading Edit

  • Miyake, Marc. 2013. The other Kra-Dai numerals (Parts 1, 2).
  • Miyake, Marc. 2011. Is Jiamao Hlai?
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hlai -ɯ.
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Implosives on Hainan (Parts 1, 2).
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hlai initial verification.
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hlai initial glides.
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hlai palatal codas.
  • 中国科学院少数民族语言调查第一工作队海南分队编. 1957. Guanyu huafen Liyu fangyan he chuangzuo Liwen de yijian 关于划分黎语方言和创作黎文的意见. 黎族语言文字问题科学讨论会.
  • Norquest, Peter K. 2015. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1

External links Edit

  • Bible recordings in various Hlai languages
  • Hlai-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
  • Hlai languages learning website (both in Mandarin Chinese and English)

October 17, 2023
hlai, languages, chinese, 黎语, pinyin, líyǔ, primary, branch, language, family, spoken, mountains, central, south, central, hainan, china, hlai, people, confused, with, colloquial, name, leizhou, branch, chinese, chinese, 黎话, pinyin, líhuà, they, include, whose. The Hlai languages Chinese 黎语 pinyin Liyǔ are a primary branch of the Kra Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south central Hainan in China by the Hlai people not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou branch of Min Chinese Chinese 黎话 pinyin Lihua They include Cun whose speakers are ethnically distinct 2 A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s when the Latin script was adopted for Ha HlaiLiNative toChinaRegionHainanEthnicityHlaiNative speakers667 000 1999 1 Language familyKra Dai HlaiEarly formProto Hlai reconstructed Writing systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code lic class extiw title iso639 3 lic lic a Hlai a href https iso639 3 sil org code cuq class extiw title iso639 3 cuq cuq a CunGlottolognucl1241This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Classification 2 Reconstruction 3 Phonology 3 1 Consonants 3 2 Vowels 4 History 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksClassification EditNorquest 2007 classifies the Hlai languages as follows 3 Individual languages are highlighted in bold There are some 750 000 Hlai speakers Proto Hlai Bouhin Heitu 黑土 73 000 Greater Hlai Ha Em 哈炎 Zhongsha 中沙 193 000 Central Hlai East Central Hlai 344 000 Lauhut Baoding 保定 166 000 the basis of the literary language Qi 杞 also known as Gei 178 000 Tongzha Tongshi 通什 125 000 Zandui Qiandui 堑对 29 000 Baoting 保亭 24 000 North Central Hlai 136 500 Northwest Central Hlai 62 500 Cun 村语 Ngan Fon Gelong 仡隆 60 000 Nadou 那斗 Dongfang 东方 2 500 Northeast Central Hlai 74 000 Meifu 美孚 Moifau 30 000 Changjiang 昌江 Moyfaw Xifang 西方 Run 润 Zwn also known as Bendi 本地 44 000 Baisha 白沙 36 000 Yuanmen 元门 8 000 Nadou is spoken by approximately 4 000 people in the two villages of Nadou 那斗村 in Xinlong Town 新龙镇 and Yue 月村 in Basuo Town 八所镇 in Dongfang Hainan Speakers refer to themselves as lai and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese 4 Jiamao 加茂 52 000 speakers is a divergent Kra Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non Hlai substratum 3 Reconstruction EditMain article Proto Hlai language The Proto Hlai language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages Proto Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff 1988 Thurgood 1991 Ostapirat 2004 and Norquest 2007 Phonology EditThe following displays the phonological features of the modern Hlai dialects 5 6 7 Consonants Edit Bilabial Labio dental Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar Glottalplain lab plain lab pal Plosive voiceless p t ȶ k kʷ ʔaspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ kʰʷvoiced ɡ ɡʷimplosive ɓ ɗAffricate voiceless t saspirated t sʰFricative voiceless f s x h hʷ hʲvoiced v z ɣlateral ɬNasal m ɱ n ȵ ŋ ŋʷTrill rApproximant l ˀj ˀw ɬ f mainly occur word initially among various dialects ɬ may also be realized as tɬ x ɣ mainly occur among the Xifang dialects ɣ can also occur as an allophone of ɡ t s t sʰ z are pronounced as alveolo palatal sounds t ɕ t ɕʰ ɕ among other various dialects r can have allophones as ɾ dɾ For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished m and ɱ after ŋw became ɱ which soon merged with m 8 Vowels Edit Front Central BackHigh i ɯ uMid e e oɛ ɔLow aAmong other Hlai dialects a i e o can have allophones of ɐ ɪ ɛ ɔ Vowel sounds ɛ and ɔ are common among the Baisha and Jiamao dialects e occurs among some dialects History EditLiang amp Zhang 1996 18 21 9 conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the Leizhou Peninsula and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the Hainan Strait to Hainan island about 4 000 years before present 9 See also EditProto Hlai reconstructions Wiktionary Has Hlai grammar Hlai people Proto Hlai languageNotes Edit Hlai at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Cun at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the Kra languages a b Norquest Peter K 2007 A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Hlai Ph D thesis University of Arizona hdl 10150 194203 Fu Changzhong 符昌忠 2020 Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究 Beijing Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 OCLC 1294545717 Ostapirat Weera 2008 The Hlai Language In Diller Anthony V N Edmondson Jerold A Luo Yongxian eds The Tai Kadai Languages London amp New York Routledge pp 623 652 Yuan Zhongshu 苑中树 ed 1994 Liyǔ yǔfǎ gangyao 黎语语法纲要 An Outline of Li Grammar in Chinese Beijing Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe pp 1 10 Ouyang Jueya 欧阳觉亚 1980 Liyǔ jiǎnzhi 黎语简志 Description of the Li language in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Norquest 2007 p 106 a b Liang Min 梁敏 Zhang Junru 张均如 1996 Dong tai yǔzu gailun 侗台语族概论 An Introduction to the Kam Tai Languages in Chinese Beijing Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe ISBN 9787500416814 References EditOstapirat Weera 2005 The Cun Language by Ouyang Jueya Shanghai Far East Publishers 1998 PDF Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 28 1 99 105 Ouyang Jueya 欧阳觉亚 Zheng Yiqing 郑贻青 1983 Liyǔ diaocha yanjiu 黎语调查研究 Li Language Investigation and Research in Chinese Beijing Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe Further reading EditMiyake Marc 2013 The other Kra Dai numerals Parts 1 2 Miyake Marc 2011 Is Jiamao Hlai Miyake Marc 2008 Hlai ɯ Miyake Marc 2008 Implosives on Hainan Parts 1 2 Miyake Marc 2008 Hlai initial verification Miyake Marc 2008 Hlai initial glides Miyake Marc 2008 Hlai palatal codas 中国科学院少数民族语言调查第一工作队海南分队编 1957 Guanyu huafen Liyu fangyan he chuangzuo Liwen de yijian 关于划分黎语方言和创作黎文的意见 黎族语言文字问题科学讨论会 Norquest Peter K 2015 A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Hlai Languages of Asia Volume 13 Leiden Brill ISBN 978 90 04 30052 1External links EditBible recordings in various Hlai languages ABVD Proto Hlai word list Hlai language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words from Wiktionary s Swadesh list appendix Hlai languages learning website both in Mandarin Chinese and English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hlai languages amp oldid 1162455433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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