fbpx
Wikipedia

Ocelot

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Ocelot (disambiguation).

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a medium-sized spotted wild cat that reaches 40–50 cm (15.7–19.7 in) at the shoulders and weighs between 7 and 15.5 kg (15.4 and 34.2 lb) on average. It is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Margarita. Carl Linnaeus scientifically described it in 1758. Two subspecies are recognized.

Ocelot
An ocelot in a zoo in Brazil
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Leopardus
Species:
L. pardalis
Binomial name
Leopardus pardalis
Subspecies
  • L. p. mitis (Cuvier, 1820)
  • L. p. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the ocelot (2016)[1]
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Felis aequatorialis (Mearns, 1903)
  • F. albescens (Pucheran, 1855)
  • F. armillatus (Cuvier, 1820)
  • F. brasiliensis (Schinz, 1844)
  • F. buffoni (Brass, 1911)
  • F. canescens (Swainson, 1838)
  • F. chati (Gray, 1827)
  • F. chibi-gouazou Gray, 1827)
  • F. grifithii (J. B. Fischer, 1829)
  • F. hamiltonii (J. B. Fischer, 1829)
  • F. limitis (Mearns, 1902)
  • F. ludoviciana (Brass, 1911)
  • F. maracaya (Wagner, 1841)
  • F. maripensis (Allen, 1904)
  • F. mearnsi (Allen, 1904
  • F. melanura (Ball, 1844)
  • F. mexicana (Kerr, 1792)
  • F. mitis (Cuvier, 1820)
  • F. ocelot (Link, 1795)
  • F. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • F. pseudopardalis (Boitard, 1842)
  • F. sanctaemartae (Allen, 1904)
  • F. smithii (Swainson, 1838)
  • Leopardus griseus Gray, 1842
  • L. pictus Gray, 1842

The ocelot is efficient at climbing, leaping and swimming. It prefers areas close to water sources with dense vegetation cover and high prey availability. It preys on small terrestrial mammals, such as armadillos, opossums, and lagomorphs. It is typically active during twilight and at night and tends to be solitary and territorial. Both sexes become sexually mature at around two years of age and can breed throughout the year; peak mating season varies geographically. After a gestation period of two to three months, the female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens. They stay with their mother for up to two years, after which they leave to establish their own home ranges.

The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat destruction, hunting, and traffic accidents. While its range is very large, various populations are decreasing in many parts of its range. The association of the ocelot with humans dates back to the Aztec and Incan civilizations; it has occasionally been kept as a pet.

Etymology edit

The name "ocelot" comes from the Nahuatl word ōcēlōtl (pronounced [oːˈseːloːt͡ɬ]), which generally refers to the jaguar, rather than the ocelot.[3][4][5] Another possible origin for the name is the Latin ocellatus ("having little eyes" or "marked with eye-like spots"), in reference to the cat's spotted coat.[6]

Other vernacular names for the ocelot include cunaguaro (Venezuela), gato onza (Argentina), gato tigre (Panama), heitigrikati (Suriname), jaguatirica, maracaja (Brazil), manigordo (Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela), mathuntori, ocelote, onsa, pumillo, tiger cat (Belize), tigrecillo (Bolivia) and tigrillo (Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru).[2][7]

Taxonomy edit

Felis pardalis was the scientific name proposed for the ocelot by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[8] The genus Leopardus was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1842 for several spotted cat skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.[9][10]

Several ocelot specimens were described in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including:[2][11]

Subspecies edit

In 1919, Allen reviewed the specimens described until 1914, placed them into the genus Leopardus and recognized nine subspecies as valid taxa based on the colors and spot patterns of skins.[10] In 1941, Pocock reviewed dozens of ocelot skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum and regrouped them to nine different subspecies, also based on their colors and spots.[22] Later authors recognized 10 subspecies as valid.[23][24][11]

In 1998, results of a mtDNA control region analysis of ocelot samples indicated that four major ocelot groups exist, one each in Central America, northwestern South America, northeastern South America and southern South America south of the Amazon River.[25] A 2010 study of morphological features noted significant differences in the size and color of the Central and South American populations, suggesting they could be separate species.[26] In 2013, a study of craniometric variation and microsatellite diversity in ocelots throughout the range recognized three subspecies: L. p. albescens from the Texas–Mexico border, L. p. pardis from Central America and L. p. pseudopardalis from South America, though L. p. mitis may comprise the ocelot population in the southern part of South America.[27]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group noted that up to four subspecies can be identified, but recognized only two as valid taxa. These two taxa differ in morphological features and are geographically separated by the Andes:[28]

  • L. p. pardalis has a greyish fur. Its range extends from Texas and Arizona to Costa Rica.
  • L. p. mitis has a more yellowish fur and is larger than pardalis. It occurs in South America as far south as northern Argentina.

Phylogeny edit

Results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the Leopardus lineage genetically diverged from the Felidae around 8 million years ago (mya). The ocelot is estimated to have diverged from the margay (Leopardus wieldii) between 2.41 and 1.01 mya. The relationships of the ocelot within the Felidae is considered as follows:[29][30]

Caracal

Serval (Leptailurus serval)

Caracal (C. caracal)

African golden cat (C. aurata)

Leopardus

Ocelot (L. pardalis)

Margay (L. wieldii)

Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)

Pampas cat (L. colocolo)

Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)

Kodkod (L. guigna)

Oncilla (L. tigrinus)

Lynx

Bobcat (L. rufus)

Canada lynx (L. canadensis)

Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)

Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)

Puma

Cougar (P. concolor)

Characteristics edit

 
The ocelot is not significantly sexually dimorphic, varying only slightly in mature maximum weight.

The ocelot's fur is extensively marked with solid black markings on a creamy, tawny, yellowish, reddish gray or gray background color. The spots on the head and limbs are small, but markings on the back, cheeks, and flanks are open or closed bands and stripes. A few dark stripes run straight from the back of the neck up to the tip of the tail. Its neck and undersides are white, and the insides of the legs are marked with a few horizontal streaks. Its round ears are marked with a bright white spot.[6] Its fur is short, about 0.8 cm (0.3 in) long on the belly, but with about 1 cm (0.4 in) long guard hairs on the back.[2] The body has a notably strong odor.[31] Each ocelot has a unique color pattern, which can be used to identify individuals.[32] Its eyes are brown, but reflect in a golden hue when illuminated.[33] It has 28 to 30 teeth, with the dental formula 3.1.2–3.13.1.2.1.[2] It has a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 113.8.[34] Only one ocelot is known to possess albinism, and the appearance of such a trait in ocelots is likely an indication of deforestation.[35]

With a head-and-body length ranging from 55 to 100 cm (21.7 to 39.4 in) and a 30 to 45 cm (11.8 to 17.7 in) long tail, the ocelot is the largest member of the genus Leopardus.[6] It typically reaches 40–50 cm (15.7–19.7 in) at the shoulder.[2] The weight of females ranges between 7 and 12 kg (15 and 26 lb) and of males between 8 and 18 kg (17.6 and 39.7 lb).[6][36] Its footprint measures nearly 5 cm × 5 cm (2 in × 2 in).[37]

The ocelot can be confused with the margay (Leopardus wiedii) and the oncilla (L. tigrinus), though the ocelot is noticeably larger and heavier with a shorter tail. Though all three have rosettes on their coats, the ocelot typically has a more blotched pattern; the oncilla has dark spots on its underbelly unlike the other two. Other differences lie in the facial markings, appearance of the tail and fur characteristics.[6][38] The ocelot is similar in size to a bobcat (Lynx rufus), though larger individuals have occasionally been recorded.[39] The jaguar is notably larger and heavier, and has rosettes instead of spots and stripes.[40]

Distribution and habitat edit

Two ocelots, mother and daughter, in a wooded area of the Pantanal wetlands; at night, they encounter fewer humans on this farm.

The ocelot ranges from the southwestern United States to northern Argentina, up to an elevation of 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[1] In the United States, it is found in Texas and Arizona, and is extirpated from Louisiana and Arkansas.[41] Fossils of ocelots were found in Florida, specifically in the Reddick Fossil Site.[6][42]

It inhabits tropical forests, thorn forests, mangrove swamps and savannas.[6] A 2019 study in the Brazilian Amazon showed that it prefers habitats with good availability of prey and water, and tends to avoid other predators. It favors areas with dense forest cover and water sources, far from roads and human settlement, avoiding steep slopes and highly elevated areas due to lack of prey.[43][44][45] In areas where ocelots coexist with larger predators such as cougars and humans, they may tune their active hours to avoid them, and seek dense cover to avoid competitors.[46][47] It can adapt well to its surroundings; as such, factors other than the aforementioned are not significant in its choice of habitat.[45]

It shares a large part of its range with the jaguar, jaguarundi, margay, oncilla and cougar.[6]

Ecology and behavior edit

 
Ocelots rest in trees during the day.

The ocelot is usually solitary and active mainly during twilight and at night. Radio collared individuals in the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Peru rested during the day and became active earliest in the late afternoon; they moved between 3.2 and 17 hours until dawn and then returned to their dens.[48]

During the daytime, it rests on trees, in dens below large trees or other cool, sheltered sites on the ground. It is agile in climbing and leaping, and escapes predators by jumping on trees. It is also an efficient swimmer. It scent-marks its territory by spraying urine. The territories of males are 3.5–46 km2 (1.4–17.8 sq mi) large, while those of females cover 0.8–15 km2 (0.31–5.79 sq mi). Territories of females rarely overlap, whereas the territory of a male includes those of two to three females. Social interaction between sexes is minimal, though a few adults have been observed together even in non-mating periods, and some juveniles interact with their parents.[6] Data from camera trapping studies confirm that several ocelot individuals deposit scat in one or several communal sites, called latrines.[49][50][51] Ocelots can be aggressive in defending their territory, fighting even to death.[52]

The population density of ocelots has been observed to be high in areas with high rainfall, but tends to decrease with increasing latitude; highest densities have been recorded in the tropics.[53] In 2014, the ocelot population density in Barro Colorado Island was estimated to be 1.59–1.74/km2 (4.1–4.5/sq mi), greater than 0.984/km2 (2.55/sq mi) recorded in northwestern Amazon in Peru in 2010, which was the densest ocelot population recorded thus far.[54][55]

Potential predators of the ocelot in Texas include the cougar, coyote and American alligator, while ocelot kittens are vulnerable to raptors, such as the great horned owl, as well as feral dogs, feral pigs and snakes.[56] Studies have found that adult ocelots are vulnerable to predation by both cougars and jaguars, with decreasing water sources in Guatemala causing predatory encounters with the latter.[57][58]

Hunting and diet edit

 
An ocelot hunting at night

Ocelots have been observed to follow scent trails in search for prey, walking at a speed of about 0.3 km/h (0.2 mph).[48] Alternatively, an ocelot may wait for prey for 30 to 60 minutes at a certain site and move to another walking at 0.8–1.4 km/h (0.5–0.9 mph) if unsuccessful. An ocelot typically prefers hunting in areas with vegetation cover, avoiding open areas, especially on moonlit nights, so as not to be seen by the prey. As a carnivore, it preys on small terrestrial mammals such as rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, opossums, also fish, crustaceans, insects, reptiles and birds. It usually feeds on the kill immediately, but removes bird feathers before. It typically preys on animals that weigh less than 1 kg (2.2 lb), but rarely targets large ungulates such as deer, sheep and peccaries, as well as anteaters, New World monkeys and iguanas. It requires 600–800 g (21–28 oz) of food every day to satisfy its energy requirements.[6]

Primates prevail in the diet of ocelots in southeastern Brazil[59] and iguanas in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico.[60] The composition of the diet varies by season; in Venezuela, ocelots were found to prefer iguanas and rodents in the dry season and then switch to land crabs in the wet season.[61] In southeastern Brazil, ocelots have a similar prey preference as margays and oncillas. The oncillas focus on tree-living marsupials and birds while the margays are not as selective.[62]

Reproduction and life cycle edit

 
An ocelot kitten

Both male and female ocelots produce a long-range "yowl" in the mating season and a short-range "meow".[63] Ocelots can mate any time during the year. The peak mating season varies geographically; in Argentina and Paraguay, peaks have been observed in autumn, in Mexico and Texas in autumn and winter. Estrus lasts four to five days and recurs every 25 days in a non-pregnant female.[36] A study in southern Brazil showed that sperm production in ocelots, margays and oncillas peaks in summer.[64] When mating, captive ocelots spend more time together, scent-mark extensively, and eat less.[2] Breeding ocelots in captivity is often difficult.[65]

The female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens after a gestation period of two to three months. Dens are usually located in dense vegetation. A newborn kitten weighs 200–340 g (7.1–12.0 oz).[6][36] The kitten is born with spots and stripes, though on a gray background; the color changes to golden as the ocelot grows older.[31] A study in southern Texas revealed that a mother keeps a litter in a den for 13 to 64 days and shifts the young to two or three dens.[66] The kitten's eyes open 15 to 18 days after birth. Kittens begin to leave the den at the age of three months. They remain with their mother for up to two years and then start dispersing and establishing their own territory. In comparison to other felids, ocelots have a relatively longer duration between births and a narrow litter size. Captive ocelots live for up to 20 years.[6]

Threats edit

 
Ocelot skin

Throughout its range, the ocelot is threatened by loss and fragmentation of habitat.[1] In Texas, the fertile land that supports dense cover and constitutes the optimum habitat for the ocelot is being lost to agriculture. The habitat is often fragmented into small pockets that cannot support ocelots well, leading to deaths due to starvation. Traffic accidents have emerged as a major threat over the years, as ocelots try to expand beyond their natural habitat to new areas and get hit by vehicles.[67] In the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Argentina, it is affected by logging and poaching of prey species.[68]

The fur trade was a flourishing business in the 1960s and the 1970s that resulted in severe exploitation of felids such as the ocelot and the jaguar.[69] In the 1960s, ocelot skins were among the most highly preferred in the US, reaching an all-time high of 140,000 skins traded in 1970.[70] This was followed by prohibitions on commercial trade of spotted cat skins in several range states such as Brazil and the US, causing ocelot skins in trade to plummet.[69] In 1986, the European Economic Community banned import of ocelot skins, and in 1989, the ocelot was included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. However, hunting of ocelots for skins has continued and is still a major threat to ocelot survival.[6]

Another threat has been the international pet trade; this typically involves capturing ocelot kittens by killing their mothers; these cats are then sold to tourists. Though it is banned in several countries, pet trade survives; in some areas of Central and South America, ocelots are still sold in a few local markets.[71]

Conservation edit

The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution in the Americas. Ocelot hunting is banned in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela; hunting is regulated in Peru. As of 2013, the global population was estimated at more than 40,000 mature individuals.[1] Ocelot populations were stable in some Amazon basin areas as of 2013.[72] As of 2012, the ocelot population in Argentina's subtropical regions was estimated to consist of 1,500 to 8,000 mature individuals.[73] It has been recorded in oil palm landscapes and big cattle ranches in the Colombian Llanos and inter-Andean valleys.[74]

In Texas edit

In Texas and northeastern Mexico, ocelot populations have reduced drastically; as of 2014, the population in Texas is estimated to be 50–80 individuals. The reduced numbers have led to increased inbreeding and low genetic diversity.[1][75] Despite this, the US Fish and Wildlife Service failed to acknowledge the ocelot population in Texas as a distinct population segment worthy of listing as endangered.[76] The US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and The Nature Conservancy are among agencies actively involved in ocelot conservation efforts, such as the protection and regeneration of vegetation in the Rio Grande Valley.[67][6] Much of the reintroduction effort is taking place on private lands.[77] NatureServe considers the ocelot Apparently Secure globally, but Critically Imperiled in both Texas and Arizona.[78]

In captivity edit

The American Zoo and Aquarium Association established a Species Survival Plan for the ocelot populations in Brazil. In 2006, the captive population in North American zoos consisted of 16 ocelots representing six founders and their offspring. Some litters were produced using artificial insemination.[79] The Emperor Valley Zoo in Trinidad keeps foremost confiscated and trapped ocelots.[80]

In culture edit

 
Moche ceramic bottle in the shape of an ocelot, Musée d'ethnographie de Genève, Switzerland.

Ocelots have been associated with humans since the time of the Aztec and Incan civilizations, who depicted ocelots in their art and mythology. Representations of ocelots appear in every artistic medium, from Moche ceramics to murals, architectural details, and landscape features. Ocelot bones were made into thin, pointed instruments to pierce ears and limbs for ritual bloodletting. Several figurines depicting ocelots and similar felids are known. In her 1904 work A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans, archaeologist Zelia Nuttall described a statue depicting an ocelot or another felid excavated in Mexico City and its relation to the Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca. She argued that the sculpture depicted an ocelot, writing,[81]

"According to the well-known myth, Tezcatlipoca, when cast down from heaven by Quetzalcoatl, "fell into the water where he transformed himself into an ocelot" and arose to kill certain giants.

 
Salvador Dalí with his pet ocelot Babou

Moreover, she described a photograph of a seated person to corroborate her claim:[81]

At the back of his head, above his left hand, the head of an ocelot is visible, whose skin hangs behind his back, the tail ending below his knee. Besides this the personage wears leggings made of the spotted ocelot skin and a rattlesnake girdle from which hang two conventionalized hearts. It is interesting to find that in a note written beneath its photograph the late Senor Islas de Bustamante, independently identified the above figure as a representation of "Ocelotl-Tezcatlipoca" or Tlatoca-ocelot, lit. the Lord Ocelot ... and described as wearing "the beard of the mask of Tezcatlipoca".

Like many other felids, occasionally ocelots are kept as pets. They might demand a lot of attention from their owners and have a tendency to chew on or suck on objects, such as fabric and the fingers of their owners; this can lead them to accidentally ingest objects such as tennis balls. Agile and playful, pet ocelots can be troublesome to keep due to their habit of leaping around and potentially damaging objects; ocelots may unintentionally injure their owners with bites. Nevertheless, carefully raised ocelots can be highly affectionate.[82] Painter Salvador Dalí kept a pet ocelot named Babou that was seen with him at many places he visited, including a voyage aboard SS France. When one of the diners at a New York restaurant was alarmed by his ocelot, Dali told her that it was a common domestic cat that he had "painted over in an op art design".[83][84][85][86] Opera singer Lily Pons and musician Gram Parsons are also known to have kept ocelots.[84][87]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Paviolo, A.; Crawshaw, P.; Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A.; Kelly, M.; De Angelo, C. & Payan, E. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Leopardus pardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11509A97212355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11509A50653476.en. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Murray, J. L. & Gardner, G. L. (1997). "Leopardus pardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (548): 1–10. doi:10.2307/3504082. JSTOR 3504082.
  3. ^ "ocelot, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. 2004.
  4. ^ Karttunen, F. (1983). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 176.
  5. ^ Lockhart, J. (2001). Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 228.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "Ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 120–129. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
  7. ^ Ojasti, J. (1996). Wildlife Utilization in Latin America: Current Situation and Prospects for Sustainable Management. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-92-5-103316-6.
  8. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardalis". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (10th ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 42.
  9. ^ a b Gray, J. E. (1842). "Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 10 (65): 255–267. doi:10.1080/03745484209445232.
  10. ^ a b Allen, J. A. (1919). "Notes on the synonymy and nomenclature of the smaller spotted cats of tropical America" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 41 (7): 345.
  11. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Leopardus pardalis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  12. ^ Cuvier, F. G. (1824). "Le chati femelle [The female cat]". In Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. G. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères : Avec des Figures Originales, Coloriées, Dessinées d'aprèsdes Animaux Vivans [Natural History of Mammals: With Original Figures, Colored, Drawn after Living Animals] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez A. Belin. pp. Pl. 54, 1–3.
  13. ^ Griffith, E. (1827). "Middle-sized cats, with tail rather long, and generally with spots and stripes". The Animal Kingdom arranged in Conformity with its Organization. Vol. 5. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. pp. 167–173.
  14. ^ Boitard, P. (1845). "Les chats (The cats)". Le Jardin des Plantes. Description et Moeurs des Mammifères de la Ménagerie et du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle [Garden Plants. Description and Customs of the Mammals of the Menagerie and the Natural History Museum] (in French). Paris: J.-J. Dubochet. pp. 234–269.
  15. ^ Ball, R. (1844). "Description of the Felis melanura". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 12: 128–129.
  16. ^ Pucheran, J. (1855). "Description du chat bai et du chat albescent; et remarques sur les caractères et sur la distribution géographique de plusieurs autre chats (Description of bay cat and albescent cat; and remarks on the characters and the geographic distribution of several other cats)". In Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. (ed.). Voyage autour du Monde sur la Frégate la Vénus commandée par Abel du Petit-Thouars. Zoologie. Mammifères [Travel around the World on the Frigate Venus commanded by Abel du Petit-Thouars. Zoology. Mammals] (in French). Paris: G & J. Baudry. pp. 137–155.
  17. ^ Mearns, A. (1903). "The ocelot cats". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 25 (1286): 237–249. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.1286.237.
  18. ^ Allen, J. A. (1904). "New mammals from Venezuela and Colombia" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. XX (28): 327–335.
  19. ^ Thomas, O. (1914). "On various South-American mammals". Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8th. 13 (75): 345–363. doi:10.1080/00222931408693492.
  20. ^ Goldman, E. A. (1925). "Two new ocelots from Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy. 6 (2): 122–124. doi:10.2307/1373387. JSTOR 1373387.
  21. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1941). "Some new geographical races of Leopardus, commonly known as ocelots and margays". Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 11th. 8 (45): 234–239. doi:10.1080/03745481.1941.9727966.
  22. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1941). "The Races of the Ocelot and the Margay". In Field, S. (ed.). Papers on mammalogy published in honor of Wilfred Hudson Osgood. Vol. 27. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 319–369.
  23. ^ Goldman, E. A. (1943). "The races of the Ocelot and Margay in Middle America" (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 24 (3): 372–385. doi:10.2307/1374838. JSTOR 1374838.
  24. ^ Cabrera, A. (1957). Catálogo de los mamíferos de América del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales. Vol. Ciencias Zoologicas 4. Buenos Aires: Casa Editora "Coni".
  25. ^ Eizirik, E.; Bonatto, S. L.; Johnson, W. E.; Crawshaw Jr., P. G.; Vié, J. C.; Brousset, D. M.; O'Brien, S. J. & Salzano, F. M. (1998). "Phylogeographic patterns and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in two neotropical cats (Mammalia, Felidae)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 47 (5): 613–624. Bibcode:1998JMolE..47..613E. doi:10.1007/PL00006418. PMID 9797412. S2CID 19865180.
  26. ^ Nascimento, F. O. do (2010). Revisão taxonômica gênero do Leopardus Gray, 1842 [Taxonomic revision of genus Leopardus Gray 1842] (PDF) (PhD Thesis) (in Portuguese). Sao Paulo: University of Sao Paulo. doi:10.11606/T.41.2010.tde-09122010-104050.
  27. ^ Ruiz-García, M.; Corrales, C. & Pineda-Castro, M. (2013). "Craniometric and microsatellite genetic differentiation among putative ocelot subspecies (Leopardus pardalis)". In Ruiz-García, M. & Shostell, J. M. (eds.). Molecular Population Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, and Biological Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 289–332. ISBN 978-1-62417-071-3.
  28. ^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 47–48.
  29. ^ Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). (PDF). Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-08.
  30. ^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  31. ^ a b . Caldwell Zoo. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  32. ^ Camarena-Ibarrola, A.; Figueroa, K.; Tejeda, H. & Valero, L. (2019). "Ocelot identification through spots". Multimedia Tools and Applications. 78 (18): 26239–26262. doi:10.1007/s11042-019-07837-1. S2CID 174803096.
  33. ^ Cisin, C. (1967). Especially Ocelots. Amagansett, New York: Harry G. Cisin.
  34. ^ Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores". Ecology. 88 (2): 347–358. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2. PMID 17479753.
  35. ^ Reynoso, Lucas (2022-12-27). "The world's first known albino ocelot worries scientists". EL PAÍS English Edition. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  36. ^ a b c Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Felis pardalis (Ocelot)". Walker's Mammals of the World (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 816–817. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  37. ^ Murie, O. J. (1998). "Ocelot". A Field Guide to Animal Tracks (Second ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-395-91094-8.
  38. ^ Bowers, N.; Bowers, R. & Kaufman, K. (2007). "Ocelot Leopardus pardalis". Kaufman Field Guide to Mammals of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-618-95188-8.
  39. ^ Moreno, R. S.; Kays, R. W. & Samudio, R. (2006). (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (4): 808–816. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-360R2.1. S2CID 37859321. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-04.
  40. ^ Burt, W.H. (1976). "Ocelot Felis pardalis". A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico (Third ed.). Boston, US: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-395-91098-6.
  41. ^ Kitchener, A. 1991. The natural history of the wild cats. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. xxi + 280 pp.
  42. ^ Ray, C.E.; Olsen, S.J.; Gut, H.J. (1963). "Three Mammals New to the Pleistocene Fauna of Florida, and a Reconsideration of Five Earlier Records". Journal of Mammalogy. 44 (3): 373. doi:10.2307/1377207. JSTOR 1377207.
  43. ^ Ahumada, J. A.; Hurtado, J.; Lizcano, D. & Somers, M. (2013). "Monitoring the status and trends of tropical forest terrestrial vertebrate communities from camera trap data: a tool for conservation". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73707. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873707A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073707. PMC 3762718. PMID 24023898.
  44. ^ Di Bitetti, M. S.; Albanesi, S. A.; Foguet, M. J.; De Angelo, C. & Brown, A. D. (2013). "The effect of anthropic pressures and elevation on the large and medium-sized terrestrial mammals of the subtropical mountain forests (Yungas) of NW Argentina". Mammalian Biology. 78 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.08.006. hdl:11336/76420. S2CID 56466844.
  45. ^ a b Wang, B.; Rocha, D. G.; Abrahams, M. I.; Antunes, A. P.; Costa, H. C. M.; Gonçalves, A. L. S.; Spironello, W. R.; Paula, M. J.; Peres, C. A.; Pezzuti, J.; Ramalho, E.; Reis, M. L.; Carvalho Jr, E.; Rohe, F.; Macdonald, D. W. & Tan, C. K. W. (2019). "Habitat use of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in Brazilian Amazon". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (9): 5049–5062. doi:10.1002/ece3.5005. PMC 6509378. PMID 31110661.
  46. ^ de Oliveira, T. G.; Tortato, M. A.; Silveira, L.; Kasper, C. B.; Mazim, F. D.; Lucherini, M. & Sunquist, M. E. (2010). "Ocelot ecology and its effect on the small-felid guild in the lowland neotropics" (PDF). In Macdonald, D. & Loveridge, A. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 559–580. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.[permanent dead link]
  47. ^ Massara, R. L.; de Oliveira Paschoal, A. M.; Bailey, L. L.; Doherty, P. F.; de Frias Barreto, M. & Chiarello, A. G. (2018). "Effect of humans and pumas on the temporal activity of ocelots in protected areas of Atlantic Forest". Mammalian Biology. 92: 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.04.009. S2CID 90429470.
  48. ^ a b Emmons, L. H. (1988). (PDF). Revue d'Écologie. 43 (2): 133–157. doi:10.3406/revec.1988.5418. S2CID 131657310. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
  49. ^ Moreno, R. & Giacalone, J. (2006). "Ecological data obtained from latrine use by ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) on Barro Colorado Island, Panamá". Tecnociencia (in Spanish). 8: 7–21.
  50. ^ Rodgers, T. W.; Giacalone, J.; Heske, E. J.; Pawlikowski, N. C. & Schooley, R. L. (2015). "Communal latrines act as potentially important communication centers in ocelots Leopardus pardalis". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 80 (5): 380–384. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.05.004.
  51. ^ King, T.W.; Salom-Pérez, R.; Shipley, L.A.; Quigley, H.B. & Thornton, D.H. (2016). "Ocelot latrines: communication centers for Neotropical mammals". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (1): 106–113. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw174.
  52. ^ Thompson, C. L. (2011). "Intraspecific killing of a male ocelot". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 76 (3): 377–379. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.10.011.
  53. ^ Di Bitetti, M. S.; Paviolo, A.; De Angelo, C. D. & Di Blanco, Y. E. (2008). "Local and continental correlates of the abundance of a neotropical cat, the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 24 (2): 189–200. doi:10.1017/S0266467408004847. hdl:11336/61267. S2CID 85576074.
  54. ^ Rodgers, T. W.; Giacalone, J.; Heske, E. J.; Janečka, J. E.; Phillips, C. A. & Schooley, R. L. (2014). "Comparison of noninvasive genetics and camera trapping for estimating population density of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama". Tropical Conservation Science. 7 (4): 690–705. doi:10.1177/194008291400700408.
  55. ^ Kolowski, J. M. & Alonso, A. (2010). "Density and activity patterns of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in northern Peru and the impact of oil exploration activities". Biological Conservation. 143 (4): 917–925. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.039.
  56. ^ Harwell, G. (1990). "Status of the Texas ocelot". Listed cats of Texas and Arizona: Recovery plan, with emphasis on the ocelot (Report). US Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 10–22.
  57. ^ De Oliveira, T. G. & Pereira, J. A. (2014). "Intraguild predation and interspecific killing as structuring forces of carnivoran communities in South America". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21 (4): 427–436. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9251-4. hdl:11336/19188. S2CID 17966102.
  58. ^ Perera-Romero, L.; Garcia-Anleu, R.; McNab, R. B. & Thornton, D. H. (2021). "When waterholes get busy, rare interactions thrive: Photographic evidence of a jaguar (Panthera onca) killing an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)". Biotropica. 53 (2): 367–371. doi:10.1111/btp.12916. S2CID 233820576.
  59. ^ Bianchi, R.C. & Mendes, S.L. (2007). "Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) predation on primates in Caratinga Biological Station, southeast Brazil". American Journal of Primatology. 69 (10): 1173–1178. doi:10.1002/ajp.20415. PMID 17330310. S2CID 21305103.
  60. ^ Meza, A.V.; Meyer, E.M. & Gonzalez, C.A.L. (2002). "Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) food habits in a tropical deciduous forest of Jalisco, Mexico". The American Midland Naturalist. 148 (1): 146–154. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0146:OLPFHI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198158053.
  61. ^ Ludlow, M.E. & Sunquist, M. (1987). "Ecology and behavior of ocelots in Venezuela". National Geographic Research. 3 (4): 447–461.
  62. ^ Wang, E. (2002). "Diets of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (L. wiedii), and oncillas (L. tigrinus) in the Atlantic rainforest in southeast Brazil". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 37 (3): 207–212. doi:10.1076/snfe.37.3.207.8564. S2CID 83976479.
  63. ^ Peters, G. (1984). "On the structure of friendly close range vocalizations in terrestrial carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora: Fissipedia)". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 49 (3): 157–182.
  64. ^ Morais, R.N.; Mucciolo, R.G.; Gomes, M.L.F.; Lacerda, O.; Moraes, W.; Moreira, N.; Graham, L.H.; Swanson, W.F.; Brown, J.L. (2002). "Seasonal analysis of semen characteristics, serum testosterone and fecal androgens in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (L. wiedii) and tigrina (L. tigrinus)". Theriogenology. 57 (8): 2027–2041. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00707-0. PMID 12066863.
  65. ^ "Zoo celebrates its first ever ocelot birth". City of Albuquerque. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  66. ^ Laack, L.L.; Tewes, M.E.; Haines, A.M.; Rappole, J.H. (2005). "Reproductive life history of ocelots Leopardus pardalis in southern Texas". Acta Theriologica. 50 (4): 505–514. doi:10.1007/BF03192643. S2CID 1193321.
  67. ^ a b Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Wildlife Diversity Branch (n.d.). Ocelot (PDF) (Report). Austin, Texas: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. pp. 1–3.
  68. ^ Di Bitetti, M.S.; De Angelo, C.D.; Di Blanco, Y. E. & Paviolo, A. (2010). "Niche partitioning and species coexistence in a Neotropical felid assemblage" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 36 (4): 403–412. Bibcode:2010AcO....36..403D. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2010.04.001.[dead link]
  69. ^ a b Loveridge, A. J.; Wang, S. W.; Frank, L. G. & Seidensticker, J. (2010). "People and wild felids: conservation of cats and management of conflicts" (PDF). In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 161–190. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  70. ^ McMahan, L. R. (1986). "The international cat trade". In Miller, S. D.; Everett, D. D. (eds.). Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation, and Management. Washington D. C.: National Wildlife Federation. pp. 461–488. ISBN 978-0-912186-78-8.
  71. ^ Graham, K. (2017). "International Intent and Domestic Application of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): The Case of the Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)". Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. 20 (3–4): 253–294. doi:10.1080/13880292.2017.1403797. S2CID 89746431.
  72. ^ de Oliveira, T. G.; de Almeida, L. B. & de Campos, C. B. (2013). "Avaliação do risco de extinção da jaguatirica Leopardus pardalis no Brasil" [Assessment of the risk of extinction of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in Brazil]. Biodiversidade Brasileira (in Portuguese). 3 (1): 66–75.
  73. ^ Aprile G.; Cuyckens, E.; De Angelo, C.; Di Bitetti, M.; Lucherini, M.; Muzzachiodi, N.; Palacios, R.; Paviolo, A.; Quiroga, V. & Soler, L. (2012). "Family: Felidae". In R.A. Ojeda; V. Chillo & Vand G.B. Díaz Isenrath (eds.). Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos Amenazados de la Argentina [Red Book of Threatened Mammals of Argentina] (in Portuguese). Mendoza, Argentina: SAREM.
  74. ^ Boron, V. & Payan, E. (2013). "Abundancia de carnívoros en el agropaisaje de las plantaciones de palma de aceite del valle medio del río Magdalena, Colombia (undance of carnivores in the agro-landscape of oil palm plantations in the middle valley of the Magdalena River, Colombia)". In Castaño-Uribe, C.; Gonzalez-Maya, J.F.; Ange, C.; Zarrate-Charry, D.; Vela-Vargas, M. (eds.). Plan de Conservación de Felinos del Caribe Colombiano 2007–2012: Los Felinos y su Papel en la Planificación Regional Integral basada en Especies Clave [Conservation Plan for Felines of the Colombian Caribbean 2007–2012: Felines and their Role in Comprehensive Regional Planning based on Key Species] (in Portuguese). Santa Marta: Fundación Herencia Ambiental Caribe, ProCAT, Colombia, The Sierra to Sea Institute. pp. 165–176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Janecka, J. E.; Tewes, M. E.; Laack, L.; Caso, A.; Grassman, L. I.; Honeycutt, R. L. & Castresana, J. (2014). "Loss of genetic diversity among ocelots in the United States during the 20th century linked to human induced population reductions". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e89384. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...989384J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089384. PMC 3935880. PMID 24586737.
  76. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2022. 90-Day Findings for Three Species. Notification of petition findings and initiation of status reviews. Federal Register 87(26): 7079-7083. Accessed at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/02/08/2022-02545/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-90-day-findings-for-three-species on 05 May 2022.
  77. ^ Erik Iverson (21 November 2023). "Texas ocelot breeding and reintroduction may offer new route to recovery". Mongabay. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  78. ^ "Leopardus pardalis". explorer.natureserve.org. NatureServe. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  79. ^ Swanson, W.F. (2006). (PDF). Theriogenology. 66 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.024. PMID 16650889. S2CID 46306166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  80. ^ Khan, K.; Mohammed, R. (2015). . Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club: 52–56. Archived from the original on 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  81. ^ a b Nuttall, Z. (1904). A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans. Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. pp. 10, 18, 21, 23–26. OCLC 2991502.
  82. ^ Stinner, M. "Care Sheet – Ocelot". Phoenix Exotic Wildlife Association. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  83. ^ De Burca, J. (2018). Salvador Dalí at Home. London: White Lion Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7112-3943-2.
  84. ^ a b Woodward, D. (2013). "Salvador Dalí's ocelot". Another Magazine. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  85. ^ "11 surreal facts about Salvador Dalí". The Telegraph. 2014. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  86. ^ McNamee, T. (2013). The Man who Changed the Way we Eat: Craig Claiborne and the American Food Renaissance (First ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-4516-9844-2.
  87. ^ Twomey, B. (2015). "Met opera's Lily Pons leaves pet at Bronx Zoo". Bronx Times-Reporter p. 48.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopardus pardalis.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Leopardus pardalis.
 
Look up ocelot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • "Ocelot". IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group.
  • . CITES. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  • "Leopardus pardalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  • . National Geographic Society. 2010-11-11. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010.
  • "Leopardus ID: ocelot, margay, oncilla". International Society for Endangered Cats (ISEC) Canada. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  • "Ocelot". Buffalo Zoo. Retrieved 24 December 2019.

February 15, 2024
ocelot, other, uses, disambiguation, ocelot, leopardus, pardalis, medium, sized, spotted, wild, that, reaches, shoulders, weighs, between, average, native, southwestern, united, states, mexico, central, south, america, caribbean, islands, trinidad, margarita, . For other uses see Ocelot disambiguation The ocelot Leopardus pardalis is a medium sized spotted wild cat that reaches 40 50 cm 15 7 19 7 in at the shoulders and weighs between 7 and 15 5 kg 15 4 and 34 2 lb on average It is native to the southwestern United States Mexico Central and South America and the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Margarita Carl Linnaeus scientifically described it in 1758 Two subspecies are recognized OcelotAn ocelot in a zoo in BrazilConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraSuborder FeliformiaFamily FelidaeSubfamily FelinaeGenus LeopardusSpecies L pardalisBinomial nameLeopardus pardalis Linnaeus 1758 SubspeciesL p mitis Cuvier 1820 L p pardalis Linnaeus 1758 Distribution of the ocelot 2016 1 Synonyms 2 List Felis aequatorialis Mearns 1903 F albescens Pucheran 1855 F armillatus Cuvier 1820 F brasiliensis Schinz 1844 F buffoni Brass 1911 F canescens Swainson 1838 F chati Gray 1827 F chibi gouazou Gray 1827 F grifithii J B Fischer 1829 F hamiltonii J B Fischer 1829 F limitis Mearns 1902 F ludoviciana Brass 1911 F maracaya Wagner 1841 F maripensis Allen 1904 F mearnsi Allen 1904F melanura Ball 1844 F mexicana Kerr 1792 F mitis Cuvier 1820 F ocelot Link 1795 F pardalis Linnaeus 1758 F pseudopardalis Boitard 1842 F sanctaemartae Allen 1904 F smithii Swainson 1838 Leopardus griseus Gray 1842L pictus Gray 1842The ocelot is efficient at climbing leaping and swimming It prefers areas close to water sources with dense vegetation cover and high prey availability It preys on small terrestrial mammals such as armadillos opossums and lagomorphs It is typically active during twilight and at night and tends to be solitary and territorial Both sexes become sexually mature at around two years of age and can breed throughout the year peak mating season varies geographically After a gestation period of two to three months the female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens They stay with their mother for up to two years after which they leave to establish their own home ranges The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat destruction hunting and traffic accidents While its range is very large various populations are decreasing in many parts of its range The association of the ocelot with humans dates back to the Aztec and Incan civilizations it has occasionally been kept as a pet Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Subspecies 2 2 Phylogeny 3 Characteristics 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Ecology and behavior 5 1 Hunting and diet 5 2 Reproduction and life cycle 6 Threats 7 Conservation 7 1 In Texas 7 2 In captivity 8 In culture 9 References 10 External linksEtymology editThe name ocelot comes from the Nahuatl word ōcelōtl pronounced oːˈseːloːt ɬ which generally refers to the jaguar rather than the ocelot 3 4 5 Another possible origin for the name is the Latin ocellatus having little eyes or marked with eye like spots in reference to the cat s spotted coat 6 Other vernacular names for the ocelot include cunaguaro Venezuela gato onza Argentina gato tigre Panama heitigrikati Suriname jaguatirica maracaja Brazil manigordo Costa Rica Panama and Venezuela mathuntori ocelote onsa pumillo tiger cat Belize tigrecillo Bolivia and tigrillo Colombia Ecuador Guatemala and Peru 2 7 Taxonomy editFelis pardalis was the scientific name proposed for the ocelot by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 8 The genus Leopardus was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1842 for several spotted cat skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum London 9 10 Several ocelot specimens were described in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries including 2 11 Felis mitis by Frederic Cuvier in 1824 was a specimen from Rio de Janeiro Brazil 12 F chibi gouazou by Edward Griffith in 1827 was based on earlier descriptions and illustrations 13 Leopardus griseus by John Edward Gray in 1842 was a spotted cat skin from Central America 9 F pseudopardalis by Pierre Boitard in 1845 was an ocelot kept in the Jardin des plantes 14 F melanura by Robert Ball in 1844 was a specimen from British Guiana 15 F albescens by Jacques Pucheran in 1855 was a specimen from Brownsville Texas 16 F aequatorialis by Edgar Alexander Mearns in 1903 was a skin of an adult female ocelot from Talamanca canton in Costa Rica 17 F maripensis and F sanctaemartae by Joel Asaph Allen in 1904 were skins of two adult female ocelots from Maripa Venezuela and Santa Marta district in Colombia respectively 18 F pardalis pusaea by Oldfield Thomas in 1914 was an ocelot skin and skull from Guayas Province in coastal Ecuador 19 F pardalis nelsoni and F p sonoriensis by Edward Alphonso Goldman in 1925 as subspecies of F pardalis based on specimens from Manzanillo and the Mayo River region respectively in Mexico 20 L pardalis steinbachi by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1941 was a specimen from Buena Vista Ichilo in Bolivia 21 Subspecies edit In 1919 Allen reviewed the specimens described until 1914 placed them into the genus Leopardus and recognized nine subspecies as valid taxa based on the colors and spot patterns of skins 10 In 1941 Pocock reviewed dozens of ocelot skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum and regrouped them to nine different subspecies also based on their colors and spots 22 Later authors recognized 10 subspecies as valid 23 24 11 In 1998 results of a mtDNA control region analysis of ocelot samples indicated that four major ocelot groups exist one each in Central America northwestern South America northeastern South America and southern South America south of the Amazon River 25 A 2010 study of morphological features noted significant differences in the size and color of the Central and South American populations suggesting they could be separate species 26 In 2013 a study of craniometric variation and microsatellite diversity in ocelots throughout the range recognized three subspecies L p albescens from the Texas Mexico border L p pardis from Central America and L p pseudopardalis from South America though L p mitis may comprise the ocelot population in the southern part of South America 27 In 2017 the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group noted that up to four subspecies can be identified but recognized only two as valid taxa These two taxa differ in morphological features and are geographically separated by the Andes 28 L p pardalis has a greyish fur Its range extends from Texas and Arizona to Costa Rica L p mitis has a more yellowish fur and is larger than pardalis It occurs in South America as far south as northern Argentina Phylogeny edit Results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the Leopardus lineage genetically diverged from the Felidae around 8 million years ago mya The ocelot is estimated to have diverged from the margay Leopardus wieldii between 2 41 and 1 01 mya The relationships of the ocelot within the Felidae is considered as follows 29 30 Caracal Serval Leptailurus serval Caracal C caracal African golden cat C aurata Leopardus Ocelot L pardalis Margay L wieldii Andean mountain cat L jacobita Pampas cat L colocolo Geoffroy s cat L geoffroyi Kodkod L guigna Oncilla L tigrinus Lynx Bobcat L rufus Canada lynx L canadensis Eurasian lynx L lynx Iberian lynx L pardinus Puma Cougar P concolor Characteristics edit nbsp The ocelot is not significantly sexually dimorphic varying only slightly in mature maximum weight The ocelot s fur is extensively marked with solid black markings on a creamy tawny yellowish reddish gray or gray background color The spots on the head and limbs are small but markings on the back cheeks and flanks are open or closed bands and stripes A few dark stripes run straight from the back of the neck up to the tip of the tail Its neck and undersides are white and the insides of the legs are marked with a few horizontal streaks Its round ears are marked with a bright white spot 6 Its fur is short about 0 8 cm 0 3 in long on the belly but with about 1 cm 0 4 in long guard hairs on the back 2 The body has a notably strong odor 31 Each ocelot has a unique color pattern which can be used to identify individuals 32 Its eyes are brown but reflect in a golden hue when illuminated 33 It has 28 to 30 teeth with the dental formula 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 It has a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 113 8 34 Only one ocelot is known to possess albinism and the appearance of such a trait in ocelots is likely an indication of deforestation 35 With a head and body length ranging from 55 to 100 cm 21 7 to 39 4 in and a 30 to 45 cm 11 8 to 17 7 in long tail the ocelot is the largest member of the genus Leopardus 6 It typically reaches 40 50 cm 15 7 19 7 in at the shoulder 2 The weight of females ranges between 7 and 12 kg 15 and 26 lb and of males between 8 and 18 kg 17 6 and 39 7 lb 6 36 Its footprint measures nearly 5 cm 5 cm 2 in 2 in 37 The ocelot can be confused with the margay Leopardus wiedii and the oncilla L tigrinus though the ocelot is noticeably larger and heavier with a shorter tail Though all three have rosettes on their coats the ocelot typically has a more blotched pattern the oncilla has dark spots on its underbelly unlike the other two Other differences lie in the facial markings appearance of the tail and fur characteristics 6 38 The ocelot is similar in size to a bobcat Lynx rufus though larger individuals have occasionally been recorded 39 The jaguar is notably larger and heavier and has rosettes instead of spots and stripes 40 Distribution and habitat edit source source source source source source source Two ocelots mother and daughter in a wooded area of the Pantanal wetlands at night they encounter fewer humans on this farm The ocelot ranges from the southwestern United States to northern Argentina up to an elevation of 3 000 m 9 800 ft 1 In the United States it is found in Texas and Arizona and is extirpated from Louisiana and Arkansas 41 Fossils of ocelots were found in Florida specifically in the Reddick Fossil Site 6 42 It inhabits tropical forests thorn forests mangrove swamps and savannas 6 A 2019 study in the Brazilian Amazon showed that it prefers habitats with good availability of prey and water and tends to avoid other predators It favors areas with dense forest cover and water sources far from roads and human settlement avoiding steep slopes and highly elevated areas due to lack of prey 43 44 45 In areas where ocelots coexist with larger predators such as cougars and humans they may tune their active hours to avoid them and seek dense cover to avoid competitors 46 47 It can adapt well to its surroundings as such factors other than the aforementioned are not significant in its choice of habitat 45 It shares a large part of its range with the jaguar jaguarundi margay oncilla and cougar 6 Ecology and behavior edit nbsp Ocelots rest in trees during the day The ocelot is usually solitary and active mainly during twilight and at night Radio collared individuals in the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Peru rested during the day and became active earliest in the late afternoon they moved between 3 2 and 17 hours until dawn and then returned to their dens 48 During the daytime it rests on trees in dens below large trees or other cool sheltered sites on the ground It is agile in climbing and leaping and escapes predators by jumping on trees It is also an efficient swimmer It scent marks its territory by spraying urine The territories of males are 3 5 46 km2 1 4 17 8 sq mi large while those of females cover 0 8 15 km2 0 31 5 79 sq mi Territories of females rarely overlap whereas the territory of a male includes those of two to three females Social interaction between sexes is minimal though a few adults have been observed together even in non mating periods and some juveniles interact with their parents 6 Data from camera trapping studies confirm that several ocelot individuals deposit scat in one or several communal sites called latrines 49 50 51 Ocelots can be aggressive in defending their territory fighting even to death 52 The population density of ocelots has been observed to be high in areas with high rainfall but tends to decrease with increasing latitude highest densities have been recorded in the tropics 53 In 2014 the ocelot population density in Barro Colorado Island was estimated to be 1 59 1 74 km2 4 1 4 5 sq mi greater than 0 984 km2 2 55 sq mi recorded in northwestern Amazon in Peru in 2010 which was the densest ocelot population recorded thus far 54 55 Potential predators of the ocelot in Texas include the cougar coyote and American alligator while ocelot kittens are vulnerable to raptors such as the great horned owl as well as feral dogs feral pigs and snakes 56 Studies have found that adult ocelots are vulnerable to predation by both cougars and jaguars with decreasing water sources in Guatemala causing predatory encounters with the latter 57 58 Hunting and diet edit nbsp An ocelot hunting at nightOcelots have been observed to follow scent trails in search for prey walking at a speed of about 0 3 km h 0 2 mph 48 Alternatively an ocelot may wait for prey for 30 to 60 minutes at a certain site and move to another walking at 0 8 1 4 km h 0 5 0 9 mph if unsuccessful An ocelot typically prefers hunting in areas with vegetation cover avoiding open areas especially on moonlit nights so as not to be seen by the prey As a carnivore it preys on small terrestrial mammals such as rodents lagomorphs armadillos opossums also fish crustaceans insects reptiles and birds It usually feeds on the kill immediately but removes bird feathers before It typically preys on animals that weigh less than 1 kg 2 2 lb but rarely targets large ungulates such as deer sheep and peccaries as well as anteaters New World monkeys and iguanas It requires 600 800 g 21 28 oz of food every day to satisfy its energy requirements 6 Primates prevail in the diet of ocelots in southeastern Brazil 59 and iguanas in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico 60 The composition of the diet varies by season in Venezuela ocelots were found to prefer iguanas and rodents in the dry season and then switch to land crabs in the wet season 61 In southeastern Brazil ocelots have a similar prey preference as margays and oncillas The oncillas focus on tree living marsupials and birds while the margays are not as selective 62 Reproduction and life cycle edit nbsp An ocelot kittenBoth male and female ocelots produce a long range yowl in the mating season and a short range meow 63 Ocelots can mate any time during the year The peak mating season varies geographically in Argentina and Paraguay peaks have been observed in autumn in Mexico and Texas in autumn and winter Estrus lasts four to five days and recurs every 25 days in a non pregnant female 36 A study in southern Brazil showed that sperm production in ocelots margays and oncillas peaks in summer 64 When mating captive ocelots spend more time together scent mark extensively and eat less 2 Breeding ocelots in captivity is often difficult 65 The female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens after a gestation period of two to three months Dens are usually located in dense vegetation A newborn kitten weighs 200 340 g 7 1 12 0 oz 6 36 The kitten is born with spots and stripes though on a gray background the color changes to golden as the ocelot grows older 31 A study in southern Texas revealed that a mother keeps a litter in a den for 13 to 64 days and shifts the young to two or three dens 66 The kitten s eyes open 15 to 18 days after birth Kittens begin to leave the den at the age of three months They remain with their mother for up to two years and then start dispersing and establishing their own territory In comparison to other felids ocelots have a relatively longer duration between births and a narrow litter size Captive ocelots live for up to 20 years 6 Threats edit nbsp Ocelot skinThroughout its range the ocelot is threatened by loss and fragmentation of habitat 1 In Texas the fertile land that supports dense cover and constitutes the optimum habitat for the ocelot is being lost to agriculture The habitat is often fragmented into small pockets that cannot support ocelots well leading to deaths due to starvation Traffic accidents have emerged as a major threat over the years as ocelots try to expand beyond their natural habitat to new areas and get hit by vehicles 67 In the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Argentina it is affected by logging and poaching of prey species 68 The fur trade was a flourishing business in the 1960s and the 1970s that resulted in severe exploitation of felids such as the ocelot and the jaguar 69 In the 1960s ocelot skins were among the most highly preferred in the US reaching an all time high of 140 000 skins traded in 1970 70 This was followed by prohibitions on commercial trade of spotted cat skins in several range states such as Brazil and the US causing ocelot skins in trade to plummet 69 In 1986 the European Economic Community banned import of ocelot skins and in 1989 the ocelot was included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora However hunting of ocelots for skins has continued and is still a major threat to ocelot survival 6 Another threat has been the international pet trade this typically involves capturing ocelot kittens by killing their mothers these cats are then sold to tourists Though it is banned in several countries pet trade survives in some areas of Central and South America ocelots are still sold in a few local markets 71 Conservation editThe ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution in the Americas Ocelot hunting is banned in Argentina Brazil Bolivia Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Suriname Trinidad and Tobago the United States Uruguay and Venezuela hunting is regulated in Peru As of 2013 the global population was estimated at more than 40 000 mature individuals 1 Ocelot populations were stable in some Amazon basin areas as of 2013 72 As of 2012 the ocelot population in Argentina s subtropical regions was estimated to consist of 1 500 to 8 000 mature individuals 73 It has been recorded in oil palm landscapes and big cattle ranches in the Colombian Llanos and inter Andean valleys 74 In Texas edit In Texas and northeastern Mexico ocelot populations have reduced drastically as of 2014 the population in Texas is estimated to be 50 80 individuals The reduced numbers have led to increased inbreeding and low genetic diversity 1 75 Despite this the US Fish and Wildlife Service failed to acknowledge the ocelot population in Texas as a distinct population segment worthy of listing as endangered 76 The US Fish and Wildlife Service the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and The Nature Conservancy are among agencies actively involved in ocelot conservation efforts such as the protection and regeneration of vegetation in the Rio Grande Valley 67 6 Much of the reintroduction effort is taking place on private lands 77 NatureServe considers the ocelot Apparently Secure globally but Critically Imperiled in both Texas and Arizona 78 In captivity edit The American Zoo and Aquarium Association established a Species Survival Plan for the ocelot populations in Brazil In 2006 the captive population in North American zoos consisted of 16 ocelots representing six founders and their offspring Some litters were produced using artificial insemination 79 The Emperor Valley Zoo in Trinidad keeps foremost confiscated and trapped ocelots 80 In culture edit nbsp Moche ceramic bottle in the shape of an ocelot Musee d ethnographie de Geneve Switzerland Ocelots have been associated with humans since the time of the Aztec and Incan civilizations who depicted ocelots in their art and mythology Representations of ocelots appear in every artistic medium from Moche ceramics to murals architectural details and landscape features Ocelot bones were made into thin pointed instruments to pierce ears and limbs for ritual bloodletting Several figurines depicting ocelots and similar felids are known In her 1904 work A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans archaeologist Zelia Nuttall described a statue depicting an ocelot or another felid excavated in Mexico City and its relation to the Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca She argued that the sculpture depicted an ocelot writing 81 According to the well known myth Tezcatlipoca when cast down from heaven by Quetzalcoatl fell into the water where he transformed himself into an ocelot and arose to kill certain giants nbsp Salvador Dali with his pet ocelot BabouMoreover she described a photograph of a seated person to corroborate her claim 81 At the back of his head above his left hand the head of an ocelot is visible whose skin hangs behind his back the tail ending below his knee Besides this the personage wears leggings made of the spotted ocelot skin and a rattlesnake girdle from which hang two conventionalized hearts It is interesting to find that in a note written beneath its photograph the late Senor Islas de Bustamante independently identified the above figure as a representation of Ocelotl Tezcatlipoca or Tlatoca ocelot lit the Lord Ocelot and described as wearing the beard of the mask of Tezcatlipoca Like many other felids occasionally ocelots are kept as pets They might demand a lot of attention from their owners and have a tendency to chew on or suck on objects such as fabric and the fingers of their owners this can lead them to accidentally ingest objects such as tennis balls Agile and playful pet ocelots can be troublesome to keep due to their habit of leaping around and potentially damaging objects ocelots may unintentionally injure their owners with bites Nevertheless carefully raised ocelots can be highly affectionate 82 Painter Salvador Dali kept a pet ocelot named Babou that was seen with him at many places he visited including a voyage aboard SS France When one of the diners at a New York restaurant was alarmed by his ocelot Dali told her that it was a common domestic cat that he had painted over in an op art design 83 84 85 86 Opera singer Lily Pons and musician Gram Parsons are also known to have kept ocelots 84 87 References edit a b c d e f g Paviolo A Crawshaw P Caso A de Oliveira T Lopez Gonzalez C A Kelly M De Angelo C amp Payan E 2016 errata version of 2015 assessment Leopardus pardalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T11509A97212355 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T11509A50653476 en Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d e f g Murray J L amp Gardner G L 1997 Leopardus pardalis PDF Mammalian Species 548 1 10 doi 10 2307 3504082 JSTOR 3504082 ocelot n Oxford English Dictionary 2004 Karttunen F 1983 An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl Austin Texas University of Texas Press p 176 Lockhart J 2001 Nahuatl as Written Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl with Copious Examples and Texts Stanford California Stanford University Press p 228 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sunquist M Sunquist F 2002 Ocelot Leopardus pardalis Linnaeus 1758 Wild Cats of the World Chicago US University of Chicago Press pp 120 129 ISBN 978 0 226 77999 7 Ojasti J 1996 Wildlife Utilization in Latin America Current Situation and Prospects for Sustainable Management Rome Food and Agriculture Organization pp 82 84 ISBN 978 92 5 103316 6 Linnaeus C 1758 Felis pardalis Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis Vol Tomus I 10th ed Holmiae Laurentius Salvius p 42 a b Gray J E 1842 Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10 65 255 267 doi 10 1080 03745484209445232 a b Allen J A 1919 Notes on the synonymy and nomenclature of the smaller spotted cats of tropical America PDF Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 41 7 345 a b Wozencraft W C 2005 Species Leopardus pardalis In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press p 539 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Cuvier F G 1824 Le chati femelle The female cat In Geoffroy St Hilaire E Cuvier F G eds Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes Avec des Figures Originales Coloriees Dessinees d apresdes Animaux Vivans Natural History of Mammals With Original Figures Colored Drawn after Living Animals in French Vol 1 Paris Chez A Belin pp Pl 54 1 3 Griffith E 1827 Middle sized cats with tail rather long and generally with spots and stripes The Animal Kingdom arranged in Conformity with its Organization Vol 5 London Geo B Whittaker pp 167 173 Boitard P 1845 Les chats The cats Le Jardin des Plantes Description et Moeurs des Mammiferes de la Menagerie et du Museum d Histoire Naturelle Garden Plants Description and Customs of the Mammals of the Menagerie and the Natural History Museum in French Paris J J Dubochet pp 234 269 Ball R 1844 Description of the Felis melanura Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 12 128 129 Pucheran J 1855 Description du chat bai et du chat albescent et remarques sur les caracteres et sur la distribution geographique de plusieurs autre chats Description of bay cat and albescent cat and remarks on the characters and the geographic distribution of several other cats In Geoffroy St Hilaire I ed Voyage autour du Monde sur la Fregate la Venus commandee par Abel du Petit Thouars Zoologie Mammiferes Travel around the World on the Frigate Venus commanded by Abel du Petit Thouars Zoology Mammals in French Paris G amp J Baudry pp 137 155 Mearns A 1903 The ocelot cats Proceedings of the United States National Museum 25 1286 237 249 doi 10 5479 si 00963801 1286 237 Allen J A 1904 New mammals from Venezuela and Colombia PDF Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History XX 28 327 335 Thomas O 1914 On various South American mammals Annals and Magazine of Natural History Zoology Botany and Geology 8th 13 75 345 363 doi 10 1080 00222931408693492 Goldman E A 1925 Two new ocelots from Mexico Journal of Mammalogy 6 2 122 124 doi 10 2307 1373387 JSTOR 1373387 Pocock R I 1941 Some new geographical races of Leopardus commonly known as ocelots and margays Annals and Magazine of Natural History Zoology Botany and Geology 11th 8 45 234 239 doi 10 1080 03745481 1941 9727966 Pocock R I 1941 The Races of the Ocelot and the Margay In Field S ed Papers on mammalogy published in honor of Wilfred Hudson Osgood Vol 27 Chicago Field Museum of Natural History pp 319 369 Goldman E A 1943 The races of the Ocelot and Margay in Middle America PDF Journal of Mammalogy 24 3 372 385 doi 10 2307 1374838 JSTOR 1374838 Cabrera A 1957 Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales Vol Ciencias Zoologicas 4 Buenos Aires Casa Editora Coni Eizirik E Bonatto S L Johnson W E Crawshaw Jr P G Vie J C Brousset D M O Brien S J amp Salzano F M 1998 Phylogeographic patterns and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in two neotropical cats Mammalia Felidae Journal of Molecular Evolution 47 5 613 624 Bibcode 1998JMolE 47 613E doi 10 1007 PL00006418 PMID 9797412 S2CID 19865180 Nascimento F O do 2010 Revisao taxonomica genero doLeopardusGray 1842 Taxonomic revision of genusLeopardusGray 1842 PDF PhD Thesis in Portuguese Sao Paulo University of Sao Paulo doi 10 11606 T 41 2010 tde 09122010 104050 Ruiz Garcia M Corrales C amp Pineda Castro M 2013 Craniometric and microsatellite genetic differentiation among putative ocelot subspecies Leopardus pardalis In Ruiz Garcia M amp Shostell J M eds Molecular Population Genetics Evolutionary Biology and Biological Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores New York Nova Publishers pp 289 332 ISBN 978 1 62417 071 3 Kitchener A C Breitenmoser Wursten C Eizirik E Gentry A Werdelin L Wilting A Yamaguchi N Abramov A V Christiansen P Driscoll C Duckworth J W Johnson W Luo S J Meijaard E O Donoghue P Sanderson J Seymour K Bruford M Groves C Hoffmann M Nowell K Timmons Z amp Tobe S 2017 A revised taxonomy of the Felidae The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group PDF Cat News Special Issue 11 47 48 Johnson W E Eizirik E Pecon Slattery J Murphy W J Antunes A Teeling E amp O Brien S J 2006 The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae A genetic assessment PDF Science 311 5757 73 77 Bibcode 2006Sci 311 73J doi 10 1126 science 1122277 PMID 16400146 S2CID 41672825 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 02 08 Werdelin L Yamaguchi N Johnson W E amp O Brien S J 2010 Phylogeny and evolution of cats Felidae In Macdonald D W amp Loveridge A J eds Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids Oxford UK Oxford University Press pp 59 82 ISBN 978 0 19 923445 5 a b Ocelot Caldwell Zoo Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 24 December 2019 Camarena Ibarrola A Figueroa K Tejeda H amp Valero L 2019 Ocelot identification through spots Multimedia Tools and Applications 78 18 26239 26262 doi 10 1007 s11042 019 07837 1 S2CID 174803096 Cisin C 1967 Especially Ocelots Amagansett New York Harry G Cisin Christiansen P amp Wroe S 2007 Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores Ecology 88 2 347 358 doi 10 1890 0012 9658 2007 88 347 bfaeat 2 0 co 2 PMID 17479753 Reynoso Lucas 2022 12 27 The world s first known albino ocelot worries scientists EL PAIS English Edition Retrieved 2023 01 02 a b c Nowak R M 1999 Felis pardalis Ocelot Walker s Mammals of the World Sixth ed Baltimore US Johns Hopkins University Press pp 816 817 ISBN 978 0 8018 5789 8 Murie O J 1998 Ocelot A Field Guide to Animal Tracks Second ed New York Houghton Mifflin Co p 123 ISBN 978 0 395 91094 8 Bowers N Bowers R amp Kaufman K 2007 Ocelot Leopardus pardalis Kaufman Field Guide to Mammals of North America New York Houghton Mifflin Co p 140 ISBN 978 0 618 95188 8 Moreno R S Kays R W amp Samudio R 2006 Competitive release in diets of ocelot Leopardus pardalis and puma Puma concolor after jaguar Panthera onca decline PDF Journal of Mammalogy 87 4 808 816 doi 10 1644 05 MAMM A 360R2 1 S2CID 37859321 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 03 04 Burt W H 1976 Ocelot Felis pardalis A Field Guide to the Mammals North America North of Mexico Third ed Boston US Houghton Mifflin Co pp 78 79 ISBN 978 0 395 91098 6 Kitchener A 1991 The natural history of the wild cats Comstock Publishing Associates Cornell Univ Press Ithaca xxi 280 pp Ray C E Olsen S J Gut H J 1963 Three Mammals New to the Pleistocene Fauna of Florida and a Reconsideration of Five Earlier Records Journal of Mammalogy 44 3 373 doi 10 2307 1377207 JSTOR 1377207 Ahumada J A Hurtado J Lizcano D amp Somers M 2013 Monitoring the status and trends of tropical forest terrestrial vertebrate communities from camera trap data a tool for conservation PLOS ONE 8 9 e73707 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 873707A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0073707 PMC 3762718 PMID 24023898 Di Bitetti M S Albanesi S A Foguet M J De Angelo C amp Brown A D 2013 The effect of anthropic pressures and elevation on the large and medium sized terrestrial mammals of the subtropical mountain forests Yungas of NW Argentina Mammalian Biology 78 1 21 27 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2012 08 006 hdl 11336 76420 S2CID 56466844 a b Wang B Rocha D G Abrahams M I Antunes A P Costa H C M Goncalves A L S Spironello W R Paula M J Peres C A Pezzuti J Ramalho E Reis M L Carvalho Jr E Rohe F Macdonald D W amp Tan C K W 2019 Habitat use of the ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Brazilian Amazon Ecology and Evolution 9 9 5049 5062 doi 10 1002 ece3 5005 PMC 6509378 PMID 31110661 de Oliveira T G Tortato M A Silveira L Kasper C B Mazim F D Lucherini M amp Sunquist M E 2010 Ocelot ecology and its effect on the small felid guild in the lowland neotropics PDF In Macdonald D amp Loveridge A eds Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids New York Oxford University Press pp 559 580 ISBN 978 0 19 923445 5 permanent dead link Massara R L de Oliveira Paschoal A M Bailey L L Doherty P F de Frias Barreto M amp Chiarello A G 2018 Effect of humans and pumas on the temporal activity of ocelots in protected areas of Atlantic Forest Mammalian Biology 92 86 93 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2018 04 009 S2CID 90429470 a b Emmons L H 1988 A field study of ocelots Felis pardalis in Peru PDF Revue d Ecologie 43 2 133 157 doi 10 3406 revec 1988 5418 S2CID 131657310 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 08 28 Retrieved 2016 06 08 Moreno R amp Giacalone J 2006 Ecological data obtained from latrine use by ocelots Leopardus pardalis on Barro Colorado Island Panama Tecnociencia in Spanish 8 7 21 Rodgers T W Giacalone J Heske E J Pawlikowski N C amp Schooley R L 2015 Communal latrines act as potentially important communication centers in ocelots Leopardus pardalis Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 80 5 380 384 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2015 05 004 King T W Salom Perez R Shipley L A Quigley H B amp Thornton D H 2016 Ocelot latrines communication centers for Neotropical mammals Journal of Mammalogy 98 1 106 113 doi 10 1093 jmammal gyw174 Thompson C L 2011 Intraspecific killing of a male ocelot Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 76 3 377 379 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2010 10 011 Di Bitetti M S Paviolo A De Angelo C D amp Di Blanco Y E 2008 Local and continental correlates of the abundance of a neotropical cat the ocelot Leopardus pardalis Journal of Tropical Ecology 24 2 189 200 doi 10 1017 S0266467408004847 hdl 11336 61267 S2CID 85576074 Rodgers T W Giacalone J Heske E J Janecka J E Phillips C A amp Schooley R L 2014 Comparison of noninvasive genetics and camera trapping for estimating population density of ocelots Leopardus pardalis on Barro Colorado Island Panama Tropical Conservation Science 7 4 690 705 doi 10 1177 194008291400700408 Kolowski J M amp Alonso A 2010 Density and activity patterns of ocelots Leopardus pardalis in northern Peru and the impact of oil exploration activities Biological Conservation 143 4 917 925 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2009 12 039 Harwell G 1990 Status of the Texas ocelot Listed cats of Texas and Arizona Recovery plan with emphasis on the ocelot Report US Fish and Wildlife Service pp 10 22 De Oliveira T G amp Pereira J A 2014 Intraguild predation and interspecific killing as structuring forces of carnivoran communities in South America Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21 4 427 436 doi 10 1007 s10914 013 9251 4 hdl 11336 19188 S2CID 17966102 Perera Romero L Garcia Anleu R McNab R B amp Thornton D H 2021 When waterholes get busy rare interactions thrive Photographic evidence of a jaguar Panthera onca killing an ocelot Leopardus pardalis Biotropica 53 2 367 371 doi 10 1111 btp 12916 S2CID 233820576 Bianchi R C amp Mendes S L 2007 Ocelot Leopardus pardalis predation on primates in Caratinga Biological Station southeast Brazil American Journal of Primatology 69 10 1173 1178 doi 10 1002 ajp 20415 PMID 17330310 S2CID 21305103 Meza A V Meyer E M amp Gonzalez C A L 2002 Ocelot Leopardus pardalis food habits in a tropical deciduous forest of Jalisco Mexico The American Midland Naturalist 148 1 146 154 doi 10 1674 0003 0031 2002 148 0146 OLPFHI 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 198158053 Ludlow M E amp Sunquist M 1987 Ecology and behavior of ocelots in Venezuela National Geographic Research 3 4 447 461 Wang E 2002 Diets of ocelots Leopardus pardalis margays L wiedii and oncillas L tigrinus in the Atlantic rainforest in southeast Brazil Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37 3 207 212 doi 10 1076 snfe 37 3 207 8564 S2CID 83976479 Peters G 1984 On the structure of friendly close range vocalizations in terrestrial carnivores Mammalia Carnivora Fissipedia Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 49 3 157 182 Morais R N Mucciolo R G Gomes M L F Lacerda O Moraes W Moreira N Graham L H Swanson W F Brown J L 2002 Seasonal analysis of semen characteristics serum testosterone and fecal androgens in the ocelot Leopardus pardalis margay L wiedii and tigrina L tigrinus Theriogenology 57 8 2027 2041 doi 10 1016 S0093 691X 02 00707 0 PMID 12066863 Zoo celebrates its first ever ocelot birth City of Albuquerque 26 November 2019 Retrieved 24 December 2019 Laack L L Tewes M E Haines A M Rappole J H 2005 Reproductive life history of ocelots Leopardus pardalis in southern Texas Acta Theriologica 50 4 505 514 doi 10 1007 BF03192643 S2CID 1193321 a b Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Wildlife Diversity Branch n d Ocelot PDF Report Austin Texas Texas Parks and Wildlife Department pp 1 3 Di Bitetti M S De Angelo C D Di Blanco Y E amp Paviolo A 2010 Niche partitioning and species coexistence in a Neotropical felid assemblage PDF Acta Oecologica 36 4 403 412 Bibcode 2010AcO 36 403D doi 10 1016 j actao 2010 04 001 dead link a b Loveridge A J Wang S W Frank L G amp Seidensticker J 2010 People and wild felids conservation of cats and management of conflicts PDF In Macdonald D W amp Loveridge A J eds Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids Oxford UK Oxford University Press pp 161 190 ISBN 978 0 19 923445 5 McMahan L R 1986 The international cat trade In Miller S D Everett D D eds Cats of the World Biology Conservation and Management Washington D C National Wildlife Federation pp 461 488 ISBN 978 0 912186 78 8 Graham K 2017 International Intent and Domestic Application of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES The Case of the Ocelot Leopardus pardalis Journal of International Wildlife Law amp Policy 20 3 4 253 294 doi 10 1080 13880292 2017 1403797 S2CID 89746431 de Oliveira T G de Almeida L B amp de Campos C B 2013 Avaliacao do risco de extincao da jaguatirica Leopardus pardalis no Brasil Assessment of the risk of extinction of ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Brazil Biodiversidade Brasileira in Portuguese 3 1 66 75 Aprile G Cuyckens E De Angelo C Di Bitetti M Lucherini M Muzzachiodi N Palacios R Paviolo A Quiroga V amp Soler L 2012 Family Felidae In R A Ojeda V Chillo amp Vand G B Diaz Isenrath eds Libro Rojo de los Mamiferos Amenazados de la Argentina Red Book of Threatened Mammals of Argentina in Portuguese Mendoza Argentina SAREM Boron V amp Payan E 2013 Abundancia de carnivoros en el agropaisaje de las plantaciones de palma de aceite del valle medio del rio Magdalena Colombia undance of carnivores in the agro landscape of oil palm plantations in the middle valley of the Magdalena River Colombia In Castano Uribe C Gonzalez Maya J F Ange C Zarrate Charry D Vela Vargas M eds Plan de Conservacion de Felinos del Caribe Colombiano 2007 2012 Los Felinos y su Papel en la Planificacion Regional Integral basada en Especies Clave Conservation Plan for Felines of the Colombian Caribbean 2007 2012 Felines and their Role in Comprehensive Regional Planning based on Key Species in Portuguese Santa Marta Fundacion Herencia Ambiental Caribe ProCAT Colombia The Sierra to Sea Institute pp 165 176 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Janecka J E Tewes M E Laack L Caso A Grassman L I Honeycutt R L amp Castresana J 2014 Loss of genetic diversity among ocelots in the United States during the 20th century linked to human induced population reductions PLOS ONE 9 2 e89384 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 989384J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0089384 PMC 3935880 PMID 24586737 U S Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS 2022 90 Day Findings for Three Species Notification of petition findings and initiation of status reviews Federal Register 87 26 7079 7083 Accessed at https www federalregister gov documents 2022 02 08 2022 02545 endangered and threatened wildlife and plants 90 day findings for three species on 05 May 2022 Erik Iverson 21 November 2023 Texas ocelot breeding and reintroduction may offer new route to recovery Mongabay Retrieved 23 November 2023 Leopardus pardalis explorer natureserve org NatureServe Retrieved 27 October 2022 Swanson W F 2006 Application of assisted reproduction for population management in felids the potential and reality for conservation of small cats PDF Theriogenology 66 1 49 58 doi 10 1016 j theriogenology 2006 03 024 PMID 16650889 S2CID 46306166 Archived from the original PDF on 2022 10 04 Retrieved 2020 01 14 Khan K Mohammed R 2015 Captive Ocelots at Trinidad s Emperor Valley Zoo Retrospective and Suggested Management Living World Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists Club 52 56 Archived from the original on 2020 01 14 Retrieved 2020 01 14 a b Nuttall Z 1904 A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum Cambridge Massachusetts Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology pp 10 18 21 23 26 OCLC 2991502 Stinner M Care Sheet Ocelot Phoenix Exotic Wildlife Association Retrieved 24 December 2019 De Burca J 2018 Salvador Dali at Home London White Lion Publishing p 113 ISBN 978 0 7112 3943 2 a b Woodward D 2013 Salvador Dali s ocelot Another Magazine Retrieved 20 December 2019 11 surreal facts about Salvador Dali The Telegraph 2014 Archived from the original on 2022 01 11 Retrieved 20 December 2019 McNamee T 2013 The Man who Changed the Way we Eat Craig Claiborne and the American Food Renaissance First ed New York Simon amp Schuster p 142 ISBN 978 1 4516 9844 2 Twomey B 2015 Met opera s Lily Pons leaves pet at Bronx Zoo Bronx Times Reporter p 48 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopardus pardalis nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Leopardus pardalis nbsp Look up ocelot in Wiktionary the free dictionary Ocelot IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group Leopardus pardalis CITES Archived from the original on 2019 12 15 Retrieved 2019 12 15 Leopardus pardalis Integrated Taxonomic Information System Ocelot National Geographic Society 2010 11 11 Archived from the original on January 15 2010 Leopardus ID ocelot margay oncilla International Society for Endangered Cats ISEC Canada 30 June 2013 Retrieved 24 December 2019 Ocelot Buffalo Zoo Retrieved 24 December 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ocelot amp oldid 1205435640, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.