fbpx
Wikipedia

Brownsville, Texas

February 05, 2023

Brownsville (/ˈbraʊnzˌvɪl/) is a city in and the county seat of Cameron County in the U.S. state of Texas. It is on the western Gulf Coast in South Texas, adjacent to the border with Matamoros, Mexico. The city covers 145.2 sq mi (376.066 km2), and had a population of 186,738 at the 2020 census.[9] It is the 139th-largest city in the United States and 18th-largest in Texas. It is part of the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan area. The city is known for its year-round subtropical climate, deep-water seaport, and Hispanic culture.

Brownsville, Texas
City
City of Brownsville
Top to bottom, left to right: Cameron County Courthouse, a statue from the Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts, Resaca de la Palma Battlefield, a giraffe from the Gladys Porter Zoo, Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park, and the McNair House
Flag
Nickname: 
Chess Capital of Texas[1]
Motto(s): 
"On the Border, By the Sea, and Beyond!"[2]
Location in Texas
Brownsville
Brownsville
Brownsville
Coordinates: 25°55′49″N 97°29′4″W / 25.93028°N 97.48444°W / 25.93028; -97.48444Coordinates: 25°55′49″N 97°29′4″W / 25.93028°N 97.48444°W / 25.93028; -97.48444
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountyCameron
Founded1848
IncorporatedFebruary 7, 1853
Named forFort Brown, named for Jacob Brown
Government
 • TypeCouncil-manager
 • MayorJuan "Trey" Mendez
 • City Council
Council members
 • City ManagerNoel Bernal
Area
[3]
 • City145.19 sq mi (376.03 km2)
 • Land131.53 sq mi (340.66 km2)
 • Water13.66 sq mi (35.37 km2)  4%
 • Metro
370.58 sq mi (905.76 km2)
Elevation
33 ft (10 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City186,738
 • Density1,420/sq mi (548.2/km2)
 • Urban
[β]
216,444 (US: 178th)
 • Urban density3,485.3/sq mi (1,345.7/km2)
 • Metro
421,017 (US: 130th)
 • Metro density472.5/sq mi (182.4/km2)
 • CSA
441,181 (US: 94th)
DemonymBrownsvillian
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
78520–78523, 78526
Area code956
FIPS code48-10768[4]
GNIS feature ID1372749[5]
AirportBrownsville/South Padre Island International Airport KBRO (BRO)
Websitebrownsvilletx.gov
α. ^ 1 2 Area, city density, metro population/density and CSA population/density as of the 2017 estimate.[6][7]
β. ^ Urban population/density as of the 2020 Census.[8]

The city was founded in 1848 by American entrepreneur Charles Stillman after he developed a successful river-boat company nearby. It was named for Fort Brown, itself named after Major Jacob Brown, who fought and died while serving as a U.S. Army soldier during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). As a county seat, the city and county governments are major employers. Other primary employers fall within the service, trade, and manufacturing industries, including a growing aerospace and space transportation sector. It operates international trading through the Port of Brownsville. The city experienced a population increase in the early 1900s, when steel production flourished. It is frequently cited as having one of the highest poverty rates in the United States.

Due to significant historical events, the city has multiple houses and battle sites listed under the National Register of Historic Places. It was the scene of several key events of the American Civil War, such as the Battle of Brownsville and the Battle of Palmito Ranch. The city was also involved in the Texas Revolution, as well as the Mexican–American War. Brownsville's idiosyncratic geographic location has made it a wildlife refuge center. Several state parks and historical sites are protected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

Brownsville is notable for its high Hispanic proportion, which at 93.9%, is the third-highest proportion of Hispanic Americans out of any city in the United States outside of Puerto Rico.[10]

History

See also: Timeline of Brownsville, Texas

Founding

 
Brownsville in 1857

In 1781, Spanish government officials granted José Salvador de la Garza 59 leagues of land (408 sq mi). He used the land to construct a ranch several miles northwest of the area. During the early 1800s, Brownsville was known to residents as los tejidos (English: "pasturelands").[11] The area was inhabited by a few settlers around 1836 when Texas declared its independence from Mexico. On February 4, 1846, President James K. Polk instructed American General Zachary Taylor and his troops to begin moving south towards Brownsville. Once Taylor arrived, he built Fort Texas. It was later renamed Fort Brown in honor of Major Jacob Brown,[12] one of two soldiers who died during the siege of Fort Texas.[11][13]

Charles Stillman arrived in Matamoros in 1828 from Connecticut to help his father in the mercantile business.[11] Brownsville became part of Texas after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. During that year, Stillman formed a partnership with Samuel Belden[14] and Simon Mussina to form the Brownsville Town Company.[15] They reportedly sold lots valued at $1,500. The city of Brownsville was originally established in late 1848 by Stillman, and was made the county seat of Cameron County on January 13, 1849. The state originally incorporated the city on January 24, 1850. This was repealed on April 1, 1852, because of a land-ownership dispute between Stillman and its former owners (including Juan Cortina, a Mexican rancher). The state reincorporated the city on February 7, 1853; this remains in effect. The issue of ownership was not decided until 1879, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of Stillman.[15]

Mexican–American War

Main article: Mexican–American War
 
The Battle of Palo Alto was fought on May 8, 1846.

On April 25, 1846, Captain Seth B. Thornton received reports of Mexican troops crossing the Rio Grande. Thornton and 63 U.S. dragoons moved to Rancho de Carricitos and discovered several houses in the area. Mexican General Anastasio Torrejón crossed the Rio Grande the previous day. He commanded 1,600 cavalry and infantry troops to surround Thornton's troops in fractions. Due to heavy force from Torrejón's troops, Thornton's troops surrendered. Eleven American casualties were reported; 45 troops and Thornton were held as prisoners. Reports of the incident were sent to President James K. Polk, who announced, "American blood has been spilled upon the American territory". On May 13, the United States Congress declared war against Mexico.[16]

American General Zachary Taylor retreated from Fort Texas on May 1, 1846; Mexican General Mariano Arista began preparing artillery and troops from across the Rio Grande.[17] On May 3, Arista and the Mexican Army began the siege of Fort Texas, during the first active campaign in the Mexican–American War. This was counteracted by the United States 7th Infantry Regiment.[13] Despite heavy strikes, Mexican General Pedro de Ampudia outlined a traditional siege to move forward. General Zachary Taylor was notified of the incident and began moving towards Fort Texas. Mexican troops intercepted them near Palo Alto, about 5 mi (8.0 km) north of present-day Brownsville,[18] resulting in the first battle of the war.[19]

The following day, Mexican troops had retreated. Taylor's troops charged up to them, resulting in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, which took place within the present city limits. When Taylor arrived at the besieged Fort Texas, he found that two soldiers, including the fort's commander, Major Jacob Brown, had died. Brown, who suffered an injury when a cannonball hit his leg, died three days after his injury on May 9. In his honor, General Taylor renamed the facility as Fort Brown. An old cannon at the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College marks the spot where Major Brown received his fatal wound.[20]

On July 13, 1859, Juan Cortina saw Brownsville city Marshal Robert Sheers arrest and beat an elderly man who had been a ranch hand at his mother's ranch. Cortina approached the marshal, questioning his motives, before shooting him twice after he refused to release the man. The first shot reportedly missed Sheers, but the second struck his shoulder, causing him to fall to the ground. Cortina and the elderly man rode off on a horse.[21][22] The following year, Cortina returned with troops, executing four Anglo men and simultaneously releasing several Mexican prisoners. He then issued a proclamation explaining his reasons for the attack.[23]

American Civil War

Main article: American Civil War
 
Map showcasing the location of the Battle of Palmito Ranch

During the American Civil War, Brownsville served as a smuggling point for Confederate goods into Mexico. Most significantly, cotton was smuggled to European ships through the Mexican port of Bagdad to avoid Union blockades.[24] The city was located at the end of the "Cotton Road",[25] southwest of the Cotton Belt.[26] In November 1863, Union troops landed at Port Isabel and marched towards Brownsville to take control of Fort Brown.[27] In the ensuing Battle of Brownsville, Confederate forces abandoned the fort, blowing it up with 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) of explosives. In 1864, Confederate forces commanded by Colonel John Salmon Ford reoccupied the town, and he became mayor of Brownsville.[28][29]

Robert E. Lee and his Confederate army surrendered to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, signing a hand-written document at the Appomattox Court House, officially ending the American Civil War.[30] Theodore Barrett was ordered to move 500 62nd Regiment troops of colors towards Brazos Island. On May 11, Barrett's troops moved inland towards Brownsville and spotted Confederate soldiers.[31] John Salmon Ford received news of this and prepared to attack. On May 15, 1865, 34 days after the signing of the surrender, the Battle of Palmito Ranch took place. Confederates killed or wounded around 30 opponents and captured more than 100 other troops.[31] This is accepted by some historians as the last battle of the American Civil War.[32] President Grant sent Union General Frederick Steele to Brownsville to patrol the United States–Mexico border after the Civil War to aid the Juaristas with military supplies.[33][34][35]

20th century

Texas, like other Southern states, passed a new constitution and Jim Crow laws that established racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans at the turn of the 20th century, generally by raising barriers to voter registration. While Hispanic residents were considered white under the terms of the United States annexation of Texas, legislatures found ways to suppress their participation in politics.[36]

On August 13 and 14, 1906, Brownsville was the site of the Brownsville affair. Racial tensions were increasing between white townsfolk and black infantrymen who were stationed at Fort Brown. On the night of August 13, one white bartender was killed, and a white police officer was wounded by rifle shots in the street.[37] Townsfolk, including the mayor, accused the infantrymen of the murders. Without affording them a chance to defend themselves in a hearing, President Theodore Roosevelt dishonorably discharged the entire 167-member regiment due to their alleged "conspiracy of silence".[37] Investigations in the 1970s revealed that the soldiers were not responsible for the attacks, and the Nixon Administration reversed all dishonorable discharges.[37] Fort Brown was decommissioned after the end of World War II in 1945. In 1948, the city and college acquired the land.[38]

21st century

Brownsville has received significant media attention surrounding immigration policies and border-wall funding costs. In 2006, President George W. Bush signed into law the Secure Fence Act of 2006. The act administered the construction of a border fence extending from San Diego in California through the entry of the Port of Brownsville.[39] In 2008, the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a proposal to add 70 mi (110 km) of border fence and reallocate portions of the University of Texas at Brownsville campus.[40][41] The proposal would have transferred 180 acres (73 ha) of university land, including several historical monuments and the university's golf course, to Mexico.[42] The proposal was altered after Andrew Hanen, a federal district judge, rejected the department's idea.[42]

In 2016, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump proposed building a border wall along the United States-Mexico border. Trump's proposed wall, if passed, would consist of 2,000 mi (3,200 km) "of hardened concrete, and ... rebar, and steel" across the southern border, including Brownsville.[43] On January 25, 2017, days after assuming office, Trump issued Executive Order 13767, directing construction for a border wall. Brownsville was also the center of controversy surrounding the new administration's continuation of the Obama policy of housing children separate from adults (except mothers) who entered the country unlawfully. The issue surrounded Casa Padre, the largest juvenile immigration detention center in America, which is located within Brownsville's city limits.[44]

Downtown Brownsville has received several revitalization projects from the city government to increase tourism and safety.[45] The Texas Historical Commission named Brownsville as part of its Main Street Program in 2016.[46] Several historic buildings were restored, including the Stegman Building, a historic building named after Baldwin G. Stegman, one of the city's first streetcar line developers.[47] The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) selected Brownsville as one of six cities for their "Greening America's Communities" program.[48] The agency worked on a revitalization project for Market Square, a building constructed in 1850.[49] The city also received a $3.4 million grant from the Façade Improvement Program for this project.[50]

Geography

 
View from the International Space Station, with the photo centered on east Brownsville

Brownsville is one of the southernmost cities in the contiguous United States;[51] only a handful of municipalities in Florida's Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties (plus Everglades City in Collier County) are located farther south than Brownsville. The city has a total area of 84.867 sq mi (220 km2), of which 81.528 sq mi (211 km2) are land and 3.339 sq mi (9 km2) are water, according to the United States Census Bureau of 2017.[52]

The city is situated at the intersection of different climates (subtropical, Chihuahuan Desert, Gulf Coast plain, and Great Plains); this produces high bird migration rates. Its idiosyncratic network of resacas (English: oxbow lakes), distributaries of the Rio Grande, provide habitat for numerous nesting/breeding birds of various types typically during the spring and fall migrations.[53][54] Brownsville's vegetation is classified as grassland.[55]

Metropolitan area

Main article: Brownsville–Harlingen metropolitan area

Brownsville is in one metropolitan statistical area as defined by the United States Census Bureau. The Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville combined statistical area consists of Cameron County and Willacy County. It includes the Brownsville metropolitan area and the micropolitan area of Raymondville. The city of Raymondville is the county seat of Willacy County. The Brownsville-Harlingen-Raymondville combined statistical area is home to 445,309 people (2017 estimated), making it the 106th-largest combined statistical area in the United States.[56] Based on the Uniform Crime Report conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 2013, the Brownsville metropolitan area ranked last on its list of the "Most Dangerous Cities" in Texas, with "240 incidents of violent crime per 100,000 people" and a murder rate of 1.4. Robbery crimes make up 25% of overall crime in the city, with a rate of 58.1 per 100,000 residents.[57]

Flora and soil

 
The Sabal mexicana (Texas sabal palm) is a native plant species in Brownsville.

Broadleaf evergreen plants, including palms, dominate Brownsville neighborhoods to a greater degree than other locations in Texas, including nearby cities such as Harlingen and McAllen. Brownsville is home to the Sabal mexicana,[58] the only species of palmetto palm native to Texas with a significant trunk (Sabal minor, also native to Texas, is nearly trunkless.[59] Though it used to cover a large portion of the land next to the Rio Grande, the city contains one of the last native stands of S. mexicana.[60] Citharexylum berlandieri (Tamaulipan fiddlewood),[58] Rivina humilis (pigeonberry), and Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas sage) are also native flora.[58]

Soils are mostly of clay to silty clay loam texture, moderately alkaline (pH 8.2) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.5 and with a significant degree of salinity in many places;[61] other types of soils present around the city include Cameron clay and sporadic amounts of Laredo silt loam. Due to Brownsville's proximity to the coast, Lomalta clay is common around the swamp areas of the vicinity.[62] Several parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding because of flat topography, ubiquitous low-permeability clay soils, and inadequate infrastructure funding.[63]

According to the United States Geological Survey, Brownsville's soils are primarily alluvium and windblown deposits.[64] The majority of the city's soil is made of floodplain deposits from the Rio Grande; it consists of clay, sand, silt, gravel, and organic matter. Windblown deposits are made up of "active dunes and dune complexes" that contain mostly clay and silt near the coastal region and combination of clay, sand, and silt inland.[64]

Climate

Brownsville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). Winters are warm, and summers are hot and humid.[65] Due to its location on the Gulf Coast about 2.49° north of the Tropic of Cancer, the climate closely borders a tropical savanna climate. Due to its proximity to the deserts of Chihuahua and Gulf Coastal Plains, Brownsville's geographic location lies near the boundary of a hot semi-arid climate.[65] Snow is a very rare event in Brownsville. Its wet season is concentrated during the late summer and early fall, peaking in September, when the threat from tropical cyclones is greatest. In most years, November through April is the dry season. As such, Brownsville receives modest annual rainfall, averaging about 26.78 in (680 mm) annually based on records between 1991 and 2020.[66]

The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 62.9 °F (17.2 °C) in January to 87 °F (30.6 °C) in August. Heat waves during the summer have caused 141 days of high temperatures over 90 °F (32.2 °C) and fewer than five days of temperatures above 100 °F (37.8 °C). The city is located along the boundary of USDA hardiness zones 9b and 10a.[67] The hottest temperature on record in Brownsville occurred on March 27, 1984, when the city reached 106 °F (41 °C). On the other extreme, freezing temperatures occur once or twice a year typically.[66] On December 25, 2004, Brownsville recorded its first instance of measurable snow in 109 years with 1.5 in (3.8 cm), and the first recorded White Christmas.[68] Brownsville's lowest temperature on record occurred on February 13, 1899, when the city reached 12 °F (−11 °C).[69] Based on 30-year averages obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center weather records, 24/7 Wall St. ranked Brownsville the fifth-hottest city in America in 2016.[70]

In 2011, Brownsville became one of the first cities in the United States to require stores to charge a fee for single-use plastic shopping bags. The ordinance was enacted to reduce pollution and litter around the city.[71] The city repealed the ordinance in 2018 after it was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court of Texas.[72] Forbes identified Brownsville as one of 12 metropolitan areas in the United States with the cleanest air.[73] In 2018, the Brownsville–Harlingen area was among the "Cleanest U.S. Cities for Ozone Air Pollution" in the American Lung Association's "State of the Air" in 2018.[74]

Climate data for Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport, Texas (1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1878−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 95
(35) 		94
(34) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		104
(40) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		99
(37) 		98
(37) 		94
(34) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 83.1
(28.4) 		87.0
(30.6) 		92.0
(33.3) 		94.1
(34.5) 		94.6
(34.8) 		96.3
(35.7) 		97.6
(36.4) 		98.5
(36.9) 		96.8
(36.0) 		92.5
(33.6) 		88.8
(31.6) 		84.6
(29.2) 		100.2
(37.9)
Average high °F (°C) 72.6
(22.6) 		76.2
(24.6) 		80.6
(27.0) 		85.7
(29.8) 		90.3
(32.4) 		94.0
(34.4) 		95.0
(35.0) 		96.3
(35.7) 		92.2
(33.4) 		87.3
(30.7) 		80.3
(26.8) 		74.2
(23.4) 		85.4
(29.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 62.9
(17.2) 		66.6
(19.2) 		71.3
(21.8) 		76.7
(24.8) 		82
(28) 		85.6
(29.8) 		86.4
(30.2) 		87.0
(30.6) 		83.5
(28.6) 		78.0
(25.6) 		70.6
(21.4) 		64.5
(18.1) 		76.3
(24.6)
Average low °F (°C) 53.1
(11.7) 		56.9
(13.8) 		62.0
(16.7) 		67.7
(19.8) 		73.7
(23.2) 		77.2
(25.1) 		77.8
(25.4) 		77.8
(25.4) 		74.7
(23.7) 		68.6
(20.3) 		60.8
(16.0) 		54.7
(12.6) 		67.1
(19.5)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 35.9
(2.2) 		39.1
(3.9) 		42.0
(5.6) 		50.1
(10.1) 		60.7
(15.9) 		69.3
(20.7) 		72.4
(22.4) 		72.3
(22.4) 		63.0
(17.2) 		51.5
(10.8) 		42.9
(6.1) 		34.9
(1.6) 		32.2
(0.1)
Record low °F (°C) 18
(−8) 		12
(−11) 		28
(−2) 		37
(3) 		41
(5) 		56
(13) 		58
(14) 		63
(17) 		51
(11) 		35
(2) 		27
(−3) 		16
(−9) 		12
(−11)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.08
(27) 		1.03
(26) 		1.45
(37) 		1.47
(37) 		2.22
(56) 		2.86
(73) 		1.98
(50) 		2.16
(55) 		5.73
(146) 		3.83
(97) 		1.76
(45) 		1.21
(31) 		26.78
(680)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.3 5.5 4.4 4.0 4.9 5.9 5.3 6.6 10.0 7.5 6.0 7.0 74.4
Average relative humidity (%) 79.3 77.4 74.6 75.1 76.5 75.0 73.2 73.8 76.3 75.3 76.1 78.2 75.9
Average dew point °F (°C) 54.5
(12.5) 		57.2
(14.0) 		60.6
(15.9) 		66.2
(19.0) 		71.2
(21.8) 		74.1
(23.4) 		74.5
(23.6) 		74.5
(23.6) 		72.9
(22.7) 		67.6
(19.8) 		61.0
(16.1) 		55.8
(13.2) 		65.8
(18.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 130.6 151.3 206.8 232.7 266.4 306.5 334.4 306.4 252.0 228.3 166.2 130.7 2,712.3
Percent possible sunshine 39 48 56 61 64 74 79 76 68 64 51 40 61
Average ultraviolet index 5 7 9 11 11 12 11 11 10 8 6 5 9
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990, dew point 1986–2015)[66][75][76]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[77]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18502,734—
18602,7340.0%
18704,90579.4%
18804,9380.7%
18906,13424.2%
19006,3052.8%
191010,51766.8%
192011,79112.1%
193022,02186.8%
194022,0830.3%
195035,08658.9%
196048,04036.9%
197052,5229.3%
198084,99761.8%
199098,96216.4%
2000139,72241.2%
2010175,02325.3%
2020186,7386.7%
U.S. Decennial Census

Brownsville is the 18th-most populous city in Texas. It ranks as one of the top U.S. cities in terms of the percentage of Hispanic residents.[78] According to the Pew Research Center, its metropolitan area holds the 26th-largest Hispanic population with roughly 373,000 (88.7%) sharing this distinction. Of that percentage, 96.7% are Mexican and 0.8% are Puerto Rican.[79]

2020 census

Brownsville racial composition[80]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[b]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 8,968 4.8%
Black or African American (NH) 414 0.22%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 85 0.05%
Asian (NH) 1,057 0.57%
Pacific Islander (NH) 24 0.01%
Some Other Race (NH) 336 0.18%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 544 0.29%
Hispanic or Latino 175,310 93.88%
Total 186,738

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 186,738 people, 53,506 households, and 42,240 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the census[4] of 2010,[83] 175,023 people, 49,871 households, and 41,047 families were residing in the city. The population density was 1,207.1 people/sq mi (466.0/km2). The 53,936 housing units averaged 372.0/sq mi (143.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 9.1% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 93.2% of the population.[84]

Of the 38,174 households, 50.1% had children under 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 20.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.7% were not families. About 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.62, and the average family size was 3.99.[83]

In the city, the age distribution was 34.6% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.5 males.[83]

Income and employment

Despite a fast-growing economy, Brownsville has one of the highest poverty rates in the nation. The median income for a household in the city was $24,468, and the median income for a family was $26,186. Males had a median income of $21,739 versus $17,116 for females. The per capita income for the city is $9,762. It is frequently cited as having the highest percentage of residents in the nation below the federal poverty level. About 31.6% of families and 35.7% of the population were below the federal poverty line, including 48.4% of those under 18 and 31.5% of those 65 or over.[85][86]

Based on data collected from the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, the Brownsville metropolitan area ranked as the second-poorest urban area in the country, behind the McAllen metropolitan area.[87] In 2017, the city's unemployment rate was 6.2% with 18.1% adults holding a bachelor's degree.[88] It reported a 5.8% jobless rate the following year.[89] Despite high unemployment rates, the urban area is also one of the fastest growing in the United States.[90]

Economy

 
The Port of Brownsville constructed the Ocean Onyx deepwater rig in 2013.[91]

Brownsville's economic activity is derived from the service and manufacturing industries. Government and the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley are both large contributors to the local economy.[92] Other prominent industries in Brownsville include education and aerospace and space transportation. During the first decade of the 1900s, the city's population increased after a boom in the agriculture industry. Brownsville's subtropical climate has made it a commercial hub for the citrus industry.[93]

The Port of Brownsville produces significant revenue for the city of Brownsville. The port, located 2 mi (3.2 km) from the city, provides a link between the road networks of nearby Mexico and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway of Texas.[94] The port has become an important economic hub for South Texas, where shipments arrive from other parts of the United States, Mexico, and other foreign countries.[95] The port also participates in ship recycling; it has five of the country's eight ship-recycling companies.[96] It received a $1.8 million grant from the United States Department of Commerce to support business and infrastructure development. The grant is expected to create 700 jobs and generate $3 million in private investments.[97]

International trade

Brownsville's economy is based mainly on its international trade with Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Due to Matamoros' maquiladora (English: textile factory) boom, Brownsville experienced growth in the air cargo industry during the late 1980s.[98] It is home to one of the fastest-growing manufacturing sectors in the United States.[99] Brownsville has been recognized as having one of the best pro-business climates in the United States,[100] and the city has been ranked among the least expensive places to live in the country.[101] President Barack Obama signed a bill in 2016 allowing for the deepening of the Brownsville Ship Channel from 42 ft (13 m) to 52 ft (16 m).[102]

Sports

The Sams Memorial Stadium is located in Brownsville. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1957. The stadium is used mostly for American football and soccer.

Technology

 
A tracking station antenna (pictured) installed at the SpaceX South Texas launch site

Entrepreneur Elon Musk announced the construction of SpaceX South Texas Launch Site, a private space launch facility east of Brownsville on the Gulf Coast in 2014.[103][104] The launch facility is estimated to produce US$85 million for the city of Brownsville and generate approximately US$51 million in annual salaries from the roughly 500 jobs to be created by 2024.[105] The facility itself is projected to employ 75–100 full-time workers in the early years with up to 150 full-time employees/contractors by 2019.[106]

As of October 2014, the University of Texas at Brownsville and the Brownsville Economic Development Council (BEDC), in collaboration with SpaceX, are building radio-frequency (RF) technology facilities for STARGATE (Spacecraft Tracking and Astronomical Research into Gigahertz Astrophysical Transient Emission). The facility is intended to provide students and faculty access to radio frequency technologies used in spaceflight operations, and will include satellite and spacecraft tracking.[107]

The city's economic development council also purchased five lots in Boca Chica Village totaling 2.3 acres (0.93 ha) near the SpaceX launch site and renamed it as the Stargate subdivision. The beach location will include a 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2) tracking center.[108] Stargate received several startup grants including US$1.2 million from the United States Economic Development Administration.[109]

Principal employers

According to the BEDC,[92] the top employers in the city as of May 2015 were:

# Employer Employees
1 Brownsville Independent School District 7,670
2 Cameron County 1,950
3 University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1,734
4 Keppel AmFELS 1,650
5 Walmart 1,413
6 Abundant Life Home Health 1,300
7 City of Brownsville 1,227
8 Caring For You Home Health 1,200
9 H-E-B Grocery 975
10 Maximus 950

Parks and recreation

 
El Sal Del Rey inside the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge

Brownsville has 37 parks connected by a 1,200-acre (1.9 sq mi) system of parkland and 32 mi (51 km) of bike lanes. The city also has three gymnasiums, two public pools, and 55 athletic fields.[110]

Brownsville's proximity to the coast has allowed the city to register several locations under the list of protected areas of the United States. Resaca de la Palma State Park is one of six nature preserves (and three state parks) that are part of the World Birding Center.[111] It is also the largest nature preserve of the park system, with approximately 1,200 acres (490 ha) of native semitropical brushland.[112] The area was part of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. The National Park Service lists the site of the Battle of Palo Alto as a National Historic Park. The agency purchased 300 acres (120 ha) of the site's land, with two-thirds belonging to private landowners.[113] It is native to the Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) bush, Opuntia engelmannii (prickly pear), and Yucca treculeana (yucca).[114]

The city encompasses two national wildlife refuges. Located in northeast Cameron County, Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge protects several endangered species, including the Texas ocelot (Leopardus pardalis albescens), a rare wild cat, and the Aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis).[115] The refuge measures 65,096-acre (263.43 km2).[116] The Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge is located in northwest Cameron County and measures 90,788-acre (36,741 ha).[117] The refuge contains trails that are connected to the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail.[118] The Boca Chica State Park and Brazos Island State Park are state parks that were transferred by separate lease agreements to the Lower Rio Grande Valley refuge center in 2007.[119] They measure 10,680-acre (43.2 km2) and 217-acre (0.88 km2), respectively.[120][121] Laguna Madre is located on the eastern side of the county. It is a long, shallow, hypersaline lagoon, and is one of the most protected lagoon ecosystems in the United States.[122]

Government

Brownsville has a council–manager government. The mayor and a six-member city commission are selected in nonpartisan elections.[123] Four members are elected from geographic districts; the remaining two members are elected at-large. Since Brownsville is the county seat of Cameron County, many county offices are in Brownsville. The city's public library system has two branches.[124] The primary law enforcement agency for the city is the Brownsville Police Department. The Brownsville Fire Department has nine stations around the city; its central office is located on the eastern side of the city.[125]

 
Picture of the Old Federal Courthouse; it currently serves as Brownsville's City Hall

Most of Brownsville is represented by two county commissioners of the five-member Commissioners' Court (one member, the County Judge, represents all of Cameron County).[126] County offices are partisan; the Democratic and Republican Parties hold primaries in March of the year that their office term expires.

The City of Brownsville falls under two Texas House of Representatives districts. Each representative has a two-year term and is elected in the same manner as other partisan elected officials. The elected representatives include, District 37: Alex Dominguez (D) (since 2019),[127] and District 38: Eddie Lucio, III (D) (since 2007).[128] Brownsville is represented by Texas Senatorial District 27, the incumbent senator is Eddie Lucio Jr. (D) (since 1991).[129] This city is represented by Texas's 34th congressional district. The incumbent Representative is Vicente Gonzalez (D) (since 2023).

The city holds several federal office buildings. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Brownsville.[130] Downtown Brownsville is served by the Old Federal Courthouse; it is now used as a City Hall.[131] The National Weather Service operates an office and a Nexrad weather radar site in east Brownsville. They provide forecasts and radar coverage for Deep South Texas and the adjacent coastal waters.[132] Other federal building located within the city limits of Brownsville include: Social Security Administration and the Reynaldo G. Garza – Filemon B. Vela United States Courthouse.[133] Military buildings and battle sites include the Brownsville Armed Forces Reserve Center (AFRC) host units from the United States Army Reserve and the Texas Army National Guard,[134] and the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC).[135]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Brownsville Independent School District (BISD) serves most of the city. Enrollment in the 2018–2019 school year was 44,402 students,[136] 95% of whom are economically disadvantaged. Enrollment at BISD reached a high of 49,991 students in 2010–2011, and has declined an average of 1,000 students per year since 2014–2015.[137] It is the 17th largest school district in Texas. There are seven high schools within the district: James Pace, Lopez, Gladys Porter, Simon Rivera, Homer Hanna, Veterans Memorial and Brownsville Early College.[138]

A portion of northern Brownsville is served by the Los Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District.[139] South Texas Independent School District, a magnet school district, operates a medical academy in northern Brownsville.[140] There are several private parochial elementary and middle schools located throughout the community.[141] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville operates Catholic schools in the Rio Grande Valley, including Brownsville.[142]

Colleges and universities

 
UT School of Public Health

Six colleges and universities are located within the Brownsville boundaries. The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, part of the University of Texas system, was founded in 2014 after the merger of the University of Texas at Brownsville and University of Texas–Pan American. It is the 10th-largest university in Texas, having 25,137 undergraduates, 3,068 graduate students, and 439 professionals enrolled in 2018.[143] In 2017, The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education ranked the university third in the country in awarding bachelor's degrees to Hispanic students.[144]

Texas Southmost College is a community college located near the southern border of Brownsville. As of 2018, it had a total enrollment of 7,132.[145] Students usually transfer to the neighboring University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.[146] The city operates three vocational schools. These include the South Texas Vocational Technical Institute,[147] Brightwood College campus (formerly known as Kaplan College),[148] and Southern Careers Institute.[149]

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health (UTSPH), is one of five regional campuses established by the Regional Academic Health Center program in 2001; it is located on the Brownsville campus of the University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley. The campus offers a PhD program in epidemiology and a Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) in health promotion, the only program of its kind available in South Texas. The campus directs its attention to health concerns in the Rio Grande Valley, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. It also centers its concerns on genetics and its relationship to infectious and chronic disease.[150]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Major highways

Brownsville is served by Interstate 69E, sharing its alignment with U.S. Route 77. The highway connects to the cities of Kingsville and Corpus Christi. U.S. Route 77 was a proposed part of the North American Free Trade Agreement's completed Interstate 69 corridor. Other highways that serve the Brownsville area are U.S. Route 83, U.S. Route 281, SH 4 and SH 48. Interstate 169/SH 550 is a toll road that connects North Brownsville to the Port of Brownsville; it forms a loop around the outer city limits of Brownsville. An interchange in nearby Olmito carries traffic from Interstate 69E onto the highway.[151]

Mass transit

Established in mid-Brownsville in 1978, the Brownsville Urban System (BUS), currently known as the Brownsville Metro, consists of three hubs that run 13 routes covering a large portion of Brownsville. The system provides 11 paratransit vans to disabled passengers, complying with the standards for the Americans with Disabilities Act. It is the only mass transit system in its county and one of the largest in the Rio Grande Valley.[citation needed] Annual ridership for 2015 was 1,384,474.[152]

Intercity transit

The Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport (BRO) provides passengers with daily nonstop service to American Eagle hubs Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, United Express to George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, and World Atlantic Airlines, which operates charter and on-demand flights to Miami International Airport. The airport received a $12.7 million grant from the Federal Aviation Administration for the construction of a new 85,000 sq ft (7,900 m2) terminal facility.[153] The project is expected to commence construction by late 2018.[154]

Bike share and trails

The City of Brownsville currently has 64 mi (103 km) of hike and bike trails and on-street bike lanes.[155] In 2016, a bike-share program was established in Brownsville in collaboration with the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.[156] Six bike stations were installed. The contract was renewed with another company to provide a "dockless ride-share program" in late 2018.[157]

Railroad

Several attempts were made to attract a railroad, but the St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway did not reach Brownsville until 1904. In 1910, a railroad bridge was constructed between Brownsville and Matamoros (Mexico), and regular service between the two towns began. The introduction of the rail link to Brownsville opened the area for settlement by northern farmers, who subsequently arrived in the lower Rio Grande Valley in large numbers.[158]

The new settlers cleared the land of brush, built extensive irrigation systems and roads, and introduced large-scale truck farming. In 1904, H. G. Stillwell Sr. planted the first commercial citrus orchard in the area, thus opening the way for citrus fruit culture, one of the valley's leading industries. The expansion of farming in the area, and the railroad link to the north, brought new prosperity to Brownsville and spurred a host of civic improvements.[159]

Brownsville was served by the Missouri Pacific Railroad night train from Houston, the Pioneer (#315/316) until 1964, and a daily train from Houston, the Valley Eagle (#321/322), until 1962.[160] Today, the Brownsville and Rio Grande International Railroad (reporting mark BRG) is a terminal switching railroad headquartered in Brownsville. It operates 45 mi (72 km) of line at the Port of Brownsville, and interchanges with Union Pacific Railroad and TFM. BRG traffic includes steel, agricultural products, food products, and general commodities.[161]

International bridges

 
A view of the Brownsville and Matamoros Bridge office

Brownsville has three international bridges that connect to Mexico. These include the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge (B&M),[162] Gateway International Bridge and the Veterans International Bridge at Los Tomates.[163][164]

Utilities

Electricity, water, and wastewater services in Brownsville are provided by the Brownsville Public Utilities Board. Since it is a public utility, the city commission appoints six members of the utilities board with the mayor serving as the seventh member (ex-officio).[165] As of 2016, it is the 68th-largest public power utility in the country by number of customers served (48,232).[166] Its power generation was ranked 51st in the US with 1,638,579 megawatt-hours.[166] Renewable resources were projected to increase with partial help from the proposed addition of a 400-megawatt Tenaska combined-cycle electric generating plant in 2015.[167]

A series of wind turbines was also built in the northeast part of Cameron County.[168] The board operates three treatment plants in Brownsville; it also owns 92.91% of the Southmost Regional Water Authority groundwater treatment facility.[169] Several liquefied natural gas companies are currently in the process of establishing pipelines in the city. Two were denied a review of their applications after missing several deadlines.[170]

Arts and culture

 
A street mural in Downtown Brownsville

Brownsville is known for its strong Mexican culture. Charro Days is a two-nation fiesta celebration held in Brownsville in cooperation with Matamoros, Mexico. It is accompanied with El Grito, a joyous shout originating in Mexican culture.[171] Musicians and actors of Mexican heritage make appearances. Sombrero Festival is a continuation of Charro Days. It is a three-day event consisting of performances from tejano, corrido and other traditional Mexican artists as well as a variety of contests. In 2016, a Mexican art gallery donated a statue called Mr. Charro that was unveiled at a park.[172]

 
A man looking at a painting at the 23rd Annual Brownsville Latin Jazz Festival

The city hosts the Latin Jazz Festival every year around early October in Downtown Brownsville. It is a three-day celebration of local Latin jazz performers, art and dance. The festival began in 1997, founded by American musician Tito Puente.[173] Brownsville has a growing number of arts galleries, including the Puente Art Studio,[174] the B&E Art Studio,[175] and the Rusteberg Art Gallery.[176] The Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts features exhibitions of Egyptian and Astronomical art.[177] It was formerly known as the Brownsville Art League, formed by a group of eight women. The museum underwent a renovation in 1960, featuring a 4,000 sq ft (370 m2) studio. In 2002, it changed its name to its current name and underwent another renovation.[178] According to the Association of Art Museum Directors, women account for 38% of leadership positions.[179]

Brownsville also has several museums dedicated to historic artifacts and military equipment. The Historic Brownsville Museum opened to the public in 1986. The building was used as a Spanish Colonial Revival passenger depot and was later abandoned. It features Spanish architecture and education programs. Several renovations were made over time, including the addition of a Spanish-style fountain, a courtyard and an engine building.[180][181] The Commemorative Air Force Museum houses World War II aircraft and holds tours on the early events of wars in Asia and Europe. It also documents the stories of pilots who were part of the 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron.[182]

Built in 1850 by Henry Miller, the Stillman House Museum was owned by Charles Stillman and Mexican consul Manuel Pérez Treviño. It was the site of meetings with Mexican general and president Porfirio Diaz. The Stillman's great-grandson purchased the house after the previous homeowners sold it and donated it to the city after several renovations. It opened to the public in 1960. The home sustained damage from Hurricane Dolly in 2008 and reopened to the public the following year after it was restored.[183] Costumes of the Americas Museum is an indigenous clothing museum. Inspired by Bessie Kirkland Johnson, the museum was opened in 1997 featuring clothing from indigenous people in several Mexican states and other Latin American countries.[184]

Filming location

Media

See also: List of newspapers in Texas, List of radio stations in Texas, and List of television stations in Texas

Print

The Brownsville Herald is the city's major daily newspaper. It has a circulation of 15,880 with 16,409 on Sundays.[191] Other newspapers that share content within Brownsville include The Monitor (headquartered in McAllen),[192] the Valley Morning Star (headquartered in Harlingen) and The Rider,[193] the official weekly campus paper of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.[194]

Radio

FM stations include:[195]

AM stations include:[197]

  • KURV (710) – News/Talk
  • KVNS (1700) – Sports Talk

Television

Brownsville has three licensed broadcast full power television stations:[198]

Notable people

Sister city

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[81][82]

Citations

  1. ^ "Official Capital Designations". tsl.texas.gov. Texas Legislature. from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  2. ^ "SpaceX's plans to launch near Brownsville, Texas, have sent house prices sky high". NPR.org. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  3. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. ^ . American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Population Division; U.S. Department of Commerce. March 2018. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  7. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau; Population Division, U.S. Department of Commerce. March 2017. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  8. ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  9. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Brownsville city, Texas". Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  10. ^ "P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c . Texas Archive. Brownsville Historical Association. 1996. Archived from the original on December 30, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  12. ^ Cutrer, Thomas W. (June 12, 2010). "Brown, Jacob". tshaonline.org. from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Fort Texas / Fort Brown". United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  14. ^ Long, Gary (March 21, 2013). "Belden Trail off and running". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 1, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ a b "The Texas Land Frauds.; Branch of the Watrous Impeachment Case". The New York Times. August 18, 1860. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  16. ^ "Rancho de Carricitos". National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  17. ^ Pettit, Elizabeth D. (June 12, 2010). "For Brown". tshaonline.org. from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  18. ^ "Battles of the War: The Battle of Palo Alto". Public Broadcasting Service. from the original on January 18, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  19. ^ "Palo Alto Battlefield". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  20. ^ "Brownsville: Fort Brown". Texas Tropical Trail. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  21. ^ Leanos, Reynaldo Jr. (May 16, 2017). "Remembering the Birthday of Juan Cortina, The 'Robin Hood of the Rio Grande'". NBC News. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  22. ^ "Documents on the Brownsville Uprising of Juan Cortina". Public Broadcast Service. from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  23. ^ "Juan Cortina (1824-1892)". Noble Bandits. from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  24. ^ Burnett, John; Peñaloza, Marisa (July 6, 2015). "Corruption On The Border: Dismantling Misconduct In The Rio Grande Valley". National Public Radio. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  25. ^ a b Moulton, Candy (June 6, 2017). "Texas Captains of Cotton and Cattle". True West Magazine. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  26. ^ "Cotton Belt". Infoplease. from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  27. ^ "Battle of Palmito". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  28. ^ "National Historic Landmark Nomination". National Park Service. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  29. ^ "A Guide to the John Salmon "Rip" Ford Papers, circa 1836-1896". legacy.lib.utexas.edu. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  30. ^ Davis, p. 387; Calkins, p. 175, states Lee and Marshall left the McLean House "some time after 3:00 in the afternoon".; Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 819, states "the surrender interview lasted until about 3:45 p.m."
  31. ^ a b Zoellner, Tom (April 27, 2015). "End of an Error". The Texas Observer. from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  32. ^ Greenspan, Jesse (May 1, 2013). "9 Things You May Not Know About Texas". History. from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  33. ^ Scribner, John. "The Texas Navy". Texas Military Forces Museum. from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  34. ^ Thompson, Jerry D. (2007). Cortina: defending the Mexican name in Texas. Texas A&M University Press. p. 332. ISBN 9781585445929. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  35. ^ Delaney, Robert W. (April 1955). "Matamoros, Port for Texas during the Civil War". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 58 (4): 473–487. JSTOR 30241907.
  36. ^ Hlavac, Steven (November 29, 2017). "Scholar probes lynching of Mexicans in early 20th-century Texas". University of Colorado. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  37. ^ a b c Christian, Garna L. (June 12, 2010). "Brownsville Raid of 1906". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  38. ^ "The Cavalry Building, which served as barracks at Fort Brown in Brownsville, Texas, until World War I". www.loc.gov. Library of Congress. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  39. ^ "Secure Fence Act of 2006" (PDF). United States Congress. (PDF) from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  40. ^ Roebuck, Jeremy (September 25, 2007). "Maps show Valley with 70 miles of the border fence". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 2, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  41. ^ Kahn, Carrie (March 24, 2008). "Border Fence A Great Divide For Texas Landowners". National Public Radio. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  42. ^ a b Brezosky, Lynn (July 31, 2008). "Deal means border fence won't split UT-Brownsville campus". Chron. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  43. ^ Scott Bronstein, Curt Devine & Drew Griffin, Trump wants a wall. Border experts want a fence May 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, CNN (February 16, 2017).
  44. ^ Miller, Michael E.; Brown, Emma; Davis, Aaron C. (June 14, 2018). "Inside Casa Padre, the converted Walmart where the U.S. is holding nearly 1,500 immigrant children". The Washington Post. from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  45. ^ Sealey, Stephen (October 17, 2018). "City of Brownsville revitalizing downtown area". Valley Central. from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  46. ^ Garcia, Derick (August 18, 2016). "City's Downtown Revitalization Sees First Milestone". KVEO-TV. from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  47. ^ Contreras, Kaila (December 30, 2017). "Renovations helped refresh downtown Brownsville". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  48. ^ "Greening America's Communities" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  49. ^ Clark, Steve (August 5, 2017). "Restoration of Market Square bell tower complete". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 6, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  50. ^ Sealey, Stephen (May 9, 2017). "Brownsville plans to revitalize its downtown district with $3.4 million budget". Valley Central. from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  51. ^ Botsford End, Rae (July 18, 2014). "Space Florida Prepares as SpaceX Plans Partial Move to Texas". Space Flight Insider. from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  52. ^ "State-Based Places Gazetteer Files – Texas". 2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  53. ^ . Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  54. ^ "Ras Al Khaimah Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017.
  55. ^ Brush, Timothy (2005). Nesting Birds of a Tropical Frontier: The Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (First ed.). Texas A&M University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1585444908. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  56. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.[permanent dead link]
  57. ^ Solomon, Dan (January 22, 2015). "The FBI's List of the Most Dangerous Cities in Texas". Texas Monthly. from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  58. ^ a b c "South Texas Treasures" (PDF). The Brownsville Herald. October 20, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  59. ^ McLeod, Gerald (November 30, 2018). "Day Trips: Sabal Palm Sanctuary, Brownsville". The Austin Chronicle. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  60. ^ Gaskill, Melissa (June 2015). "3 Days In The Field". Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  61. ^ "Web Soil Survey". Websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov. from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  62. ^ "Soil map, Texas, Brownsville sheet". University of North Texas. August 22, 1908. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  63. ^ Baskette, Aisha (January 27, 2016). "City drainage report assess flood risks". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 5, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  64. ^ a b "Title: Geologic atlas of Texas, McAllen-Brownsville sheet". National Geologic Map Database. United States Geological Survey. from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  65. ^ a b Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, 2007.
  66. ^ a b c "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  67. ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map November 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  68. ^ "White Christmas Dream Becomes Reality for the Lower RGV, 2004!". National Weather Service. from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  69. ^ "Brownsville Historic Weather Averages in Texas January 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine". Intellicast. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  70. ^ Stebbins, Samuel (June 25, 2016). "The hottest cities in America January 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine". USA Today. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  71. ^ Baskette, Aisha (February 1, 2016). "City's bag ban carries onward[permanent dead link]". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  72. ^ Sanchez, Jesus (July 30, 2018). "Brownsville repeals plastic bag ordinance". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  73. ^ "America's Cleanest Cities October 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". MSNBC. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  74. ^ "Cleanest Cities December 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine". American Lung Association. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  75. ^ "Station Name: TX Brownsville". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  76. ^ "WMO climate normals for Brownsville/INTL, TX 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  77. ^ "Brownsville, Texas, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". NOAA. from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  78. ^ "Mapping the Latino Population, By State, County and City" (PDF). Pew Research Center. August 29, 2013. (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  79. ^ "Top 60 metropolitan areas, by Hispanic population". Pew Research Center. from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  80. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  81. ^ http://www.census.gov[not specific enough to verify]
  82. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  83. ^ a b c "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Brownsville city, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  84. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  85. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census. from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  86. ^ "In America's Poorest City, a Housing Breakthrough – CityLab". Bloomberg.com. October 2014. from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  87. ^ Cohen, Jason (January 21, 2013). "Rio Grande Valley Tops List of "America's Poorest Cities"". Texas Monthly. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  88. ^ Stebbins, Samuel (September 14, 2018). "America's Poorest Cities". 24/7 Wall St. from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  89. ^ Kelley, Rick (March 9, 2018). "Texas sets record low jobless rate, but Valley higher". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  90. ^ Salinas, Gilberto (July 2, 2005). "Brownsville-McAllen fastest growing cities in Texas". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  91. ^ "Diamond Orders New Rig: Ocean Onyx". Yahoo! Finance. January 10, 2012. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  92. ^ a b Brownsville Economic Development Council May 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ Brezosky, Lynn (January 8, 2016). "Citrus greening keeps spreading in Texas". The Houston Chronicle. from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  94. ^ "About Us". Port of Brownsville. from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  95. ^ Plume, Janet (November 2004). "New Route from Asia?". Journal of Commerce. 5 (44): 42. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  96. ^ Goodwyn, Wade (July 25, 2012). "When The Ship Comes In To Brownsville, Rip It Up". National Public Radio. from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  97. ^ . United States Department of Commerce. September 20, 2018. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  98. ^ Taylor, Gary (October 20, 1988). "Maquiladoras Fueling An Air Cargo Boom In Brownsville, Texas". Journal of Organic Chemistry. from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  99. ^ . City of Brownsville: Brownsville Public Library. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  100. ^ (PDF). Brownsville's Economic Development Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  101. ^ Wong, Vanesa (June 27, 2011). "Texas town is the cheapest place to live in US". MSN News. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  102. ^ "Obama signs bill to allow Brownsville ship channel project". The Brownsville Herald. December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  103. ^ Foust, Jeff (September 22, 2014). "SpaceX Breaks Ground on Texas Spaceport". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on September 22, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  104. ^ "Brownsville area candidate for spaceport". brownsvilleherald.com. Retrieved August 29, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  105. ^ Jervis, Rick (October 6, 2014). "Texas border town to become next Cape Canaveral". USA Today. from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  106. ^ Nield, George C. (April 2014). (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Commercial Space Transportation. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013.
  107. ^ Clark, Steve (November 26, 2012). "'STARGATE' facility may be coming to Brownsville The Monitor (Texas)". (Texas). Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  108. ^ Perez-Treviño, Emma (September 25, 2014). "SpaceX makes more moves". Valley Morning Star. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
  109. ^ "STARGATE to receive $1.2 million EDA grant". Brownsville Herald. October 6, 2014. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  110. ^ "Parks & Recreation". www.cob.us. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  111. ^ "Natures Adventures in Texas". World Birding Center. from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  112. ^ "Resaca de la Palma State Park — Texas Parks & Wildlife Department". tpwd.texas.gov. from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  113. ^ Janiskee, Bob (November 24, 2009). "Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park Uniquely Commemorates a Mexican War Battle". National Parks Traveller. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  114. ^ "Inventory and Monitoring at Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park". National Park Service. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  115. ^ "Habitat - Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  116. ^ . Texas Gulf Ecological Management Sites. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. May 7, 2003. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
  117. ^ "Annual Report of Lands Under Control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service" (PDF). www.fws.gov. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 30, 2010. (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  118. ^ "Wildlife and Habitat". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  119. ^ Rozeff, Norman (July 9, 2017). "Brazos Island, its unique legacy". Valley Morning Star. from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  120. ^ "Boca Chica Beach". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  121. ^ "Brazos Island State Scenic Park". Texas State Historical Association. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  122. ^ "Laguna Madre". The South Texas Map. Texmaps and Carson Map Company, Inc. 2010. from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  123. ^ "The Brownsville City Commission". City of Brownsville. from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  124. ^ "Contact Us". Brownsville Public Library. from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  125. ^ "City Manager's Office". City of Brownsville. from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  126. ^ "Cameron County Commissioner Precincts Map 2019" (PDF). Cameron County. January 15, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  127. ^ "Texas House of Representatives". Texas House of Representatives. from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  128. ^ "Texas House member: Rep. Lucio III, Eddie District 38". Texas House of Representatives. from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  129. ^ "Senator Eddie Lucio Jr.: District 27". The Texas State Senate. from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  130. ^ "Brownsville 1535 E Los Ebanos Blvd Brownsville, TX 78520-9998". United States Postal Service. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  131. ^ "Downtown Brownsville 1001 E Elizabeth St Fl 1 Brownsville, TX 78520-9995". United States Postal Service. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  132. ^ "National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office: Brownsville, TX". National Weather Service. from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  133. ^ . United States Courthouse. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  134. ^ "Brownsville Armed Forces Reserve Center". United States Green Building Council. from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  135. ^ "Reserve Officers Training Corps". University of Texas at Brownsville. from the original on August 24, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  136. ^ "2018-2019 Student Enrollment Report". Texas Education Agency. March 13, 2019. from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  137. ^ "Brownsville Independent School District". www.bisd.us. from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  138. ^ "Brownsville ISD District". U.S. News & World Report. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  139. ^ . Los Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  140. ^ Long, Gary (April 6, 2013). "$29M medical academy to be built in Brownsville". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved January 5, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  141. ^ Roberts, Miguel (February 21, 2018). "Private schools show off folklorico dances at Kenmont". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  142. ^ Perry, Daniel (January 31, 2006). "Diocese planning third Catholic high school in Valley". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 5, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  143. ^ "UTRGV Enrollment Profile Fall 2018" (PDF). University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  144. ^ "UTRGV ranks third in the nation in awarding bachelor's degrees to Hispanic students; top 10 in other rankings". www.utrgv.edu. from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  145. ^ Sanchez, Jesus (September 18, 2018). "TSC sets new enrollment record for second straight year". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  146. ^ . TSC. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  147. ^ "South Texas Vocational Technical Institute". South Texas Vocational Technical Institute. from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  148. ^ "Brightwood College in Brownsville, TX". Brightwood College. from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  149. ^ "Southern Careers Institute". Southern Careers Institute. from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  150. ^ . Sph.uth.tmc.edu. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  151. ^ "National Highway System: Brownsville, TX" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  152. ^ "Public Transit Agency Ridership Statistics". governing.com. March 12, 2013. from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  153. ^ Clark, Steve (April 7, 2018). "Local airport project advances". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  154. ^ Cuadros, Alfredo (November 22, 2018). "Brownsville-SPI Airport Terminal to Begin Construction by End of 2018". KVEO. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  155. ^ "Hike & Bike Trails". Brownsville Convention & Visitors Bureau. from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  156. ^ Garza, Frank (September 3, 2016). "Bikeshare program begins this month in Brownsville". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  157. ^ Kelley, Rick (September 29, 2018). "New Valley bike-share set for November debut". The Brownsville Herald. from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  158. ^ Onion, Rebecca (May 5, 2016). "America's Lost History of Border Violence". Slate. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  159. ^ "The Handbook of Texas: Brownsville". Texas State Historical Association. from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  160. ^ December 1960 Missouri Pacific Railroad, Tables T, 15
  161. ^ "About Brownsville & Rio Grande International Railway, LLC". OmniTRAX. from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  162. ^ Espinoza, J. Noel (April 26, 2002). "Border commuters offered express option". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 5, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  163. ^ Rhodan, Maya (August 23, 2018). "At the U.S. Border, an Invisible Wall Already Exists". Time. from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  164. ^ Texas Department of Transportation. . Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  165. ^ "Board of Directors: Brownsville Public Utilities Board". Brownsville Public Utilities Board. from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  166. ^ a b "Public Power 2018 Statistical Report" (PDF). Public Power. (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  167. ^ "Final Permit for PSD Greenhouse Gas Permit for Tenaska Brownsville Partners LLC" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  168. ^ Kelley, Rick (April 17, 2018). "New wind farm coming to South Texas". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  169. ^ "Water & Wastewater". Brownsville Public Utilities Board. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  170. ^ Reagan, Mark (August 15, 2018). "LNG company permits pulled for Port of Brownsville project". The Monitor. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  171. ^ "El Grito: What Is It And What Does It Mean?". The Huffington Post. September 15, 2012. from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  172. ^ Clark, Steve (March 22, 2016). "Mexican art gallery presents two-ton charro statue to Brownsville". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  173. ^ R. Garza, Christina (October 8, 2014). "Latin Jazz Festival kicks off Friday". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  174. ^ Clark, Steve (October 31, 2013). "Elizabeth Street studio/gallery reopens after renovation". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 4, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  175. ^ Reyna, Nubia. "Finding Beauty: Local artist turns discarded items into art". Brownsville Herald. from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  176. ^ "UTRGV studentexas Rio showcases thesis exhibition". Brownsville Herald.[permanent dead link]
  177. ^ . Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  178. ^ "Brownsville Museum of Fine Art". Brownsville Convention & Visitors Bureau. from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  179. ^ "Latest Art Museum Staff Demographic Survey Shows Number of African American Curators and Women in Leadership Roles Increased". Association of Art Museum Directors. from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  180. ^ "Historic Brownsville Museum". Brownsville Convention & Visitors Bureau. from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  181. ^ . Mitte Cultural District. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  182. ^ "CAF wing: Changes necessary to survive". Brownsvilleherald.com. Retrieved August 30, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  183. ^ . Brownsville Historical Association. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  184. ^ . Costumes of the Americas Museum. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  185. ^ Lester, Peter (June 15, 1981). "Once a Lone Star, Texan Tommy Lee Jones Takes a New Bride—and a Powder from L.a." People. from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  186. ^ Chapa, Sergio (June 16, 2012). "Mel Gibson movie filmed in Brownsville skips American theaters". KGBT-TV. from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  187. ^ Leydon, Joe (March 10, 2014). "SXSW Film Review: 'A Night in Old Mexico'". Variety. from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  188. ^ Long, Gary (March 6, 2013). "Indie film to spotlight Brownsville chess; auditions this weekend". The Monitor. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  189. ^ Martinez, Michael (September 24, 2015). "Indie filmmaker Carmen Marron captures real-life chess triumph of Latino school". CNN. from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  190. ^ White, Tyler (March 9, 2015). "Danny Trejo shooting new superhero film in South Texas". mySanAntonio. from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  191. ^ . Alliance for Audited Media. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  192. ^ "[NR] AIM Media Texas, LLC acquires Texas newspapers". OA Online. May 18, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  193. ^ (PDF). www.rgvnetwork.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  194. ^ "The Rider Newspaper". University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  195. ^ "FM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA". Federal Communications Commission. from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  196. ^ Clark, Steve (July 15, 2017). "City receives first low-power FM music station". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  197. ^ "AM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  198. ^ "Digital TV Market Listing for KVEO". rabbitears.info. from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  199. ^ CBS 4 changing over-the-air signal to 23.2 midnight tonight https://www.kveo.com/news/cbs-4-changing-over-the-air-signal-to-23-2-midnight-tonight/ January 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  200. ^ McMillan, Maura. "A Tribe of One," Firsts: the Book Collector's Magazine, May 2001
  201. ^ Hispanic heritage awards. Hispanic Heritage Foundation. 2006. p. 1971.
  202. ^ 'Judge J. T. Canales Dies at Brownsville,' Del Rio Herald New, April 1, 1975, pg. 16
  203. ^ "Distinguished alumni announced". The Brownsville Herald. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012.
  204. ^ "Railroad Commissioners welcome new RRC Commissioner Buddy Garcia". Eagle Pass Business Journal. April 18, 2012. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  205. ^ "Senate Resolution No. 217: In Memory of Reynaldo Guerra Garza". capitol.texas.gov. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  206. ^ Perez-Treviño, Emma (July 18, 2009). "Tony Garza retains deep emotional ties to Brownsville". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  207. ^ "Gilberto Hinojosa". The Huffington Post. from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  208. ^ "Brownsville, Texas, United States, (1849-present)". Oblates of Mary Immaculate. from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  209. ^ "Bernard L. Kowalski, 78, director". Variety. November 16, 2007. ISSN 0042-2738. from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  210. ^ . Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  211. ^ "State Rep. Eddie Lucio III". The Texas Tribune. from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  212. ^ "State Sen. Eddie Lucio Jr". The Texas Tribune. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  213. ^ "Dancer with Brownsville ties now starring in musicals". The Brownsville Herald. July 31, 2003. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  214. ^ "Rep. Grace Flores Napolitano". Congressional Hispanic Caucus Initiative. November 28, 2017. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  215. ^ "President Obama Nominates Seven to Serve on the United States District Courts". whitehouse.gov. September 18, 2014. from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  216. ^ . Lib.utexas.edu. September 3, 1915. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  217. ^ Brito, Victoria (November 21, 2014). "Author to Watch: Rudy Ruiz". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved June 11, 2016.[permanent dead link]
  218. ^ "Respiratory Therapist 'Lost Count' of Victims After Killing 60 Patients with 'Magic Syringe'". August 7, 2019. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  219. ^ "Ramón Saldívar". National Endowment for the Humanities. from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  220. ^ . The Independent. London, UK. May 29, 2007. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  221. ^ Shea, Mike (February 2008). "Bruce Sterling". Texas Monthly. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  222. ^ "Brownsville native on television tonight". The Monitor. May 16, 2008. from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  223. ^ Baker, R. Scott (2006). Paradoxes of Desegregation. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-57003-632-3.
  224. ^ "6 Zetas arrested in death of agent". San Antonio News. February 24, 2011. from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  225. ^ "Jaime Zapata, U.S. Immigration And Customs Enforcement Agent, Killed In Mexico". The Huffington Post. February 16, 2011. from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  226. ^ Gray, Anthony (October 18, 1995). "Oct/18 Matamoros offically [sic] a sister city". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2019.[permanent dead link]

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brownsville, Texas.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brownsville".
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Brownsville (Texas).
  • Official website
  • Brownsville Convention and Visitors Bureau
  • Brownsville Public Library System
  • Brownsville, Texas in The Handbook of Texas Online
  • National Weather Service - Brownsville

February 05, 2023
brownsville, texas, brownsville, city, county, seat, cameron, county, state, texas, western, gulf, coast, south, texas, adjacent, border, with, matamoros, mexico, city, covers, population, 2020, census, 139th, largest, city, united, states, 18th, largest, texa. Brownsville ˈ b r aʊ n z ˌ v ɪ l is a city in and the county seat of Cameron County in the U S state of Texas It is on the western Gulf Coast in South Texas adjacent to the border with Matamoros Mexico The city covers 145 2 sq mi 376 066 km2 and had a population of 186 738 at the 2020 census 9 It is the 139th largest city in the United States and 18th largest in Texas It is part of the Matamoros Brownsville metropolitan area The city is known for its year round subtropical climate deep water seaport and Hispanic culture Brownsville TexasCityCity of BrownsvilleTop to bottom left to right Cameron County Courthouse a statue from the Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts Resaca de la Palma Battlefield a giraffe from the Gladys Porter Zoo Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park and the McNair HouseFlagNickname Chess Capital of Texas 1 Motto s On the Border By the Sea and Beyond 2 Location in TexasBrownsvilleShow map of TexasBrownsvilleShow map of the United StatesBrownsvilleShow map of North AmericaCoordinates 25 55 49 N 97 29 4 W 25 93028 N 97 48444 W 25 93028 97 48444 Coordinates 25 55 49 N 97 29 4 W 25 93028 N 97 48444 W 25 93028 97 48444CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyCameronFounded1848IncorporatedFebruary 7 1853Named forFort Brown named for Jacob BrownGovernment TypeCouncil manager MayorJuan Trey Mendez City CouncilCouncil members John Cowen Jr Rose M Z GowenNurith Galonsky PizanaJessica Tetreau KalifaJoel MunguiaBen Neece City ManagerNoel BernalArea 3 City145 19 sq mi 376 03 km2 Land131 53 sq mi 340 66 km2 Water13 66 sq mi 35 37 km2 4 Metro370 58 sq mi 905 76 km2 Elevation33 ft 10 m Population 2020 City186 738 Density1 420 sq mi 548 2 km2 Urban b 216 444 US 178th Urban density3 485 3 sq mi 1 345 7 km2 Metro421 017 US 130th Metro density472 5 sq mi 182 4 km2 CSA441 181 US 94th DemonymBrownsvillianTime zoneUTC 6 CST Summer DST UTC 5 CDT ZIP Codes78520 78523 78526Area code956FIPS code48 10768 4 GNIS feature ID1372749 5 AirportBrownsville South Padre Island International Airport KBRO BRO Websitebrownsvilletx wbr gova 1 2 Area city density metro population density and CSA population density as of the 2017 estimate 6 7 b Urban population density as of the 2020 Census 8 The city was founded in 1848 by American entrepreneur Charles Stillman after he developed a successful river boat company nearby It was named for Fort Brown itself named after Major Jacob Brown who fought and died while serving as a U S Army soldier during the Mexican American War 1846 1848 As a county seat the city and county governments are major employers Other primary employers fall within the service trade and manufacturing industries including a growing aerospace and space transportation sector It operates international trading through the Port of Brownsville The city experienced a population increase in the early 1900s when steel production flourished It is frequently cited as having one of the highest poverty rates in the United States Due to significant historical events the city has multiple houses and battle sites listed under the National Register of Historic Places It was the scene of several key events of the American Civil War such as the Battle of Brownsville and the Battle of Palmito Ranch The city was also involved in the Texas Revolution as well as the Mexican American War Brownsville s idiosyncratic geographic location has made it a wildlife refuge center Several state parks and historical sites are protected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Brownsville is notable for its high Hispanic proportion which at 93 9 is the third highest proportion of Hispanic Americans out of any city in the United States outside of Puerto Rico 10 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 Mexican American War 1 3 American Civil War 1 4 20th century 1 5 21st century 2 Geography 2 1 Metropolitan area 2 2 Flora and soil 2 3 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 2020 census 3 2 2010 census 3 3 Income and employment 4 Economy 4 1 International trade 4 2 Sports 4 3 Technology 4 4 Principal employers 5 Parks and recreation 6 Government 7 Education 7 1 Primary and secondary education 7 2 Colleges and universities 8 Infrastructure 8 1 Transportation 8 1 1 Major highways 8 1 2 Mass transit 8 1 3 Intercity transit 8 1 4 Bike share and trails 8 1 5 Railroad 8 1 6 International bridges 8 2 Utilities 9 Arts and culture 9 1 Filming location 10 Media 10 1 Print 10 2 Radio 10 3 Television 11 Notable people 12 Sister city 13 See also 14 References 14 1 Notes 14 2 Citations 15 External linksHistory EditSee also Timeline of Brownsville Texas Founding Edit Brownsville in 1857 In 1781 Spanish government officials granted Jose Salvador de la Garza 59 leagues of land 408 sq mi He used the land to construct a ranch several miles northwest of the area During the early 1800s Brownsville was known to residents as los tejidos English pasturelands 11 The area was inhabited by a few settlers around 1836 when Texas declared its independence from Mexico On February 4 1846 President James K Polk instructed American General Zachary Taylor and his troops to begin moving south towards Brownsville Once Taylor arrived he built Fort Texas It was later renamed Fort Brown in honor of Major Jacob Brown 12 one of two soldiers who died during the siege of Fort Texas 11 13 Charles Stillman arrived in Matamoros in 1828 from Connecticut to help his father in the mercantile business 11 Brownsville became part of Texas after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 During that year Stillman formed a partnership with Samuel Belden 14 and Simon Mussina to form the Brownsville Town Company 15 They reportedly sold lots valued at 1 500 The city of Brownsville was originally established in late 1848 by Stillman and was made the county seat of Cameron County on January 13 1849 The state originally incorporated the city on January 24 1850 This was repealed on April 1 1852 because of a land ownership dispute between Stillman and its former owners including Juan Cortina a Mexican rancher The state reincorporated the city on February 7 1853 this remains in effect The issue of ownership was not decided until 1879 when the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of Stillman 15 Mexican American War Edit Main article Mexican American War The Battle of Palo Alto was fought on May 8 1846 On April 25 1846 Captain Seth B Thornton received reports of Mexican troops crossing the Rio Grande Thornton and 63 U S dragoons moved to Rancho de Carricitos and discovered several houses in the area Mexican General Anastasio Torrejon crossed the Rio Grande the previous day He commanded 1 600 cavalry and infantry troops to surround Thornton s troops in fractions Due to heavy force from Torrejon s troops Thornton s troops surrendered Eleven American casualties were reported 45 troops and Thornton were held as prisoners Reports of the incident were sent to President James K Polk who announced American blood has been spilled upon the American territory On May 13 the United States Congress declared war against Mexico 16 American General Zachary Taylor retreated from Fort Texas on May 1 1846 Mexican General Mariano Arista began preparing artillery and troops from across the Rio Grande 17 On May 3 Arista and the Mexican Army began the siege of Fort Texas during the first active campaign in the Mexican American War This was counteracted by the United States 7th Infantry Regiment 13 Despite heavy strikes Mexican General Pedro de Ampudia outlined a traditional siege to move forward General Zachary Taylor was notified of the incident and began moving towards Fort Texas Mexican troops intercepted them near Palo Alto about 5 mi 8 0 km north of present day Brownsville 18 resulting in the first battle of the war 19 The following day Mexican troops had retreated Taylor s troops charged up to them resulting in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma which took place within the present city limits When Taylor arrived at the besieged Fort Texas he found that two soldiers including the fort s commander Major Jacob Brown had died Brown who suffered an injury when a cannonball hit his leg died three days after his injury on May 9 In his honor General Taylor renamed the facility as Fort Brown An old cannon at the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College marks the spot where Major Brown received his fatal wound 20 On July 13 1859 Juan Cortina saw Brownsville city Marshal Robert Sheers arrest and beat an elderly man who had been a ranch hand at his mother s ranch Cortina approached the marshal questioning his motives before shooting him twice after he refused to release the man The first shot reportedly missed Sheers but the second struck his shoulder causing him to fall to the ground Cortina and the elderly man rode off on a horse 21 22 The following year Cortina returned with troops executing four Anglo men and simultaneously releasing several Mexican prisoners He then issued a proclamation explaining his reasons for the attack 23 American Civil War Edit Main article American Civil War Map showcasing the location of the Battle of Palmito Ranch During the American Civil War Brownsville served as a smuggling point for Confederate goods into Mexico Most significantly cotton was smuggled to European ships through the Mexican port of Bagdad to avoid Union blockades 24 The city was located at the end of the Cotton Road 25 southwest of the Cotton Belt 26 In November 1863 Union troops landed at Port Isabel and marched towards Brownsville to take control of Fort Brown 27 In the ensuing Battle of Brownsville Confederate forces abandoned the fort blowing it up with 8 000 lb 3 600 kg of explosives In 1864 Confederate forces commanded by Colonel John Salmon Ford reoccupied the town and he became mayor of Brownsville 28 29 Robert E Lee and his Confederate army surrendered to Union commander Ulysses S Grant on April 9 1865 signing a hand written document at the Appomattox Court House officially ending the American Civil War 30 Theodore Barrett was ordered to move 500 62nd Regiment troops of colors towards Brazos Island On May 11 Barrett s troops moved inland towards Brownsville and spotted Confederate soldiers 31 John Salmon Ford received news of this and prepared to attack On May 15 1865 34 days after the signing of the surrender the Battle of Palmito Ranch took place Confederates killed or wounded around 30 opponents and captured more than 100 other troops 31 This is accepted by some historians as the last battle of the American Civil War 32 President Grant sent Union General Frederick Steele to Brownsville to patrol the United States Mexico border after the Civil War to aid the Juaristas with military supplies 33 34 35 20th century Edit Texas like other Southern states passed a new constitution and Jim Crow laws that established racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans at the turn of the 20th century generally by raising barriers to voter registration While Hispanic residents were considered white under the terms of the United States annexation of Texas legislatures found ways to suppress their participation in politics 36 On August 13 and 14 1906 Brownsville was the site of the Brownsville affair Racial tensions were increasing between white townsfolk and black infantrymen who were stationed at Fort Brown On the night of August 13 one white bartender was killed and a white police officer was wounded by rifle shots in the street 37 Townsfolk including the mayor accused the infantrymen of the murders Without affording them a chance to defend themselves in a hearing President Theodore Roosevelt dishonorably discharged the entire 167 member regiment due to their alleged conspiracy of silence 37 Investigations in the 1970s revealed that the soldiers were not responsible for the attacks and the Nixon Administration reversed all dishonorable discharges 37 Fort Brown was decommissioned after the end of World War II in 1945 In 1948 the city and college acquired the land 38 21st century Edit Brownsville has received significant media attention surrounding immigration policies and border wall funding costs In 2006 President George W Bush signed into law the Secure Fence Act of 2006 The act administered the construction of a border fence extending from San Diego in California through the entry of the Port of Brownsville 39 In 2008 the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a proposal to add 70 mi 110 km of border fence and reallocate portions of the University of Texas at Brownsville campus 40 41 The proposal would have transferred 180 acres 73 ha of university land including several historical monuments and the university s golf course to Mexico 42 The proposal was altered after Andrew Hanen a federal district judge rejected the department s idea 42 In 2016 Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump proposed building a border wall along the United States Mexico border Trump s proposed wall if passed would consist of 2 000 mi 3 200 km of hardened concrete and rebar and steel across the southern border including Brownsville 43 On January 25 2017 days after assuming office Trump issued Executive Order 13767 directing construction for a border wall Brownsville was also the center of controversy surrounding the new administration s continuation of the Obama policy of housing children separate from adults except mothers who entered the country unlawfully The issue surrounded Casa Padre the largest juvenile immigration detention center in America which is located within Brownsville s city limits 44 Downtown Brownsville has received several revitalization projects from the city government to increase tourism and safety 45 The Texas Historical Commission named Brownsville as part of its Main Street Program in 2016 46 Several historic buildings were restored including the Stegman Building a historic building named after Baldwin G Stegman one of the city s first streetcar line developers 47 The Environmental Protection Agency EPA selected Brownsville as one of six cities for their Greening America s Communities program 48 The agency worked on a revitalization project for Market Square a building constructed in 1850 49 The city also received a 3 4 million grant from the Facade Improvement Program for this project 50 Geography Edit View from the International Space Station with the photo centered on east Brownsville Brownsville is one of the southernmost cities in the contiguous United States 51 only a handful of municipalities in Florida s Miami Dade and Monroe Counties plus Everglades City in Collier County are located farther south than Brownsville The city has a total area of 84 867 sq mi 220 km2 of which 81 528 sq mi 211 km2 are land and 3 339 sq mi 9 km2 are water according to the United States Census Bureau of 2017 52 The city is situated at the intersection of different climates subtropical Chihuahuan Desert Gulf Coast plain and Great Plains this produces high bird migration rates Its idiosyncratic network of resacas English oxbow lakes distributaries of the Rio Grande provide habitat for numerous nesting breeding birds of various types typically during the spring and fall migrations 53 54 Brownsville s vegetation is classified as grassland 55 Metropolitan area Edit Main article Brownsville Harlingen metropolitan area Brownsville is in one metropolitan statistical area as defined by the United States Census Bureau The Brownsville Harlingen Raymondville combined statistical area consists of Cameron County and Willacy County It includes the Brownsville metropolitan area and the micropolitan area of Raymondville The city of Raymondville is the county seat of Willacy County The Brownsville Harlingen Raymondville combined statistical area is home to 445 309 people 2017 estimated making it the 106th largest combined statistical area in the United States 56 Based on the Uniform Crime Report conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 2013 the Brownsville metropolitan area ranked last on its list of the Most Dangerous Cities in Texas with 240 incidents of violent crime per 100 000 people and a murder rate of 1 4 Robbery crimes make up 25 of overall crime in the city with a rate of 58 1 per 100 000 residents 57 Flora and soil Edit The Sabal mexicana Texas sabal palm is a native plant species in Brownsville Broadleaf evergreen plants including palms dominate Brownsville neighborhoods to a greater degree than other locations in Texas including nearby cities such as Harlingen and McAllen Brownsville is home to the Sabal mexicana 58 the only species of palmetto palm native to Texas with a significant trunk Sabal minor also native to Texas is nearly trunkless 59 Though it used to cover a large portion of the land next to the Rio Grande the city contains one of the last native stands of S mexicana 60 Citharexylum berlandieri Tamaulipan fiddlewood 58 Rivina humilis pigeonberry and Leucophyllum frutescens Texas sage are also native flora 58 Soils are mostly of clay to silty clay loam texture moderately alkaline pH 8 2 to strongly alkaline pH 8 5 and with a significant degree of salinity in many places 61 other types of soils present around the city include Cameron clay and sporadic amounts of Laredo silt loam Due to Brownsville s proximity to the coast Lomalta clay is common around the swamp areas of the vicinity 62 Several parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding because of flat topography ubiquitous low permeability clay soils and inadequate infrastructure funding 63 According to the United States Geological Survey Brownsville s soils are primarily alluvium and windblown deposits 64 The majority of the city s soil is made of floodplain deposits from the Rio Grande it consists of clay sand silt gravel and organic matter Windblown deposits are made up of active dunes and dune complexes that contain mostly clay and silt near the coastal region and combination of clay sand and silt inland 64 Climate Edit Brownsville has a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa Winters are warm and summers are hot and humid 65 Due to its location on the Gulf Coast about 2 49 north of the Tropic of Cancer the climate closely borders a tropical savanna climate Due to its proximity to the deserts of Chihuahua and Gulf Coastal Plains Brownsville s geographic location lies near the boundary of a hot semi arid climate 65 Snow is a very rare event in Brownsville Its wet season is concentrated during the late summer and early fall peaking in September when the threat from tropical cyclones is greatest In most years November through April is the dry season As such Brownsville receives modest annual rainfall averaging about 26 78 in 680 mm annually based on records between 1991 and 2020 66 The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 62 9 F 17 2 C in January to 87 F 30 6 C in August Heat waves during the summer have caused 141 days of high temperatures over 90 F 32 2 C and fewer than five days of temperatures above 100 F 37 8 C The city is located along the boundary of USDA hardiness zones 9b and 10a 67 The hottest temperature on record in Brownsville occurred on March 27 1984 when the city reached 106 F 41 C On the other extreme freezing temperatures occur once or twice a year typically 66 On December 25 2004 Brownsville recorded its first instance of measurable snow in 109 years with 1 5 in 3 8 cm and the first recorded White Christmas 68 Brownsville s lowest temperature on record occurred on February 13 1899 when the city reached 12 F 11 C 69 Based on 30 year averages obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s National Climatic Data Center weather records 24 7 Wall St ranked Brownsville the fifth hottest city in America in 2016 70 In 2011 Brownsville became one of the first cities in the United States to require stores to charge a fee for single use plastic shopping bags The ordinance was enacted to reduce pollution and litter around the city 71 The city repealed the ordinance in 2018 after it was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court of Texas 72 Forbes identified Brownsville as one of 12 metropolitan areas in the United States with the cleanest air 73 In 2018 the Brownsville Harlingen area was among the Cleanest U S Cities for Ozone Air Pollution in the American Lung Association s State of the Air in 2018 74 Climate data for Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport Texas 1991 2020 normals a extremes 1878 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 95 35 94 34 106 41 104 40 102 39 104 40 104 40 105 41 105 41 99 37 98 37 94 34 106 41 Mean maximum F C 83 1 28 4 87 0 30 6 92 0 33 3 94 1 34 5 94 6 34 8 96 3 35 7 97 6 36 4 98 5 36 9 96 8 36 0 92 5 33 6 88 8 31 6 84 6 29 2 100 2 37 9 Average high F C 72 6 22 6 76 2 24 6 80 6 27 0 85 7 29 8 90 3 32 4 94 0 34 4 95 0 35 0 96 3 35 7 92 2 33 4 87 3 30 7 80 3 26 8 74 2 23 4 85 4 29 7 Daily mean F C 62 9 17 2 66 6 19 2 71 3 21 8 76 7 24 8 82 28 85 6 29 8 86 4 30 2 87 0 30 6 83 5 28 6 78 0 25 6 70 6 21 4 64 5 18 1 76 3 24 6 Average low F C 53 1 11 7 56 9 13 8 62 0 16 7 67 7 19 8 73 7 23 2 77 2 25 1 77 8 25 4 77 8 25 4 74 7 23 7 68 6 20 3 60 8 16 0 54 7 12 6 67 1 19 5 Mean minimum F C 35 9 2 2 39 1 3 9 42 0 5 6 50 1 10 1 60 7 15 9 69 3 20 7 72 4 22 4 72 3 22 4 63 0 17 2 51 5 10 8 42 9 6 1 34 9 1 6 32 2 0 1 Record low F C 18 8 12 11 28 2 37 3 41 5 56 13 58 14 63 17 51 11 35 2 27 3 16 9 12 11 Average precipitation inches mm 1 08 27 1 03 26 1 45 37 1 47 37 2 22 56 2 86 73 1 98 50 2 16 55 5 73 146 3 83 97 1 76 45 1 21 31 26 78 680 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 7 3 5 5 4 4 4 0 4 9 5 9 5 3 6 6 10 0 7 5 6 0 7 0 74 4Average relative humidity 79 3 77 4 74 6 75 1 76 5 75 0 73 2 73 8 76 3 75 3 76 1 78 2 75 9Average dew point F C 54 5 12 5 57 2 14 0 60 6 15 9 66 2 19 0 71 2 21 8 74 1 23 4 74 5 23 6 74 5 23 6 72 9 22 7 67 6 19 8 61 0 16 1 55 8 13 2 65 8 18 8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 130 6 151 3 206 8 232 7 266 4 306 5 334 4 306 4 252 0 228 3 166 2 130 7 2 712 3Percent possible sunshine 39 48 56 61 64 74 79 76 68 64 51 40 61Average ultraviolet index 5 7 9 11 11 12 11 11 10 8 6 5 9Source 1 NOAA relative humidity and sun 1961 1990 dew point 1986 2015 66 75 76 Source 2 Weather Atlas 77 Demographics EditHistorical populationCensus Pop 18502 734 18602 7340 0 18704 90579 4 18804 9380 7 18906 13424 2 19006 3052 8 191010 51766 8 192011 79112 1 193022 02186 8 194022 0830 3 195035 08658 9 196048 04036 9 197052 5229 3 198084 99761 8 199098 96216 4 2000139 72241 2 2010175 02325 3 2020186 7386 7 U S Decennial CensusBrownsville is the 18th most populous city in Texas It ranks as one of the top U S cities in terms of the percentage of Hispanic residents 78 According to the Pew Research Center its metropolitan area holds the 26th largest Hispanic population with roughly 373 000 88 7 sharing this distinction Of that percentage 96 7 are Mexican and 0 8 are Puerto Rican 79 2020 census Edit Brownsville racial composition 80 NH Non Hispanic b Race Number PercentageWhite NH 8 968 4 8 Black or African American NH 414 0 22 Native American or Alaska Native NH 85 0 05 Asian NH 1 057 0 57 Pacific Islander NH 24 0 01 Some Other Race NH 336 0 18 Mixed Multi Racial NH 544 0 29 Hispanic or Latino 175 310 93 88 Total 186 738As of the 2020 United States census there were 186 738 people 53 506 households and 42 240 families residing in the city 2010 census Edit As of the census 4 of 2010 83 175 023 people 49 871 households and 41 047 families were residing in the city The population density was 1 207 1 people sq mi 466 0 km2 The 53 936 housing units averaged 372 0 sq mi 143 6 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 88 White 0 4 African American 0 4 Native American 0 7 Asian 9 1 from other races and 1 5 from two or more races Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 93 2 of the population 84 Of the 38 174 households 50 1 had children under 18 living with them 59 3 were married couples living together 20 9 had a female householder with no husband present 5 3 had a male householder with no wife present and 15 7 were not families About 13 7 of all households were made up of individuals and 6 7 had someone living alone who was 65 or older The average household size was 3 62 and the average family size was 3 99 83 In the city the age distribution was 34 6 under 18 11 2 from 18 to 24 27 5 from 25 to 44 17 2 from 45 to 64 and 9 5 who were 65 or older The median age was 28 years For every 100 females there were 89 0 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 82 5 males 83 Income and employment Edit Despite a fast growing economy Brownsville has one of the highest poverty rates in the nation The median income for a household in the city was 24 468 and the median income for a family was 26 186 Males had a median income of 21 739 versus 17 116 for females The per capita income for the city is 9 762 It is frequently cited as having the highest percentage of residents in the nation below the federal poverty level About 31 6 of families and 35 7 of the population were below the federal poverty line including 48 4 of those under 18 and 31 5 of those 65 or over 85 86 Based on data collected from the United States Census Bureau s American Community Survey the Brownsville metropolitan area ranked as the second poorest urban area in the country behind the McAllen metropolitan area 87 In 2017 the city s unemployment rate was 6 2 with 18 1 adults holding a bachelor s degree 88 It reported a 5 8 jobless rate the following year 89 Despite high unemployment rates the urban area is also one of the fastest growing in the United States 90 Economy Edit The Port of Brownsville constructed the Ocean Onyx deepwater rig in 2013 91 Brownsville s economic activity is derived from the service and manufacturing industries Government and the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley are both large contributors to the local economy 92 Other prominent industries in Brownsville include education and aerospace and space transportation During the first decade of the 1900s the city s population increased after a boom in the agriculture industry Brownsville s subtropical climate has made it a commercial hub for the citrus industry 93 The Port of Brownsville produces significant revenue for the city of Brownsville The port located 2 mi 3 2 km from the city provides a link between the road networks of nearby Mexico and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway of Texas 94 The port has become an important economic hub for South Texas where shipments arrive from other parts of the United States Mexico and other foreign countries 95 The port also participates in ship recycling it has five of the country s eight ship recycling companies 96 It received a 1 8 million grant from the United States Department of Commerce to support business and infrastructure development The grant is expected to create 700 jobs and generate 3 million in private investments 97 International trade Edit Brownsville s economy is based mainly on its international trade with Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA Due to Matamoros maquiladora English textile factory boom Brownsville experienced growth in the air cargo industry during the late 1980s 98 It is home to one of the fastest growing manufacturing sectors in the United States 99 Brownsville has been recognized as having one of the best pro business climates in the United States 100 and the city has been ranked among the least expensive places to live in the country 101 President Barack Obama signed a bill in 2016 allowing for the deepening of the Brownsville Ship Channel from 42 ft 13 m to 52 ft 16 m 102 Sports Edit The Sams Memorial Stadium is located in Brownsville It has a capacity of 10 000 and it opened in 1957 The stadium is used mostly for American football and soccer Technology Edit A tracking station antenna pictured installed at the SpaceX South Texas launch site Entrepreneur Elon Musk announced the construction of SpaceX South Texas Launch Site a private space launch facility east of Brownsville on the Gulf Coast in 2014 103 104 The launch facility is estimated to produce US 85 million for the city of Brownsville and generate approximately US 51 million in annual salaries from the roughly 500 jobs to be created by 2024 105 The facility itself is projected to employ 75 100 full time workers in the early years with up to 150 full time employees contractors by 2019 106 As of October 2014 update the University of Texas at Brownsville and the Brownsville Economic Development Council BEDC in collaboration with SpaceX are building radio frequency RF technology facilities for STARGATE Spacecraft Tracking and Astronomical Research into Gigahertz Astrophysical Transient Emission The facility is intended to provide students and faculty access to radio frequency technologies used in spaceflight operations and will include satellite and spacecraft tracking 107 The city s economic development council also purchased five lots in Boca Chica Village totaling 2 3 acres 0 93 ha near the SpaceX launch site and renamed it as the Stargate subdivision The beach location will include a 12 000 sq ft 1 100 m2 tracking center 108 Stargate received several startup grants including US 1 2 million from the United States Economic Development Administration 109 Principal employers Edit According to the BEDC 92 the top employers in the city as of May 2015 were Employer Employees1 Brownsville Independent School District 7 6702 Cameron County 1 9503 University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1 7344 Keppel AmFELS 1 6505 Walmart 1 4136 Abundant Life Home Health 1 3007 City of Brownsville 1 2278 Caring For You Home Health 1 2009 H E B Grocery 97510 Maximus 950Parks and recreation Edit El Sal Del Rey inside the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge Brownsville has 37 parks connected by a 1 200 acre 1 9 sq mi system of parkland and 32 mi 51 km of bike lanes The city also has three gymnasiums two public pools and 55 athletic fields 110 Brownsville s proximity to the coast has allowed the city to register several locations under the list of protected areas of the United States Resaca de la Palma State Park is one of six nature preserves and three state parks that are part of the World Birding Center 111 It is also the largest nature preserve of the park system with approximately 1 200 acres 490 ha of native semitropical brushland 112 The area was part of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma The National Park Service lists the site of the Battle of Palo Alto as a National Historic Park The agency purchased 300 acres 120 ha of the site s land with two thirds belonging to private landowners 113 It is native to the Prosopis glandulosa honey mesquite bush Opuntia engelmannii prickly pear and Yucca treculeana yucca 114 The city encompasses two national wildlife refuges Located in northeast Cameron County Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge protects several endangered species including the Texas ocelot Leopardus pardalis albescens a rare wild cat and the Aplomado falcon Falco femoralis 115 The refuge measures 65 096 acre 263 43 km2 116 The Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge is located in northwest Cameron County and measures 90 788 acre 36 741 ha 117 The refuge contains trails that are connected to the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail 118 The Boca Chica State Park and Brazos Island State Park are state parks that were transferred by separate lease agreements to the Lower Rio Grande Valley refuge center in 2007 119 They measure 10 680 acre 43 2 km2 and 217 acre 0 88 km2 respectively 120 121 Laguna Madre is located on the eastern side of the county It is a long shallow hypersaline lagoon and is one of the most protected lagoon ecosystems in the United States 122 Government EditBrownsville has a council manager government The mayor and a six member city commission are selected in nonpartisan elections 123 Four members are elected from geographic districts the remaining two members are elected at large Since Brownsville is the county seat of Cameron County many county offices are in Brownsville The city s public library system has two branches 124 The primary law enforcement agency for the city is the Brownsville Police Department The Brownsville Fire Department has nine stations around the city its central office is located on the eastern side of the city 125 Picture of the Old Federal Courthouse it currently serves as Brownsville s City Hall Most of Brownsville is represented by two county commissioners of the five member Commissioners Court one member the County Judge represents all of Cameron County 126 County offices are partisan the Democratic and Republican Parties hold primaries in March of the year that their office term expires The City of Brownsville falls under two Texas House of Representatives districts Each representative has a two year term and is elected in the same manner as other partisan elected officials The elected representatives include District 37 Alex Dominguez D since 2019 127 and District 38 Eddie Lucio III D since 2007 128 Brownsville is represented by Texas Senatorial District 27 the incumbent senator is Eddie Lucio Jr D since 1991 129 This city is represented by Texas s 34th congressional district The incumbent Representative is Vicente Gonzalez D since 2023 The city holds several federal office buildings The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Brownsville 130 Downtown Brownsville is served by the Old Federal Courthouse it is now used as a City Hall 131 The National Weather Service operates an office and a Nexrad weather radar site in east Brownsville They provide forecasts and radar coverage for Deep South Texas and the adjacent coastal waters 132 Other federal building located within the city limits of Brownsville include Social Security Administration and the Reynaldo G Garza Filemon B Vela United States Courthouse 133 Military buildings and battle sites include the Brownsville Armed Forces Reserve Center AFRC host units from the United States Army Reserve and the Texas Army National Guard 134 and the Reserve Officers Training Corps ROTC 135 Education EditPrimary and secondary education Edit Brownsville Independent School District BISD serves most of the city Enrollment in the 2018 2019 school year was 44 402 students 136 95 of whom are economically disadvantaged Enrollment at BISD reached a high of 49 991 students in 2010 2011 and has declined an average of 1 000 students per year since 2014 2015 137 It is the 17th largest school district in Texas There are seven high schools within the district James Pace Lopez Gladys Porter Simon Rivera Homer Hanna Veterans Memorial and Brownsville Early College 138 A portion of northern Brownsville is served by the Los Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District 139 South Texas Independent School District a magnet school district operates a medical academy in northern Brownsville 140 There are several private parochial elementary and middle schools located throughout the community 141 The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville operates Catholic schools in the Rio Grande Valley including Brownsville 142 Colleges and universities Edit UT School of Public Health Six colleges and universities are located within the Brownsville boundaries The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley part of the University of Texas system was founded in 2014 after the merger of the University of Texas at Brownsville and University of Texas Pan American It is the 10th largest university in Texas having 25 137 undergraduates 3 068 graduate students and 439 professionals enrolled in 2018 143 In 2017 The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education ranked the university third in the country in awarding bachelor s degrees to Hispanic students 144 Texas Southmost College is a community college located near the southern border of Brownsville As of 2018 it had a total enrollment of 7 132 145 Students usually transfer to the neighboring University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 146 The city operates three vocational schools These include the South Texas Vocational Technical Institute 147 Brightwood College campus formerly known as Kaplan College 148 and Southern Careers Institute 149 The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health UTSPH is one of five regional campuses established by the Regional Academic Health Center program in 2001 it is located on the Brownsville campus of the University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley The campus offers a PhD program in epidemiology and a Doctor of Public Health DrPH in health promotion the only program of its kind available in South Texas The campus directs its attention to health concerns in the Rio Grande Valley including diabetes obesity and cardiovascular disease It also centers its concerns on genetics and its relationship to infectious and chronic disease 150 Infrastructure EditTransportation Edit Major highways Edit Brownsville is served by Interstate 69E sharing its alignment with U S Route 77 The highway connects to the cities of Kingsville and Corpus Christi U S Route 77 was a proposed part of the North American Free Trade Agreement s completed Interstate 69 corridor Other highways that serve the Brownsville area are U S Route 83 U S Route 281 SH 4 and SH 48 Interstate 169 SH 550 is a toll road that connects North Brownsville to the Port of Brownsville it forms a loop around the outer city limits of Brownsville An interchange in nearby Olmito carries traffic from Interstate 69E onto the highway 151 Mass transit Edit Established in mid Brownsville in 1978 the Brownsville Urban System BUS currently known as the Brownsville Metro consists of three hubs that run 13 routes covering a large portion of Brownsville The system provides 11 paratransit vans to disabled passengers complying with the standards for the Americans with Disabilities Act It is the only mass transit system in its county and one of the largest in the Rio Grande Valley citation needed Annual ridership for 2015 was 1 384 474 152 Intercity transit Edit The Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport BRO provides passengers with daily nonstop service to American Eagle hubs Dallas Fort Worth International Airport United Express to George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston and World Atlantic Airlines which operates charter and on demand flights to Miami International Airport The airport received a 12 7 million grant from the Federal Aviation Administration for the construction of a new 85 000 sq ft 7 900 m2 terminal facility 153 The project is expected to commence construction by late 2018 154 Bike share and trails Edit The City of Brownsville currently has 64 mi 103 km of hike and bike trails and on street bike lanes 155 In 2016 a bike share program was established in Brownsville in collaboration with the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 156 Six bike stations were installed The contract was renewed with another company to provide a dockless ride share program in late 2018 157 Railroad Edit Several attempts were made to attract a railroad but the St Louis Brownsville and Mexico Railway did not reach Brownsville until 1904 In 1910 a railroad bridge was constructed between Brownsville and Matamoros Mexico and regular service between the two towns began The introduction of the rail link to Brownsville opened the area for settlement by northern farmers who subsequently arrived in the lower Rio Grande Valley in large numbers 158 The new settlers cleared the land of brush built extensive irrigation systems and roads and introduced large scale truck farming In 1904 H G Stillwell Sr planted the first commercial citrus orchard in the area thus opening the way for citrus fruit culture one of the valley s leading industries The expansion of farming in the area and the railroad link to the north brought new prosperity to Brownsville and spurred a host of civic improvements 159 Brownsville was served by the Missouri Pacific Railroad night train from Houston the Pioneer 315 316 until 1964 and a daily train from Houston the Valley Eagle 321 322 until 1962 160 Today the Brownsville and Rio Grande International Railroad reporting mark BRG is a terminal switching railroad headquartered in Brownsville It operates 45 mi 72 km of line at the Port of Brownsville and interchanges with Union Pacific Railroad and TFM BRG traffic includes steel agricultural products food products and general commodities 161 International bridges Edit A view of the Brownsville and Matamoros Bridge office Brownsville has three international bridges that connect to Mexico These include the Brownsville amp Matamoros International Bridge B amp M 162 Gateway International Bridge and the Veterans International Bridge at Los Tomates 163 164 Utilities Edit Electricity water and wastewater services in Brownsville are provided by the Brownsville Public Utilities Board Since it is a public utility the city commission appoints six members of the utilities board with the mayor serving as the seventh member ex officio 165 As of 2016 it is the 68th largest public power utility in the country by number of customers served 48 232 166 Its power generation was ranked 51st in the US with 1 638 579 megawatt hours 166 Renewable resources were projected to increase with partial help from the proposed addition of a 400 megawatt Tenaska combined cycle electric generating plant in 2015 167 A series of wind turbines was also built in the northeast part of Cameron County 168 The board operates three treatment plants in Brownsville it also owns 92 91 of the Southmost Regional Water Authority groundwater treatment facility 169 Several liquefied natural gas companies are currently in the process of establishing pipelines in the city Two were denied a review of their applications after missing several deadlines 170 Arts and culture Edit A street mural in Downtown Brownsville Brownsville is known for its strong Mexican culture Charro Days is a two nation fiesta celebration held in Brownsville in cooperation with Matamoros Mexico It is accompanied with El Grito a joyous shout originating in Mexican culture 171 Musicians and actors of Mexican heritage make appearances Sombrero Festival is a continuation of Charro Days It is a three day event consisting of performances from tejano corrido and other traditional Mexican artists as well as a variety of contests In 2016 a Mexican art gallery donated a statue called Mr Charro that was unveiled at a park 172 A man looking at a painting at the 23rd Annual Brownsville Latin Jazz Festival The city hosts the Latin Jazz Festival every year around early October in Downtown Brownsville It is a three day celebration of local Latin jazz performers art and dance The festival began in 1997 founded by American musician Tito Puente 173 Brownsville has a growing number of arts galleries including the Puente Art Studio 174 the B amp E Art Studio 175 and the Rusteberg Art Gallery 176 The Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts features exhibitions of Egyptian and Astronomical art 177 It was formerly known as the Brownsville Art League formed by a group of eight women The museum underwent a renovation in 1960 featuring a 4 000 sq ft 370 m2 studio In 2002 it changed its name to its current name and underwent another renovation 178 According to the Association of Art Museum Directors women account for 38 of leadership positions 179 Brownsville also has several museums dedicated to historic artifacts and military equipment The Historic Brownsville Museum opened to the public in 1986 The building was used as a Spanish Colonial Revival passenger depot and was later abandoned It features Spanish architecture and education programs Several renovations were made over time including the addition of a Spanish style fountain a courtyard and an engine building 180 181 The Commemorative Air Force Museum houses World War II aircraft and holds tours on the early events of wars in Asia and Europe It also documents the stories of pilots who were part of the 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron 182 Built in 1850 by Henry Miller the Stillman House Museum was owned by Charles Stillman and Mexican consul Manuel Perez Trevino It was the site of meetings with Mexican general and president Porfirio Diaz The Stillman s great grandson purchased the house after the previous homeowners sold it and donated it to the city after several renovations It opened to the public in 1960 The home sustained damage from Hurricane Dolly in 2008 and reopened to the public the following year after it was restored 183 Costumes of the Americas Museum is an indigenous clothing museum Inspired by Bessie Kirkland Johnson the museum was opened in 1997 featuring clothing from indigenous people in several Mexican states and other Latin American countries 184 Filming location Edit Year Title Lead actor s 1981 Back Roads Sally Field Tommy Lee Jones 185 2012 Get the Gringo Mel Gibson 186 2013 A Night in Old Mexico Robert Duvall 187 2015 Endgame Efren Ramirez Rico Rodriguez 188 189 2017 The Green Ghost Danny Trejo 190 Media EditSee also List of newspapers in Texas List of radio stations in Texas and List of television stations in Texas Print Edit The Brownsville Herald is the city s major daily newspaper It has a circulation of 15 880 with 16 409 on Sundays 191 Other newspapers that share content within Brownsville include The Monitor headquartered in McAllen 192 the Valley Morning Star headquartered in Harlingen and The Rider 193 the official weekly campus paper of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 194 Radio Edit FM stations include 195 KBNR 88 3 Spanish language Christian KJJF KHID 88 9 Relevant Radio XHMLS 91 3 Latin pop KESO 92 7 Classic Hits 70s 80s Hits XHAAA 93 1 Regional Mexican XHO FM 93 5 News talk KFRQ 94 5 Classic Rock KVMV 96 9 Contemporary Christian XEEW FM 97 7 Latin pop KKPS 99 5 Hot AC KTEX 100 3 Country KNVO 101 1 Spanish Adult Hits KBFM 104 1 Rhythmic Top 40 KJAV 104 9 Adult Contemporary Spanish AC Hits KXIQ LP 105 1 196 KRIX 105 5 Classic Rock XHNA 105 9 Regional Mexican KHKZ 106 3 Hot AC KVLY 107 9 ACAM stations include 197 KURV 710 News Talk KVNS 1700 Sports TalkTelevision Edit Brownsville has three licensed broadcast full power television stations 198 KVEO TV Channel 23 DT 24 NBC affiliate 23 2 CBS affiliate 199 KNWS LD Channel 64 DT 27 Azteca America affiliate 67 2 CW affiliate KXFX CD Channel 67 DT 20 Fox affiliateNotable people EditJames Carlos Blake novelist received his elementary education at Saint Joseph Academy 200 Shelbie Bruce actress 201 Jose Tomas Canales lawyer writer politician 202 Oscar Casares author and professor the University of Texas at Austin published two books about Brownsville including Amigoland 2009 203 Buddy Garcia 2012 member of the Texas Railroad Commission 204 Reynaldo G Garza 1915 2004 Judge appointed to the United States District Court in 1961 by President John F Kennedy and to the United States Court of Appeals by President Jimmy Carter in 1978 205 Tony Garza former United States Ambassador to Mexico 206 Gilberto Hinojosa county judge of Cameron County from 1995 to 2007 Texas Democratic Party chairman since 2012 207 Mifflin Kenedy 1818 1895 South Texas rancher and steamboat businessman 25 Pierre Yves Keralum 1817 1872 priest and architect who designed the Immaculate Conception Cathedral 208 Bernard L Kowalski 1929 2007 film and television director 209 Kris Kristofferson country singer songwriter and actor 2004 Country Music Hall of Fame Inductee 210 Eddie Lucio III member of the Texas House of Representatives 211 Eddie Lucio Jr member of the Texas State Senate 212 Bianca Marroquin theater and television actress 213 Grace Napolitano United States Representative for California s 32nd congressional district 214 Jose Rolando Olvera Jr United States District Judge for the Southern District of Texas appointed by U S President Barack Obama in 2015 215 Americo Paredes 1915 1999 author of George Washington Gomez 216 Rudy Ruiz author entrepreneur and advocate attended Saint Joseph Academy 217 Efren Saldivar nurse and convicted serial killer 218 Ramon Saldivar scholar of Chicano literature and culture awarded the National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama in 2011 professor at Stanford University 219 Julian Schnabel neo expressionism painter and Academy Award nominated Golden Globe winner and director of The Diving Bell and the Butterfly 220 Bruce Sterling author of the Mirrorshades anthology and one of the pioneers of the cyberpunk genre 221 Emeraude Toubia actress Shadowhunters 222 Benjamin D Wood 1894 1986 one of the pioneers of learning technologies and automated testing methods 223 Jaime Zapata 1979 2011 U S Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who was ambushed shot and killed by Los Zetas in San Luis Potosi Mexico 224 He was returning from a meeting in Mexico City Victor Avila another agent who accompanied him was wounded in the same incident 225 Sister city Edit Heroica Matamoros Tamaulipas Mexico 226 See also Edit Texas portalJose de Escandon y Helguera 1st Count of Sierra Gorda List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast Nuevo Santander Timeline of Brownsville Texas Bibliography Virreinato de Nueva EspanaReferences EditNotes Edit Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 Note the US Census treats Hispanic Latino as an ethnic category This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category Hispanics Latinos can be of any race 81 82 Citations Edit Official Capital Designations tsl texas gov Texas Legislature Archived from the original on January 4 2019 Retrieved January 4 2019 SpaceX s plans to launch near Brownsville Texas have sent house prices sky high NPR org Retrieved September 10 2022 2019 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on October 17 2020 Retrieved August 7 2020 a b U S Census website United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 27 1996 Retrieved January 31 2008 US Board on Geographic Names United States Geological Survey October 25 2007 Archived from the original on February 12 2012 Retrieved January 31 2008 Annual Estimates of the Resident Population April 1 2010 to July 1 2017 United States Combined Statistical Area and for Puerto Rico American FactFinder United States Census Bureau Population Division U S Department of Commerce March 2018 Archived from the original on September 22 2018 Retrieved May 25 2018 Annual Estimates of the Resident Population April 1 2010 to July 1 2017 United States Metropolitan Statistical Area and for Puerto Rico American FactFinder United States Census Bureau Population Division U S Department of Commerce March 2017 Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved May 25 2018 List of 2020 Census Urban Areas census gov United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 7 2023 Census Geography Profile Brownsville city Texas Retrieved March 24 2022 P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2020 Census United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 10 2021 a b c Brownsville from 1846 1996 Texas Archive Brownsville Historical Association 1996 Archived from the original on December 30 2015 Retrieved January 2 2019 Cutrer Thomas W June 12 2010 Brown Jacob tshaonline org Archived from the original on July 2 2019 Retrieved July 4 2019 a b Fort Texas Fort Brown United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 4 2019 Long Gary March 21 2013 Belden Trail off and running The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 1 2019 permanent dead link a b The Texas Land Frauds Branch of the Watrous Impeachment Case The New York Times August 18 1860 Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 1 2019 Rancho de Carricitos National Park Service U S Department of the Interior Archived from the original on December 24 2018 Retrieved January 2 2019 Pettit Elizabeth D June 12 2010 For Brown tshaonline org Archived from the original on September 18 2016 Retrieved August 1 2016 Battles of the War The Battle of Palo Alto Public Broadcasting Service Archived from the original on January 18 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Palo Alto Battlefield National Park Service United States Department of the Interior Archived from the original on June 14 2019 Retrieved January 4 2019 Brownsville Fort Brown Texas Tropical Trail Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 4 2019 Leanos Reynaldo Jr May 16 2017 Remembering the Birthday of Juan Cortina The Robin Hood of the Rio Grande NBC News Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Documents on the Brownsville Uprising of Juan Cortina Public Broadcast Service Archived from the original on December 26 2018 Retrieved January 2 2019 Juan Cortina 1824 1892 Noble Bandits Archived from the original on April 13 2016 Retrieved January 2 2019 Burnett John Penaloza Marisa July 6 2015 Corruption On The Border Dismantling Misconduct In The Rio Grande Valley National Public Radio Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 a b Moulton Candy June 6 2017 Texas Captains of Cotton and Cattle True West Magazine Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Cotton Belt Infoplease Archived from the original on September 25 2012 Retrieved January 25 2019 Battle of Palmito United States Fish and Wildlife Service Archived from the original on January 2 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 National Historic Landmark Nomination National Park Service Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 4 2019 A Guide to the John Salmon Rip Ford Papers circa 1836 1896 legacy lib utexas edu Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved January 4 2019 Davis p 387 Calkins p 175 states Lee and Marshall left the McLean House some time after 3 00 in the afternoon Eicher The Longest Night p 819 states the surrender interview lasted until about 3 45 p m a b Zoellner Tom April 27 2015 End of an Error The Texas Observer Archived from the original on January 9 2019 Retrieved January 9 2019 Greenspan Jesse May 1 2013 9 Things You May Not Know About Texas History Archived from the original on January 9 2019 Retrieved January 9 2019 Scribner John The Texas Navy Texas Military Forces Museum Archived from the original on September 29 2011 Retrieved November 4 2011 Thompson Jerry D 2007 Cortina defending the Mexican name in Texas Texas A amp M University Press p 332 ISBN 9781585445929 Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved October 16 2020 Delaney Robert W April 1955 Matamoros Port for Texas during the Civil War The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 58 4 473 487 JSTOR 30241907 Hlavac Steven November 29 2017 Scholar probes lynching of Mexicans in early 20th century Texas University of Colorado Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 4 2019 a b c Christian Garna L June 12 2010 Brownsville Raid of 1906 The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Archived from the original on August 29 2012 Retrieved July 22 2012 The Cavalry Building which served as barracks at Fort Brown in Brownsville Texas until World War I www loc gov Library of Congress Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Secure Fence Act of 2006 PDF United States Congress Archived PDF from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved January 2 2019 Roebuck Jeremy September 25 2007 Maps show Valley with 70 miles of the border fence The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 2 2019 permanent dead link Kahn Carrie March 24 2008 Border Fence A Great Divide For Texas Landowners National Public Radio Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 a b Brezosky Lynn July 31 2008 Deal means border fence won t split UT Brownsville campus Chron Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Scott Bronstein Curt Devine amp Drew Griffin Trump wants a wall Border experts want a fence Archived May 17 2019 at the Wayback Machine CNN February 16 2017 Miller Michael E Brown Emma Davis Aaron C June 14 2018 Inside Casa Padre the converted Walmart where the U S is holding nearly 1 500 immigrant children The Washington Post Archived from the original on February 6 2021 Retrieved June 17 2018 Sealey Stephen October 17 2018 City of Brownsville revitalizing downtown area Valley Central Archived from the original on January 6 2019 Retrieved January 6 2019 Garcia Derick August 18 2016 City s Downtown Revitalization Sees First Milestone KVEO TV Archived from the original on January 6 2019 Retrieved January 6 2019 Contreras Kaila December 30 2017 Renovations helped refresh downtown Brownsville The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on December 31 2017 Retrieved January 6 2019 Greening America s Communities PDF Environmental Protection Agency Archived PDF from the original on January 6 2019 Retrieved January 6 2019 Clark Steve August 5 2017 Restoration of Market Square bell tower complete The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 6 2019 permanent dead link Sealey Stephen May 9 2017 Brownsville plans to revitalize its downtown district with 3 4 million budget Valley Central Archived from the original on January 6 2019 Retrieved January 6 2019 Botsford End Rae July 18 2014 Space Florida Prepares as SpaceX Plans Partial Move to Texas Space Flight Insider Archived from the original on July 21 2020 Retrieved January 2 2019 State Based Places Gazetteer Files Texas 2017 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau U S Department of Commerce Archived from the original on May 23 2019 Retrieved May 25 2018 Normales Climatologicas 1951 2010 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Archived from the original on March 7 2017 Retrieved December 11 2018 Ras Al Khaimah Climate Normals National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on May 25 2017 Brush Timothy 2005 Nesting Birds of a Tropical Frontier The Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas First ed Texas A amp M University Press p 19 ISBN 978 1585444908 Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved January 2 2019 Annual Estimates of the Resident Population April 1 2010 to July 1 2017 United States Combined Statistical Area and for Puerto Rico United States Census Bureau Population Division March 2018 Retrieved March 31 2018 permanent dead link Solomon Dan January 22 2015 The FBI s List of the Most Dangerous Cities in Texas Texas Monthly Archived from the original on January 21 2019 Retrieved January 21 2019 a b c South Texas Treasures PDF The Brownsville Herald October 20 2012 Retrieved January 1 2019 permanent dead link McLeod Gerald November 30 2018 Day Trips Sabal Palm Sanctuary Brownsville The Austin Chronicle Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 1 2019 Gaskill Melissa June 2015 3 Days In The Field Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 1 2019 Web Soil Survey Websoilsurvey nrcs usda gov Archived from the original on March 2 2016 Retrieved September 21 2013 Soil map Texas Brownsville sheet University of North Texas August 22 1908 Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Baskette Aisha January 27 2016 City drainage report assess flood risks The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 5 2019 permanent dead link a b Title Geologic atlas of Texas McAllen Brownsville sheet National Geologic Map Database United States Geological Survey Archived from the original on August 10 2020 Retrieved March 12 2019 a b Peel M C Finlayson B L and McMahon T A Updated world map of the Koppen Geiger climate classification Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633 1644 2007 a b c NOWData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on July 2 2017 Retrieved May 21 2017 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map Archived November 6 2018 at the Wayback Machine Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved December 31 2018 White Christmas Dream Becomes Reality for the Lower RGV 2004 National Weather Service Archived from the original on January 26 2019 Retrieved January 25 2019 Brownsville Historic Weather Averages in Texas Archived January 14 2019 at the Wayback Machine Intellicast Retrieved January 13 2019 Stebbins Samuel June 25 2016 The hottest cities in America Archived January 3 2019 at the Wayback Machine USA Today Retrieved December 31 2018 Baskette Aisha February 1 2016 City s bag ban carries onward permanent dead link The Brownsville Herald Retrieved August 30 2017 Sanchez Jesus July 30 2018 Brownsville repeals plastic bag ordinance The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on July 31 2018 Retrieved January 14 2019 America s Cleanest Cities Archived October 1 2021 at the Wayback Machine MSNBC Retrieved February 25 2011 Cleanest Cities Archived December 2 2018 at the Wayback Machine American Lung Association Retrieved December 31 2018 Station Name TX Brownsville National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 15 2014 WMO climate normals for Brownsville INTL TX 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved September 17 2020 Brownsville Texas USA Monthly weather forecast and Climate data NOAA Archived from the original on May 5 2021 Retrieved May 4 2021 Mapping the Latino Population By State County and City PDF Pew Research Center August 29 2013 Archived PDF from the original on January 2 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Top 60 metropolitan areas by Hispanic population Pew Research Center Archived from the original on January 10 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Explore Census Data data census gov Retrieved May 21 2022 http www census gov not specific enough to verify About the Hispanic Population and its Origin www census gov Retrieved May 18 2022 a b c Geographic Identifiers 2010 Census Summary File 1 G001 Brownsville city Texas U S Census Bureau American Factfinder Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved July 8 2015 U S Census website United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 27 1996 Retrieved January 3 2019 Selected Economic Characteristics 2010 2014 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates United States Census Archived from the original on December 27 1996 Retrieved June 13 2016 In America s Poorest City a Housing Breakthrough CityLab Bloomberg com October 2014 Archived from the original on May 16 2015 Retrieved May 30 2015 Cohen Jason January 21 2013 Rio Grande Valley Tops List of America s Poorest Cities Texas Monthly Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Stebbins Samuel September 14 2018 America s Poorest Cities 24 7 Wall St Archived from the original on January 2 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Kelley Rick March 9 2018 Texas sets record low jobless rate but Valley higher The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on March 10 2018 Retrieved January 3 2019 Salinas Gilberto July 2 2005 Brownsville McAllen fastest growing cities in Texas The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on July 18 2018 Retrieved June 12 2016 Diamond Orders New Rig Ocean Onyx Yahoo Finance January 10 2012 Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 a b Brownsville Economic Development Council Archived May 25 2014 at the Wayback Machine Brezosky Lynn January 8 2016 Citrus greening keeps spreading in Texas The Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on April 17 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 About Us Port of Brownsville Archived from the original on March 2 2010 Retrieved January 24 2010 Plume Janet November 2004 New Route from Asia Journal of Commerce 5 44 42 Retrieved November 5 2011 Goodwyn Wade July 25 2012 When The Ship Comes In To Brownsville Rip It Up National Public Radio Archived from the original on January 7 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 U S Department of Commerce Invests 3 Million in Texas to Support Business and Infrastructure Development United States Department of Commerce September 20 2018 Archived from the original on January 11 2019 Retrieved January 21 2019 Taylor Gary October 20 1988 Maquiladoras Fueling An Air Cargo Boom In Brownsville Texas Journal of Organic Chemistry Archived from the original on January 2 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 About Brownsville City of Brownsville Brownsville Public Library Archived from the original on April 25 2012 Retrieved November 5 2011 Governor s ED Team Receives Leadership Award PDF Brownsville s Economic Development Council Archived from the original PDF on April 25 2012 Retrieved November 5 2011 Wong Vanesa June 27 2011 Texas town is the cheapest place to live in US MSN News Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved November 5 2011 Obama signs bill to allow Brownsville ship channel project The Brownsville Herald December 20 2016 Retrieved January 2 2019 permanent dead link Foust Jeff September 22 2014 SpaceX Breaks Ground on Texas Spaceport SpaceNews Archived from the original on September 22 2014 Retrieved September 22 2014 Brownsville area candidate for spaceport brownsvilleherald com Retrieved August 29 2017 permanent dead link Jervis Rick October 6 2014 Texas border town to become next Cape Canaveral USA Today Archived from the original on October 15 2014 Retrieved November 17 2014 Nield George C April 2014 Draft Environmental Impact Statement SpaceX Texas Launch Site PDF Report Vol 1 Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation Archived from the original on December 7 2013 Clark Steve November 26 2012 STARGATE facility may be coming to Brownsville The Monitor Texas Texas Archived from the original on October 7 2014 Retrieved October 7 2014 Perez Trevino Emma September 25 2014 SpaceX makes more moves Valley Morning Star Archived from the original on September 27 2014 Retrieved September 27 2014 STARGATE to receive 1 2 million EDA grant Brownsville Herald October 6 2014 Archived from the original on October 7 2014 Retrieved October 7 2014 Parks amp Recreation www cob us Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Natures Adventures in Texas World Birding Center Archived from the original on January 15 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Resaca de la Palma State Park Texas Parks amp Wildlife Department tpwd texas gov Archived from the original on July 15 2017 Retrieved July 9 2017 Janiskee Bob November 24 2009 Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park Uniquely Commemorates a Mexican War Battle National Parks Traveller Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Inventory and Monitoring at Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park National Park Service Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Habitat Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge United States Fish and Wildlife Service Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Texas GEMS Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge LANWR Texas Gulf Ecological Management Sites Texas Parks and Wildlife Department May 7 2003 Archived from the original on January 25 2010 Retrieved December 29 2009 Annual Report of Lands Under Control of the U S Fish and Wildlife Service PDF www fws gov U S Fish and Wildlife Service September 30 2010 Archived PDF from the original on October 30 2011 Retrieved December 14 2011 Wildlife and Habitat United States Fish and Wildlife Service Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Rozeff Norman July 9 2017 Brazos Island its unique legacy Valley Morning Star Archived from the original on July 6 2020 Retrieved July 4 2020 Boca Chica Beach United States Fish and Wildlife Service Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Brazos Island State Scenic Park Texas State Historical Association Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Laguna Madre The South Texas Map Texmaps and Carson Map Company Inc 2010 Archived from the original on July 25 2010 Retrieved June 5 2010 The Brownsville City Commission City of Brownsville Archived from the original on January 9 2015 Retrieved January 1 2015 Contact Us Brownsville Public Library Archived from the original on July 2 2019 Retrieved July 2 2019 City Manager s Office City of Brownsville Archived from the original on May 25 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Cameron County Commissioner Precincts Map 2019 PDF Cameron County January 15 2019 Retrieved July 2 2019 permanent dead link Texas House of Representatives Texas House of Representatives Archived from the original on June 19 2018 Retrieved January 26 2019 Texas House member Rep Lucio III Eddie District 38 Texas House of Representatives Archived from the original on June 25 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Senator Eddie Lucio Jr District 27 The Texas State Senate Archived from the original on May 31 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Brownsville 1535 E Los Ebanos Blvd Brownsville TX 78520 9998 United States Postal Service Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved June 16 2016 Downtown Brownsville 1001 E Elizabeth St Fl 1 Brownsville TX 78520 9995 United States Postal Service Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved June 16 2016 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Brownsville TX National Weather Service Archived from the original on June 19 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 The Reynaldo G Garza Filemon B Vela United States Courthouse United States Courthouse Archived from the original on September 27 2012 Retrieved June 20 2012 Brownsville Armed Forces Reserve Center United States Green Building Council Archived from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Reserve Officers Training Corps University of Texas at Brownsville Archived from the original on August 24 2012 Retrieved June 20 2012 2018 2019 Student Enrollment Report Texas Education Agency March 13 2019 Archived from the original on August 14 2020 Retrieved July 4 2019 Brownsville Independent School District www bisd us Archived from the original on July 5 2019 Retrieved July 5 2019 Brownsville ISD District U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Attendance Zone Maps Los Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 Long Gary April 6 2013 29M medical academy to be built in Brownsville Valley Morning Star Retrieved January 5 2019 permanent dead link Roberts Miguel February 21 2018 Private schools show off folklorico dances at Kenmont The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on February 21 2018 Retrieved January 5 2019 Perry Daniel January 31 2006 Diocese planning third Catholic high school in Valley The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 5 2019 permanent dead link UTRGV Enrollment Profile Fall 2018 PDF University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Archived PDF from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 UTRGV ranks third in the nation in awarding bachelor s degrees to Hispanic students top 10 in other rankings www utrgv edu Archived from the original on November 1 2017 Retrieved October 18 2017 Sanchez Jesus September 18 2018 TSC sets new enrollment record for second straight year The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on September 19 2018 Retrieved January 3 2019 Texas Southmost College TSC Archived from the original on June 18 2012 Retrieved June 5 2012 South Texas Vocational Technical Institute South Texas Vocational Technical Institute Archived from the original on June 16 2012 Retrieved June 5 2012 Brightwood College in Brownsville TX Brightwood College Archived from the original on July 1 2016 Retrieved June 12 2016 Southern Careers Institute Southern Careers Institute Archived from the original on March 29 2014 Retrieved March 11 2014 University of Texas School of Public Health Brownsville Sph uth tmc edu Archived from the original on September 8 2010 Retrieved September 21 2013 National Highway System Brownsville TX PDF United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Archived PDF from the original on March 3 2017 Retrieved January 3 2019 Public Transit Agency Ridership Statistics governing com March 12 2013 Archived from the original on January 27 2019 Retrieved January 26 2019 Clark Steve April 7 2018 Local airport project advances The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link Cuadros Alfredo November 22 2018 Brownsville SPI Airport Terminal to Begin Construction by End of 2018 KVEO Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Hike amp Bike Trails Brownsville Convention amp Visitors Bureau Archived from the original on December 4 2018 Retrieved July 2 2019 Garza Frank September 3 2016 Bikeshare program begins this month in Brownsville The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link Kelley Rick September 29 2018 New Valley bike share set for November debut The Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on September 30 2018 Retrieved January 3 2019 Onion Rebecca May 5 2016 America s Lost History of Border Violence Slate Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 The Handbook of Texas Brownsville Texas State Historical Association Archived from the original on November 12 2019 Retrieved May 20 2015 December 1960 Missouri Pacific Railroad Tables T 15 About Brownsville amp Rio Grande International Railway LLC OmniTRAX Archived from the original on May 25 2016 Retrieved June 12 2016 Espinoza J Noel April 26 2002 Border commuters offered express option The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 5 2019 permanent dead link Rhodan Maya August 23 2018 At the U S Border an Invisible Wall Already Exists Time Archived from the original on December 29 2018 Retrieved January 5 2019 Texas Department of Transportation Veterans International Bridge at Los Tomates Archived from the original on March 17 2015 Retrieved May 16 2015 Board of Directors Brownsville Public Utilities Board Brownsville Public Utilities Board Archived from the original on August 6 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 a b Public Power 2018 Statistical Report PDF Public Power Archived PDF from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Final Permit for PSD Greenhouse Gas Permit for Tenaska Brownsville Partners LLC PDF Environmental Protection Agency Archived PDF from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Kelley Rick April 17 2018 New wind farm coming to South Texas The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link Water amp Wastewater Brownsville Public Utilities Board Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Reagan Mark August 15 2018 LNG company permits pulled for Port of Brownsville project The Monitor Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 El Grito What Is It And What Does It Mean The Huffington Post September 15 2012 Archived from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved June 17 2016 Clark Steve March 22 2016 Mexican art gallery presents two ton charro statue to Brownsville The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link R Garza Christina October 8 2014 Latin Jazz Festival kicks off Friday Valley Morning Star Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link Clark Steve October 31 2013 Elizabeth Street studio gallery reopens after renovation The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 4 2019 permanent dead link Reyna Nubia Finding Beauty Local artist turns discarded items into art Brownsville Herald Archived from the original on October 20 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 UTRGV studentexas Rio showcases thesis exhibition Brownsville Herald permanent dead link Exhibitions Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts Archived from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Brownsville Museum of Fine Art Brownsville Convention amp Visitors Bureau Archived from the original on May 11 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Latest Art Museum Staff Demographic Survey Shows Number of African American Curators and Women in Leadership Roles Increased Association of Art Museum Directors Archived from the original on July 14 2020 Retrieved January 28 2019 Historic Brownsville Museum Brownsville Convention amp Visitors Bureau Archived from the original on August 15 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Historic Brownsville Museum Mitte Cultural District Archived from the original on June 1 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 CAF wing Changes necessary to survive Brownsvilleherald com Retrieved August 30 2017 permanent dead link Brownsville Historical Association Stillman House Brownsville Historical Association Archived from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Mission amp History Costumes of the Americas Museum Archived from the original on March 15 2016 Retrieved June 16 2016 Lester Peter June 15 1981 Once a Lone Star Texan Tommy Lee Jones Takes a New Bride and a Powder from L a People Archived from the original on August 26 2016 Retrieved June 12 2016 Chapa Sergio June 16 2012 Mel Gibson movie filmed in Brownsville skips American theaters KGBT TV Archived from the original on August 4 2016 Retrieved June 12 2016 Leydon Joe March 10 2014 SXSW Film Review A Night in Old Mexico Variety Archived from the original on December 5 2017 Retrieved December 11 2017 Long Gary March 6 2013 Indie film to spotlight Brownsville chess auditions this weekend The Monitor Retrieved January 8 2018 Martinez Michael September 24 2015 Indie filmmaker Carmen Marron captures real life chess triumph of Latino school CNN Archived from the original on June 23 2016 Retrieved June 11 2016 White Tyler March 9 2015 Danny Trejo shooting new superhero film in South Texas mySanAntonio Archived from the original on September 24 2016 Retrieved June 11 2016 Total Circ for US Newspapers Alliance for Audited Media Archived from the original on October 27 2012 Retrieved June 9 2013 NR AIM Media Texas LLC acquires Texas newspapers OA Online May 18 2012 Retrieved January 5 2019 permanent dead link Valley Morning Star Rates PDF www rgvnetwork com Archived from the original PDF on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 The Rider Newspaper University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 FM Query Results Audio Division FCC USA Federal Communications Commission Archived from the original on January 14 2019 Retrieved January 14 2019 Clark Steve July 15 2017 City receives first low power FM music station The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link AM Query Results Audio Division FCC USA Federal Communications Commission Retrieved January 14 2019 Digital TV Market Listing for KVEO rabbitears info Archived from the original on January 5 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 CBS 4 changing over the air signal to 23 2 midnight tonight https www kveo com news cbs 4 changing over the air signal to 23 2 midnight tonight Archived January 28 2020 at the Wayback Machine McMillan Maura A Tribe of One Firsts the Book Collector s Magazine May 2001 Hispanic heritage awards Hispanic Heritage Foundation 2006 p 1971 Judge J T Canales Dies at Brownsville Del Rio Herald New April 1 1975 pg 16 Distinguished alumni announced The Brownsville Herald August 11 2011 Archived from the original on July 23 2012 Railroad Commissioners welcome new RRC Commissioner Buddy Garcia Eagle Pass Business Journal April 18 2012 Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Senate Resolution No 217 In Memory of Reynaldo Guerra Garza capitol texas gov Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Perez Trevino Emma July 18 2009 Tony Garza retains deep emotional ties to Brownsville The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link Gilberto Hinojosa The Huffington Post Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved January 3 2019 Brownsville Texas United States 1849 present Oblates of Mary Immaculate Archived from the original on February 4 2019 Retrieved February 3 2019 Bernard L Kowalski 78 director Variety November 16 2007 ISSN 0042 2738 Archived from the original on October 17 2018 Retrieved January 3 2019 Kris Kristofferson Hall of Fame Induction Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Archived from the original on May 18 2012 Retrieved June 21 2012 State Rep Eddie Lucio III The Texas Tribune Archived from the original on December 13 2020 Retrieved January 3 2019 State Sen Eddie Lucio Jr The Texas Tribune Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Dancer with Brownsville ties now starring in musicals The Brownsville Herald July 31 2003 Archived from the original on July 13 2012 Retrieved March 24 2012 Rep Grace Flores Napolitano Congressional Hispanic Caucus Initiative November 28 2017 Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 President Obama Nominates Seven to Serve on the United States District Courts whitehouse gov September 18 2014 Archived from the original on January 17 2017 Retrieved May 4 2017 Americo Paredes Biography Lib utexas edu September 3 1915 Archived from the original on September 25 2013 Retrieved September 21 2013 Brito Victoria November 21 2014 Author to Watch Rudy Ruiz Valley Morning Star Retrieved June 11 2016 permanent dead link Respiratory Therapist Lost Count of Victims After Killing 60 Patients with Magic Syringe August 7 2019 Archived from the original on June 24 2021 Retrieved June 22 2021 Ramon Saldivar National Endowment for the Humanities Archived from the original on December 22 2018 Retrieved January 3 2019 The double life of Julian how the bad boy painter turned feted director The Independent London UK May 29 2007 Archived from the original on July 1 2008 Retrieved February 5 2008 Shea Mike February 2008 Bruce Sterling Texas Monthly Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 3 2019 Brownsville native on television tonight The Monitor May 16 2008 Archived from the original on September 22 2018 Retrieved June 7 2015 Baker R Scott 2006 Paradoxes of Desegregation Univ of South Carolina Press p 48 ISBN 978 1 57003 632 3 6 Zetas arrested in death of agent San Antonio News February 24 2011 Archived from the original on October 15 2011 Retrieved September 9 2011 Jaime Zapata U S Immigration And Customs Enforcement Agent Killed In Mexico The Huffington Post February 16 2011 Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved February 20 2020 Gray Anthony October 18 1995 Oct 18 Matamoros offically sic a sister city The Brownsville Herald Retrieved January 3 2019 permanent dead link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brownsville Texas Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Brownsville Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Brownsville Texas Official website Brownsville Convention and Visitors Bureau Brownsville Chamber of Commerce Brownsville Public Library System Brownsville Texas in The Handbook of Texas Online National Weather Service Brownsville Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brownsville Texas amp oldid 1134465731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.