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Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the largest transportation agency of the U.S. government and regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the country as well as over surrounding international waters.[3]: 12, 16  Its powers include air traffic management, certification of personnel and aircraft, setting standards for airports, and protection of U.S. assets during the launch or re-entry of commercial space vehicles. Powers over neighboring international waters were delegated to the FAA by authority of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

Federal Aviation Administration
Seal of the Federal Aviation Administration
Flag of the Federal Aviation Administration

Headquarters of the FAA in Washington DC
Agency overview
FormedAugust 23, 1958; 64 years ago (1958-08-23)
Preceding agency
JurisdictionU.S. federal government
HeadquartersOrville Wright Federal Building
800 Independence Avenue SW
Washington, D.C., U.S. 20591
38°53′14.31″N 77°1′19.98″W / 38.8873083°N 77.0222167°W / 38.8873083; -77.0222167Coordinates: 38°53′14.31″N 77°1′19.98″W / 38.8873083°N 77.0222167°W / 38.8873083; -77.0222167
Annual budgetUS$15.956 billion (FY2010)
Agency executive
  • Billy Nolen, Administrator (Acting)
Parent agencyU.S. Department of Transportation
Websitewww.faa.gov
Footnotes
[1][2]

Created in August 1958 (1958-08), the FAA replaced the former Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) and later became an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Major functions

The FAA's roles include:

  • Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
  • Regulating air navigation facilities' geometric and flight inspection standards
  • Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology
  • Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
  • Regulating civil aviation to promote transportation safety in the United States, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices
  • Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft
  • Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics
  • Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation

Organizations

The FAA operates five "lines of business".[4] Their functions are:

  • Air Traffic Organization (ATO): provides air navigation service within the National Airspace System. In ATO, employees operate air traffic control facilities comprising Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCT), Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities (TRACONs), and Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC).[5]
  • Aviation Safety (AVS): responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics.[6]
  • Airports (ARP): plans and develops the national airport system; oversees standards for airport safety, inspection, design, construction, and operation. The office awards $3.5 billion annually in grants for airport planning and development.[7]
  • Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST): ensures protection of U.S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles.[8]
  • Security and Hazardous Materials Safety (ASH): responsible for risk reduction of terrorism and other crimes and for investigations, materials safety, infrastructure protection, and personnel security.[9]

Regions and Aeronautical Center Operations

 
The FAA provides air traffic control services over U.S. territory and over international waters where it has been delegated such authority by the International Civil Aviation Organization. This map depicts overflight fee regions. The yellow regions are where the U.S. provides enroute ATC services over what is mostly land territory, excluding Hawaii and some island territories but including most of the Bering Sea as well as Bermuda and The Bahamas (sovereign countries, where the FAA provides high-altitude ATC service). The blue regions are where the U.S. provides oceanic ATC services over international waters (Hawaii, some US island territories, & some small, foreign island nations/territories are included in this region).

The FAA is headquartered in Washington, D.C.[10] and also operates the William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, New Jersey, for support and research, and the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for training. The FAA has nine regional administrative offices:

History

Background

The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.

In fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the U.S. Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the nation's system of lighted airways, a task initiated by the Post Office Department. The Department of Commerce improved aeronautical radio communications—before the founding of the Federal Communications Commission in 1934, which handles most such matters today—and introduced radio beacons as an effective aid to air navigation.

The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities.

In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the federal civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency, the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The legislation also expanded the government's role by giving the CAA the authority and the power to regulate airline fares and to determine the routes that air carriers would serve.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940: the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines. The CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency.

On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at development of the nation's civil airports.

Formation

The approaching era of jet travel (and a series of midair collisions—most notably the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision) prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation passed the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act also transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the FAA, and gave it sole responsibility for a joint civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower.

The same year witnessed the birth of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which was created in response to the Soviet Union (USSR) launch of the first manmade satellite. NASA assumed NACA's aeronautical research role.

1960s reorganization

In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT. The FAA administrator no longer reported directly to the president, but instead to the Secretary of Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president.

At the same time, a new National Transportation Safety Board took over the Civil Aeronautics Board's (CAB) role of investigating and determining the causes of transportation accidents and making recommendations to the secretary of transportation. CAB was merged into DOT with its responsibilities limited to the regulation of commercial airline routes and fares.

The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.

 
FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar, Canton, Michigan

1970s and deregulation

By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.[11]

In 1979, Congress authorized the FAA to work with major commercial airports to define noise pollution contours and investigate the feasibility of noise mitigation by residential retrofit programs. Throughout the 1980s, these charters were implemented.

In the 1990s, satellite technology received increased emphasis in the FAA's development programs as a means to improvements in communications, navigation, and airspace management. In 1995, the agency assumed responsibility for safety oversight of commercial space transportation, a function begun eleven years before by an office within DOT headquarters. The agency was responsible for the decision to ground flights after the September 11 attacks.

21st century

In December 2000, an organization within the FAA called the Air Traffic Organization,[12] (ATO) was set up by presidential executive order. This became the air navigation service provider for the airspace of the United States and for the New York (Atlantic) and Oakland (Pacific) oceanic areas. It is a full member of the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation.

The FAA issues a number of awards to holders of its certificates. Among these are demonstrated proficiencies as an aviation mechanic (the AMT Awards), a flight instructor (Gold Seal certification), a 50-year aviator (Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award), a 50-year mechanic (Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award) or as a proficient pilot. The latter, the FAA "WINGS Program", provides a lifetime series of grouped proficiency activities at three levels (Basic, Advanced, and Master) for pilots who have undergone several hours of ground and flight training since their last WINGS award, or "Phase". For more information on all these programs, visit www.faasafety.gov or inquire at an FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). For more information on the WINGS program, please see FAA Advisory Circular AC 61-91J.

The FAA encourages volunteerism in the promotion of aviation safety. The FAA Safety Team, or FAASTeam, works with Volunteers at several levels and promotes safety education and outreach nationwide. For more information, inquire at an FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO).

On March 18, 2008, the FAA ordered its inspectors to reconfirm that airlines are complying with federal rules after revelations that Southwest Airlines flew dozens of aircraft without certain mandatory inspections.[13] The FAA exercises surprise Red Team drills on national airports annually.

On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism [14] from Nick Bilton of The New York Times,[15][16] the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls would still be prohibited (and use of cellular networks during any point when aircraft doors are closed remains prohibited to-date). Implementation initially varied among airlines. The FAA expected many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. From a technological standpoint, cellular service would not work in-flight because of the rapid speed of the airborne aircraft: mobile phones cannot switch fast enough between cellular towers at an aircraft's high speed. However, the ban is due to potential radio interference with aircraft avionics. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used.[17]

In July 2014, in the wake of the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, the FAA suspended flights by U.S. airlines to Ben Gurion Airport during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict for 24 hours. The ban was extended for a further 24 hours but was lifted about six hours later.[18]

The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 gives the FAA one year to establish minimum pitch, width and length for airplane seats, to ensure they are safe for passengers.[19][20][21]

The first FAA licensed orbital human space flight took place on November 15, 2020, carried out by SpaceX on behalf of NASA.[22][23]

History of FAA Administrators

The administrator is appointed for a five-year term.

Portrait Administrator Term start date End date Status/Notes
  Elwood Richard Quesada Nov 1, 1958 Jan 20, 1961
  Najeeb Halaby Mar 3, 1961 Jul 1, 1965
  William F. McKee Jul 1, 1965 Jul 31, 1968 [24]
  John H. Shaffer Mar 24, 1969 Mar 14, 1973 [24]
  Alexander Butterfield Mar 14, 1973 Mar 31, 1975
  John L. McLucas Nov 24, 1975 Apr 1, 1977
  Langhorne Bond May 4, 1977 Jan 20, 1981
  J. Lynn Helms Apr 22, 1981 Jan 31, 1984
  Donald D. Engen Apr 10, 1984 Jul 2, 1987
  T. Allan McArtor Jul 22, 1987 Feb 17, 1989
  James B. Busey IV Jun 30, 1989 Dec 4, 1991
  Thomas C. Richards Jun 27, 1992 Jan 20, 1993
  David R. Hinson Aug 10, 1993 Nov 9, 1996
  Jane Garvey Aug 4, 1997 Aug 2, 2002
  Marion Blakey Sep 12, 2002 Sep 13, 2007
  Robert A. Sturgell Sep 14, 2007 Jan 15, 2009 (acting)
  Lynne Osmus Jan 16, 2009 May 31, 2009 (acting)
  Randy Babbitt Jun 1, 2009 Dec 6, 2011
  Michael Huerta Dec 7, 2011 Jan 6, 2018
  Daniel K. Elwell Jan 6, 2018 Aug 12, 2019 (acting)[25][26][27]
  Stephen Dickson Aug 12, 2019 Mar 31, 2022
  Billy Nolen Apr 1, 2022 present (acting)[28][29]

On March 19, 2019, President Donald Trump announced he would nominate Stephen Dickson, a former executive and pilot at Delta Air Lines, to be the next FAA Administrator.[30][26][27] On July 24, 2019, the Senate confirmed Dickson by a vote of 52–40.[31][32] He was sworn in as Administrator by Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao on August 12, 2019.[32] On February 16, 2022, Dickson announced his resignation as FAA Administrator, effective March 31, 2022.[33]

Criticism

Conflicting roles

The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture, "in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation, but placing key people to head these regulators."[34] Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security, is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA. Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story: "Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer. At $25,000 per violation, Gutheinz said, airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught. He also said the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and pilots."[35] Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. The dual role of encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are contradictory. For example, to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel.

On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated.[36][37] The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA.[36] The bill died in a Senate committee that year.[38]

In September 2009, the FAA administrator issued a directive mandating that the agency use the term "customers" to refer to only the flying public.[39]

Lax regulatory oversight

In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage of an aircraft, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline.[40] This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations.[36] The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee, said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules.[40] Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption".[40] In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks,[35] and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.[41]

Changes to air traffic controller application process

In 2014, the FAA modified its approach to air traffic control hiring. It launched more "off the street bids", allowing anyone with either a four-year degree or five years of full-time work experience to apply, rather than the closed college program or VRA bids, something that had last been done in 2008. Thousands have been picked up, including veterans, CTI grads, and people who are true "off the street" hires. The move was made to open the job up to more people who might make good controllers but did not go to a college that offered a CTI program. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be "fast-tracked" for consideration. However, the CTI program had no guarantee of a job offer, nor was the goal of the program to teach people to work actual traffic. The goal of the program was to prepare people for the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City, OK. Having a CTI certificate allowed a prospective controller to skip the Air Traffic Basics part of the academy, about a 30- to 45-day course, and go right into Initial Qualification Training (IQT). All prospective controllers, CTI or not, have had to pass the FAA Academy in order to be hired as a controller. Failure at the academy means FAA employment is terminated. In January 2015 they launched another pipeline, a "prior experience" bid, where anyone with an FAA Control Tower Operator certificate (CTO) and 52 weeks of experience could apply. This was a revolving bid, every month the applicants on this bid were sorted out, and eligible applicants were hired and sent directly to facilities, bypassing the FAA academy entirely.

In the process of promoting diversity, the FAA revised its hiring process.[42][43] The FAA later issued a report that the "bio-data" was not a reliable test for future performance. However, the "Bio-Q" was not the determinating factor for hiring, it was merely a screening tool to determine who would take a revised Air Traffic Standardized Aptitude Test (ATSAT). Due to cost and time, it was not practical to give all 30,000 some applicants the revised ATSAT, which has since been validated. In 2015 Fox News levied unsubstantiated criticism that the FAA discriminated against qualified candidates.[44]

In December 2015, a reverse discrimination lawsuit was filed against the FAA seeking class-action status for the thousands of men and women who spent up to $40,000 getting trained under FAA rules before they were abruptly changed. The prospects of the lawsuit are unknown, as the FAA is a self-governing entity and therefore can alter and experiment with its hiring practices, and there was never any guarantee of a job in the CTI program.[45]

Next Generation Air Transportation System

A May 2017 letter from staff of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure to members of the same committee sent before a meeting to discuss air traffic control privatization noted a 35-year legacy of failed air traffic control modernization management, including NextGen. The letter said the FAA initially described NextGen as fundamentally transforming how air traffic would be managed. In 2015, however, the National Research Council noted that NextGen, as currently executed, was not broadly transformational and that it is a set of programs to implement a suite of incremental changes to the National Airspace System (NAS).[46][47]

More precise PBN can reduce fuel burn, emissions, and noise exposure for a majority of communities, but the concentration of flight tracks also can increase noise exposure for people who live directly under those flight paths.[48][49] A feature of the NextGen program is GPS-based waypoints, which result in consolidated flight paths for planes. The result of this change is that many localities experience huge increases in air traffic over previously quiet areas. Complaints have risen with the added traffic and multiple municipalities have filed suit.[50]

Boeing 737 MAX controversy

As a result of the March 10, 2019 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash and the Lion Air Flight 610 crash five months earlier, most airlines and countries began grounding the Boeing 737 MAX 8 (and in many cases all MAX variants) due to safety concerns, but the FAA declined to ground MAX 8 aircraft operating in the U.S.[51] On March 12, the FAA said that its ongoing review showed "no systemic performance issues and provides no basis to order grounding the aircraft."[52] Some U.S. Senators called for the FAA to ground the aircraft until an investigation into the cause of the Ethiopian Airlines crash was complete.[52] U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao said that "If the FAA identifies an issue that affects safety, the department will take immediate and appropriate action."[53] The FAA resisted grounding the aircraft until March 13, 2019, when it received evidence of similarities in the two accidents. By then, 51 other regulators had already grounded the plane,[54] and by March 18, 2019, all 387 aircraft in service were grounded. Three major U.S. airlines--Southwest, United, and American Airlines—were affected by this decision.[55]

Further investigations also revealed that the FAA and Boeing had colluded on recertification test flights, attempted to cover up important information and that the FAA had retaliated against whistleblowers.[56]

Regulatory process

Designated Engineering Representative

A Designated Engineering Representative (DER) is an engineer who is appointed under 14 CFR section 183.29 to act on behalf of a company or as an independent consultant (IC).[57] The DER system enables the FAA to delegate certain involvement in airworthiness exams, tests, and inspections to qualified technical people outside of the FAA.[58] Qualifications and policies for appointment of Designated Airworthiness Representatives are established in FAA Order 8100.8, Designee Management Handbook. Working procedures for DERs are prescribed in FAA Order 8110.37, Designated Engineering Representative (DER) Handbook.

  • Company DERs act on behalf of their employer and may only approve, or recommend that the FAA approves, technical data produced by their employer.
  • Consultant DERs are appointed to act as independent DERs and may approve, or recommend that the FAA approves, technical data produced by any person or organization.

Neither type of DER is an employee of either the FAA or the United States government. While a DER represents the FAA when acting under the authority of a DER appointment; a DER has no federal protection for work done or the decisions made as a DER. Neither does the FAA provide any indemnification for a DER from general tort law. "The FAA cannot shelter or protect DERs from the consequences of their findings."[59]

Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR)

A DAR[60] is an individual appointed in accordance with 14 CFR 183.33 who may perform examination, inspection, and testing services necessary to the issuance of certificates. There are two types of DARs: manufacturing, and maintenance.

  • Manufacturing DARs must possess aeronautical knowledge, experience, and meet the qualification requirements of FAA Order 8100.8.
  • Maintenance DARs must hold:
    1. a mechanic's certificate with an airframe and powerplant rating, under 14 CFR part 65 Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers, or
    2. a repairman certificate and be employed at a repair station certificated under 14 CFR part 145, or an air carrier operating certificate holder with an FAA-approved continuous airworthiness program, and must meet the qualification requirements of Order 8100.8, Chapter 14.

Specialized Experience – Amateur-Built and Light-Sport Aircraft DARs Both Manufacturing DARs and Maintenance DARs may be authorized to perform airworthiness certification of light-sport aircraft. DAR qualification criteria and selection procedures for amateur-built and light-sport aircraft airworthiness functions are provided in Order 8100.8.

Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community (CANIC)

A Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community (commonly abbreviated as CANIC) is a notification from the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to civil airworthiness authorities of foreign countries of pending significant safety actions.[61]

The FAA Airworthiness Directives Manual,[62] states the following:

8. Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community (CANIC).

a. A CANIC is used to notify civil airworthiness authorities of other countries of pending significant safety actions. A significant safety action can be defined as, but not limited to, the following:
(1) Urgent safety situations;
(2) The pending issuance of an Emergency AD;
(3) A safety action that affects many people, operators;
(4) A Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR);
(5) Other high interest event (e.g., a special certification review).

Notable CANICs

The FAA issued a CANIC to state the continued airworthiness of the Boeing 737 MAX, following the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302.[63][64][65][66]

Another CANIC notified the ungrounding of the MAX, ending a 20-month grounding.[67]

Proposed regulatory reforms

Airman Certification Reform

The FAA has proposed a revision of regulations and standards for airman certification. The proposal will incorporate over 30 testing and certification standards for pilots, instructors and mechanics into a single Part 61 regulation. The deadline for public comments on the proposal is Jan. 11, 2023.[68]

FAA reauthorization and air traffic control reform

U.S. law requires that the FAA's budget and mandate be reauthorized on a regular basis. On July 18, 2016, President Obama signed a second short-term extension of the FAA authorization, replacing a previous extension that was due to expire that day.[69]

The 2016 extension (set to expire itself in September 2017) left out a provision pushed by Republican House leadership, including House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee Chairman Bill Shuster (R-PA). The provision would have moved authority over air traffic control from the FAA to a non-profit corporation, as many other nations, such as Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom, have done.[70] Shuster's bill, the Aviation Innovation, Reform, and Reauthorization (AIRR) Act,[71] expired in the House at the end of the 114th Congress.[72]

The House T&I Committee began the new reauthorization process for the FAA in February 2017. It is expected that the committee will again urge Congress to consider and adopt air traffic control reform as part of the reauthorization package. Shuster has additional support from President Trump, who, in a meeting with aviation industry executives in early 2017 said the U.S. air control system is "....totally out of whack."[73]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (August 22, 2007). "FAA Chief To Become Aerospace Lobbyist". The Washington Post. from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
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External links

  • Official website  
  • Records of the Federal Aviation Administration in the National Archives (Record Group 237)
  • Federal Aviation Administration in the Federal Register
  • Works by or about Federal Aviation Administration at Internet Archive
  • Works by Federal Aviation Administration at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  

federal, aviation, administration, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, largest, transportation, agency, government, regulates, aspects, civil, aviation, country, well, over, surrounding, international, waters, powers, include, traffic, management, ce. FAA redirects here For other uses see FAA disambiguation The Federal Aviation Administration FAA is the largest transportation agency of the U S government and regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the country as well as over surrounding international waters 3 12 16 Its powers include air traffic management certification of personnel and aircraft setting standards for airports and protection of U S assets during the launch or re entry of commercial space vehicles Powers over neighboring international waters were delegated to the FAA by authority of the International Civil Aviation Organization Federal Aviation AdministrationSeal of the Federal Aviation AdministrationFlag of the Federal Aviation AdministrationHeadquarters of the FAA in Washington DCAgency overviewFormedAugust 23 1958 64 years ago 1958 08 23 Preceding agencyCivil Aeronautics AdministrationJurisdictionU S federal governmentHeadquartersOrville Wright Federal Building800 Independence Avenue SWWashington D C U S 2059138 53 14 31 N 77 1 19 98 W 38 8873083 N 77 0222167 W 38 8873083 77 0222167 Coordinates 38 53 14 31 N 77 1 19 98 W 38 8873083 N 77 0222167 W 38 8873083 77 0222167Annual budgetUS 15 956 billion FY2010 Agency executiveBilly Nolen Administrator Acting Parent agencyU S Department of TransportationWebsitewww wbr faa wbr govFootnotes 1 2 Created in August 1958 1958 08 the FAA replaced the former Civil Aeronautics Administration CAA and later became an agency within the U S Department of Transportation Contents 1 Major functions 2 Organizations 3 Regions and Aeronautical Center Operations 4 History 4 1 Background 4 2 Formation 4 3 1960s reorganization 4 4 1970s and deregulation 4 5 21st century 4 6 History of FAA Administrators 5 Criticism 5 1 Conflicting roles 5 2 Lax regulatory oversight 5 3 Changes to air traffic controller application process 5 4 Next Generation Air Transportation System 5 5 Boeing 737 MAX controversy 6 Regulatory process 6 1 Designated Engineering Representative 6 2 Designated Airworthiness Representative DAR 6 3 Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community CANIC 6 3 1 Notable CANICs 6 4 Proposed regulatory reforms 6 4 1 Airman Certification Reform 6 4 2 FAA reauthorization and air traffic control reform 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksMajor functions EditThe FAA s roles include Regulating U S commercial space transportation Regulating air navigation facilities geometric and flight inspection standards Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics including new aviation technology Issuing suspending or revoking pilot certificates Regulating civil aviation to promote transportation safety in the United States especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviationOrganizations EditThe FAA operates five lines of business 4 Their functions are Air Traffic Organization ATO provides air navigation service within the National Airspace System In ATO employees operate air traffic control facilities comprising Airport Traffic Control Towers ATCT Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities TRACONs and Air Route Traffic Control Centers ARTCC 5 Aviation Safety AVS responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft including pilots airlines and mechanics 6 Airports ARP plans and develops the national airport system oversees standards for airport safety inspection design construction and operation The office awards 3 5 billion annually in grants for airport planning and development 7 Office of Commercial Space Transportation AST ensures protection of U S assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles 8 Security and Hazardous Materials Safety ASH responsible for risk reduction of terrorism and other crimes and for investigations materials safety infrastructure protection and personnel security 9 Regions and Aeronautical Center Operations Edit The FAA provides air traffic control services over U S territory and over international waters where it has been delegated such authority by the International Civil Aviation Organization This map depicts overflight fee regions The yellow regions are where the U S provides enroute ATC services over what is mostly land territory excluding Hawaii and some island territories but including most of the Bering Sea as well as Bermuda and The Bahamas sovereign countries where the FAA provides high altitude ATC service The blue regions are where the U S provides oceanic ATC services over international waters Hawaii some US island territories amp some small foreign island nations territories are included in this region The FAA is headquartered in Washington D C 10 and also operates the William J Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City New Jersey for support and research and the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City Oklahoma for training The FAA has nine regional administrative offices Alaskan Region Anchorage Alaska Northwest Mountain Seattle Washington Northwestern Pacific Los Angeles California Southwest Fort Worth Texas Central Kansas City Missouri Great Lakes Chicago Illinois Southern Atlanta Georgia Eastern New York New York New England Boston MassachusettsHistory EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Background Edit The Air Commerce Act of May 20 1926 is the cornerstone of the federal government s regulation of civil aviation This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce issuing and enforcing air traffic rules licensing pilots certifying aircraft establishing airways and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation The newly created Aeronautics Branch operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight In fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities the U S Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft It took over the building and operation of the nation s system of lighted airways a task initiated by the Post Office Department The Department of Commerce improved aeronautical radio communications before the founding of the Federal Communications Commission in 1934 which handles most such matters today and introduced radio beacons as an effective aid to air navigation The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department As commercial flying increased the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control ATC along the airways In 1936 the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps blackboards and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the federal civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency the Civil Aeronautics Authority The legislation also expanded the government s role by giving the CAA the authority and the power to regulate airline fares and to determine the routes that air carriers would serve President Franklin D Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940 the Civil Aeronautics Administration CAA and the Civil Aeronautics Board CAB CAA was responsible for ATC airman and aircraft certification safety enforcement and airway development CAB was entrusted with safety regulation accident investigation and economic regulation of the airlines The CAA was part of the Department of Commerce The CAB was an independent federal agency On the eve of America s entry into World War II CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation In 1946 meanwhile Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal aid airport program the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at development of the nation s civil airports Formation Edit The approaching era of jet travel and a series of midair collisions most notably the 1956 Grand Canyon mid air collision prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 This legislation passed the CAA s functions to a new independent body the Federal Aviation Agency The act also transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the FAA and gave it sole responsibility for a joint civil military system of air navigation and air traffic control The FAA s first administrator Elwood R Quesada was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower The same year witnessed the birth of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA which was created in response to the Soviet Union USSR launch of the first manmade satellite NASA assumed NACA s aeronautical research role 1960s reorganization Edit In 1967 a new U S Department of Transportation DOT combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport The Federal Aviation Agency s name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies e g Federal Highway Administration Federal Railroad Administration the Coast Guard and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission within DOT The FAA administrator no longer reported directly to the president but instead to the Secretary of Transportation New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president At the same time a new National Transportation Safety Board took over the Civil Aeronautics Board s CAB role of investigating and determining the causes of transportation accidents and making recommendations to the secretary of transportation CAB was merged into DOT with its responsibilities limited to the regulation of commercial airline routes and fares The FAA gradually assumed additional functions The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security In response to the hijackings on September 11 2001 this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety During the 1960s and 1970s the FAA also started to regulate high altitude over 500 feet kite and balloon flying FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar Canton Michigan 1970s and deregulation Edit By the mid 1970s the agency had achieved a semi automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth however especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB s economic regulation of the airlines A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system During the following year the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities but progress proved disappointing In 1994 the FAA shifted to a more step by step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment 11 In 1979 Congress authorized the FAA to work with major commercial airports to define noise pollution contours and investigate the feasibility of noise mitigation by residential retrofit programs Throughout the 1980s these charters were implemented In the 1990s satellite technology received increased emphasis in the FAA s development programs as a means to improvements in communications navigation and airspace management In 1995 the agency assumed responsibility for safety oversight of commercial space transportation a function begun eleven years before by an office within DOT headquarters The agency was responsible for the decision to ground flights after the September 11 attacks 21st century Edit In December 2000 an organization within the FAA called the Air Traffic Organization 12 ATO was set up by presidential executive order This became the air navigation service provider for the airspace of the United States and for the New York Atlantic and Oakland Pacific oceanic areas It is a full member of the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation The FAA issues a number of awards to holders of its certificates Among these are demonstrated proficiencies as an aviation mechanic the AMT Awards a flight instructor Gold Seal certification a 50 year aviator Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award a 50 year mechanic Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award or as a proficient pilot The latter the FAA WINGS Program provides a lifetime series of grouped proficiency activities at three levels Basic Advanced and Master for pilots who have undergone several hours of ground and flight training since their last WINGS award or Phase For more information on all these programs visit www faasafety gov or inquire at an FAA Flight Standards District Office FSDO For more information on the WINGS program please see FAA Advisory Circular AC 61 91J The FAA encourages volunteerism in the promotion of aviation safety The FAA Safety Team or FAASTeam works with Volunteers at several levels and promotes safety education and outreach nationwide For more information inquire at an FAA Flight Standards District Office FSDO On March 18 2008 the FAA ordered its inspectors to reconfirm that airlines are complying with federal rules after revelations that Southwest Airlines flew dozens of aircraft without certain mandatory inspections 13 The FAA exercises surprise Red Team drills on national airports annually On October 31 2013 after outcry from media outlets including heavy criticism 14 from Nick Bilton of The New York Times 15 16 the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight but mobile phone calls would still be prohibited and use of cellular networks during any point when aircraft doors are closed remains prohibited to date Implementation initially varied among airlines The FAA expected many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode gate to gate by the end of 2013 Devices must be held or put in the seat back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled with no signal bars displayed and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones From a technological standpoint cellular service would not work in flight because of the rapid speed of the airborne aircraft mobile phones cannot switch fast enough between cellular towers at an aircraft s high speed However the ban is due to potential radio interference with aircraft avionics If an air carrier provides Wi Fi service during flight passengers may use it Short range Bluetooth accessories like wireless keyboards can also be used 17 In July 2014 in the wake of the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 the FAA suspended flights by U S airlines to Ben Gurion Airport during the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict for 24 hours The ban was extended for a further 24 hours but was lifted about six hours later 18 The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 gives the FAA one year to establish minimum pitch width and length for airplane seats to ensure they are safe for passengers 19 20 21 The first FAA licensed orbital human space flight took place on November 15 2020 carried out by SpaceX on behalf of NASA 22 23 History of FAA Administrators Edit The administrator is appointed for a five year term Portrait Administrator Term start date End date Status Notes Elwood Richard Quesada Nov 1 1958 Jan 20 1961 Najeeb Halaby Mar 3 1961 Jul 1 1965 William F McKee Jul 1 1965 Jul 31 1968 24 John H Shaffer Mar 24 1969 Mar 14 1973 24 Alexander Butterfield Mar 14 1973 Mar 31 1975 John L McLucas Nov 24 1975 Apr 1 1977 Langhorne Bond May 4 1977 Jan 20 1981 J Lynn Helms Apr 22 1981 Jan 31 1984 Donald D Engen Apr 10 1984 Jul 2 1987 T Allan McArtor Jul 22 1987 Feb 17 1989 James B Busey IV Jun 30 1989 Dec 4 1991 Thomas C Richards Jun 27 1992 Jan 20 1993 David R Hinson Aug 10 1993 Nov 9 1996 Jane Garvey Aug 4 1997 Aug 2 2002 Marion Blakey Sep 12 2002 Sep 13 2007 Robert A Sturgell Sep 14 2007 Jan 15 2009 acting Lynne Osmus Jan 16 2009 May 31 2009 acting Randy Babbitt Jun 1 2009 Dec 6 2011 Michael Huerta Dec 7 2011 Jan 6 2018 Daniel K Elwell Jan 6 2018 Aug 12 2019 acting 25 26 27 Stephen Dickson Aug 12 2019 Mar 31 2022 Billy Nolen Apr 1 2022 present acting 28 29 On March 19 2019 President Donald Trump announced he would nominate Stephen Dickson a former executive and pilot at Delta Air Lines to be the next FAA Administrator 30 26 27 On July 24 2019 the Senate confirmed Dickson by a vote of 52 40 31 32 He was sworn in as Administrator by Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao on August 12 2019 32 On February 16 2022 Dickson announced his resignation as FAA Administrator effective March 31 2022 33 Criticism EditSee also Criticism of the United States government Criticism of agencies Conflicting roles Edit The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules arranging for not only beneficial regulation but placing key people to head these regulators 34 Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA Rather than commend the agency for proposing a 10 2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008 he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer At 25 000 per violation Gutheinz said airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught He also said the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and pilots 35 Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate The dual role of encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are contradictory For example to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel On July 22 2008 in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two year cooling off period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated 36 37 The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word customer properly applies to the flying public not those entities regulated by the FAA 36 The bill died in a Senate committee that year 38 In September 2009 the FAA administrator issued a directive mandating that the agency use the term customers to refer to only the flying public 39 Lax regulatory oversight Edit In 2007 two FAA whistleblowers inspectors Charalambe Bobby Boutris and Douglas E Peters alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage of an aircraft but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline 40 This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections ignoring concerns raised by inspectors Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes causing thousands of flight cancellations 36 The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008 Jim Oberstar former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules 40 Oberstar said there was a culture of coziness between senior FAA officials and the airlines and a systematic breakdown in the FAA s culture that resulted in malfeasance bordering on corruption 40 In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest 10 2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks 35 and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a 7 5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through 41 Changes to air traffic controller application process Edit In 2014 the FAA modified its approach to air traffic control hiring It launched more off the street bids allowing anyone with either a four year degree or five years of full time work experience to apply rather than the closed college program or VRA bids something that had last been done in 2008 Thousands have been picked up including veterans CTI grads and people who are true off the street hires The move was made to open the job up to more people who might make good controllers but did not go to a college that offered a CTI program Before the change candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be fast tracked for consideration However the CTI program had no guarantee of a job offer nor was the goal of the program to teach people to work actual traffic The goal of the program was to prepare people for the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City OK Having a CTI certificate allowed a prospective controller to skip the Air Traffic Basics part of the academy about a 30 to 45 day course and go right into Initial Qualification Training IQT All prospective controllers CTI or not have had to pass the FAA Academy in order to be hired as a controller Failure at the academy means FAA employment is terminated In January 2015 they launched another pipeline a prior experience bid where anyone with an FAA Control Tower Operator certificate CTO and 52 weeks of experience could apply This was a revolving bid every month the applicants on this bid were sorted out and eligible applicants were hired and sent directly to facilities bypassing the FAA academy entirely In the process of promoting diversity the FAA revised its hiring process 42 43 The FAA later issued a report that the bio data was not a reliable test for future performance However the Bio Q was not the determinating factor for hiring it was merely a screening tool to determine who would take a revised Air Traffic Standardized Aptitude Test ATSAT Due to cost and time it was not practical to give all 30 000 some applicants the revised ATSAT which has since been validated In 2015 Fox News levied unsubstantiated criticism that the FAA discriminated against qualified candidates 44 In December 2015 a reverse discrimination lawsuit was filed against the FAA seeking class action status for the thousands of men and women who spent up to 40 000 getting trained under FAA rules before they were abruptly changed The prospects of the lawsuit are unknown as the FAA is a self governing entity and therefore can alter and experiment with its hiring practices and there was never any guarantee of a job in the CTI program 45 Next Generation Air Transportation System Edit Main article Next Generation Air Transportation System Criticism A May 2017 letter from staff of the U S House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure to members of the same committee sent before a meeting to discuss air traffic control privatization noted a 35 year legacy of failed air traffic control modernization management including NextGen The letter said the FAA initially described NextGen as fundamentally transforming how air traffic would be managed In 2015 however the National Research Council noted that NextGen as currently executed was not broadly transformational and that it is a set of programs to implement a suite of incremental changes to the National Airspace System NAS 46 47 More precise PBN can reduce fuel burn emissions and noise exposure for a majority of communities but the concentration of flight tracks also can increase noise exposure for people who live directly under those flight paths 48 49 A feature of the NextGen program is GPS based waypoints which result in consolidated flight paths for planes The result of this change is that many localities experience huge increases in air traffic over previously quiet areas Complaints have risen with the added traffic and multiple municipalities have filed suit 50 Boeing 737 MAX controversy Edit See also Boeing 737 MAX groundings As a result of the March 10 2019 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash and the Lion Air Flight 610 crash five months earlier most airlines and countries began grounding the Boeing 737 MAX 8 and in many cases all MAX variants due to safety concerns but the FAA declined to ground MAX 8 aircraft operating in the U S 51 On March 12 the FAA said that its ongoing review showed no systemic performance issues and provides no basis to order grounding the aircraft 52 Some U S Senators called for the FAA to ground the aircraft until an investigation into the cause of the Ethiopian Airlines crash was complete 52 U S Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao said that If the FAA identifies an issue that affects safety the department will take immediate and appropriate action 53 The FAA resisted grounding the aircraft until March 13 2019 when it received evidence of similarities in the two accidents By then 51 other regulators had already grounded the plane 54 and by March 18 2019 all 387 aircraft in service were grounded Three major U S airlines Southwest United and American Airlines were affected by this decision 55 Further investigations also revealed that the FAA and Boeing had colluded on recertification test flights attempted to cover up important information and that the FAA had retaliated against whistleblowers 56 Regulatory process EditDesignated Engineering Representative Edit A Designated Engineering Representative DER is an engineer who is appointed under 14 CFR section 183 29 to act on behalf of a company or as an independent consultant IC 57 The DER system enables the FAA to delegate certain involvement in airworthiness exams tests and inspections to qualified technical people outside of the FAA 58 Qualifications and policies for appointment of Designated Airworthiness Representatives are established in FAA Order 8100 8 Designee Management Handbook Working procedures for DERs are prescribed in FAA Order 8110 37 Designated Engineering Representative DER Handbook Company DERs act on behalf of their employer and may only approve or recommend that the FAA approves technical data produced by their employer Consultant DERs are appointed to act as independent DERs and may approve or recommend that the FAA approves technical data produced by any person or organization Neither type of DER is an employee of either the FAA or the United States government While a DER represents the FAA when acting under the authority of a DER appointment a DER has no federal protection for work done or the decisions made as a DER Neither does the FAA provide any indemnification for a DER from general tort law The FAA cannot shelter or protect DERs from the consequences of their findings 59 Designated Airworthiness Representative DAR Edit Main article Designated Airworthiness Representative A DAR 60 is an individual appointed in accordance with 14 CFR 183 33 who may perform examination inspection and testing services necessary to the issuance of certificates There are two types of DARs manufacturing and maintenance Manufacturing DARs must possess aeronautical knowledge experience and meet the qualification requirements of FAA Order 8100 8 Maintenance DARs must hold a mechanic s certificate with an airframe and powerplant rating under 14 CFR part 65 Certification Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers or a repairman certificate and be employed at a repair station certificated under 14 CFR part 145 or an air carrier operating certificate holder with an FAA approved continuous airworthiness program and must meet the qualification requirements of Order 8100 8 Chapter 14 Specialized Experience Amateur Built and Light Sport Aircraft DARs Both Manufacturing DARs and Maintenance DARs may be authorized to perform airworthiness certification of light sport aircraft DAR qualification criteria and selection procedures for amateur built and light sport aircraft airworthiness functions are provided in Order 8100 8 Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community CANIC Edit A Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community commonly abbreviated as CANIC is a notification from the United States Federal Aviation Administration FAA to civil airworthiness authorities of foreign countries of pending significant safety actions 61 The FAA Airworthiness Directives Manual 62 states the following 8 Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community CANIC a A CANIC is used to notify civil airworthiness authorities of other countries of pending significant safety actions A significant safety action can be defined as but not limited to the following 1 Urgent safety situations dd 2 The pending issuance of an Emergency AD dd 3 A safety action that affects many people operators dd 4 A Special Federal Aviation Regulation SFAR dd 5 Other high interest event e g a special certification review dd Notable CANICs Edit The FAA issued a CANIC to state the continued airworthiness of the Boeing 737 MAX following the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 63 64 65 66 Another CANIC notified the ungrounding of the MAX ending a 20 month grounding 67 Proposed regulatory reforms Edit Airman Certification Reform Edit The FAA has proposed a revision of regulations and standards for airman certification The proposal will incorporate over 30 testing and certification standards for pilots instructors and mechanics into a single Part 61 regulation The deadline for public comments on the proposal is Jan 11 2023 68 FAA reauthorization and air traffic control reform Edit U S law requires that the FAA s budget and mandate be reauthorized on a regular basis On July 18 2016 President Obama signed a second short term extension of the FAA authorization replacing a previous extension that was due to expire that day 69 The 2016 extension set to expire itself in September 2017 left out a provision pushed by Republican House leadership including House Transportation and Infrastructure T amp I Committee Chairman Bill Shuster R PA The provision would have moved authority over air traffic control from the FAA to a non profit corporation as many other nations such as Canada Germany and the United Kingdom have done 70 Shuster s bill the Aviation Innovation Reform and Reauthorization AIRR Act 71 expired in the House at the end of the 114th Congress 72 The House T amp I Committee began the new reauthorization process for the FAA in February 2017 It is expected that the committee will again urge Congress to consider and adopt air traffic control reform as part of the reauthorization package Shuster has additional support from President Trump who in a meeting with aviation industry executives in early 2017 said the U S air control system is totally out of whack 73 See also Edit United States portal Aviation portalAcquisition Management System Airport Improvement Program Federal Aviation Regulations Civil aviation authority generic term Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition SAFO Safety Alert for Operators United States government role in civil aviation Weather Information Exchange ModelReferences Edit Wald Matthew L August 22 2007 F A A Chief to Lead Industry Group The New York Times Archived from the original on July 28 2019 Retrieved July 28 2019 Birnbaum Jeffrey H August 22 2007 FAA Chief To Become Aerospace Lobbyist The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved July 28 2019 Van Loo Rory August 1 2018 Regulatory Monitors Policing Firms in the Compliance Era Faculty Scholarship Archived from the original on June 4 2020 Retrieved October 10 2020 Key Officials Archived June 28 2021 at the Wayback Machine FAA Retrieved on June 20 2021 Air Traffic Organization Archived May 7 2013 at the Wayback Machine FAA gov December 5 2017 Retrieved on March 14 2019 Aviation Safety AVS Archived May 8 2013 at the Wayback Machine FAA gov November 29 2018 Retrieved on March 14 2019 Airports Archived May 12 2013 at the Wayback Machine FAA Retrieved on June 20 2021 Office of Commercial 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30 2019 Retrieved July 28 2019 At last FAA green lights gadgets on planes Fox News Archived from the original on November 1 2013 Retrieved October 31 2013 British Airways CEO insists flights over Iraq are safe The UK News Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Retrieved August 2 2014 Josephs Leslie September 27 2018 House passes bill to require minimum standards for airplane seat size legroom CNBC Archived from the original on September 28 2018 Retrieved September 28 2018 FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 PDF October 5 2018 Archived PDF from the original on August 3 2019 Retrieved July 28 2019 Davis Jeff September 24 2018 Summary of Final Compromise FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 Eno Center for Transportation Archived from the original on July 28 2019 Retrieved July 28 2019 Section 577 of the bill requires the FAA to issue rules establishing minimum width length and seat pitch of airline seats Crew 1 is headed to Space Station launching the NASA SpaceX venture CNBC November 10 2020 Archived from the original on November 16 2020 Retrieved November 10 2020 NASA certifies SpaceX s Crew Dragon for astronaut flights gives go for Nov 14 launch Space com November 11 2020 Archived from the original on November 13 2020 Retrieved November 16 2020 a b William F McKee Air Progress 76 August 1989 Farrell Paul March 13 2019 Dan Elwell 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know Archived from the original on July 31 2020 Retrieved March 14 2019 a b Hsu Tiffany Kaplan Thomas Wichter Zach March 19 2019 Trump Picks Former Delta Executive Stephen Dickson as F A A Chief The New York Times Archived from the original on March 20 2019 Retrieved March 19 2019 a b Pasztor Andy Tangel Andrew March 19 2019 White House to Nominate Steve Dickson as Permanent FAA Head The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on March 19 2019 Retrieved March 19 2019 Billy Nolen FRAeS FAA Administrator Acting Federal Aviation Administration Retrieved April 20 2022 Duncan Ian March 26 2022 Top FAA safety official named as interim leader of agency Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved April 20 2022 Naylor Brian March 19 2019 Trump To Nominate Former Delta Airlines Executive To Lead FAA NPR Archived from the original on March 20 2019 Retrieved March 19 2019 U S Senate U S Senate Roll Call Votes 116th Congress 1st Session www senate gov Archived from the original on August 4 2019 Retrieved July 24 2019 a b Press Release Stephen M Dickson Sworn in as Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration www faa gov Archived from the original on July 31 2020 Retrieved August 14 2019 FAA administrator Steve Dickson to resign next month Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved February 17 2022 Solomon Steven Davidoff June 11 2010 The Government s Elite and Regulatory Capture The New York Times Archived from the original on January 20 2020 Retrieved July 28 2019 a b David Koenig Southwest Airlines faces 10 2 million fine Archived June 25 2017 at the Wayback Machine Mail Tribune Associated Press March 6 2008 Retrieved April 11 2011 a b c Paul Lowe Bill proposes distance between airlines and FAA regulators Archived January 15 2013 at the Wayback Machine AINonline com September 1 2008 Retrieved April 11 2011 Library of Congress Thomas Official Website Bill Summary amp Status 110th Congress 2007 2008 H R 6493 Archived October 1 2021 at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress Thomas Official Website Bill Summary amp Status 110th Congress 2007 2008 S 3440 Archived October 1 2021 at the Wayback Machine FAA will stop calling airlines customers USA Today Reuters September 18 2009 Archived from the original on December 24 2010 Retrieved October 17 2009 a b c Johanna Neuman FAA s culture of coziness targeted in airline safety hearing Archived January 23 2013 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times April 3 2008 Retrieved April 11 2011 John Hughes for Bloomberg News March 2 2009 Southwest Air Agrees to 7 5 Million Fine FAA Says Update2 Archived September 24 2015 at the Wayback Machine Shapiro Adam Browne Pamela May 20 2015 Trouble in the Skies Fox Business Archived from the original on December 22 2015 Retrieved January 3 2016 Reily Jason L June 2 2015 Affirmative Action Lands in the Air Traffic Control Tower The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on January 2 2016 Retrieved January 3 2016 Unqualified air traffic control candidates cheating to pass FAA exams Fox Business May 20 2015 Archived from the original on January 23 2016 Retrieved January 3 2016 Shapiro Adam December 30 2015 Reverse Discrimination Suit Filed Against FAA Hiring Fallout Continues Fox Business Archived from the original on January 1 2016 Retrieved January 3 2016 Committee Hearing on The Need to Reform FAA and Air Traffic Control to Build a 21st Century Aviation System for America PDF Archived PDF from the original on January 20 2018 Retrieved December 18 2019 Latest Inspector General Report Underscores Need for Air Traffic Control Reform Archived from the original on December 23 2018 Retrieved December 18 2019 FAA facing backlash over noise issues created by PBN flight paths Archived from the original on October 21 2016 A Closer Look at How FAA is Tone Deaf on NextGen Noise Impacts April 19 2015 Archived from the original on December 18 2019 Retrieved December 18 2019 McLaughlin Katy July 6 2018 Affluent and Angry Homeowners Raise Ruckus Over Roar of Overhead Planes The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 18 2019 Retrieved December 18 2019 US and Canada are the only two nations still flying many Boeing 737 MAX planes CNN March 12 2019 Archived from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved March 13 2019 a b U S Senate to hold crash hearing as lawmakers urge grounding Boeing 737 MAX 8 Reuters March 12 2019 Archived from the original on July 10 2019 Retrieved March 13 2019 U S to mandate design changes on Boeing 737 MAX 8 after crashes Euronews March 12 2019 Archived from the original on May 2 2019 Retrieved March 13 2019 Editorial Why was the FAA so late to deplane from Boeing s 737 Max Los Angeles Times March 14 2019 Archived from the original on July 20 2021 Retrieved July 20 2021 Austen Ian Gebrekidan Selam March 13 2019 Trump Announces Ban of Boeing 737 Max Flights The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 13 2019 Retrieved March 13 2019 FAA and Boeing manipulated 737 Max tests during recertification December 18 2020 faa gov Engineering and Flight Test Designees Designated Engineering Representative DER Archived from the original on June 8 2009 Retrieved May 31 2009 FAA Order 8110 37F PDF p 2 1 Archived PDF from the original on October 29 2019 FAA Order 8100 8D PDF p 3 1 Retrieved December 14 2021 Designated Airworthiness Representative DAR Archived from the original on December 17 2013 Retrieved December 17 2013 Lessons Learned lessonslearned faa gov Archived from the original on June 7 2020 Retrieved October 20 2019 Airworthiness Directives Manual PDF FAA May 17 2010 pp Chapter 6 section 8 Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community CANIC FAA IR M 8040 1C Archived PDF from the original on August 6 2020 Retrieved November 29 2019 Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community PDF FAA March 11 2019 Archived PDF from the original on November 3 2019 Retrieved November 29 2019 LeBeau Phil March 20 2019 FAA says reviewing 737 Max software fix is an agency priority CNBC Archived from the original on October 20 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 FAA Says Boeing 737 MAX 8 Is Airworthy Despite Second Crash Time Archived from the original on May 21 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 Rodrigo Chris Mills March 11 2019 Former FAA safety inspector urges caution over Boeing 737 I ve never ever done this TheHill Archived from the original on October 20 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 CANIC PDF November 18 2020 Archived PDF from the original on November 24 2020 FAA pilot certification changes public comment deadline approaches Globalair com Retrieved January 11 2023 FAA reauthorization signed into law Travel Weekly www travelweekly com Archived from the original on March 9 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 Carey Susan Pasztor Andy July 13 2016 Senate Passes FAA Reauthorization Bill The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on March 12 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 H R 4441 114th Congress 2015 2016 Aviation Innovation Reform and Reauthorization Act of 2016 www congress gov February 11 2016 Archived from the original on February 15 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 Congress Trump Administration Must Prioritize Air Traffic Control Reform Competitive Enterprise Institute December 12 2016 Archived from the original on March 9 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 Congressional Hearings on FAA Reauthorization and Automated Vehicles FTA Withholds Funding from DC MD VA for Missing WMATA Safety Oversight Deadline The National Law Review Archived from the original on March 9 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Aviation Administration Official website Records of the Federal Aviation Administration in the National Archives Record Group 237 Federal Aviation Administration in the Federal Register Works by or about Federal Aviation Administration at Internet Archive Works by Federal Aviation Administration at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Federal Aviation Administration amp oldid 1134218182, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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