Michael the Syrian
Saint Michael the Syrian (Arabic: ميخائيل السرياني, romanized: Mīkhaʾēl el Sūryani:),(Classical Syriac: ܡܺܝܟ݂ܳܐܝܶܠ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ, romanized: Mīkhoʾēl Sūryoyo), died AD 1199, also known as Michael the Great (Syriac: ܡܺܝܟ݂ܳܐܝܶܠ ܪܰܒ݁ܳܐ, romanized: Mīkhoʾēl Rabo) or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew,[1] was a patriarch and saint of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199. He is best known today as the author of the largest medieval Chronicle, which he wrote in the Syriac language. Some other works and fragments written by him have also survived.[2]
Michael the Syrian | |
|---|---|
| Saint, Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Mardin |
| See | Antioch |
| In office | 1166–1199 |
| Predecessor | Athanasius VII bar Qatra |
| Successor | Athanasius VIII |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1126 |
| Died | 1199 (aged 72–73) Melitene, Sultanate of Rûm (modern-day Malatya, Turkey) |
| Buried | Mor Bar Sauma Monastery |
Life edit
Early years edit
The life of Michael is recorded by Bar Hebraeus. He was born ca. 1126 in Melitene (today Malatya), the son of the Priest Eliya (Elias), of the Qindasi family. His uncle, the monk Athanasius, became bishop of Anazarbus in Cilicia in 1136.[1][3] At that period Melitene was part of the kingdom of the Turkoman Danishmend dynasty, and, when that realm was divided in two in 1142, it became the capital of one principality. In 1178 it became part of the Sultanate of Rûm.
The Jacobite monastery of Mor Bar Sauma was close to the town, and had been the patriarchal seat since the 11th century. As a child, Michael entered the service of the monastery, and became archimandrite before the age of thirty. He made various improvements to the abbey's infrastructure which include securing the abbey's water supply and strengthening of the Abbey's defenses against marauding bandits.
Syriac Patriarch edit
On 18 October 1166 he was elected Patriarch of the Jacobite church, and consecrated in the presence of twenty-eight bishops. In 1168 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and then stayed for a year at Antioch. Both towns were at the time part of the Latin crusader states, and Michael established excellent relations with the crusader lords, especially with Amaury de Nesle, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem. Returning to the monastery of Mar Bar Sauma in the summer of 1169, he held a synod and attempted to reform the church, then tainted with simony.
The Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenos made approaches to him to negotiate a reunion of the churches. But Michael did not trust the Greeks. He refused to go to Constantinople when invited by the emperor, and even refused twice, in 1170 and 1172, to meet his envoy Theorianus, instead sending as his own representative bishop John of Kaishoum and then his disciple Theodore bar Wahbun. In three successive letters to the emperor, he replied with a simple statement of the miaphysite creed of the Jacobites.[4]
Around 1174 Michael had to contend with a revolt by a party of bishops. He himself was twice arrested at the instigation of the dissident bishops, so he says; once by the servants of the prefect of Mardin and the second time by those of the emir of Mosul. Also the monks of Bar Sauma rebelled against him in 1171 and 1176.
Between 1178 and 1180 he resided again in the crusader states, at Antioch and Jerusalem. He was invited by Pope Alexander III to attend the Third Council of the Lateran, but declined. However he did participate by letter, writing a long treatise on the Albigensians, based on the information he had been given.
Michael was also involved in the Egyptian controversy over the doctrine of confession, and supported Pope Mark III of Alexandria in the excommunication of Mark Ibn Kunbar.[5]
Schism edit
In 1180 his former pupil Theodore bar Wahbun had himself elected patriarch at Amida under the name of John by certain malcontent bishops, beginning a schism which lasted for thirteen years. Michael took energetic action, got hold of the anti-patriarch and locked him up at Bar Sauma and formally deposed him. Some of monks allowed Ibn Wahbon to escape, who fled to Damascus and tried in vain to appeal to Saladin. He then went to Jerusalem, and, after the fall of the city in 1187, went to Rumkale with the Armenian Catholicos Gregory IV, who allowed him to obtain official recognition from Prince Leo II of Armenian Minor. Theodore had many supporters, and the schism did not end until the death of Theodore in the summer of 1193. According to Bar Hebraeus Theodore could write and speak in Syriac, Greek, Armenian and Arabic, and composed a statement of his case against Michael in Arabic.[6]
In 1182, Michael received the sultan Kilij Arslan II at Melitene, and held cordial talks with him.
Death edit
He died at the monastery of Bar Sauma on 7 November 1199 at the age of seventy-two, having been patriarch for thirty-three years. He was buried in a new church he had built between 1180 and 1193 in front of the northern altar.[7] His nephew, Michael the Younger, known as Yeshti' Sephethana [Syriac ܝܸܫܬ݂' ܣܸܦܗܸܬܗܲܢܲ] or "Big-lips", became anti-patriarch at Melitene from 1199 to 1215, in opposition to Athanasius IX and then John XIV.[1]
Works edit
Michael was a profuse author. He wrote works on the liturgy, on the doctrine of the Syriac Orthodox Church, and on canon law. Numerous sermons have also survived, mostly unpublished. But he is best known for the World Chronicle that he composed, the longest and richest surviving chronicle in the Syriac language.[8]
The Chronicle edit
This Chronicle runs from creation up to Michael's own times. It uses earlier ecclesiastical histories, some of them now lost; for instance, its coverage of the Late Antique period relies mainly upon Dionysius of Tel Mahre. It includes a version of the Testimonium Flavianum.[9]
The work is extant in a single manuscript written in 1598 in Syriac, in Serto script.[10] This was copied from an earlier manuscript, itself copied from Michael's autograph. The manuscript is today held in a locked box in a church in Aleppo, and recently became accessible to scholarship. French scholar Jean-Baptiste Chabot arranged for a copy to be made by hand in 1888 and published a photographic reproduction in four volumes (1899–1910), with a French translation. In 2009, the facsimile of Edessan-Aleppo codex was published by Gorgias Press in the first volume (edited by Mor Gregorios Yuhanna Ibrahim) of a series on the Chronicle of Michael the Great. A digital facsimile is also available in vHMML Reading Room.
Chronicle contains valuable historical data on Christian communities of the Near East, and their relations with other communities in the region. It also contains data on local culture, languages and various peoples. Those question have been of particular interest for researches who are studying complex questions related to historical development of religious, linguistic and ethnic identities of local Christian communities.[11][12] Michael himself noted in the appendix of his Chronicle:
"With the help of God we write down the memory of the kingdoms which belonged in the past to our Aramean people, that is, sons of Aram, who are called Suryoye, that is people from Syria."[13][14]
An abbreviated Armenian translation of the Chronicle also exists, from which Victor Langlois published a French translation in 1868. This alone preserves the preface of the work. A shorter Armenian version also exists which has not been published.
A Garshuni version is also extant in British Library ms. Orient. 4402, and an Arabic version beginning with book 5 exists in a Vatican manuscript.[15]
As secondary witnesses: Bar Hebraeus, pseudo-Jacob, and Maribas the Chaldean all rely upon Michael's work.[16]
Points of interest edit
His work has been used by NASA scientists because of his record of climatic changes, now known to be linked to volcano eruptions. He records that in AD 536:
The sun became dark and its darkness lasted for 18 months. Each day it shone for about 4 hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that the sun would never recover its full light. The fruits did not ripen and the wine tasted like sour grapes.
And in AD 626:
In the year A.D. 626, the light of half the sphere of the sun disappeared, and there was darkness from October to June. As a result people said that the sphere of the sun would never be restored to its original state.
He is a contemporary source for the Latin crusader states, and records the tolerance and liberalism of the Catholic Franks towards the miaphysites:[17]
The pontiffs of our Jacobite church lived in the middle of them without being persecuted or molested. In Palestine, as in Syria, they never raised any difficulty on account of their faith, nor insisted on a single formula for all the peoples and all the languages of the Christians. But they considered as Christian everyone who venerated the cross without enquiry or cross-examination.
He also praises the Templars and Hospitallers to his own people:[17]
When the Templars or Hospitallers have to occupy a military post, and hold it to the death, they die doing so. When a brother dies, they feed the poor on his behalf for forty days, and give lodgings to forty people. They consider those who die in combat as martyrs. They distribute to the poor a tenth part of their food and drink. Every time they bake bread in one of their houses, they reserve a tenth part for the poor. In spite of their great riches, they are charitable to all who venerate the cross. They founded everywhere hospitals, serving and helping strangers who had fallen sick.
References edit
- ^ a b c Wright 1894, p. 250.
- ^ Weltecke 2011, p. 287-290.
- ^ Harrak 2019, p. IX.
- ^ Wright 1894, p. 252.
- ^ Abu Salih the Armenian (1895). The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries. Clarendon Press. p. 30. ASIN B00QH2BQLW.
- ^ Wright 1894, p. 254.
- ^ Kaufhold 2000, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Witakowski 2011, p. 199-203.
- ^ Weltecke 2000, p. 173–202.
- ^ Harrak 2019, p. XIII.
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 1–33.
- ^ Debié 2009, p. 93–114.
- ^ Weltecke 2009, p. 119.
- ^ Debié 2009, p. 104: "And the author of the title of the Appendix to the Chronicle of Michael the Great says that he belongs to the race or nation (umtā) of the Arameans who have come to be called Syrians (suryāyē) or people of Syria (bnay suryā)"
- ^ Chabot 1899b, p. II.
- ^ Robert Hoyland (1997). Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. Princeton: Darwin. p. 452. ISBN 9780878501250.
- ^ a b "Salâh Ad-Dîn, Saladin".
Sources edit
- Bar-Abrahem, Abdulmesih (1998). (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 12 (2): 33–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2003.
- Bcheiry, Iskandar (2004). "A List of the Syrian Orthodox Patriarchs between 16th and 18th Century: A Historical Supplement to Michael the Syrian's Chronicle in a MS. of Sadad" (PDF). Parole de l'Orient. 29: 211–261.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1980). "Syriac Historical Writing: A Survey of the Main Sources" (PDF). Journal of the Iraq Academy: Syriac Corporation. 5: 1–30.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1992). Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology. Aldershot: Variorum. ISBN 9780860783053.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1996). Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1997). A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2006). Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754659082.
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1899a). "La Chronique de Michel le Syrien". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 43 (4): 476–484.
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1899b). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199). Vol. 1. Paris: Ernest Leroux. ISBN 9785881102456.
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1901). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199). Vol. 2. Paris: Ernest Leroux. ISBN 9785881814632.
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1905). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199). Vol. 3. Paris: Ernest Leroux. ISBN 9785884196919.
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1910). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199). Vol. 4. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1924). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199). Vol. Supplement. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
- Debié, Muriel (2009). "Syriac Historiography and Identity Formation". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 93–114. doi:10.1163/187124109X408014.
- Debié, Muriel; Taylor, David G. K. (2012). "Syriac and Syro-Arabic Historical Writing, c. 500-c. 1400". The Oxford History of Historical Writing. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 155–179. ISBN 978-0-19-923642-8.
- Ginkel, Jan J. van (1998). "Making History: Michael the Syrian and his Sixth-Century Sources". Symposium Syriacum VII. Roma: Pontificio Istituto Orientale. pp. 351–358. ISBN 9788872103197.
- Ginkel, Jan J. van (2006). "Michael the Syrian and his Sources: Reflections on the Methodology of Michael the Great as a Historiographer and its Implications for Modern Historians". Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. 6: 53–60. doi:10.31826/jcsss-2009-060107. S2CID 212688456.
- Ginkel, Jan J. van (2008). "Aramaic Brothers or Heretics: The Image of the East Syrians in the Chronography of Michael the Great (d. 1199)". The Harp. 23: 359–368.
- Ginkel, Jan J. van (2010). "A Man Is Not an Island: Reflections of the Historiography of the Early Syriac Renaissance in Michael the Great". The Syriac Renaissance. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 113–121.
- Harrak, Amir, ed. (2019). The Chronicle of Michael the Great (The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex): Books XV–XXI, from the Year 1050 to 1195 AD. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781463240318.
- Gregorios Y. Ibrahim (ed.), Text and Translations of the Chronicle of Michael the Great. The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Michael the Great, Vol. 1, Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press (2009).
- Kaufhold, Hubert (2000). "Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (2). Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- Morony, Michael G. (2000). "Michael the Syrian as a Source for Economic History" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (2): 141–172. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-030111. S2CID 212689089.
- Morony, Michael G. (2005). "History and Identity in the Syrian Churches". Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–33. ISBN 9789042914186.
- Reller, Jobst (2017). "Patriarch Michael the Syrian's Views on Islam in the Context of Syriac Historiography and Philosophy". Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 187–207. ISBN 9789042931640.
- Rompay, Lucas van (1999). "Jacob of Edessa and the Early History of Edessa". After Bardaisan: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 269–285. ISBN 9789042907355.
- Schmidt, Andrea B. (2013). "The Armenian Versions I and II of Michael the Syrian" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 16 (1): 93–128. doi:10.31826/hug-2014-160105. S2CID 212688681.
- Tarzi, Joseph (2000). "Edessa in the Era of Patriarch Michael The Syrian" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (2): 203–221.
- Weltecke, Dorothea (1997). (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 11 (2): 6–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2003.
- Weltecke, Dorothea (2000). "Originality and Function of Formal Structures in the Chronicle of Michael The Great" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (2): 173–202. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-030112. S2CID 212688330.
- Weltecke, Dorothea (2009). "Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 115–125. doi:10.1163/187124109X408023.
- Weltecke, Dorothea (2011). "Michael I Rabo". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 287–290.
- Witakowski, Witold (2011). "Historiography, Syriac". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 199–203.
- Wright, William (1894). A Short History of Syriac Literature. London: Adam and Charles Black.
External links edit
- Jullien, Florence (2006). "MICHAEL THE SYRIAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- French translation of Armenian version of the Chronicle
- English translation of preface to the Chronicle
- Robert Bedrosian, Michael the Syrian - English translation of Armenian version of the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian.
- Jürgen Tubach (1993). "Michael the Syrian". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1467–1471. ISBN 3-88309-043-3.