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April 1965

December 18, 2023

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The following events occurred in April 1965:

April 9, 1965: First domed stadium opens to the public
April 30, 1965: U.S. invades Dominican Republic
April 3, 1965: U.S. puts a nuclear reactor in orbit

April 1, 1965 (Thursday) edit

April 2, 1965 (Friday) edit

  • Prime Minister Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China met with Pakistan's President, Mohammed Ayub Khan, and presented a four-point statement on the Vietnam War to forward to U.S. President Johnson, in that the U.S. and Communist China had no diplomatic relations. Via Khan, Zhou informed Johnson that his nation would not provoke a war with the United States, but an American ground invasion of North Vietnam would risk war with China. Zhou added that China was ready to provide aid to "any country opposing U.S. aggression"; and that China was prepared to use nuclear weapons to defend its territory.[6] "Once the war breaks out," the statement concluded, "it will have no boundaries."[7]
  • A musical adaptation of the John Reed book Ten Days That Shook the World, presented by Soviet theatrical producer Yuri Lyubimov, was performed for the first time, at the Taganka Theatre in Moscow. Loosely based on the events of the 1917 Revolution, Desyat' dnei, kotorye potryasli mir was billed as "a popular performance in two parts with mime, circus, buffoonery and shootings".[8]
  • The annual private conference of the Bilderberg Group, composed of top bankers and politicians from North America and Europe, began at Villa d'Este, Italy.[9] Because of the secrecy of the proceedings and the importance of the participants, critics of the Group suspect it of promoting a world government.[10] The topics of the 1965 discussions were "Monetary cooperation in the Western world" and "The state of the Atlantic Alliance".[11]
  • Morocco won the five-nation African basketball championship tournament, authorized by FIBA, the Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur. Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Senegal, and Libya played at Tunis in a round robin format, with Morocco beating those teams, respectively, 70–57, 83–39, 59-44 and 79–45.[12]
  • Born: Rodney King, American taxi driver and central figure in the 1992 Los Angeles riots; in Sacramento, California (d. 2012)
  • Died: Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji, 52, Indian monarch and politician, last Maharaja of the Bhavnagar State and first Governor of Madras State (now Tamil Nadu)

April 3, 1965 (Saturday) edit

  • The first jet-to-jet combat of the Vietnam War took place[13] when four U.S. Navy F-8E Crusaders from the USS Hancock carried out a mission against the Thanh Hóa Bridge, and were engaged by eight MiG-17 fighters from the 921st Sao Do Regiment of the North Vietnamese Air Force. One of the F-8Es, piloted by Lieutenant Commander Spence Thomas, was set on fire by cannons fired from a MiG-17 piloted by NVAF Captain Pham Ngoc Lan, but Thomas was able to land safely at Da Nang.[14] Ngoc Lan ran out of fuel and survived a crash landing.[15] In future years, April 3 would be a Vietnamese public holiday commemorated as "Air Force Day".[16]
  • The longest session of parliament in Canada's history ended at 3:00 in the morning in Ottawa, after holding its 249th and final sitting day since opening on February 18, 1964. Only 50 of the 265 members of the House of Commons, and just 30 Senators, remained at the close, with plans to open a new session on Monday.[17]
  • SNAP-10A, the first nuclear reactor launched into space, and the only one ever sent by the United States,[18] was sent aloft from Vandenberg AFB, California, and placed into an orbit 815 miles (1,312 km) above the Earth. "SNAP" was an acronym for Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power. The cesium-fueled ion engine would be shut down after 43 days[19] "to permit the radioactive material in the reactor to decay to safe levels... before the spacecraft reenters the atmosphere", according to a spokesman, which was not expected to happen for 3,000 years.[20]
  • Born: Nazia Hassan, Pakistani singer-songwriter known as the "Queen of Pop of South Asia"; in Karachi (died of lung cancer, 2000)
  • Died: Ray Enright, 69, American director of 73 films between 1927 and 1953

April 4, 1965 (Sunday) edit

  • During a U.S. Air Force strike on the Thanh Hóa Bridge, Vietnam People's Air Force MiG-17 fighters attacked a formation of U.S. Air Force F-105 Thunderchief strike aircraft, shooting down two F-105s.[21] Captain James Magnusson and Major Frank Bennett were both killed when their jets, the first aircraft lost in air-to-air combat by either side during the Vietnam War, were downed.[22][23]
  • The coronation of Palden Thondup Namgyal as the King of Sikkim took place at a Buddhist chapel in Gangtok, the capital of the protectorate of India, as Sikkim's 170,000 citizens were permitted to watch on a special television circuit. Palden, who had succeeded upon the death of his father, Tashi Namgyal, on December 2, 1963, was crowned Chogyal and his wife, the former Miss Hope Cooke of San Francisco, wore the crown of the gyalmo (Queen consort).[24] The monarchy would be abolished almost ten years to the day afterward, on April 10, 1975, and Sikkim would become the 23rd state of India.
  • Born:

April 5, 1965 (Monday) edit

April 6, 1965 (Tuesday) edit

  • Early Bird, a communications satellite, was launched as the first offering of the private Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium, initially a group of 11 member nations).[31][32] "This launch marks the beginning of the global village linked instantaneously by commercial communications satellites", an author would note later.[33] Early Bird would be moved to a stationary geosynchronous orbit, 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Atlantic Ocean, on May 2. With 240 available circuits, the satellite could "relay signals in either direction between Europe and the United States virtually on a twenty-four-hour basis";[34] a satellite TV broadcast would reduce the available capacity for long-distance telephone and telegraph links by 75 percent.
  • The United Kingdom enacted its first capital gains tax, a tax upon the profit realized from the sale of assets based on the sale price, minus the BDV (the "Budget Day Value" being the value of the property on April 6, 1965); the law initially applied to real estate and buildings.[35][36]
  • The British government publicly announced cancellation of the BAC TSR-2 nuclear bomber aircraft project.[37][38]
  • Born:

April 7, 1965 (Wednesday) edit

  • In the 1965 parliamentary election for 144 seats in the Dáil Éireann, the first to be covered on television, the ruling Fianna Fáil party obtained an additional two legislators, giving it a majority of exactly one-half, with 72 seats.[39]
  • Australia's Prime Minister Robert Menzies decided to commit 800 Army troops from the 1st Battalion to the Vietnam War, despite not consulting with the full cabinet. Menzies would not announce the decision in Parliament until April 29, a day after the media broke the story.[40]
  • U.S. President Lyndon Johnson delivered the "Peace Without Conquest" speech at Johns Hopkins University, explaining the reasons for the escalation of the American involvement in the Vietnam War. An author would note later that, "While the speech at Johns Hopkins provided short-term gains, it proved counterproductive in the long run, for it began the erosion of Johnson's credibility, which eventually derailed his presidency."[41] Johnson offered "unconditional discussions" with North Vietnam for peace, emphasizing that there was the condition of keeping South Vietnam independent and non-Communist. He also pledged a one billion dollar investment, the Lower Mekong Basin Project, comparing the endeavor to the Tennessee Valley Authority development.[42][43]
  • Canada's Prime Minister Lester Pearson and his Liberal Party government won a vote of no confidence brought by the New Democratic Party. The measure failed, 84–129, when 24 members of other parties joined the 105 Liberals voting against the motion.[44]
  • Born: Bill Bellamy, American comedian; in Newark, New Jersey

April 8, 1965 (Thursday) edit

  • A plot to overthrow the leaders of Bulgaria was foiled by the arrest of the commander of the Bulgarian Army garrison in Sofia. Major General Tsvyatko Anev. Ivan Todorov-Gorunia, a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party Central Committee and the leader of the nine-man conspiracy, committed suicide before he could be caught. The plan, co-ordinated by a group of party officials and military leaders, was to force the overthrow of Secretary General Todor Zhivkov and his allies at the April 14 Central Committee meeting. Ultimately, more than 250 military officers were dismissed and 192 members of the Party were imprisoned.[45][46]
  • The Merger Treaty (or "Brussels Treaty"),[47] a European treaty which combined the executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC) into a single institutional structure, was signed in Brussels.[48] It would enter into force on July 1, 1967, after being ratified by the six member nations.[49]
  • China's President Liu Shaoqi hosted North Vietnam's Le Duan in Beijing, and made a commitment for military and economic aid to Hanoi, including the supply of Chinese pilots to provide defense against U.S. bombing.[50]
  • At the United Nations General Assembly in New York, North Vietnam's Prime Minister Pham Van Dong delivered his nation's "Four Points" plan for ending the Vietnam War, as drafted by a team of foreign relations officials under his leadership and that of President Ho Chi Minh, Communist Party First Secretary Le Duan, and Foreign Minister Nguyen Duy Trinh.[51] The North Vietnamese demands were unacceptable to the United States and South Vietnam, primarily because they were based on the Viet Cong provisions for "the peaceful reunification of Vietnam without foreign intervention"[52]
  • A mutiny by 20 young officers ousted Admiral Chung Tấn Cang as commander of the South Vietnamese Navy in an action "that evidently had the government's blessing". The military junta governing South Vietnam did not order a response, and one U.S. official commented that Cang, an associate of recently ousted President Nguyen Khanh, "has been a thorn in our side", because of his lack of cooperation in moving military supplies.[53]
  • Two U.S. Navy F-4B Phantom fighters flew into Chinese airspace and were tracked by radar flying over the Yulin Naval Base on Hainan Island, but departed before the Chinese military could respond to an alert.[54][55]
  • India and Pakistan clashed at the border between their two nations around the disputed Rann of Kutch, with Pakistani troops attacking police posts in the western Indian state of Gujarat, and Indian troops striking at guard posts in the southeastern Pakistani province of Sindh.[56]
  • The Soviet Union and Poland renewed the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance" that they had signed on April 21, 1945.[57]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted 313–115 to approve the Medicare program, and sent the bill on to the U.S. Senate.[58] The vote came after only one day of debate.[59] With 513 amendments, the bill would pass the U.S. Senate, 70–24, on July 28, and be signed into law on July 30.[60]
  • Died:

April 9, 1965 (Friday) edit

  • West Germany's Bundesrat, the upper house of parliament, voted by a show of hands to approve the bill to extend the statute of limitations on prosecution of Nazi war crimes, up to January 1, 1970. The Bundestag had voted its approval on March 25.[62]
  • In Houston, the Harris County Domed Stadium (later known as the Astrodome) opened with an exhibition baseball game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees. The game, the first Major League Baseball contest to be played indoors, took place before a crowd of 47,876 people that included the President and Lady Bird Johnson, and the home team won, 2–1.[63] Fans who watched batting practice during the daylight hours saw the flaw in the indoor stadium design: the transparent panels and the pattern of interconnecting girders on the dome created glare when the sun was out, and the outfielders lost track of fly balls. "The players shagging fly balls in left and center field particularly stumbled, hesitated, covered their heads in self defense or threw up both hands in despair," a UPI report noted the next day, often missing the path of the ball "by yards and yards".[64] Daytime exhibition games on Saturday and Sunday were not affected by the glare because of cloudy skies, but the Astros' owner was prepared to cancel a game "if... it develops into a keystone comedy act with players on both sides unable to follow the flight of a ball".[65] Before the next afternoon home game, the team solved the problem by painting over the clear panels,[66] which would cause a different problem because the natural grass could not grow without sunlight.
  • The day after two F-4B Phantoms had flown over the Yulin Naval Base, two groups of American planes, each with four U.S. Navy F-4Bs, flew over China's Hainan Island. This time, a squadron of four Jian-5 jet fighters from the People's Liberation Army Air Force intercepted them, with instructions not to fire unless fired upon. The American pilots stated that they had believed that they were outside China's airspace, and in an area 36 miles southwest of Hainan, while China accused the U.S. of trying to provoke a war.[54]
  • An explosion in a coal mine on Iwo Jima killed 19 coal miners and left another 11 missing.[67]
  • The 100th anniversary of the end of the American Civil War was observed in ceremonies near Appomattox, Virginia. Virginia Governor Albertis S. Harrison, Jr., known for resisting school integration while serving as the state attorney general, told thousands of listeners that "the belief and the principles for which the Confederate forces fought are still with us... All that was really surrendered here a century ago was the idea that these beliefs and the principles could best be served by dividing this nation in two, and that differences between Americans could really be settled by armed conflict." Speakers at the dedication of the reconstructed Appomattox Courthouse included retired Major General Ulysses S. Grant III, and Robert E. Lee IV of San Francisco.[68]
  • Charlie Brown and the Peanuts Gang appeared on the cover of Time magazine.
  • U.S. Navy F-4 Phantom IIs of Fighter Squadron 96 (VF-96) clashed with Chinese MiG-17 fighters over the South China Sea south of Hainan. Each side lost one fighter.[69]
  • The Beatles' song "Ticket to Ride" was released as a single in the United Kingdom, and reached number one on the British chart of best-selling singles that was published five days later. It would be released in the United States on April 19, and reach number one on Billboard on May 22.[70]
  • Born: Paulina Porizkova, Czech-born American model; in Prostějov, Czechoslovakia

April 10, 1965 (Saturday) edit

  • The Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, narrowly escaped an assassination attempt made by one of his bodyguards, Reza Shamsabadi, who fired a machine gun at him as he arrived at the Marble Palace in Tehran. The Shah was able to get inside his office and take cover behind his desk, and Shamsabadi was mortally wounded by two other guards, who died from his machine gun fire.[71][72]
  • The Soviet spacecraft Luna E-6 No.8, intended to be the first spacecraft to perform a soft landing on the Moon, was lost in a launch failure when a nitrogen pipeline in the oxidizer tank depressurized, causing a loss of oxidizer flow to the engine and resulting in the engine cutting off. The spacecraft failed to achieve orbit, and disintegrated on re-entry.[73][74]
  • All 54 people on board a Royal Jordanian Airlines flight from Beirut, Lebanon to Amman, Jordan, were killed when the plane caught fire and crashed into a mountain near Damascus, Syria at an altitude of 4,200 feet (1,300 m).[75] Nearly all of the passengers were from Belgium and were on a vacation tour of the Middle East. Another 12 members from the tour group had been turned away at the airport because the Herald turboprop only had room for 50 passengers.[76]
  • The Egyptian-appointed Governor of the Gaza Strip issued the "Liberation Tax Law", assessing a tax on all commercial revenues within the Palestinian territory. Money collected from the tax was used to fund the Palestine Liberation Organization.[77]
  • World lightweight boxing champion Carlos Ortiz lost his title in a 15-round bout in Panama City to Panamanian boxer Ismael Laguna. Going into the match, Ortiz had a record of 45 wins and only four losses, but had underestimated Laguna's abilities and had elected not to train as rigorously as usual.[78] Ortiz, a native of Puerto Rico, would regain the title seven months later in a rematch in San Juan.[79]
  • Died: Linda Darnell, 43, American film actress, died from burns in an apartment fire. Darnell had stayed up late with her secretary at her Chicago home after noting that one of her films, Star Dust, was being shown at 12:40 a.m. on The Late Late Show on Channel 2,[80] and fell asleep afterward while smoking a cigarette.[81]

April 11, 1965 (Sunday) edit

  • At least 47 tornadoes caused destruction in the Midwestern United States, striking Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, killing 271 people,[82] injuring as many as 5,000[83] and causing more than $250,000,000 in damages.[84][85] Towns hardest hit were Pittsfield, Ohio, where all 15 homes and two buildings were destroyed, and nine of its 50 residents were killed; Russiaville, Indiana; and Alto, Indiana. The first twister was sighted at 1:30 p.m. in Dubuque, Iowa; flooding from the thunderstorms that followed caused further death and destruction in those states along the Mississippi River.
 
Miss Kate and her former student
  • President Johnson signed the new $1.3 billion Elementary and Secondary Education Act into law in a ceremony near Stonewall, Texas, conducted in front of the school that he attended as a child. Present as an honored guest was his first schoolteacher, "Miss Kate" (by then, the 72-year-old Kate Deadrich Loney).[86] For the first time, the federal government had power over the operation of American schools, "with the carrot of substantial federal aid now available" to schools that complied with mandates from Washington, and the reality that "the removal of federal aid could now serve as a stick to force compliance."[87]
  • Retired Rear Admiral William F. Raborn, Jr., was appointed as the new U.S. Director of Central Intelligence.[88]
  • Soviet composer Rodion Shchedrin's Second Symphony, noted for its "modernistic score", was performed for the first time.[89]
  • The West German cargo ship Transatlantic collided with the Dutch ship MV Hermes and sank in the Saint Lawrence River, near Trois Rivieres, Quebec. One of her 14 crew was killed and two were reported missing.[90][91]
  • Born: Eelco van Asperen, Dutch computer scientist who contributed to the original World Wide Web project; in Rotterdam (d. 2013)

April 12, 1965 (Monday) edit

April 13, 1965 (Tuesday) edit

  • The last resident of the remote village of Colette di Usseux, located in the Piedmontese Alps of Italy, was found dead. Battista Jannin, 50, had watched all of the residents move away from the location because of its bitter winter cold, impoverished farmlands and the threat of avalanches, and had committed suicide with a gunshot.[97]
  • The government of Prime Minister Wilson survived the latest vote of no confidence in the British House of Commons, by a vote of 290 for and 316 against, a slimmer majority than the previous attempt.[98]
  • Needing to come up with a song to reflect the new title of their upcoming film, formerly called Eight Arms To Hold You, The Beatles recorded the song Help!.[99]
  • The West German cruise ship MV Bremerhaven capsized and sank at the harbor for which it was named, Bremerhaven, where it was being overhauled. At the time, the only persons on the ship were three night watchmen, who were all able to escape uninjured.[100]
  • Lawrence Bradford, Jr., a 16-year-old high school student from New York, broke an unwritten rule that had prevailed for 176 years, becoming the first African-American to serve as a page boy in the United States Congress. Bradford was appointed by Republican U.S. Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York, with the backing of Senate Republican Leader Everett Dirksen.[101]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted 367 to 29 to approve the proposed 25th Amendment to the Constitution, dealing with procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, and for allowing an acting president if the President was under a disability. The U.S. Senate had approved a similar motion, 72–0. Opposing the amendment were 21 Democrats and eight Republicans.[102] Nevada would, on February 10, 1967, become the 38th state to ratify the amendment, which would be certified on February 23.[103]
  • Dick Wantz, a relief pitcher, played his first (and only) major league baseball game, coming in during the 8th inning for the Los Angeles Angels during their 7–1 loss on Opening Day to the visiting Cleveland Indians. During his time on the mound, Wantz struck out two players and allowed 3 hits and 2 runs.[104] Wantz was suffering from regular headaches; after being placed on the disabled list on May 8 in Los Angeles, he was diagnosed with a brain tumor and died on May 13, the night after surgery and exactly a month after his major league appearance.[105]
  • Born: Patricio Pouchulu, Argentine architect; in Buenos Aires

April 14, 1965 (Wednesday) edit

  • The United States and South Vietnam began "Operation Fact Sheet", a psychological warfare aerial mission, dropping over two million notices on those cities in North Vietnam with military facilities. The paper leaflets carried different types of messages written in the Vietnamese language. Some of them warned civilians to stay away from the areas that were to be bombed, and others suggested that civilians "could end the bombings by turning against their government", or advocated the benefits of moving to South Vietnam. During April, May, June, and March, nearly 25 million papers were dropped. "The leaflets had no effect on North Vietnamese strategy", an author would note later, "but they did result in a few civilians moving away from military facilities."[106]
  • After aborting its first landing attempt at Jersey Airport in the Channel Islands due to low cloud cover, British United Airways Flight 1030X, a Douglas C-47B, struck the outermost pole of the approach lighting system with its right wing on its second landing attempt.[107] The wing broke off and the aircraft rolled upside down and crashed, killing 26 of the 27 people on board; the lone survivor, 23-year-old flight attendant Dominique Silliere, had both legs broken.[108]
  • Born: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, al-Qaeda terrorist and organizer of the 9/11 terror attacks; in Balochistan, Pakistan
  • Died: Richard Hickock, 33, and Perry Smith, 36, whose murder of four members of the Clutter family would become the subject of the bestselling book In Cold Blood, were hanged at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in Lansing, Kansas.[109] Hickock was hanged first, at 12:19 a.m.; at his request, the book's author Truman Capote appeared as an official witness.[110] Smith was hanged less than 45 minutes later, at 1:02 a.m.[111]

April 15, 1965 (Thursday) edit

  • West Germany paid Israel $75 million in cash and goods, the 13th and final installment of three billion deutschemarks ($882,000,000) in reparations for the costs associated with the relocation of 500,000 Holocaust survivors from Germany to Israel and their subsequent support by the Israeli government.[112][113] Payments had commenced in 1952, and most were in the form of the fair market value of West German products and services as requested by a purchasing office in Köln. The last head of the Israeli purchasing mission, Dr. Felix Shinnar, told the press that the reparations "paid for construction of 49 Israeli merchant ships and equipment and machinery for 500 Israeli industrial enterprises".[114][115]
  • The first prototype of the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopter made its maiden flight.
  • Born: Linda Perry, American songwriter and singer; in Springfield, Massachusetts

April 16, 1965 (Friday) edit

  • In Huntsville, Alabama, scientists made the first test of the most powerful rocket engine system ever developed, the powerful first stage of the three-stage Saturn rocket, composed of five engines that could combine for 7.5 million pounds of thrust. "The thunderous sound of the first static test of this stage," an author would later note, "brought home to many observers that the Kennedy goal" (of sending a man to the Moon before the end of the decade) "was within technological grasp."[116]
  • Dr. Alan Frank Guttmacher, the President of Planned Parenthood, told a gathering of the American Academy of General Practice in San Francisco that if the birth rate was not decreased, the world's population would be 150 billion people by the year 2050.[117] By 2015, the United Nations' prediction for the world's population for 2050 was 9.6 billion people.[118]
 
 
Comedians Cryer and Lawrence

April 17, 1965 (Saturday) edit

April 18, 1965 (Sunday) edit

April 19, 1965 (Monday) edit

  • What would become known as "Moore's Law", that computing power would double every two years, was first suggested by Gordon Moore in an article in Electronics magazine, titled "Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits". "The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year," he wrote. "Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. That means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I believe that such a large circuit can be built on a single wafer." Within three years, Moore would become co-founder of the transistor and microprocessor manufacturer Intel, and as transistors became smaller, the size of a transistor would decrease over 40 years from 0.5 inches (13 mm) by 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) to a size where they were "so small that millions of them could fit on the head of a pin."[126][127]
  • New York City AM radio station WINS played its final pop music record, "Out in the Streets" by The Shangri-Las, then switched formats at 8:00 p.m., becoming an all-news radio station, setting a trend toward "talk radio" that would be picked up by other AM stations.[128][129][130]
  • Six American pilots, none of them astronauts, completed a 34-day experiment by NASA to study the effects of a month-long confinement during a space mission. The volunteers, officers drawn from the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marines, "ate, worked, and slept in pressure suits" while inside a cylindrical chamber that was pressurized with an atmosphere of pure oxygen rather than normal air, and ate dehydrated food. One important discovery made from the test, which took place within the Philadelphia Navy Yard, was that the floor was covered with dust from dead skin cells because the men had been unable to bathe, which would be dangerous in a weightless environment. By the time of the launch of the first space station missions, provisions would be made to allow bathing.[131]
  • The 1965 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship motor race was held at Mount Panorama Circuit and won by Bib Stillwell.
  • The 1st Sunday Mirror Trophy motor race (formerly the Glover Trophy) was held at Goodwood Circuit, UK, and won by Jim Clark.
  • Adolph P. Hugo's home-built Hu-Go Craft made its first flight.[132]
  • Born: Suge Knight (Marion Hugh Knight, Jr.), American rap record producer and co-founder and CEO of Death Row Records; in Compton, California

April 20, 1965 (Tuesday) edit

April 21, 1965 (Wednesday) edit

April 22, 1965 (Thursday) edit

  • The Transavia PL-12 Airtruk, a new Australian aircraft, made its maiden flight.[147]
  • U.S. Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara told reporters that he would not rule out the use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War, as part of a press conference given under the condition that the reporters not attribute his remarks to him, nor quote him verbatim. Tom Wicker of The New York Times took notes and paraphrased the statement, in which McNamara said, "We are not following a strategy that recognizes any sanctuary or any weapons restriction. But we would use nuclear weapons only after fully applying non-nuclear arsenal. In other words, if 100 planes couldn't take out a target... we would try 200 planes, and so on. But 'inhibitions' on using nuclear weapons are not overwhelming."[148] Wicker's report in the Sunday Times noted that "High officials" in the Johnson administration "emphasize that it is 'inconceivable' that nuclear weapons would be used in the present circumstances of the war. They do not rule out the possibility that circumstances might arise in which nuclear weapons have to be used."[149][150] Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations, sharply criticized McNamara and the U.S. in a speech the day after the report, commenting, "See the statement made today by Mr. McNamara... The United States is not averse to utilizing — this time perhaps as tactical weapons— nuclear warheads against the people of an Asian country as they have done once before, covering themselves with indelible shame for centuries to come. Mr. McNamara clearly reserved the right to unleash nuclear war in Viet Nam."[151]
  • The Abort Panel met to review abort criteria for Gemini 4 and decided that Gemini 3 rules would suffice.[27]

April 23, 1965 (Friday) edit

 
Molniya-1
  • The Soviet Union launched its first communications satellite, Molniya 1, which relayed the signal to show "a documentary film of the life of Pacific fishermen", for about three hours. The Moscow reporter for The New York Times noted the next day that the telecast began at 9:00 in the morning Moscow time (4:00 in the afternoon in Vladivostok) and that, since television programming was normally not shown until the afternoon, "virtually no home television viewer" in Moscow had a set turned on to see the first broadcast.[152] The satellite was put into an elliptical polar orbit, reaching its apogee of 24,000 miles (39,000 km) above Earth twice a day, over Soviet territory and over North America; 16 more of the Molniya series would be launched into polar orbit over the next six years, until the implementation of the Molniya II series in 1971.[153]
  • Lockheed delivered its first C-141A Starlifter cargo aircraft after nearly two years of testing and certification. The first of the massive cargo planes was deployed at Travis Air Force Base in California for the 44th Air Transport Squadron of the U.S. Air Force Military Airlift Command.[154]
  • Born: Leni Robredo, Vice President of the Philippines since 2016; in Naga, Camarines Sur
  • Died: George Adamski, 74, bestselling American author of Flying Saucers Have Landed and Flying Saucers Farewell

April 24, 1965 (Saturday) edit

  • President Sukarno announced the nationalization of all foreign companies in Indonesia.[155]
  • A group of 100,000 Armenians gathered in the Armenian SSR capital of Erevan, after the Soviet government had given a permit for official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the 1915 Armenian genocide.[156] What started as a peaceful gathering in the Armenian capital's Lenin Square quickly turned into a protest for recovery of Armenian lands from neighboring Turkey, and independence from the Soviet Union, giving the team of Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin their first test of managing the various nationalities. When the protests threatened to become a riot, the city's firemen were ordered to break out fire hoses and drive the demonstrators away, and militia volunteers then moved in to clear the streets, but the Soviet Army was ordered by Moscow not to intervene.[157]
  • The bodies of Portuguese opposition politician Humberto Delgado and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos were found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain. Both had been kidnapped and killed on February 12.[158]
  • The Pennine Way, a 267-mile (430 km) long walking trail along the Pennine hills, was officially opened, as the first National Trail in the United Kingdom. Tom Stephenson, a reporter for the Daily Herald, had suggested the walkway in 1935 after being inspired by the Appalachian Trail in the United States, and was present for the dedication.[159]
  • The Dominican Civil War began when Colonel Francisco Caamaño Deñó and Manuel Ramon Montes Arache led more than 1,000 supporters of deposed Dominican Republic President Juan Bosch, in a mutiny against the right-wing junta led by Donald Reid Cabral. General Marco Rivera Cuesta, the Army Chief of Staff and Caamano's commander, was seized by the rebels, along with key military installations. Jose Franco Pena Gomez, the civilian leader of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (the PRD) called for a popular uprising, and thousands of people surged into the streets of Santo Domingo.[160][161] General Elias Wessin y Wessin would say later that he had warned President Reid for three weeks of a conspiracy within the Dominican Army "but he did not pay any attention to me".[162] Although he was aware that a coup was imminent, the U.S. Ambassador, William Tapley Bennett, Jr., had left the country the day before, and "other members of the embassy were either off on assignment or vacation".[163]
  • Two children were killed, and three others seriously injured, at a shopping center in Taylor, Michigan when a carnival ride collapsed and threw them to the ground. Sharon Hawks and her brother Grant Hawks had been among the kids who climbed aboard the "Flying Comet", a spinning ride using centrifugal force to rotate ride vehicles at a height of 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground.[164]
  • Died: Owney Madden, 73, British-born American mobster, boxing promoter, and operator of the Cotton Club nightclub in Harlem

April 25, 1965 (Sunday) edit

April 26, 1965 (Monday) edit

  • Thousands of protesters attacked the U.S. embassies in Cambodia and Japan.[172][173]
  • Manchester United clinched England's soccer football championship, breaking a standings tie with Leeds United with a better goal difference.[174] Leeds United had a record of 26-8-7 (60 points) going into its final game, while Manchester United was at 25-9-6 (59 points) with two games left. Leeds was held to a 3–3 tie in a must-win game with Birmingham, however, while Manchester beat Arsenal, 3–1, giving both teams 26 wins and nine ties and 61 points. However, Manchester had 51 more goals in its favor than against it (88 vs. 37) while the goal difference for Leeds was only 31 (83 vs. 52), eliminating it from the title.[175]
  • The Brazilian television station Rede Globo began broadcasting.
  • Born: Kevin James, American comedian best known as the star of the television comedy The King of Queens and in film for Paul Blart: Mall Cop; as Kevin George Knipfing in Mineola, New York

April 27, 1965 (Tuesday) edit

  • The Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation began on the island of Borneo, where Malaysia and Indonesia had territory, as the Indonesian Army crossed the border into the Malaysian state of Sarawak and attacked the British Army Parachute Regiment, based at the border village of Plaman Mapu.[176] Company Sergeant Major John Williams of the 2nd Battalion would win the DCM for gallantry for his role in what was known as the Battle of Plaman Mapu. Williams, who would later be a Lieutenant-Colonel, lost an eye in the battle and gained the nickname "Patch".[177]
  • After three days, a coup attempt to restore Juan Bosch as President of the Dominican Republic was thwarted by a counterattack by military forces loyal to President Donald Reid Cabral.[178] President Molina was forced from office only two days after he had been installed by the pro-Bosch rebels, and was replaced by Colonel Pedro Bartolome Benoit of the Dominican Air Force.[179]
  • By voice vote, the United States Senate voted to approve an emergency appropriation of $2.2 billion to bail out government agencies that had already exhausted $17.5 billion allotted to them. What made the vote unusual was that by the time that the "brief and apathetic debate" ended, only seven of the 100 U.S. Senators remained present to vote.[180]
  • A crowd of 500 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps generals and U.S. Navy admirals, accompanied by members of the press, saw the disastrous failure of the test flight of a prototype vertical take-off jet aircraft, the Ryan XV-5 Vertifan. Test pilot Lou Everett lifted the jet from Edwards Air Force Base, and was returning for a landing when the plane failed while switching from normal horizontal flight to a straight descent. At an altitude of 800 feet (240 m), Everett was on the fifth of eight steps in the conversion process when he radioed "I've got to get out!" As the observers watched from 2 miles (3.2 km) away, the Vertifan jet plunged to the ground and exploded. Everett was able to eject while less than 300 feet (91 m) from the ground, but his parachute failed to open and he was killed on impact.[181]
  • Born: Anna Chancellor, English actress; in Richmond, London
  • Died:

April 28, 1965 (Wednesday) edit

  • Journalists in Australia broke the news that Prime Minister Menzies had decided to substantially increase its number of troops in South Vietnam, supposedly at the request of the Saigon government. It would later be revealed that Menzies had, at the behest of the U.S., asked the South Vietnamese to formally make the request.[40]
  • In a meeting with his military advisers in the People's Republic of China, Chairman Mao Zedong ordered the Central Military Commission to prepare for a landing of U.S. (or U.S.-sponsored) paratroopers within the Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces that bordered North Vietnam, warning that "In all interior regions, we should build caves in mountains. If no mountain is around, hills should be created to construct defense works. We should be on guard against enemy paratroops deep inside our country and prevent the enemy from marching unstopped into China."[183]
  • President Johnson met with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and noted that, according to U.S. intelligence reports, American protests against the Vietnam War were part of a strategy of China, North Vietnam, and the American members of the "New Left"; with the goal that "intensified antiwar agitation in the United States would eventually create a traumatic domestic crisis leading to a complete breakdown in law and order" and that "U.S. troops would have to be withdrawn from Vietnam in order to restore domestic tranquility."[184]
  • The U.S. began a military occupation of the Dominican Republic. Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government staged a countercoup, supported by U.S. troops sent by President Lyndon B. Johnson, ostensibly to protect U.S. citizens, but primarily to prevent "another Cuba", the Communist takeover of a second nation in Latin America.[185] The 6th U.S. Marine Expeditionary Unit, with 400 Marines under the command of Colonel G.W.E. Daughtry, came ashore from the USS Boxer, and began a mission to evacuate 1,300 American citizens who were caught in the area where fighting was taking place.[186] José Rafael Molina Ureña, installed by the military as the nation's Acting President, was removed from his post, and would be replaced three days later by Pedro Bartolomé Benoit. Helicopters brought 150 U.S. nationals to the Boxer, while two U.S. Navy transports evacuated 640 people, most of them Americans.[187] Eventually, there would be 23,000 U.S. troops in place, the last of whom would be removed in 1966; the event marked an end to the "Good Neighbor policy" that had been in place between the United States and Latin America after more than 30 years without an American invasion of a Western Hemisphere nation.[188]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted unanimously (358-0) to approve its version of the Clean Water Act, which was different from the U.S. Senate version that had passed 68–8.[189]
  • William Raborn succeeded John A. McCone as director of the Central Intelligence Agency after being confirmed by voice vote in the U.S. Senate.[190]
  • Lindsey Nelson, the radio broadcaster for the New York Mets, became the first and only person to call a baseball game from directly over the field, and the only person to broadcast from the ceiling of a domed stadium. At the Houston Astrodome for the Mets' game against the Astros, Nelson agreed to be hoisted in a gondola to a point 208 feet (63 m) above second base, and was afraid to stand up until the 7th inning, after initially getting game reports by walkie-talkie from his producer. When Nelson did stand up, he realized that it was impossible to tell the players apart and that "You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12–9, and Nelson declined to repeat the stunt.[191][192]

April 29, 1965 (Thursday) edit

  • Shortly after 8:00 p.m., Australia's Prime Minister Robert Menzies informed the Parliament in Canberra that he was sending the 1st Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment to fight in the Vietnam War, at the request of the Premier of South Vietnam.[40][193] The day before, after the news of the Menzies government's plans had been published to the press, Menzies cabled the Australian Embassy in Saigon to stress the urgent need for South Vietnam to actually send a request, and during Thursday, Ambassador H. D. Anderson and his staff had to speak to the Vietnamese Premier, Phan Huy Quát, to ask him to invite Australia to enter the war.[194] The cablegram from Premier Quát was not received by Menzies until 5:36 p.m.,[195] two and a half hours before Menzies was scheduled to speak to Parliament.
  • An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 killed seven people and caused about US$12.5 million in damage in the area around Olympia, Washington.[196][197] The quake struck at 8:29 a.m. and of the seven fatalities, four were women who died of heart attacks, and three were men who were killed by falling debris.[198]

April 30, 1965 (Friday) edit

  • At 2:16 in the morning local time, the 3rd Brigade of the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division invaded the Dominican Republic to intervene in the ongoing Dominican Civil War. The group, first of 1,700 troops, landed at the San Isidro Air Base about 15 miles (24 km) east of the capital, Santo Domingo, on orders of U.S. President Johnson on the pretext of protecting American citizens from a rebellion against the Dominican government.[199]
  • I.W. Abel was declared winner of the contentious United Steelworkers of America election that had concluded on February 9. The final count showed 308,910 votes for Abel, and 298,768 for incumbent David J. McDonald, whose term would expire on June 1.[200]
  • The FBI discontinued the wiretapping of Martin Luther King Jr.'s home telephone after almost a year and a half of eavesdropping on his conversations. Listening devices had been installed on November 8, 1963, and remained until he moved to a new home in Atlanta.[201]
  • Robert C. Ruark published his last newspaper column, after having penned almost 4,000 separate installments over 20 years, distributed by the United Feature Syndicate to American newspapers. Ruark, whose column was usually referred to only by his name, was dying of cirrhosis of the liver, and would pass away on July 1,[202] two months after his farewell column. "Quite frankly," he wrote, "after 30 years in the newspaper business, I suddenly realize that I am nearly 50 and am weary of deadlines... My feet hurt. My fingers hurt. My brain is still sharp, I trust. But I am less and less willing to punish it on a daily schedule... Until the next dispatch floats back in a bottle, my deepest thanks to you all for being so kind and tolerant of a typewriter which seems determined not to write this last, sad piece."[203][204]
  • Clifford R. Benware, Jr. of Malone, New York, a 19-year-old private first class in the United States Marines, became the first U.S. serviceman to die in combat during the invasion of the Dominican Republic, after moving out from the Ambassador Hotel in Santo Domingo into the surrounding streets.[205][206] By coincidence, the tiny New York village of less than 12,000 turned out to be the home of the sister-in-law of Francisco Caamaño, the rebel leader, and the home of one of the American families waiting to be evacuated by the U.S. Marines.[207]
  • Born: Adrian Pasdar, Iranian-American TV actor and film director; in Pittsfield, Massachusetts

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December 18, 2023
april, 1965, 1965, january, february, march, april, june, july, august, september, october, november, december, 1011, 1718, 2425, 30the, following, events, occurred, april, 1965, first, domed, stadium, opens, publicapril, 1965, invades, dominican, republicapri. 1965 January February March April May June July August September October November December lt lt April 1965 gt gt Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa0 1 0 2 0 30 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30The following events occurred in April 1965 April 9 1965 First domed stadium opens to the publicApril 30 1965 U S invades Dominican RepublicApril 3 1965 U S puts a nuclear reactor in orbit Contents 1 April 1 1965 Thursday 2 April 2 1965 Friday 3 April 3 1965 Saturday 4 April 4 1965 Sunday 5 April 5 1965 Monday 6 April 6 1965 Tuesday 7 April 7 1965 Wednesday 8 April 8 1965 Thursday 9 April 9 1965 Friday 10 April 10 1965 Saturday 11 April 11 1965 Sunday 12 April 12 1965 Monday 13 April 13 1965 Tuesday 14 April 14 1965 Wednesday 15 April 15 1965 Thursday 16 April 16 1965 Friday 17 April 17 1965 Saturday 18 April 18 1965 Sunday 19 April 19 1965 Monday 20 April 20 1965 Tuesday 21 April 21 1965 Wednesday 22 April 22 1965 Thursday 23 April 23 1965 Friday 24 April 24 1965 Saturday 25 April 25 1965 Sunday 26 April 26 1965 Monday 27 April 27 1965 Tuesday 28 April 28 1965 Wednesday 29 April 29 1965 Thursday 30 April 30 1965 Friday 31 ReferencesApril 1 1965 Thursday editTasman Empire Airways Limited TEAL established on April 26 1940 changed its name to Air New Zealand citation needed In the United Kingdom the Greater London Council came into power replacing the London County Council and greatly expanding the metropolitan area of the city 1 2 U S President Lyndon Johnson authorized a change in the U S Marines mission in South Vietnam a month after the first units had been sent to protect installations at Da Nang from attack For the first time American ground troops were scheduled to move into the surrounding area and to engage Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces in combat 3 The last of the Titan I intercontinental ballistic missiles were taken off alert as the United States began reliance on the new Atlas missiles 4 Born Mark Jackson American basketball player for 17 years in the NBA for seven teams and NBA coach for three years in Brooklyn New York City Died Helena Rubinstein 92 Polish American cosmetics entrepreneur and businesswoman 5 April 2 1965 Friday editPrime Minister Zhou Enlai of the People s Republic of China met with Pakistan s President Mohammed Ayub Khan and presented a four point statement on the Vietnam War to forward to U S President Johnson in that the U S and Communist China had no diplomatic relations Via Khan Zhou informed Johnson that his nation would not provoke a war with the United States but an American ground invasion of North Vietnam would risk war with China Zhou added that China was ready to provide aid to any country opposing U S aggression and that China was prepared to use nuclear weapons to defend its territory 6 Once the war breaks out the statement concluded it will have no boundaries 7 A musical adaptation of the John Reed book Ten Days That Shook the World presented by Soviet theatrical producer Yuri Lyubimov was performed for the first time at the Taganka Theatre in Moscow Loosely based on the events of the 1917 Revolution Desyat dnei kotorye potryasli mir was billed as a popular performance in two parts with mime circus buffoonery and shootings 8 The annual private conference of the Bilderberg Group composed of top bankers and politicians from North America and Europe began at Villa d Este Italy 9 Because of the secrecy of the proceedings and the importance of the participants critics of the Group suspect it of promoting a world government 10 The topics of the 1965 discussions were Monetary cooperation in the Western world and The state of the Atlantic Alliance 11 Morocco won the five nation African basketball championship tournament authorized by FIBA the Federation Internationale de Basketball Amateur Morocco Tunisia Algeria Senegal and Libya played at Tunis in a round robin format with Morocco beating those teams respectively 70 57 83 39 59 44 and 79 45 12 Born Rodney King American taxi driver and central figure in the 1992 Los Angeles riots in Sacramento California d 2012 Died Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji 52 Indian monarch and politician last Maharaja of the Bhavnagar State and first Governor of Madras State now Tamil Nadu April 3 1965 Saturday editThe first jet to jet combat of the Vietnam War took place 13 when four U S Navy F 8E Crusaders from the USS Hancock carried out a mission against the Thanh Hoa Bridge and were engaged by eight MiG 17 fighters from the 921st Sao Do Regiment of the North Vietnamese Air Force One of the F 8Es piloted by Lieutenant Commander Spence Thomas was set on fire by cannons fired from a MiG 17 piloted by NVAF Captain Pham Ngoc Lan but Thomas was able to land safely at Da Nang 14 Ngoc Lan ran out of fuel and survived a crash landing 15 In future years April 3 would be a Vietnamese public holiday commemorated as Air Force Day 16 The longest session of parliament in Canada s history ended at 3 00 in the morning in Ottawa after holding its 249th and final sitting day since opening on February 18 1964 Only 50 of the 265 members of the House of Commons and just 30 Senators remained at the close with plans to open a new session on Monday 17 SNAP 10A the first nuclear reactor launched into space and the only one ever sent by the United States 18 was sent aloft from Vandenberg AFB California and placed into an orbit 815 miles 1 312 km above the Earth SNAP was an acronym for Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power The cesium fueled ion engine would be shut down after 43 days 19 to permit the radioactive material in the reactor to decay to safe levels before the spacecraft reenters the atmosphere according to a spokesman which was not expected to happen for 3 000 years 20 Born Nazia Hassan Pakistani singer songwriter known as the Queen of Pop of South Asia in Karachi died of lung cancer 2000 Died Ray Enright 69 American director of 73 films between 1927 and 1953April 4 1965 Sunday editDuring a U S Air Force strike on the Thanh Hoa Bridge Vietnam People s Air Force MiG 17 fighters attacked a formation of U S Air Force F 105 Thunderchief strike aircraft shooting down two F 105s 21 Captain James Magnusson and Major Frank Bennett were both killed when their jets the first aircraft lost in air to air combat by either side during the Vietnam War were downed 22 23 The coronation of Palden Thondup Namgyal as the King of Sikkim took place at a Buddhist chapel in Gangtok the capital of the protectorate of India as Sikkim s 170 000 citizens were permitted to watch on a special television circuit Palden who had succeeded upon the death of his father Tashi Namgyal on December 2 1963 was crowned Chogyal and his wife the former Miss Hope Cooke of San Francisco wore the crown of the gyalmo Queen consort 24 The monarchy would be abolished almost ten years to the day afterward on April 10 1975 and Sikkim would become the 23rd state of India Born Robert Downey Jr American film star best known for his portrayal of Tony Stark as Iron Man in Manhattan New York City Elaine Zayak former U S figure skater who overcame the loss of part of her left foot to win the women s world figure skating championship in 1982 in Paramus New JerseyApril 5 1965 Monday editA U S Navy RF 8 Crusader reconnaissance aircraft photographed an SA 2 Guideline surface to air missile SAM site under construction in North Vietnam for the first time 25 The discovery 15 miles 24 km southeast of Hanoi of an antiaircraft system that could fire the SA 2 guided missile sent shivers down the spines of task force commanders and line aviators alike a historian would note later but official permission to attack a site so close to the capital of North Vietnam would not be given until the Navy and Air Force lost a few jets to the SA 2s 26 Manned Spacecraft Center announced that Walter M Schirra Jr and Thomas P Stafford had been selected as command pilot and pilot for Gemini 6 the first Project Gemini rendezvous and docking mission Virgil I Grissom and John W Young would be the backup crew 27 The FBI arrested former U S Army Sergeant James Allen Mintkenbaugh who had been spying for the Soviet KGB intelligence agency in Castro Valley California In his confession Mintkenbaugh identified a high level U S Department of Defense employee Sergeant Robert Lee Johnson as his partner in espionage since 1953 Later in the day Johnson was arrested while working at his desk inside The Pentagon 28 Sergeant Johnson unhappy in being passed over for a promotion had supplied his Soviet handlers with details of American nuclear missiles classified documents and photographs and a sample of rocket fuel and received 25 000 in return On July 30 1965 he and Mintkenbaugh would be sentenced to 25 years in prison Johnson would serve only seven years before being stabbed to death in 1972 29 At the 37th Academy Awards My Fair Lady won eight Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director Rex Harrison won an Oscar for Best Actor Mary Poppins took home five Oscars Julie Andrews won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal in the role The Sherman Brothers received two Oscars including Best Song Chim Chim Cher ee 30 April 6 1965 Tuesday editEarly Bird a communications satellite was launched as the first offering of the private Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium initially a group of 11 member nations 31 32 This launch marks the beginning of the global village linked instantaneously by commercial communications satellites an author would note later 33 Early Bird would be moved to a stationary geosynchronous orbit 22 300 miles 35 900 km above the Atlantic Ocean on May 2 With 240 available circuits the satellite could relay signals in either direction between Europe and the United States virtually on a twenty four hour basis 34 a satellite TV broadcast would reduce the available capacity for long distance telephone and telegraph links by 75 percent The United Kingdom enacted its first capital gains tax a tax upon the profit realized from the sale of assets based on the sale price minus the BDV the Budget Day Value being the value of the property on April 6 1965 the law initially applied to real estate and buildings 35 36 The British government publicly announced cancellation of the BAC TSR 2 nuclear bomber aircraft project 37 38 Born Rica Reinisch East German swimmer who set the world records for the women s 100 meter and 200 meter backstroke at the age of 15 in Seifhennersdorf Black Francis stage name for Charles Thompson IV American alternative rock singer and songwriter in Boston MassachusettsApril 7 1965 Wednesday editIn the 1965 parliamentary election for 144 seats in the Dail Eireann the first to be covered on television the ruling Fianna Fail party obtained an additional two legislators giving it a majority of exactly one half with 72 seats 39 Australia s Prime Minister Robert Menzies decided to commit 800 Army troops from the 1st Battalion to the Vietnam War despite not consulting with the full cabinet Menzies would not announce the decision in Parliament until April 29 a day after the media broke the story 40 U S President Lyndon Johnson delivered the Peace Without Conquest speech at Johns Hopkins University explaining the reasons for the escalation of the American involvement in the Vietnam War An author would note later that While the speech at Johns Hopkins provided short term gains it proved counterproductive in the long run for it began the erosion of Johnson s credibility which eventually derailed his presidency 41 Johnson offered unconditional discussions with North Vietnam for peace emphasizing that there was the condition of keeping South Vietnam independent and non Communist He also pledged a one billion dollar investment the Lower Mekong Basin Project comparing the endeavor to the Tennessee Valley Authority development 42 43 Canada s Prime Minister Lester Pearson and his Liberal Party government won a vote of no confidence brought by the New Democratic Party The measure failed 84 129 when 24 members of other parties joined the 105 Liberals voting against the motion 44 Born Bill Bellamy American comedian in Newark New JerseyApril 8 1965 Thursday editA plot to overthrow the leaders of Bulgaria was foiled by the arrest of the commander of the Bulgarian Army garrison in Sofia Major General Tsvyatko Anev Ivan Todorov Gorunia a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party Central Committee and the leader of the nine man conspiracy committed suicide before he could be caught The plan co ordinated by a group of party officials and military leaders was to force the overthrow of Secretary General Todor Zhivkov and his allies at the April 14 Central Committee meeting Ultimately more than 250 military officers were dismissed and 192 members of the Party were imprisoned 45 46 The Merger Treaty or Brussels Treaty 47 a European treaty which combined the executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community ECSC the European Atomic Energy Community Euratom and the European Economic Community EEC into a single institutional structure was signed in Brussels 48 It would enter into force on July 1 1967 after being ratified by the six member nations 49 China s President Liu Shaoqi hosted North Vietnam s Le Duan in Beijing and made a commitment for military and economic aid to Hanoi including the supply of Chinese pilots to provide defense against U S bombing 50 At the United Nations General Assembly in New York North Vietnam s Prime Minister Pham Van Dong delivered his nation s Four Points plan for ending the Vietnam War as drafted by a team of foreign relations officials under his leadership and that of President Ho Chi Minh Communist Party First Secretary Le Duan and Foreign Minister Nguyen Duy Trinh 51 The North Vietnamese demands were unacceptable to the United States and South Vietnam primarily because they were based on the Viet Cong provisions for the peaceful reunification of Vietnam without foreign intervention 52 A mutiny by 20 young officers ousted Admiral Chung Tấn Cang as commander of the South Vietnamese Navy in an action that evidently had the government s blessing The military junta governing South Vietnam did not order a response and one U S official commented that Cang an associate of recently ousted President Nguyen Khanh has been a thorn in our side because of his lack of cooperation in moving military supplies 53 Two U S Navy F 4B Phantom fighters flew into Chinese airspace and were tracked by radar flying over the Yulin Naval Base on Hainan Island but departed before the Chinese military could respond to an alert 54 55 India and Pakistan clashed at the border between their two nations around the disputed Rann of Kutch with Pakistani troops attacking police posts in the western Indian state of Gujarat and Indian troops striking at guard posts in the southeastern Pakistani province of Sindh 56 The Soviet Union and Poland renewed the Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance that they had signed on April 21 1945 57 The U S House of Representatives voted 313 115 to approve the Medicare program and sent the bill on to the U S Senate 58 The vote came after only one day of debate 59 With 513 amendments the bill would pass the U S Senate 70 24 on July 28 and be signed into law on July 30 60 Died Lars Hanson 78 Swedish stage and film star Major General John K Hester 48 commander of the U S 17th Air Force at Ramstein Air Force Base in West Germany five days after being seriously injured in a parachute jump 61 April 9 1965 Friday editWest Germany s Bundesrat the upper house of parliament voted by a show of hands to approve the bill to extend the statute of limitations on prosecution of Nazi war crimes up to January 1 1970 The Bundestag had voted its approval on March 25 62 In Houston the Harris County Domed Stadium later known as the Astrodome opened with an exhibition baseball game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees The game the first Major League Baseball contest to be played indoors took place before a crowd of 47 876 people that included the President and Lady Bird Johnson and the home team won 2 1 63 Fans who watched batting practice during the daylight hours saw the flaw in the indoor stadium design the transparent panels and the pattern of interconnecting girders on the dome created glare when the sun was out and the outfielders lost track of fly balls The players shagging fly balls in left and center field particularly stumbled hesitated covered their heads in self defense or threw up both hands in despair a UPI report noted the next day often missing the path of the ball by yards and yards 64 Daytime exhibition games on Saturday and Sunday were not affected by the glare because of cloudy skies but the Astros owner was prepared to cancel a game if it develops into a keystone comedy act with players on both sides unable to follow the flight of a ball 65 Before the next afternoon home game the team solved the problem by painting over the clear panels 66 which would cause a different problem because the natural grass could not grow without sunlight The day after two F 4B Phantoms had flown over the Yulin Naval Base two groups of American planes each with four U S Navy F 4Bs flew over China s Hainan Island This time a squadron of four Jian 5 jet fighters from the People s Liberation Army Air Force intercepted them with instructions not to fire unless fired upon The American pilots stated that they had believed that they were outside China s airspace and in an area 36 miles southwest of Hainan while China accused the U S of trying to provoke a war 54 An explosion in a coal mine on Iwo Jima killed 19 coal miners and left another 11 missing 67 The 100th anniversary of the end of the American Civil War was observed in ceremonies near Appomattox Virginia Virginia Governor Albertis S Harrison Jr known for resisting school integration while serving as the state attorney general told thousands of listeners that the belief and the principles for which the Confederate forces fought are still with us All that was really surrendered here a century ago was the idea that these beliefs and the principles could best be served by dividing this nation in two and that differences between Americans could really be settled by armed conflict Speakers at the dedication of the reconstructed Appomattox Courthouse included retired Major General Ulysses S Grant III and Robert E Lee IV of San Francisco 68 Charlie Brown and the Peanuts Gang appeared on the cover of Time magazine U S Navy F 4 Phantom IIs of Fighter Squadron 96 VF 96 clashed with Chinese MiG 17 fighters over the South China Sea south of Hainan Each side lost one fighter 69 The Beatles song Ticket to Ride was released as a single in the United Kingdom and reached number one on the British chart of best selling singles that was published five days later It would be released in the United States on April 19 and reach number one on Billboard on May 22 70 Born Paulina Porizkova Czech born American model in Prostejov CzechoslovakiaApril 10 1965 Saturday editThe Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi narrowly escaped an assassination attempt made by one of his bodyguards Reza Shamsabadi who fired a machine gun at him as he arrived at the Marble Palace in Tehran The Shah was able to get inside his office and take cover behind his desk and Shamsabadi was mortally wounded by two other guards who died from his machine gun fire 71 72 The Soviet spacecraft Luna E 6 No 8 intended to be the first spacecraft to perform a soft landing on the Moon was lost in a launch failure when a nitrogen pipeline in the oxidizer tank depressurized causing a loss of oxidizer flow to the engine and resulting in the engine cutting off The spacecraft failed to achieve orbit and disintegrated on re entry 73 74 All 54 people on board a Royal Jordanian Airlines flight from Beirut Lebanon to Amman Jordan were killed when the plane caught fire and crashed into a mountain near Damascus Syria at an altitude of 4 200 feet 1 300 m 75 Nearly all of the passengers were from Belgium and were on a vacation tour of the Middle East Another 12 members from the tour group had been turned away at the airport because the Herald turboprop only had room for 50 passengers 76 The Egyptian appointed Governor of the Gaza Strip issued the Liberation Tax Law assessing a tax on all commercial revenues within the Palestinian territory Money collected from the tax was used to fund the Palestine Liberation Organization 77 World lightweight boxing champion Carlos Ortiz lost his title in a 15 round bout in Panama City to Panamanian boxer Ismael Laguna Going into the match Ortiz had a record of 45 wins and only four losses but had underestimated Laguna s abilities and had elected not to train as rigorously as usual 78 Ortiz a native of Puerto Rico would regain the title seven months later in a rematch in San Juan 79 Died Linda Darnell 43 American film actress died from burns in an apartment fire Darnell had stayed up late with her secretary at her Chicago home after noting that one of her films Star Dust was being shown at 12 40 a m on The Late Late Show on Channel 2 80 and fell asleep afterward while smoking a cigarette 81 April 11 1965 Sunday editAt least 47 tornadoes caused destruction in the Midwestern United States striking Iowa Wisconsin Illinois Indiana Michigan and Ohio killing 271 people 82 injuring as many as 5 000 83 and causing more than 250 000 000 in damages 84 85 Towns hardest hit were Pittsfield Ohio where all 15 homes and two buildings were destroyed and nine of its 50 residents were killed Russiaville Indiana and Alto Indiana The first twister was sighted at 1 30 p m in Dubuque Iowa flooding from the thunderstorms that followed caused further death and destruction in those states along the Mississippi River nbsp Miss Kate and her former studentPresident Johnson signed the new 1 3 billion Elementary and Secondary Education Act into law in a ceremony near Stonewall Texas conducted in front of the school that he attended as a child Present as an honored guest was his first schoolteacher Miss Kate by then the 72 year old Kate Deadrich Loney 86 For the first time the federal government had power over the operation of American schools with the carrot of substantial federal aid now available to schools that complied with mandates from Washington and the reality that the removal of federal aid could now serve as a stick to force compliance 87 Retired Rear Admiral William F Raborn Jr was appointed as the new U S Director of Central Intelligence 88 Soviet composer Rodion Shchedrin s Second Symphony noted for its modernistic score was performed for the first time 89 The West German cargo ship Transatlantic collided with the Dutch ship MV Hermes and sank in the Saint Lawrence River near Trois Rivieres Quebec One of her 14 crew was killed and two were reported missing 90 91 Born Eelco van Asperen Dutch computer scientist who contributed to the original World Wide Web project in Rotterdam d 2013 April 12 1965 Monday editTASS the Soviet news agency announced that proof of an extraterrestrial civilization had been discovered by radio astronomers at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow and astronomer Nikolai Kardashev was quoted as saying A new supercivilization has been discovered 92 The conclusions were based on observations by Kardashev and Iosif Shklovsky of a variable pattern of signals from the quasar CTA 102 The next day Shklovsky held a press conference in Moscow and conceded that to speak now about the artificial origin of the signals would be premature and criticized TASS for the distorted version of his remarks and for causing unhealthy sensationalism 93 94 95 96 April 13 1965 Tuesday editThe last resident of the remote village of Colette di Usseux located in the Piedmontese Alps of Italy was found dead Battista Jannin 50 had watched all of the residents move away from the location because of its bitter winter cold impoverished farmlands and the threat of avalanches and had committed suicide with a gunshot 97 The government of Prime Minister Wilson survived the latest vote of no confidence in the British House of Commons by a vote of 290 for and 316 against a slimmer majority than the previous attempt 98 Needing to come up with a song to reflect the new title of their upcoming film formerly called Eight Arms To Hold You The Beatles recorded the song Help 99 The West German cruise ship MV Bremerhaven capsized and sank at the harbor for which it was named Bremerhaven where it was being overhauled At the time the only persons on the ship were three night watchmen who were all able to escape uninjured 100 Lawrence Bradford Jr a 16 year old high school student from New York broke an unwritten rule that had prevailed for 176 years becoming the first African American to serve as a page boy in the United States Congress Bradford was appointed by Republican U S Senator Jacob K Javits of New York with the backing of Senate Republican Leader Everett Dirksen 101 The U S House of Representatives voted 367 to 29 to approve the proposed 25th Amendment to the Constitution dealing with procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President and for allowing an acting president if the President was under a disability The U S Senate had approved a similar motion 72 0 Opposing the amendment were 21 Democrats and eight Republicans 102 Nevada would on February 10 1967 become the 38th state to ratify the amendment which would be certified on February 23 103 Dick Wantz a relief pitcher played his first and only major league baseball game coming in during the 8th inning for the Los Angeles Angels during their 7 1 loss on Opening Day to the visiting Cleveland Indians During his time on the mound Wantz struck out two players and allowed 3 hits and 2 runs 104 Wantz was suffering from regular headaches after being placed on the disabled list on May 8 in Los Angeles he was diagnosed with a brain tumor and died on May 13 the night after surgery and exactly a month after his major league appearance 105 Born Patricio Pouchulu Argentine architect in Buenos AiresApril 14 1965 Wednesday editThe United States and South Vietnam began Operation Fact Sheet a psychological warfare aerial mission dropping over two million notices on those cities in North Vietnam with military facilities The paper leaflets carried different types of messages written in the Vietnamese language Some of them warned civilians to stay away from the areas that were to be bombed and others suggested that civilians could end the bombings by turning against their government or advocated the benefits of moving to South Vietnam During April May June and March nearly 25 million papers were dropped The leaflets had no effect on North Vietnamese strategy an author would note later but they did result in a few civilians moving away from military facilities 106 After aborting its first landing attempt at Jersey Airport in the Channel Islands due to low cloud cover British United Airways Flight 1030X a Douglas C 47B struck the outermost pole of the approach lighting system with its right wing on its second landing attempt 107 The wing broke off and the aircraft rolled upside down and crashed killing 26 of the 27 people on board the lone survivor 23 year old flight attendant Dominique Silliere had both legs broken 108 Born Khalid Sheikh Mohammed al Qaeda terrorist and organizer of the 9 11 terror attacks in Balochistan Pakistan Died Richard Hickock 33 and Perry Smith 36 whose murder of four members of the Clutter family would become the subject of the bestselling book In Cold Blood were hanged at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in Lansing Kansas 109 Hickock was hanged first at 12 19 a m at his request the book s author Truman Capote appeared as an official witness 110 Smith was hanged less than 45 minutes later at 1 02 a m 111 April 15 1965 Thursday editWest Germany paid Israel 75 million in cash and goods the 13th and final installment of three billion deutschemarks 882 000 000 in reparations for the costs associated with the relocation of 500 000 Holocaust survivors from Germany to Israel and their subsequent support by the Israeli government 112 113 Payments had commenced in 1952 and most were in the form of the fair market value of West German products and services as requested by a purchasing office in Koln The last head of the Israeli purchasing mission Dr Felix Shinnar told the press that the reparations paid for construction of 49 Israeli merchant ships and equipment and machinery for 500 Israeli industrial enterprises 114 115 The first prototype of the Aerospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopter made its maiden flight Born Linda Perry American songwriter and singer in Springfield MassachusettsApril 16 1965 Friday editIn Huntsville Alabama scientists made the first test of the most powerful rocket engine system ever developed the powerful first stage of the three stage Saturn rocket composed of five engines that could combine for 7 5 million pounds of thrust The thunderous sound of the first static test of this stage an author would later note brought home to many observers that the Kennedy goal of sending a man to the Moon before the end of the decade was within technological grasp 116 Dr Alan Frank Guttmacher the President of Planned Parenthood told a gathering of the American Academy of General Practice in San Francisco that if the birth rate was not decreased the world s population would be 150 billion people by the year 2050 117 By 2015 the United Nations prediction for the world s population for 2050 was 9 6 billion people 118 nbsp nbsp Comedians Cryer and Lawrence Born Jon Cryer American film and television comedian in New York City Martin Lawrence American film and television comedian at a U S military base in Frankfurt West Germany Died Sydney Chaplin 80 English actor and half brother and business manager for Charlie ChaplinApril 17 1965 Saturday editThe first major demonstration against the Vietnam War was carried out by the organization Students for a Democratic Society SDS a march that included between 14 000 and 25 000 protesters in Washington D C with participants carrying picket signs in front of the White House 119 Among the slogans noted by the press was War on Poverty Not People President Johnson was out of town at the time At the same time a counter protest of about 100 people took place across the street and a group of students representing the University of Wisconsin presented National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy with a petition of support for the war signed by 6 000 faculty and students 120 121 April 18 1965 Sunday editSupporters of the former Crown Prince Muhammad al Badr of Yemen seized control of the region around the Sarawat Mountains in the successful Wadi Humeidat military operation in conjunction with neighboring Saudi Arabia in a setback for the Yemen Arab Republic in the ongoing North Yemen Civil War 122 The Indian Army withdrew from the disputed Great Rann of Kutch area where it had clashed with the Pakistan Army after military leaders concluded that the troops were at risk of being cut off from the rest of India if the Rann flooded during the rainy season Upon their withdrawal an author would note later morale soared in Rawalpindi and slumped in New Delhi It was one thing for the Indian army to be drubbed by the Chinese in the Himalayas but quite another to receive a bloody nose from the Pakistanis 123 African American contralto singer Marian Anderson gave her farewell performance ending a fifty city tour with a concert at Carnegie Hall 124 125 Died Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena 48 Mexican inventor who pioneered the introduction of color television to Mexico in a car accident at Puebla while returning from inspecting a television transmitter in Las Lajas Veracruz April 19 1965 Monday editWhat would become known as Moore s Law that computing power would double every two years was first suggested by Gordon Moore in an article in Electronics magazine titled Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year he wrote Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue if not to increase That means by 1975 the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65 000 I believe that such a large circuit can be built on a single wafer Within three years Moore would become co founder of the transistor and microprocessor manufacturer Intel and as transistors became smaller the size of a transistor would decrease over 40 years from 0 5 inches 13 mm by 0 25 inches 6 4 mm to a size where they were so small that millions of them could fit on the head of a pin 126 127 New York City AM radio station WINS played its final pop music record Out in the Streets by The Shangri Las then switched formats at 8 00 p m becoming an all news radio station setting a trend toward talk radio that would be picked up by other AM stations 128 129 130 Six American pilots none of them astronauts completed a 34 day experiment by NASA to study the effects of a month long confinement during a space mission The volunteers officers drawn from the U S Navy and the U S Marines ate worked and slept in pressure suits while inside a cylindrical chamber that was pressurized with an atmosphere of pure oxygen rather than normal air and ate dehydrated food One important discovery made from the test which took place within the Philadelphia Navy Yard was that the floor was covered with dust from dead skin cells because the men had been unable to bathe which would be dangerous in a weightless environment By the time of the launch of the first space station missions provisions would be made to allow bathing 131 The 1965 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship motor race was held at Mount Panorama Circuit and won by Bib Stillwell The 1st Sunday Mirror Trophy motor race formerly the Glover Trophy was held at Goodwood Circuit UK and won by Jim Clark Adolph P Hugo s home built Hu Go Craft made its first flight 132 Born Suge Knight Marion Hugh Knight Jr American rap record producer and co founder and CEO of Death Row Records in Compton CaliforniaApril 20 1965 Tuesday editThe first legislative elections took place in the 15 Cook Islands a semi independent dependency of New Zealand and were won by the Cook Islands Party CIP led by Albert Henry Since Henry was ineligible for elective office because he had not resided on the islands for at least three years his sister Marguerite Story would serve as the nation s acting premier until the CIP could amend the constitution 133 King Hassan II of Morocco announced reforms that included the redistribution of government owned land to farmers and the creation of the Common Fund for Agrarian Reform some land grants would be made in 1969 and 1970 but the reforms would prove to be modest 134 At a meeting of American military and political leaders in Honolulu U S Ambassador to South Vietnam Maxwell D Taylor successfully proposed that the U S adopt what he called the enclave strategy in its conduct of the Vietnam War Defense Secretary Robert S McNamara and Assistant Secretary John McNaughton CIA analyst William Bundy U S Army General William C Westmoreland U S Navy Admiral U S Grant Sharp Jr and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Earle G Wheeler concurred in the proposal which was adopted by President Johnson Taylor s idea was to limit U S ground operations to within a 50 mile 80 km radius of important areas in important coastal areas and to conduct counterinsurgency operations with the South Vietnamese Army in the surrounding territory The strategy would prove unsuccessful leading to Taylor s resignation and a switch to a search and destroy operation in June 135 April 21 1965 Wednesday editParliamentary elections were held within those parts of Sudan that were not disrupted by the civil war in Southern Sudan 136 Habib Bourguiba the President of Tunisia outraged the other leaders within the Arab League after he proposed that the Arab nations should give recognition to Israel albeit within the boundaries that had been proposed in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 137 Borguiba s proposal was based on his position that Israel would never agree to the borders that the UN had voted on in Resolution 181 and that If Israel refuses to apply the UN decisions the legality of the UN will be on our side which will strengthen our position in approaching a solution by force but the strategy was viewed by the other Arab states as a betrayal of the Palestinian people 138 The second round of municipal elections was held in France 139 The Communist party made gains and began co operating with other parties of the parliamentary left The songwriting team of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice was created when musician Webber attending Oxford University received a letter from lyricist Rice that said I ve been told you re looking for a with it writer of lyrics for your songs I wonder if you consider it worth your while meeting me The two would team up on numerous rock musicals starting with the unsuccessful The Likes of Us followed by the hits Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita 140 The 1964 New York World s Fair in Flushing Meadows New York reopened for its second six month season The fair had operated from April 22 to October 19 1964 then closed for six months before reopening for 1965 It would close permanently on October 17 1965 141 Leopold Stokowski conducted the first complete performance of Charles Ives s Symphony No 4 more than ten years after the composer s death Born Fiona Kelleghan American academic and critic specializing in science fiction and fantasy in West Palm Beach Florida Died Pedro Albizu Campos 73 advocate for Puerto Rican independence from the United States Sir Edward Victor Appleton 72 English physicist and 1947 Nobel Prize laureate known for his work proving the existence of Earth s ionosphere Paul Jung 64 billed as The King of Clown Alley by the Ringling Brothers and Barnum amp Bailey Circus was found beaten to death in Room 1211 at the Hotel Forrest in New York City near the circus venue at Madison Square Garden 142 On June 5 police would arrest a man and woman and charge them with robbery and murder 143 Marian De Barry would later testify against her boyfriend Allen Jones in return for reduced charges 144 Jones would be convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment 145 146 April 22 1965 Thursday editThe Transavia PL 12 Airtruk a new Australian aircraft made its maiden flight 147 U S Defense Secretary Robert S McNamara told reporters that he would not rule out the use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War as part of a press conference given under the condition that the reporters not attribute his remarks to him nor quote him verbatim Tom Wicker of The New York Times took notes and paraphrased the statement in which McNamara said We are not following a strategy that recognizes any sanctuary or any weapons restriction But we would use nuclear weapons only after fully applying non nuclear arsenal In other words if 100 planes couldn t take out a target we would try 200 planes and so on But inhibitions on using nuclear weapons are not overwhelming 148 Wicker s report in the Sunday Times noted that High officials in the Johnson administration emphasize that it is inconceivable that nuclear weapons would be used in the present circumstances of the war They do not rule out the possibility that circumstances might arise in which nuclear weapons have to be used 149 150 Nikolai T Fedorenko the Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations sharply criticized McNamara and the U S in a speech the day after the report commenting See the statement made today by Mr McNamara The United States is not averse to utilizing this time perhaps as tactical weapons nuclear warheads against the people of an Asian country as they have done once before covering themselves with indelible shame for centuries to come Mr McNamara clearly reserved the right to unleash nuclear war in Viet Nam 151 The Abort Panel met to review abort criteria for Gemini 4 and decided that Gemini 3 rules would suffice 27 April 23 1965 Friday edit nbsp Molniya 1The Soviet Union launched its first communications satellite Molniya 1 which relayed the signal to show a documentary film of the life of Pacific fishermen for about three hours The Moscow reporter for The New York Times noted the next day that the telecast began at 9 00 in the morning Moscow time 4 00 in the afternoon in Vladivostok and that since television programming was normally not shown until the afternoon virtually no home television viewer in Moscow had a set turned on to see the first broadcast 152 The satellite was put into an elliptical polar orbit reaching its apogee of 24 000 miles 39 000 km above Earth twice a day over Soviet territory and over North America 16 more of the Molniya series would be launched into polar orbit over the next six years until the implementation of the Molniya II series in 1971 153 Lockheed delivered its first C 141A Starlifter cargo aircraft after nearly two years of testing and certification The first of the massive cargo planes was deployed at Travis Air Force Base in California for the 44th Air Transport Squadron of the U S Air Force Military Airlift Command 154 Born Leni Robredo Vice President of the Philippines since 2016 in Naga Camarines Sur Died George Adamski 74 bestselling American author of Flying Saucers Have Landed and Flying Saucers FarewellApril 24 1965 Saturday editPresident Sukarno announced the nationalization of all foreign companies in Indonesia 155 A group of 100 000 Armenians gathered in the Armenian SSR capital of Erevan after the Soviet government had given a permit for official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the 1915 Armenian genocide 156 What started as a peaceful gathering in the Armenian capital s Lenin Square quickly turned into a protest for recovery of Armenian lands from neighboring Turkey and independence from the Soviet Union giving the team of Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin their first test of managing the various nationalities When the protests threatened to become a riot the city s firemen were ordered to break out fire hoses and drive the demonstrators away and militia volunteers then moved in to clear the streets but the Soviet Army was ordered by Moscow not to intervene 157 The bodies of Portuguese opposition politician Humberto Delgado and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos were found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno Spain Both had been kidnapped and killed on February 12 158 The Pennine Way a 267 mile 430 km long walking trail along the Pennine hills was officially opened as the first National Trail in the United Kingdom Tom Stephenson a reporter for the Daily Herald had suggested the walkway in 1935 after being inspired by the Appalachian Trail in the United States and was present for the dedication 159 The Dominican Civil War began when Colonel Francisco Caamano Deno and Manuel Ramon Montes Arache led more than 1 000 supporters of deposed Dominican Republic President Juan Bosch in a mutiny against the right wing junta led by Donald Reid Cabral General Marco Rivera Cuesta the Army Chief of Staff and Caamano s commander was seized by the rebels along with key military installations Jose Franco Pena Gomez the civilian leader of the Dominican Revolutionary Party the PRD called for a popular uprising and thousands of people surged into the streets of Santo Domingo 160 161 General Elias Wessin y Wessin would say later that he had warned President Reid for three weeks of a conspiracy within the Dominican Army but he did not pay any attention to me 162 Although he was aware that a coup was imminent the U S Ambassador William Tapley Bennett Jr had left the country the day before and other members of the embassy were either off on assignment or vacation 163 Two children were killed and three others seriously injured at a shopping center in Taylor Michigan when a carnival ride collapsed and threw them to the ground Sharon Hawks and her brother Grant Hawks had been among the kids who climbed aboard the Flying Comet a spinning ride using centrifugal force to rotate ride vehicles at a height of 10 feet 3 0 m above the ground 164 Died Owney Madden 73 British born American mobster boxing promoter and operator of the Cotton Club nightclub in HarlemApril 25 1965 Sunday editSixteen year old Michael Andrew Clark killed three people and wounded 11 others by shooting at cars from a hilltop along Highway 101 just south of Orcutt California Clark killed himself as police rushed the hilltop 165 Dominican Republic President Cabral and the other two members of his junta resigned after they were arrested at the National Palace by the Constitutionalists who set up a provisional government headed by Dr Jose Rafael Molina Urena pending the return of Juan Bosch from exile in Puerto Rico 166 167 A week after the defeat of the YAR army by royalist forces Ahmad Muhammad Numan replaced Hassan al Amri as Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic 168 The Boston Celtics beat the Los Angeles Lakers 129 to 96 to win Game 5 of the 1965 NBA Finals and clinched their seventh National Basketball Association championship 169 The 1965 World Table Tennis Championships concluded at Hala Tivoli Ljubljana SR Slovenia SFR Yugoslavia 170 171 Born John Paul Henson American puppeteer and son of Muppets creator Jim Henson in Saugerties New York d 2014 April 26 1965 Monday editThousands of protesters attacked the U S embassies in Cambodia and Japan 172 173 Manchester United clinched England s soccer football championship breaking a standings tie with Leeds United with a better goal difference 174 Leeds United had a record of 26 8 7 60 points going into its final game while Manchester United was at 25 9 6 59 points with two games left Leeds was held to a 3 3 tie in a must win game with Birmingham however while Manchester beat Arsenal 3 1 giving both teams 26 wins and nine ties and 61 points However Manchester had 51 more goals in its favor than against it 88 vs 37 while the goal difference for Leeds was only 31 83 vs 52 eliminating it from the title 175 The Brazilian television station Rede Globo began broadcasting Born Kevin James American comedian best known as the star of the television comedy The King of Queens and in film for Paul Blart Mall Cop as Kevin George Knipfing in Mineola New YorkApril 27 1965 Tuesday editThe Indonesia Malaysia Confrontation began on the island of Borneo where Malaysia and Indonesia had territory as the Indonesian Army crossed the border into the Malaysian state of Sarawak and attacked the British Army Parachute Regiment based at the border village of Plaman Mapu 176 Company Sergeant Major John Williams of the 2nd Battalion would win the DCM for gallantry for his role in what was known as the Battle of Plaman Mapu Williams who would later be a Lieutenant Colonel lost an eye in the battle and gained the nickname Patch 177 After three days a coup attempt to restore Juan Bosch as President of the Dominican Republic was thwarted by a counterattack by military forces loyal to President Donald Reid Cabral 178 President Molina was forced from office only two days after he had been installed by the pro Bosch rebels and was replaced by Colonel Pedro Bartolome Benoit of the Dominican Air Force 179 By voice vote the United States Senate voted to approve an emergency appropriation of 2 2 billion to bail out government agencies that had already exhausted 17 5 billion allotted to them What made the vote unusual was that by the time that the brief and apathetic debate ended only seven of the 100 U S Senators remained present to vote 180 A crowd of 500 U S Army and U S Marine Corps generals and U S Navy admirals accompanied by members of the press saw the disastrous failure of the test flight of a prototype vertical take off jet aircraft the Ryan XV 5 Vertifan Test pilot Lou Everett lifted the jet from Edwards Air Force Base and was returning for a landing when the plane failed while switching from normal horizontal flight to a straight descent At an altitude of 800 feet 240 m Everett was on the fifth of eight steps in the conversion process when he radioed I ve got to get out As the observers watched from 2 miles 3 2 km away the Vertifan jet plunged to the ground and exploded Everett was able to eject while less than 300 feet 91 m from the ground but his parachute failed to open and he was killed on impact 181 Born Anna Chancellor English actress in Richmond London Died Lou Everett 40 American test pilot and fighter pilot in two wars in plane crash 181 Edward R Murrow 57 pioneering American broadcast journalist and later the director of the United States Information Agency from lung cancer 182 April 28 1965 Wednesday editJournalists in Australia broke the news that Prime Minister Menzies had decided to substantially increase its number of troops in South Vietnam supposedly at the request of the Saigon government It would later be revealed that Menzies had at the behest of the U S asked the South Vietnamese to formally make the request 40 In a meeting with his military advisers in the People s Republic of China Chairman Mao Zedong ordered the Central Military Commission to prepare for a landing of U S or U S sponsored paratroopers within the Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces that bordered North Vietnam warning that In all interior regions we should build caves in mountains If no mountain is around hills should be created to construct defense works We should be on guard against enemy paratroops deep inside our country and prevent the enemy from marching unstopped into China 183 President Johnson met with FBI Director J Edgar Hoover and noted that according to U S intelligence reports American protests against the Vietnam War were part of a strategy of China North Vietnam and the American members of the New Left with the goal that intensified antiwar agitation in the United States would eventually create a traumatic domestic crisis leading to a complete breakdown in law and order and that U S troops would have to be withdrawn from Vietnam in order to restore domestic tranquility 184 The U S began a military occupation of the Dominican Republic Forces loyal to the deposed military imposed government staged a countercoup supported by U S troops sent by President Lyndon B Johnson ostensibly to protect U S citizens but primarily to prevent another Cuba the Communist takeover of a second nation in Latin America 185 The 6th U S Marine Expeditionary Unit with 400 Marines under the command of Colonel G W E Daughtry came ashore from the USS Boxer and began a mission to evacuate 1 300 American citizens who were caught in the area where fighting was taking place 186 Jose Rafael Molina Urena installed by the military as the nation s Acting President was removed from his post and would be replaced three days later by Pedro Bartolome Benoit Helicopters brought 150 U S nationals to the Boxer while two U S Navy transports evacuated 640 people most of them Americans 187 Eventually there would be 23 000 U S troops in place the last of whom would be removed in 1966 the event marked an end to the Good Neighbor policy that had been in place between the United States and Latin America after more than 30 years without an American invasion of a Western Hemisphere nation 188 The U S House of Representatives voted unanimously 358 0 to approve its version of the Clean Water Act which was different from the U S Senate version that had passed 68 8 189 William Raborn succeeded John A McCone as director of the Central Intelligence Agency after being confirmed by voice vote in the U S Senate 190 Lindsey Nelson the radio broadcaster for the New York Mets became the first and only person to call a baseball game from directly over the field and the only person to broadcast from the ceiling of a domed stadium At the Houston Astrodome for the Mets game against the Astros Nelson agreed to be hoisted in a gondola to a point 208 feet 63 m above second base and was afraid to stand up until the 7th inning after initially getting game reports by walkie talkie from his producer When Nelson did stand up he realized that it was impossible to tell the players apart and that You couldn t tell a line drive from a pop fly The Mets lost 12 9 and Nelson declined to repeat the stunt 191 192 April 29 1965 Thursday editShortly after 8 00 p m Australia s Prime Minister Robert Menzies informed the Parliament in Canberra that he was sending the 1st Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment to fight in the Vietnam War at the request of the Premier of South Vietnam 40 193 The day before after the news of the Menzies government s plans had been published to the press Menzies cabled the Australian Embassy in Saigon to stress the urgent need for South Vietnam to actually send a request and during Thursday Ambassador H D Anderson and his staff had to speak to the Vietnamese Premier Phan Huy Quat to ask him to invite Australia to enter the war 194 The cablegram from Premier Quat was not received by Menzies until 5 36 p m 195 two and a half hours before Menzies was scheduled to speak to Parliament An earthquake with a magnitude of 6 7 killed seven people and caused about US 12 5 million in damage in the area around Olympia Washington 196 197 The quake struck at 8 29 a m and of the seven fatalities four were women who died of heart attacks and three were men who were killed by falling debris 198 April 30 1965 Friday editAt 2 16 in the morning local time the 3rd Brigade of the U S Army s 82nd Airborne Division invaded the Dominican Republic to intervene in the ongoing Dominican Civil War The group first of 1 700 troops landed at the San Isidro Air Base about 15 miles 24 km east of the capital Santo Domingo on orders of U S President Johnson on the pretext of protecting American citizens from a rebellion against the Dominican government 199 I W Abel was declared winner of the contentious United Steelworkers of America election that had concluded on February 9 The final count showed 308 910 votes for Abel and 298 768 for incumbent David J McDonald whose term would expire on June 1 200 The FBI discontinued the wiretapping of Martin Luther King Jr s home telephone after almost a year and a half of eavesdropping on his conversations Listening devices had been installed on November 8 1963 and remained until he moved to a new home in Atlanta 201 Robert C Ruark published his last newspaper column after having penned almost 4 000 separate installments over 20 years distributed by the United Feature Syndicate to American newspapers Ruark whose column was usually referred to only by his name was dying of cirrhosis of the liver and would pass away on July 1 202 two months after his farewell column Quite frankly he wrote after 30 years in the newspaper business I suddenly realize that I am nearly 50 and am weary of deadlines My feet hurt My fingers hurt My brain is still sharp I trust But I am less and less willing to punish it on a daily schedule Until the next dispatch floats back in a bottle my deepest thanks to you all for being so kind and tolerant of a typewriter which seems determined not to write this last sad piece 203 204 Clifford R Benware Jr of Malone New York a 19 year old private first class in the United States Marines became the first U S serviceman to die in combat during the invasion of the Dominican Republic after moving out from the Ambassador Hotel in Santo Domingo into the surrounding streets 205 206 By coincidence the tiny New York village of less than 12 000 turned out to be the home of the sister in law of Francisco Caamano the rebel leader and the home of one of the American families waiting to be evacuated by the U S Marines 207 Born Adrian Pasdar Iranian American TV actor and film director in Pittsfield MassachusettsReferences edit Palmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History London Century Ltd pp 423 424 ISBN 0 7126 5616 2 London County Council 2015 The Planning of a New Town Routledge p 7 Marolda Edward J 1994 By Sea Air and Land An Illustrated History of the U S Navy and the War in Southeast Asia Naval Historical Center p 65 Air Force Missileers Turner Publishing Company 1998 p 27 Helena Rubinstein the penniless refugee who built a cosmetics empire 16 March 2013 Hixson Walter L 2000 The United States and the Vietnam War Leadership and diplomacy in the Vietnam War Taylor amp Francis p 98 Xia Yafeng 2006 Negotiating with the Enemy U S China Talks during the Cold War 1949 1972 Indiana University Press p 127 Beumers Birgit 2003 Yuri Lyubimov at the Taganka Theatre 1964 1994 Routledge pp 17 227 Lucas Walter April 12 1965 Western liaison Bilderberg style Christian Science Monitor p 11 Burnett Thom 2006 Conspiracy Encyclopedia Franz Steiner Verlag p 108 60 BilderbergMeetings org Retrieved May 13 2022 1965 African Championship for Men FIBA Archive FIBA 2009 Retrieved May 13 2022 MIG JETS JUMP U S PLANES NEAR HANOI Tucson Daily Citizen Tucson Arizona April 3 1965 p 1 Toperczer Istvan 2012 MiG 17 and MiG 19 Units of the Vietnam War Bloomsbury Publishing p 29 Bowman Martin 2016 Cold War Jet Combat Air to Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950 1972 Casemate Publishers p 199 Boniface Roger 2010 MIGs Over North Vietnam The Vietnam People s Air Force in Combat 1965 75 Stackpole Books pp 8 9 249 Day Parliament Session Sets Record Chicago Tribune April 4 1965 p 1A 6 Soucek Alexander 2012 International Law Outer Space in Society Politics and Law Springer p 377 Bennett Gary L 1995 Safety Aspects of Thermoelectrics in Space CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics CRC Press p 562 U S Orbits Atom Engine It s a Snap Chicago Tribune April 4 1965 p 1 N Viet MiGs Shoot Down 2 Yank Jets Chicago Tribune April 5 1965 p 1 Davies Peter E Menard David 2012 F 100 Super Sabre Units of the Vietnam War Bloomsbury Publishing p 22 Nichols CDR John B and Barrett Tillman On Yankee Station The Naval Air War Over Vietnam Annapolis Maryland United States Naval Institute 1987 ISBN 978 0 87021 559 9 p 152 which also claims this event occurred on April 3 Ex Debutante From U S Now Sikkim s Queen She Husband Take Asian Throne Chicago Tribune April 4 1965 p 8 Polmar Norman October 2010 The Last Photo Plane Historic Aircraft Naval History p 64 Mersky Peter 2007 US Navy and Marine Corps A 4 Skyhawk Units of the Vietnam War Osprey Publishing p 15 a b nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Grimwood James M Hacker Barton C Vorzimmer Peter J PART III A Flight Tests January 1965 through December 1965 Project Gemini Technology and Operations A Chronology NASA Special Publication 4002 NASA Retrieved 4 March 2023 FBI Accuses Two of Spying Pentagon Aide Arrested as Soviet Agent Chicago Tribune April 6 1965 p 1 Mickolus Edward ed 2015 The Counterintelligence Chronology Spying by and Against the United States from the 1700s through 2014 McFarland p 55 Harrison Andrews Top Oscar Winners Chicago Tribune April 6 1965 p 1 TV Satellite Put in Orbit Chicago Tribune April 7 1965 p 1 Vlasic Ivan A 2015 The Relevance of International Law to Emerging Trends in the Law of Outer Space The Future of the International Legal Order Vol 2 Wealth and Resources Princeton University Press p 274 Angelo Joseph A Jr 2014 Frontiers in Space Satellites Infobase Publishing p 160 Paulu Burton 1967 Radio and Television Broadcasting on the European Continent University of Minnesota Press p 45 MacLeary Alistair R 2003 National Taxation for Property Management and Valuation Taylor amp Francis p 90 Reuvid Jonathan 2006 Start Up and Run Your Own Business Kogan Page Publishers p 137 Britain Hikes Taxes Cancels Plane Aims to Cut Trade Deficit Chicago Tribune April 7 1965 p 3 Burke Damien 2010 TSR2 Britain s Lost Bomber Ramsbury Crowood ISBN 978 1 84797 211 8 Treacy Matt 2013 The IRA 1956 69 Rethinking the Republic Oxford University Press p 67 a b c Freudenberg Graham 2009 A Certain Grandeur Gough Whitlam s Life in Politics Penguin Greene Benjamin P 2011 Johnson Lyndon Baines Johns Hopkins University Speech In Tucker Spencer C ed The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History ABC CLIO pp 552 553 Peace Without Conquest LBJ Library Archives Archived from the original on 2011 11 16 Anderson David L ed 2004 Johns Hopkins University Speech The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War Columbia University Press p 128 Pearson Government Wins Confidence Vote Chicago Tribune April 8 1965 p 3 Report Terror Wave Sweeps Red Bulgaria Chicago Tribune April 25 1965 p 1A 6 Baev Jordan 2015 De Stalinisation and Political Rehabilitations in Bulgaria In McDermott Kevin Stibbe Matthew eds De Stalinising Eastern Europe The Rehabilitation of Stalin s Victims after 1953 Palgrave Macmillan p 163 Brussels Treaty European history 1965 93 Britannica Online Encyclopedia Dutta Manoranjan 2011 The United States of Europe European Union and the Euro Revolution Emerald Group Publishing p 2 Laursen Finn 2012 Designing the European Union From Paris to Lisbon Palgrave Macmillan pp 77 78 Khoo Nicholas 2011 Collateral Damage Sino Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino Vietnamese Alliance Columbia University Press p 43 Goldstein Gordon M 2013 Lessons in Disaster McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam Times Books Hughes Geraint 2015 Harold Wilson s Cold War The Labour Government and East West Politics 1964 1970 Boydell amp Brewer pp 64 65 Viet Officers Mutiny Oust Chief of Navy Chicago Tribune April 9 1965 p 5 a b Zhang Xiaoming 2000 The Vietnam War 1964 1969 A Chinese Perspective In Hixson Walter L ed The United States and the Vietnam War Significant Scholarly Articles Taylor amp Francis p 97 Higham Robin Parillo Mark 2013 The Influence of Airpower upon History Statesmanship Diplomacy and Foreign Policy since 1903 University Press of Kentucky p 256 Brecher Michael Wilkenfeld Jonathan 1997 A Study of Crisis University of Michigan Press p 170 Osmanczyk Edmund Jan Mango Anthony eds 2003 Poland Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements Vol 4 Taylor amp Francis p 1808 MEDICARE OK d BY HOUSE Health Plan Step Hailed by President Chicago Tribune April 9 1965 p 1 Bowling Lawson 2005 Shapers of the Great Debate on the Great Society A Biographical Dictionary Greenwood Publishing p 31 Blevins Sue A McClintock George C 2001 Medicare s Midlife Crisis Cato Institute p 48 Gen Hester 48 Dies His Chute Failed Chicago Tribune April 8 1965 p 3 Bonn s Upper House Approves Lengthening Hunt for Nazi Killers Bridgeport CT Telegram April 10 1965 p 4 President 47 876 See Dome Open Chicago Tribune April 10 1965 p 2 1 Dome Outfielders Can t Catch Flys Valley Morning Star Harlingen TX April 10 1965 p 8 Astros Were Ready to Give Refunds If Sun Ruined Saturday Game in Dome Amarillo TX Globe Times April 12 1965 p13 Houston Astro Outfielders Able To Catch Fly Ball After Costly Paint Job Lubbock TX Avalanche Journal April 23 1965 p D 8 19 Die 11 Missing as Explosion Rips Through Coal Mine Chicago Tribune April 9 1965 p 1 Grant and Lee Kin Descend on Appomattox Chicago Tribune April 10 1965 p 15 Nichols CDR John B and Barret Tillman On Yankee Station The Naval Air War Over Vietnam Annapolis Maryland United States Naval Institute 1987 ISBN 978 0 87021 559 9 p 153 Michael Lewis and Stephen J Spignesi 100 Best Beatles Songs A Passionate Fan s Guide Hachette Books 2009 2 Bodyguards Slain Saving Ruler From Assassination Beckley Herald Beckley West Virginia April 12 1965 p 1 Alvandi Roham 2014 Nixon Kissinger and the Shah The United States and Iran in the Cold War Oxford University Press Wade Mark Soyuz Encyclopedia Astronautica Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 Retrieved 27 July 2010 Huntress Wesley T Jr Marov Mikhail Ya 2011 Soviet Robots in the Solar System Mission Technologies and Discoveries Springer pp 123 125 Aviation Safety Network 54 Lives Lost In Plane Crash San Bernardino Sun San Bernardino California April 12 1965 p 1 Shemesh Moshe 2012 The Palestinian Entity 1959 1974 Arab Politics and the PLO Routledge p 60 Fleischer Nat et al 2001 An Illustrated History of Boxing Citadel Press p 323 Grasso John 2013 Ortiz Manuel Historical Dictionary of Boxing Scarecrow Press p 307 Thursday Television Programs Chicago Tribune April 9 1965 p 2A 24 Donnelley Paul 2003 Linda Darnell Fade to Black A Book of Movie Obituaries Music Sales Group p 191 Jay Robert Nash Darkest Hours Rowman amp Littlefield 1976 p 264 Lee Allyn Davis Natural Disasters Infobase Publishing 2010 p 344 172 KILLED BY TORNADOES Thousands Are Injured in Six States Chicago Tribune April 12 1965 p 1 TWISTER TOLL PUT AT 248 5 000 Are Injured Damage Tops 250 Million Chicago Tribune April 13 1965 p 1 Johnson Signs Bill at Old Schoolhouse Chicago Tribune April 12 1965 p 18 Christine H Rossell et al School Desegregation in the 21st Century Greenwood Publishing Group 2002 p 26 Johnson Picks Adm Raborn as Head of CIA Chicago Tribune April 12 1965 p 6 Daniel Jaffe Historical Dictionary of Russian Music Scarecrow Press 2012 p 26 German Ship Aground Ablaze in St Lawrence Chicago Tribune April 12 1965 p 3 Sunken Ship Delays Traffic in St Lawrence Channel The Times No 56294 London 12 April 1965 col C p 10 Is Man Not Alone in the Universe Space Signals Stir Experts Milwaukee Sentinel April 13 1965 p 3 Russians Hedge On Civilization In Space Theory Ottawa Journal April 13 1965 p 1 Tass Is Rebuked for Report On Radio Signals from Space Nashua Telegraph Nashua New Hampshire April 14 1965 p 1 Russians Temper Report on Space Idea That Rational Beings Are Signaling Is Challenged The New York Times April 14 1965 p 3 Heidmann Jean 1997 Extraterrestrial Intelligence Cambridge University Press p 151 Abandoned Village s Last Citizen Kills Self Chicago Tribune April 14 1965 pp 2 4 Commons Gives Wilson 316 to 290 Confidence Vote Chicago Tribune April 14 1965 p 12 Margotin Philippe Guesdon Jean Michel 2014 All The Songs The Story Behind Every Beatles Release Hachette Books Pleasure Ship Capsizes in Harbour The Times No 56296 London 14 April 1965 col A p 9 Senate Gets Negro Page 1st for Congress Chicago Tribune April 14 1965 p 1 House Votes Presidential Amendment Senate Must Accept It or Compromise Chicago Tribune April 14 1965 p 2A 2 Killian Johnny H et al eds 2004 The Constitution of the United States of America Analysis and Interpretation U S Government Printing Office p 42 Tribe Ruins Angel Coming Out Party Los Angeles Times April 14 1965 p 3 1 Angels Dick Wantz Succumbs to Brain Tumor Los Angeles Times May 15 1965 p 2 1 Frankum Ronald B Jr ed 2011 Fact Sheet Operation Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam Scarecrow Press p 163 Aviation Safety Network 26 Die 1 Saved in British Air Crash in Fog Chicago Tribune April 15 1965 p 1A 9 Execute Smith and Hickock Slayers of the Clutter Family Die on Gallows Kansas City Times April 14 1965 p 1 Clutter Killers Are Executed Iola Register Iola Kansas AP April 14 1965 p 1 Hickock Smith Pay Extreme Penalty Pair Meets Death On KSP Gallows Garden City Telegram Garden City Kansas April 14 1965 p 1 The Month in Review Current History June 1965 Blair W Granger April 16 1965 Bonn Completes Israeli Payments The New York Times p 1 Bonn Completes Israel Payment Phoenix Gazette April 19 1965 p 12 De Greiff Pablo 2008 The Handbook of Reparations Oxford University Press pp 399 402 Launius Roger D 2004 Frontiers of Space Exploration Greenwood Publishing p 19 Warn World Ready S R O Sign for 2050 Chicago Tribune April 17 1965 p 2A 7 World population projected to reach 9 6 billion by 2050 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Barringer Mark 2011 Antiwar Movement U S In Tucker Spencer C ed The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History ABC CLIO p 55 14 000 Picket White House Protest Against War Left Wingers Stream in from Afar 6 000 at U of W Back Policy Chicago Tribune April 18 1965 p 1 Students Picket at White House 15 000 White House Pickets Denounce Vietnam War The New York Times April 18 1965 p 1 Where the State Feared to Tread Britain Britons Covert Action and the Yemen Civil War 1962 64 by Clive Jones in Intelligence Crises and Security Prospects and Retrospects Routledge 2013 p 80 Dennis Kux The United States and Pakistan 1947 2000 Disenchanted Allies Woodrow Wilson Center Press 2001 p 155 Victoria Garrett Jones Marian Anderson A Voice Uplifted Sterling Publishing Company 2008 p112 Isabelle Putnam Emerson Five Centuries of Women Singers Praeger 2005 p 262 King Brett 2012 Bank 3 0 Why Banking Is No Longer Somewhere You Go But Something You Do John Wiley amp Sons Kale Vivek 2014 Guide to Cloud Computing for Business and Technology Managers From Distributed Computing to Cloudware Applications CRC Press p 521 Gould Jack April 20 1965 Radio Continuous News on WINS Rock n Roll Dropped for New Identity The New York Times p 79 Schneider Daniel B March 4 2001 F Y I The New York Times Cox Jim 2009 American Radio Networks A History McFarland p 68 Six End 34 Day Space Trip Flight Simulated by U S Flyers to Get Data Chicago Tribune April 20 1965 p 18 HU GO Craft Retrieved 25 January 2012 Lal Brij V Fortune Kate eds 2000 The Pacific Islands An Encyclopedia University of Hawaii Press p 281 Swearingen Will D 2014 Moroccan Mirages Agrarian Dreams and Deceptions 1912 1986 Princeton University Press p 177 Davidson Phillip B 1991 Vietnam at War The History 1946 1975 Oxford University Press pp 345 357 Berridge W J 2015 Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan The Khartoum Springs of 1964 and 1985 Bloomsbury Publishing p 162 Dann Uriel 1989 King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism Jordan 1955 1967 Oxford University Press p 143 Harkabi Yehoshafat 1974 Arab Attitudes to Israel John Wiley amp Sons p 22 History of French Local Elections Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 Retrieved 27 October 2013 Bloom Ken ed 2013 Webber Andrew Lloyd Broadway An Encyclopedia Routledge p 551 Hunter Michael 2013 Mormons and Popular Culture The Global Influence of an American Phenomenon Vol 2 ABC CLIO p 211 Clown Found Beaten Dead in Hotel Room Chicago Tribune April 22 1965 p 25 Charge Two In Clown s Murder Ottawa Journal June 7 1965 p 1 Woman Says She Saw Ringling Clown Slain St Petersburg Times St Petersburg Florida September 26 1967 p 2 B Life Term Given Killer of Clown Sarasota Herald Tribune November 22 1967 p 4 Frasier David K 27 September 2013 Paul Jung Everybody Doesn t Love a Clown Retrieved 3 March 2023 via blogspot com Taylor John W R ed 1988 Jane s All the Worlds Aircraft 1988 89 Jane s Information Group p 7 Tannenwald Nina 2007 The Nuclear Taboo The United States and the Non Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945 Cambridge University Press Wicker Tom April 25 1965 President Plans No Major Change in Vietnam Policy The New York Times p 1 Johnson Policy No Troop Action But More Raids San Antonio Express April 25 1965 p 1 Soviet Scores U S Nuclear War Plans San Bernardino County Sun San Bernardino County California UPI April 27 1965 p 1 Shabad Theodore April 24 1965 Moscow Puts Aloft Its First Comsat TV Movie Is Shown The New York Times p 1 Smith Delbert D 1976 Communication Via Satellite A Vision in Retrospect A W Sijthoff p 284 Fredriksen John C 2011 The United States Air Force A Chronology ABC CLIO p 234 Sukarno Seizes Foreign Firms Los Angeles Times AP April 25 1965 p 10 Nahaylo Bohdan Swoboda Victor 1990 Soviet Disunion A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR Simon and Schuster pp 147 148 Hovannisian Richard G 2011 The Armenian Genocide Cultural and Ethical Legacies Transaction Publishers p 107 Ribeiro De Meneses Filipe 2013 Salazar A Political Biography Enigma Books pp 584 585 Laws Bill 2011 Byways Boots and Blisters A History of Walkers and Walking The History Press p 173 Dixon Jeffrey Sarkees Meredith 2012 Guide to Intra state Wars A Handbook on Civil Wars 1816 2014 CQ Press p 99 Fumagalli Maria Cristina 2015 On the Edge Writing the Border Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic Oxford University Press p 261 Dubois Jules April 30 1965 Tells Role of Reds in Dominican Revolt Chicago Tribune p 1 Daugherty Leo J III 2009 The Marine Corps and the State Department Enduring Partners in United States Foreign Policy 1798 2007 McFarland pp 186 187 Carnival Ride Whirls 2 Children to Deaths Chicago Tribune April 25 1965 p 1 Highway Sniper s Bullet Proves Fatal to Boy 5 Los Angeles Times April 27 1965 Dominican Junta Forced Out Chicago Tribune April 26 1965 p 1 Constitutionalist Revolt in Historical Dictionary of the Dominican Republic Eric Paul Roorda ed Rowman amp Littlefield 2016 p 83 Ahmed Noman and Kassim Almadhagi Almadhagi Yemen and the USA A Super Power and a Small state Relationship 1962 1992 I B Tauris 1996 p 70 Boston Takes 7th NBA Title Chicago Tribune April 26 1965 p 3 1 World Championships Results ITTF Museum Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 Retrieved 7 April 2012 ITTF Statistics ittf com Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 7 April 2012 U S Embassy in Cambodia Is Stoned by Mob Chicago Tribune April 27 1965 p 1 20 000 Cambodians Mob U S Embassy Rip Down Flag in Protest Against Vietnam Policy and Magazine Article The New York Times UPI April 27 1965 p 1 Manchester United Is English Soccer Champ Bridgeport Telegram Bridgeport Connecticut April 27 1965 p 1 Scott Elliot Robin 19 February 2010 Old Trafford Centenary 10 games that define Theatre of Dreams The Independent London Retrieved 30 March 2012 Simpson Emile 2012 War From the Ground Up Twenty First Century Combat as Politics Oxford University Press For Distinguished Conduct in the Field the register of the Distinguished Conduct Medal 1920 1992 compiled by Philip McDermott 1994 CRUSH DOMINICAN REVOLT Rebel Forces Hit by Land Sea and Air Chicago Tribune April 28 1965 p 1 Lentz Harris M ed 2014 Dominican Republic Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 Routledge p 232 2 2 Billion Fund Bill Voted by 7 Senators Chicago Tribune April 28 1965 p 3 a b Test Pilot Killed as New Vertical Lift Plane Dives Chicago Tribune April 28 1965 p 1 Obituary Variety April 28 1965 p 60 Zhai Qiang 2010 China and the American Escalation In Rotter Andrew J ed Light at the End of the Tunnel A Vietnam War Anthology Rowman amp Littlefield p 260 Davis James Kirkpatrick 1997 Assault on the Left The FBI and the Sixties Antiwar Movement Greenwood Publishing pp 30 31 Carr Barry 2012 Dominican Republic U S Interventions in Cold War The Essential Reference Guide ABC CLIO pp 55 56 MARINES ENTER DOMINGO Leftists Hold Center of Dominican Capital Chicago Tribune April 29 1965 p 2 2 Ships Bring 640 Evacuees from Dominican Republic Chicago Tribune April 29 1965 p 2 Young Ronald 2015 Dominican Republic Invasion In Ciment James ed Postwar America An Encyclopedia of Social Political Cultural and Economic History Routledge pp 398 399 House Passes Clean Water Bill 358 to 0 Chicago Tribune April 29 1965 p 2A 15 Snider L Britt 2008 The Agency and the Hill CIA s Relationship with Congress 1946 2004 Government Printing Office p 334 Green Michael 28 April 2015 The Tenth Man on the Field or Above It werehistory org Leventhal Josh 2011 Take Me Out to the Ballpark An Illustrated Tour of Baseball Parks Past and Present Workman Publishing p 111 1000 AUSTRALIANS FOR VIETNAM Govt Responds to Appeal for Front Line Troops The Age Melbourne April 30 1965 p 1 Guy Bill 1999 A Life on the Left A Biography of Clyde Cameron Wakefield Press pp 202 203 Davies Bruce 2015 An Independent Command Australia s Ground Forces in the Vietnam War and Contemporary Memories New Perceptions of the Vietnam War Essays on the War the South Vietnamese Experience the Diaspora and the Continuing Impact McFarland p 246 Quake Rocks 4 States in Northwest Chicago Tribune April 30 1965 p 1 National Geophysical Data Center Significant earthquake Retrieved 8 January 2012 12 5 Million Seattle Quake Takes 7th Life Fresno Bee Fresno California AP May 1 1965 p 2 A 1 700 MARINES IN DOMINGO Move Ashore After Battle with Rebels Abel Declared USW Winner Chicago Tribune May 1 1965 p 7 Athan Theoharis From the Secret Files of J Edgar Hoover Elephant Paperbacks 1993 p 108 Ruark Robert C in North Carolina Biographical Dictionary by Jan Onofrio Somerset Publishers 2000 pp 516 517 Ruark Hangs Up His Gloves As a Full Time Columnist by Robert C Ruark El Paso TX Herald Post April 30 1965 p 1 Ruark Popular Author Dies Tucson AZ Daily Citizen July 1 1965 p 1 DOMINICAN TRUCE IGNORED Two Yanks Slain Chicago Tribune May 1 1965 p 1 Army Names Two Slain in Domingo Fight Chicago Tribune May 3 1965 p 2 Mother and 3 Children Escape Dominican Fire Syracuse NY Post Standard May 18 1965 p 50 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title April 1965 amp oldid 1186253928, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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