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February 1965

January 24, 2023

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The following events occurred in February 1965:

February 21, 1965: Malcolm X assassinated during speech
February 15, 1965: Canada's new Maple Leaf flag goes up on flagpoles nationwide...
February 4, 1965: Soviet Union removes discredited geneticist Lysenko
... and the old Canadian flag is retired

February 1, 1965 (Monday)

February 2, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • A vote intended to remove British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, made as a no confidence motion by the United Kingdom's Conservative Party, failed in the House of Commons by 17 votes. Voting along party lines, the parties disapproved the censure motion, a resolution describing Wilson's decisions in his first 100 days as premier as "hasty and ill-considered", with 289 Conservative members voting in favor, and 306 Labour members against. The nine MPs from the Liberal Party abstained.[5]
  • Wilson announced to the House of Commons that the Cabinet had voted to cancel three expensive defense projects. Two were for aircraft capable of vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL): the Armstrong Whitworth AW.681 was a large military transport plane, and the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 was a supersonic fighter aircraft.[6] The third, the British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2 was a high-speed attack and reconnaissance jet. Wilson said that the cost of the research and development for the TSR-2 alone had already reached 750,000,000 British pounds, more than eight times the original forecast, and that each of the 150 planned TSR-2s would cost four million pounds apiece.[7]
  • Missing salesman Lawrence Joseph Bader was spotted at the National Sporting Goods Show in Chicago, United States, by a former classmate almost 8 years after he had vanished. Bader had been missing since May 15, 1957,[8] and had been declared legally dead in 1960, enabling his wife to collect $40,000 of life insurance. Shortly after his disappearance in 1957, he had become known in Omaha, Nebraska, as John Francis "Fritz" Johnson, had married again, and had become a sportscaster at the KETV television station. After multiple confirmations of his identity, Johnson still denied having any memory of being Lawrence Bader, and offered to have his fingerprints compared to Bader's army record; the prints were a match[9][10] and specialists concluded that he had suffered from amnesia for eight years. He died of cancer, in Omaha, on September 16, 1966.[11][12]
  • Police in Selma, Alabama, jailed an additional 520 African-American protesters, bringing the total number of people to 1,288.[13]
  • The U.S. National Science Foundation announced that a team of scientists, led by Keith A.J. Wise of the Bishop Museum of Hawaii, had discovered living animals "in a miniature garden high above a desolate Antarctic icecap 309 miles from the South Pole". The tiny mites, only one quarter of a millimeter (or 1/100th of an inch) in length, were discovered in soil in the Queen Maud Mountains.[14]
  • Born: Catherine Elizabeth "Cady" Huffman, Tony Award-winning American stage actress, in Santa Barbara, California
  • Died: G. N. Watson, 79, English mathematician best known for Watson's lemma

February 3, 1965 (Wednesday)

February 4, 1965 (Thursday)

February 5, 1965 (Friday)

February 6, 1965 (Saturday)

  • Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin arrived in Hanoi for a state visit to North Vietnam.[34]
  • Partap Singh Kairon, the former Chief Minister of the Indian state of Punjab, was assassinated after meeting with Prime Minister Shastri. Kairon, who had been a leader of the Punjabi independence movement in India, was being driven from Delhi on his way back to his home at Amritsar. He was passing through the village of Resni when four men with rifles attacked his car, killing him, his chauffeur, his private secretary and a former state cabinet aide.[35][36]
  • Congolese Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and Belgian Foreign Minister Paul-Henri Spaak signed an agreement in Brussels, with Belgium paying off $250 million worth of interest on Congo's pre-independence debts of nearly one billion dollars. In return, Congo would compensate the Belgian owners of mines that had been nationalized by the government. "From today, the Congo is independent", Tshombe told reporters, adding "We will achieve our program of economic reconstruction."[37][38][39]
  • Five days after his 50th birthday, Sir Stanley Matthews became the oldest person ever to play a game in England's highest-level soccer Football League, when he assisted Stoke City in its 5–1 win at home over Fulham. Matthews, who had been knighted earlier as part of the New Year Honours, had made his debut for Stoke City almost 33 years earlier, in March, 1932, and retired from competition after the game.[40]
  • A few minutes after takeoff, LAN Chile Flight 107 crashed in the Andes Mountains during a flight between Santiago and Buenos Aires, killing all 80 passengers and seven crew.[41] The dead included 22 players and staff of Santiago's Antonio Varas soccer football team, who were on their way to Uruguay for a match against the Camadeo team in Montevideo; the DC-6B plane was only 20 minutes into its flight, and at an altitude of 13,000 feet (4,000 m), when it struck the dormant San Jose volcano.[42][43]

February 7, 1965 (Sunday)

  • A mortar and small arms attack by the Viet Cong, on the Camp Holloway U.S. station adjacent to the airport at Pleiku, killed eight American advisers and wounded 108 others. The attackers also destroyed six Huey helicopters and a Caribou transport plane and damaged 15 other aircraft.[44]
  • President Johnson responded by launching Operation Flaming Dart, sending 49 U.S. Navy bombers to bomb North Vietnamese army barracks in Đồng Hới and other targets around North Vietnam's Gulf of Tonkin.[45][46][47][48][49][50]
  • McGeorge Bundy, National Security Advisor to U.S. President Lyndon Johnson, delivered a memorandum, "Re: A Policy of Sustained Reprisal", that followed up on his January 27 recommendation that the United States begin the bombing of North Vietnam. In the second statement, Bundy told the President, "We believe that the best available way of increasing our chance of success in Vietnam is the development and execution of a policy of sustained reprisal against North Vietnam... Once a program of reprisals is clearly underway, it should not be necessary to connect each specific act against North Vietnam to a particular outrage in the South..." Although Bundy conceded the odds of success "may be somewhere between 25% and 75%", he added, "What we can say is that even if it fails, the policy will be worth it. At a minimum it will damp down the charge that we did not do all that we could have done, and this charge will be important in many countries, including our own."[51] Author Charles Lemert would later comment, "Bundy's sustained reprisal memorandum defined Johnson's fatal policy. By December 1965, 200,000 troops had replaced the 20,000 or so advisers in Vietnam at the beginning of the year. And by 1968 Johnson's presidency and his Great Society program would be in ruins..."[52]
  • The Broadway musical Kelly, with lyrics by Eddie Lawrence and music by Mark Charlap, had its opening night performance at the Broadhurst Theatre and then closed, making history as the most expensive Broadway failure up to that time. The loss to investors in 1965 was $650,000, equivalent to almost $4.9 million fifty years later.[53]
  • Lester Maddox closed his popular Pickrick Restaurant in Atlanta, one day after he had begrudgingly announced that he would relent to a court order and serve African-American customers, rather than to face a daily $200 fine for contempt of court. At noon, when a young black man named Jack Googer arrived to be the first customer, Maddox announced that he was closing the business. "I cannot betray my vow to my God" (to not serve Negro customers), he told reporters. "Dollars are unimportant to me." Maddox then placed a sign on the door, announcing that the Pickrick was "out of business, resulting from an act passed by the U.S. Congress, signed by President Johnson and inspired and supported by deadly and bloody Communism."[54]
  • Born: Chris Rock, African-American comedian, as Christopher Julius Rock III in Andrews, South Carolina
  • Died: Nance O'Neil, 90, American stage and silent film actress nicknamed "the American Bernhardt"

February 8, 1965 (Monday)

  • Twenty-four Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombers, personally led by General Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, crossed from South Vietnam and struck targets in and around the Quảng Bình Province of North Vietnam, and the crews returned to a heroes' welcome.[55][56][57] The act became symbolic of South Vietnam's determination to fight for its own defense against Communism, and contributed to President Johnson's decision at a meeting of his National Security Council later that day. Thereafter, sustained bombing of North Vietnam would become a "continuing action" rather than one of occasional reprisals.[58][59] Support in the United States for an increased fight in Vietnam was evident from newspapers reporting on Operation Flaming Dart. The Washington Post said in an editorial the next day, "withdrawal from South Vietnam would not gain peace, but only lead to another war", and added, "The United States Government has taken the only course available to it, if it does not wish to surrender."[60]
  • Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom continued her African state visit, moving on from Ethiopia, where her host was Emperor Haile Selassie, to Sudan, where she was greeted by President al-Mahi.[61]
  • All 84 people on board Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 were killed when the plane crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, moments after taking off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. The Eastern Airlines flight was forced to make an unusually steep turn in order to avoid a collision with an incoming airliner, Pan Am Flight 212.[62] The doomed plane, a Douglas DC-7B, went down almost 7 miles (11 km) away off the coast of Long Island's Jones Beach State Park.[63][64]
  • On the same day as the Eastern crash, a Scandinavian Airlines DC-7 burst into flames as it was attempting to take off from Tenerife in the Canary Islands on a flight to Copenhagen, but all 91 people on board were evacuated (84 of them uninjured) before the plane was consumed by flames.[65]
  • The city of Empire, Oregon, population 3,917, ceased to exist and became part of Coos Bay, making Coos Bay the largest city on the Oregon coast. Voters in Empire had approved the merger and the surrender of their city charter on December 7, 1964, by a vote of 463 to 387, while Coos Bay residents had approved the merger overwhelmingly on January 8, 1965, by a margin of 1,329 to 181.[66]
  • Born: Dicky Cheung (stage name for Cheung Wai-kin), Cantopop singer and actor, in Hong Kong
  • Died: Wayne Estes, 21, American college basketball star for Utah State University, was killed in a freak accident less than two hours after leading a 91–62 win over Denver University and scoring 48 points (including the 2000th point of his career). As he walked back to campus, he brushed against a high voltage wire that had been knocked down by a car, and was electrocuted.[67] At the time of his death, Estes was the second most prolific scorer in major college basketball, averaging 33.7 points a game (less than Rick Barry and ahead of Bill Bradley, and was considered to be a likely first round NBA draft pick.[68]

February 9, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • As bombing of North Vietnam continued, the People's Republic of China issued a statement that "We warn U.S. imperialism: You are overreaching yourselves in trying to extend the war with your small forces in Indochina, Southeast Asia, and the Far East. To be frank, we are waiting for you in battle array."[69][70] On the same day, U.S. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy told Senator Mike Mansfield that the Johnson administration "was willing to run the risk of a war with China" if an invasion of North Vietnam was deemed necessary.[71]
  • The U.S. Embassy in Moscow was attacked by a mob of about 3,000 Asian and Russian students who were protesting against the American bombing of North Vietnam. Two reporters, Adam Clymer of The Baltimore Sun and Bernard Ullman of the Agence-France news agency, were injured, and more than 200 windows in the ten-story building were shattered before Moscow police intervened.[72]
  • The first twenty of 1,819 wives and children of South Vietnam-based American civilian and military personnel departed that nation, by order of President Johnson.[73] The rest, including the dependents of Ambassador Maxwell Taylor and General William Westmoreland, departed over the next 15 days.
  • Voting began for the next president of the 1.2 million member United Steelworkers of America (USWA) labor union, at 3,300 union offices, plants and other locations. In a close election, I. W. Abel defeated incumbent President David J. McDonald by only 6,228 votes.[74]
  • President Tito of Yugoslavia was awarded the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria.[75]
  • Died: Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, 91, Bengali educator who assisted in the formation of the University of Dhaka; the Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, founded in 1995 by the Dhaka Ahsania Mission that he had established, would be named in his honor.

February 10, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • The first "one-shot" vaccine against the measles was made available to American physicians, the day after its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Although vaccinations against the measles had first been introduced in the U.S. in 1963, they had required children to receive several injections in order for immunity against the virus to be obtained. The new measles shot, using a greatly-weakened strain of the measles virus, was 99% effective in providing a lifelong immunity to the illness.[76]
  • Three days after their attack on the U.S. Army barracks at Pleiku, the Viet Cong staged an attack on another barracks at Qui Nhơn, killing 23 American soldiers, two VC and seven civilians leading to even heavier U.S. air strikes against North Vietnam[50][58][77] McGeorge Bundy would tell a reporter later, "Pleikus are like streetcars", in that it could be expected that after each incident, the U.S. could expect that another one would arrive when the time was right.[78]
  • Died: Admiral Arthur C. Davis, 71, naval aviation pioneer who perfected dive bombing techniques.

February 11, 1965 (Thursday)

  • On his way back to Moscow from Hanoi, Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin stopped in Beijing for the second time in less than a month, and met with China's Communist Party General Secretary, Mao Zedong, with a suggestion that the two nations help the United States to "find a way out of Vietnam" that would end the continuing war there; Mao's response was a warning that the Soviets should not use Vietnam as a bargaining issue in negotiations with the U.S., and refused to agree.[79]
  • Operation Flaming Dart II began as 99 U.S. Navy carrier aircraft attacked enemy logistics and communications at Chanh Hoa barracks in southern North Vietnam near the DMZ.[80]
  • India's Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri announced that his government was abandoning plans, announced on January 26, to have Hindi replace English as the nation's official language. The decision followed more than two weeks of rioting in southern India and the deaths of over 100 people in clashes with police. "For an indefinite period", Shastri said in a nationwide address, "I would have English an associate language... I do not wish the people of the non-Hindi areas to feel that certain doors of advancement are closed to them." The "indefinite period" never expired, and India would later have 23 official languages, with English as the lingua franca.[81][82][83]

February 12, 1965 (Friday)

  • The refueling reactor on the Soviet nuclear submarine K-11 became overheated and exploded, causing radiation contamination but no deaths. A furfurol-based polymer would be used to seal the reactor, which would then be dumped into the Abrosimova fjord in the Kara Sea within the Arctic Ocean, at a depth of 20 metres (66 ft).[84][85]
  • Twenty-nine activists set out on the Aboriginal Freedom Ride in Australia.[86]
  • Yaroslav Golovanov, the science editor for the Soviet youth newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda, was approved for cosmonaut training for the Soviet space program, along with two other journalists with engineering backgrounds, Mikhail Rebrov of the Defense Ministry newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda and Yuri Letunov of Gosteleradio, the government-owned radio network.[87] After the death a year later of their mentor, Soviet space program chief Sergei Korolev, the three were dropped from the program. It would not be until 25 years later, in 1990, that a member of the press, Toyohiro Akiyama of the Tokyo Broadcasting System, would become the first journalist to be launched into outer space.
  • OCAM (Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache), the African and Malagasy Common Organization, was formed at Nouakchott, Mauritania, as a successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation (Union Africaine et Malgache de Coopération Économique; UAMCE), formerly the African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malgache; UAM)). The 13 initial members were all former French colonies (Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Dahomey, Gabon, the Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Upper Volta).[88]
  • Plans for the U.S. Head Start program, for early education for underprivileged children, were given massive publicity by Lady Bird Johnson, the First Lady, when she hosted prominent women as guests for a tea party at the White House. Women from business and entertainment were invited, along with the wives of high-ranking federal government officials, the wives of some state governors, and a few men, "primarily church leaders". Mrs. Johnson addressed the need for early education for all preschoolers, and the reporting of her party on the "society pages" of newspapers brought a favorable response for Head Start and for the War on Poverty.[89]
  • Died: John Hays Hammond Jr., 76, American electrical engineer and inventor of radio control for remote guidance of missiles, unmanned combat vehicles, drones and other "RC" devices.

February 13, 1965 (Saturday)

 
İnönü forced out
 
New P.M. Ürgüplü
  • By a margin of 225 to 197, İsmet İnönü, the longtime leader of Turkey as president and later as Prime Minister, lost a vote of no-confidence in the Turkish National Assembly and was forced to resign.[90][91] A new government would be formed by Suat Hayri Ürgüplü on February 20.[92][93]
  • U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson agreed with advisers that a campaign of sustained reprisal in air strikes against North Vietnam would be necessary in order to end the war there.[78][94] The attacks, described officially as "a program of measured and limited air action jointly"[95] with South Vietnam, would be ordered by the President on February 24 as Operation Rolling Thunder, would begin on March 2[96] the first of many over the rest of the decade.
  • Wasfi al-Tal was chosen as the new Prime Minister of Jordan by King Hussein. Hussein dismissed Bahjat Talhouni from the job after concluding that Talhuni had conceded too much in summits with Egypt's President Nasser, and chose al-Tal, who was "anti-Egyptian and "anti-PLO".[97][98]
  • The villages of Paidha and Goli, Uganda, located on the African nation's border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, were bombed by Congolese military aircraft, prompting Ugandan Prime Minister Milton Obote to activate all former Ugandan Army members and to call on the citizens to defend the country. In response to the Ugandan charges, the Congo government in Leopoldville said that Ugandan troops had assisted Congolese rebels in attacking the Congolese town of Mahagi on February 5.[99] By the end of the year, the Ugandan Army would more than double in size, to 4,500 men.[100]
  • Nicholas Katzenbach was sworn in as U.S. Attorney General.[101]
  • American members of the International Longshoremen's Association returned to work after reaching a settlement in their 33-day long strike, which had started on January 11.[102]
  • Died: General Humberto Delgado, 58, a former Portuguese Air Force commander who had been exiled and was an opponent of the regime of Portugal's dictator, António de Oliveira Salazar, was kidnapped and murdered by PIDE secret police forces near the border town of Olivenza. Murdered also was Delgado's Brazilian secretary, Arajaryr Moreira de Campo.[103][104]
  • Died: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, 60, Swiss-born American socialite

February 14, 1965 (Sunday)

  • The home of African-American civil rights advocate Malcolm X (who used the surname Shabazz), in the Elmhurst neighborhood of Queens, New York City, was firebombed by Molotov cocktails while he, his wife and their four children were inside. The family escaped unharmed, but the house was seriously damaged; Malcolm X would be assassinated a week later.[105][106]
  • A qualifying match in the 1965 African Cup of Nations football tournament between Kenya and Ethiopia was awarded to Ethiopia as a walkover, after the Confederation of African Football (CAF) upheld a protest by Ethiopia because Kenya had fielded two players (Moses Wabwayi and Stephen Baraza) who were ineligible because they had represented Uganda previously. Ethiopia qualified and the two players were suspended for one year after Uganda stated that they were still registered with the Uganda F.A.[107]

February 15, 1965 (Monday)

  • In Sofia, an angry mob of 300 students broke through a cordon of 100 police who were protecting the American legation to Bulgaria and wrecked the first floor of the building.[108]
  • TWW, the independent British television network covering south Wales and west England, inaugurated its new service, reviving the Teledu Cymru broadcasting that had halted a year earlier. Local programming, including Welsh music and some Welsh-language shows, was directed on four channels at St Hilary, near Cardiff (Channel 7), Preseli (Channel 8), Arfon (Channel 10) and Moel-y-Parc (near Wrexham) (Channel 11).[109]
  • The Beatles recorded "Ticket to Ride" at the EMI Studios in London.
  • Three prominent public officials of the Republic of the Congo— Joseph Pouabou (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Congo), Lazare Matsocota (Attorney General and chief prosecutor), and Massouémé Anselme (Director of the Congolese Information Agency)— were kidnapped from Brazzaville and murdered.[110][111]
  • A new red and white maple leaf design was inaugurated as the flag of Canada, replacing the Union Flag and the Canadian Red Ensign. At noon, the new banner was raised first on the Peace Tower of the Parliament Building in Ottawa.[112][113]
  • Methamphetamine inhalers, formerly available in the United States as an over-the-counter medicine, were barred from sale by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) except by doctor prescription. In announcing the new rules, FDA Commissioner George P. Larrick said that he had received 153 reports of meth abuse in 1964, compared with 54 in 1963 and only five a year in 1960, 1961 and 1962.[114]
  • Cyrus Vance, the Deputy U.S. Secretary of Defense, ordered the Departments of the Army and the Air Force to amend their regulations regarding individual state National Guard units, so as to prevent any racial discrimination as a requirement of association with the U.S. military. Such regulations were ordered to be implemented "to ensure that the policy of equal opportunity and treatment is clearly stated"; the new requirements would be quickly accepted by the states, and by the end of 1965, there would not be a single segregated national guard unit in any of the fifty states.[115]
  • United Artists' new epic film The Greatest Story Ever Told, starring Max von Sydow as Jesus Christ, premièred at the Warner Cinerama Theatre in New York City. Despite an all-star cast including Charlton Heston, John Wayne, Claude Rains, Shelley Winters, Sidney Poitier and José Ferrer, it did poorly at the box office.[116]
  • Died: Nat King Cole, 45, African-American singer and jazz pianist, from lung cancer

February 16, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • Flying along the coast of central South Vietnam, 1st Lt. James S. Bowers, a United States Army officer flying a MEDEVAC helicopter, spotted and sank an enemy naval trawler camouflaged with trees and bushes.[117] The 130-foot (40 m) North Vietnamese trawler, "Vessel 143",[118] was sunk, leading to the discovery of 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of Soviet and Chinese-made war material, including 3,500 to 4,000 rifles and submachine guns, one million rounds of small arms ammunition, 1,500 grenades, 2,000 mortar rounds, and 500 pounds (230 kg) of explosives.[119] News of the event was summarized in a U.S. State Department White Paper, released to the press at month's end, titled Aggression from the North: The Record of North Viet-Nam's Campaign to Conquer South Viet-Nam; in the opinion of one war historian, "The position paper was clearly designed to justify a US military response"[120] which would come in the form of increased bombing of North Vietnam.
  • Phan Huy Quát was sworn in as the new civilian Prime Minister of South Vietnam, although effective control of the nation remained with two generals, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ.[121]
  • Radio Moscow, the official English-language broadcasting station of the Soviet Union, warned that American bombing raids on North Vietnam could lead to a world war. "The flames of war starting in one place could easily spread to neighboring countries and, in the final count, embrace the whole world", the broadcast noted, and admonished that "responsibility for the dire consequences of such a policy rests with America."[122]
  • The Rolling Stones concluded their Far East Tour with a concert at Badminton Hall, Singapore.[123]
  • Aboriginal activists in Australia conducted a sit-in to challenge de facto segregation of a Sydney hotel.[124]
  • Frank McNamee, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada, was found near death in his apartment near Lake Tahoe, after apparently being severely beaten by a robber.[125] Phillippe Denning would be arrested at a St. Louis bus station the next day with stolen items, and would later be convicted of attempted murder.[126] McNamee would never recover from his head injuries, and would pass away three years later.[127]
  • The first Pegasus satellite was launched by the United States to determine the extent of potential damage in orbit by micrometeoroids. Once in orbit, Pegasus unfolded wings "to a span greater than a four-engine airliner" in order to provide "a huge target for the tiny, almost invisible particles it seeks to catch".[128] All strikes were recorded on a data collector. As the third largest satellite up to that time, Pegasus was visible at night as a pinpoint of light as it passed over an area within its orbit.
  • United States Navy Divers Fred Jackson and John Youmans were killed in a decompression chamber fire at the Experimental Diving Unit in Washington, D.C., shortly after additional oxygen was added to the chamber's atmospheric mix.[129][130]

February 17, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • Academy Award-winning actress Patricia Neal suffered two near-fatal strokes at the age of 39, shortly after coming home for the day from filming of the movie 7 Women, and was rushed into emergency brain surgery.[131][132] After being in a coma for weeks, she survived,[133] and, on August 4, would give birth to the daughter she had been carrying and, after years of recovery, she would return to acting.[134]
  • The lunar probe Ranger 8 was launched from Cape Canaveral. The photographs it transmitted would help select landing sites for future Apollo missions.[135]
  • The U.S. Department of Defense reported a record number of American casualties for the week of February 14 to February 20. The 37 Americans killed were more than had died in the first two years of American involvement in Vietnam; 32 had died in 1961 and 1962. Twenty-three of the men killed had died in the bombing of the Qui Nhơn barracks.[136]
  • U.S. Senator Frank Church of Idaho, became the first member of Congress to begin an open debate about American involvement in Vietnam, delivering a speech titled "We Are in Too Deep in Asia and Africa", based on an article that he had written for the New York Times Magazine.[78] Of him, it would be written later, "no senator had a longer career of opposition to the Vietnam War or a greater impact on American foreign policy than Frank Church."[137]
  • Police clashed with 400 black students outside the Brooklyn Board of Education, as a boycott of New York City schools continued to grow.[138][139]
  • The Syrian government expelled U.S. diplomat Walter Snowdon, saying he had offered bribes for information to military officers.[39][140]
  • A bomb blast in Vatican City heavily damaged the building occupied by the Swiss Guard, bodyguards for the Pope.[141] Actor Claudio Volonté, the brother of Gian Maria Volonte, producer of the controversial play The Deputy, was arrested the next day and charged with being one of the two younger men who had planted the bomb.[142]
  • Born: Michael Bay, American film director, in Los Angeles
  • Died:
    • Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński, 73, Polish scholar and academician
    • Joan Merriam Smith, 28, American aviator who had made a solo flight around the world in 1964 along the 1937 flight plan of Amelia Earhart, but who finished second to Jerrie Mock, who was attempting the feat at the same time. Mrs. Smith (and a magazine writer, Trixie Anne Schubert), were killed when her Cessna 100 plane crashed and exploded on Blue Ridge in California's San Gabriel Mountains.[143]

February 18, 1965 (Thursday)

 
 
The new Gambian flag
  • The Gambia, at 11,295 square miles (29,250 km2) the smallest nation in Africa, became independent from the United Kingdom, with the lowering of the British Flag at midnight and the raising of the new Gambian flag at McCarthy Square in Bathurst (now Banjul).[144] Sir Dawda Jawara continued as Prime Minister, and Sir John W. Paul, a British colonial administrator who had served as the Governor since 1962, became the first Governor-General of The Gambia.[92] It would become a presidential republic on April 24, 1970, with Jawara as the first president.[145] On July 22, 1994, after 29 years as a parliamentary democracy, the Gambia would be ruled by a military government.[146] The nation, only 29 miles (47 km) wide and surrounded on all sides by the former French colony of Senegal, except for its coastline, would continue to have British support, with 25 British officers assisting transition as part of the nation's civil service.[147]
  • Hastings Banda, the Prime Minister of Malawi and its Minister of Defence and Public Security, announced new regulations to increase his dictatorial power over the African nation. He designated a new group, the Malawi Young Pioneers, to be his "eyes and ears" in every village in Malawi, gave the police and his public security forces the power to detain suspects indefinitely, and authorized his agents to shoot suspected dissidents if they resisted arrest.[148]
  • Archaeologist Margherita Guarducci announced in Rome that she had located and identified the remains of Saint Peter, the chief apostle of Jesus Christ. "Today, everything is clear", Guarducci told the Vatican press service. "The original tomb was empty because at the time of the Emperor Constantine, Peter's bones had been transferred to a secret place. This hiding place was inside a wall with inscriptions, which was then closed in the monument put up by Constantine in honor of the apostle."[149] Shimon Bar-Yona, later designated as Simon Peter and honored as the first Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, was believed to have been crucified not long after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, and Guarducci concluded that the skeletal remains were those of an individual between the ages of 60 and 70.
  • President Johnson hosted prominent American bankers and investment leaders (including David Rockefeller, Sidney Weinberg and Thomas S. Gates Jr.) at a White House meeting and asked them to voluntarily limit foreign lending in order to reduce the American balance of payments deficit. "The bankers acted against their own profit motives and for the economic strength of the United States", an author would later note, "possibly for the last time in American history..."[150]
  • At 9:57 in the morning, an avalanche of snow buried the Leduc Camp in British Columbia, killing 27 copper miners working for the Newmont Mining Corporation workers and destroying several buildings. Another 42 of the 68 people buried were rescued on the same day, while a carpenter, Einar Myllyla, was saved three days later from the ruins of a collapsed building. "To their everlasting credit", author Jay Robert Nash would write later, "rescuers refused to abandon their search until every man in the camp had been accounted for."[151][152][153]
  • Sinoite, which does not occur naturally on Earth, but which has been found in meteorites, was first identified as a distinct new mineral. A team of scientists working at Moffett Field in California said that the mineral, a silicon oxynitride, had been isolated from a meteorite that had fallen in Pakistan in 1926. The name itself was coined from the chemical designation (Si2N2O) and meteorite.[154]
  • In Marion, Alabama, Jimmie Lee Jackson, an unarmed African-American protester, was shot and fatally wounded by an Alabama Highway Patrol trooper, James Bonard Fowler.[155]
  • Born:

February 19, 1965 (Friday)

  • President Johnson decided, after a meeting with his National Security Council, to make continuous and regular bombing strikes against North Vietnam. Robert S. McNamara, at the time the Secretary of Defense, would note later that Johnson refused to announce his decision publicly and that "This judgment would eventually cost him dearly."[156]
  • A coup was attempted in South Vietnam at 1:00 p.m. local time. Units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) commanded by General Lâm Văn Phát and Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo launched the coup against the nation's head of state, General Nguyễn Khánh. Fifty tanks and a combination of infantry battalions, led by Colonel Dương Hiếu Nghĩa, seized control of the post office and radio station in Saigon, cutting off communication lines. The home of General Khanh, and Gia Long Palace, the residence of head of state Suu, were surrounded.[157] The coup collapsed when the U.S., in collaboration with Generals Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Cao Văn Viên, assembled units hostile to both Khanh and the current coup into a Capital Liberation Force.[158] Saigon was recaptured "without a shot" the next day by loyal troops,[159] and Khanh was restored to power, but would remain in office only two more days.[160] "[161]
  • The massive Dutch cargo ship MV Sophocles caught fire and exploded when its cargo of fertilizer ignited, then sank in the Atlantic Ocean, drowning three of her crew of 44.[162] Another Dutch ship, MV Ulysees, rescued the 41 survivors.[163]
  • Lufthansa signed up as the first customer for the forthcoming Boeing 737[164]
  • The U.S. Senate unanimously (72-0) approved the proposed Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, providing for appointment and confirmation to fill any vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States, as well as allowing the Vice President to serve as Acting President if the incumbent was "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office".[165] The U.S. House of Representatives would approve the amendment, with changes, on April 13 by a vote of 368 to 29.[166]
  • Died: Forrest Taylor, 81, American character actor in film and television

February 20, 1965 (Saturday)

  • Ranger 8 photographed potential landing sites on the Moon for the Apollo program manned missions before crashing into the surface. The probe "took a shallow trajectory that crossed the central highlands en route to the Sea of Tranquility, east of lunar meridian", the area favored by the constraints of Apollo's projected west to east orbit.[167] As it steadily dropped in altitude, its cameras were turned on during the last 23 minutes of flight, and the probe transmitted 7,137 high resolution photos.[168] gradually descending until it impacted, at 4:57 a.m. Eastern Standard Time,[169] at a location 125 miles (201 km) east of the Sabine crater,[170] "finally impacting 60 km [38 miles] northeast of where Apollo 11 would land four and a half years later."[171]
  • Suat Hayri Ürgüplü was named as the new Prime Minister of Turkey, to form an interim government until new elections for the National Assembly could be conducted on October 10[172]
  • In Australia, Freedom Ride participants, including Charles Perkins, were ejected from the municipal swimming baths at Moree, New South Wales, after protesting against its segregationist policy of not admitting Aborigines.[173]
  • Over 5,000 students from the Central University of Madrid marched in a silent protest after a planned lecture on cultural repression was prohibited by the Rector. Despite the peaceful nature of the defense, police forcibly dispersed the marchers and seriously injured some of them. The harsh response would lead to even more protests, including a boycott of classes by 17,000 students at the University of Barcelona.[174]
  • The United Nations and Belgium entered into a global settlement of all claims brought by Belgian citizens for damages arising out of UN operations during the Congo Crisis, with 15 million American dollars paid by the international organization.[175]
  • At Luluabourg (later renamed Kananga), the Congolese National Convention was formed by 49 tribal organizations, in association with the CONAKAT political party led by Moïse Tshombe, in order to win the 1965 legislative elections.[176]
  • President Julius Nyerere concluded a visit to the People's Republic of China with the signing of the Chinese-Tanzanian Treaty of Friendship.[177]

February 21, 1965 (Sunday)

  • Malcolm X was assassinated at Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, located in Washington Heights at 564 West 166th Street.[178] Shortly before 3:10 pm,[179] as he was preparing to deliver a speech to the Organization of Afro-American Unity, he opened with the greeting As-Salaam Alaikum and the audience acknowledged with Wa-Alaikum-Salaam. At that moment, a man in the crowd shouted "Get your hand out of my pocket!" to a person sitting next to him, an apparent signal for four other spectators to stage a fight. Malcolm said, "Hold it. Let's cool it, brothers", and was shot in the chest by a man who approached the stage with a Luger pistol.[180] As a second man fired from a sawed-off shotgun, a third fired multiple times with a pistol. In all Malcolm X was shot 16 times at close range, and was pronounced dead at the nearby Vanderbilt Clinic at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital at 3:40 p.m.[181] Although the myth is perpetuated of that the identity of the assassins was "never determined",[182] the third gunman, Thomas Hagan (a/k/a Talmadge Hayer), was shot and wounded by one of Malcolm's bodyguards, arrested at the ballroom, and confessed to the crime.[183] Two other men, Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson, would be arrested later and convicted of Malcolm's murder, although Hagan testified that they were not involved and may not have even been at the Audubon at all.[184] Born as Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, Malcolm X, described as "arguably the most important contributor to the Black Power movement and a leading figure in American history"[185] died at the age of 39.[186]
  • The 15 generals comprising South Vietnam's High National Council — Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Nguyen Van Cao and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ — voted to remove General Nguyễn Khánh from leadership as Prime Minister, and replaced him with a caretaker civilian premier, Trần Văn Hương.[160][187][188][189]
  • The Soviet Union's ruling Communist Party announced a liberalization of its former policy of discouraging creativity and an end to what it described as former Secretary Nikita Khrushchev's campaign against the "intelligentsia". Speaking through Alexei M. Rumyantsev, the editor-in-chief of Pravda, the party issued a statement that "genuine scientific creativity" was "possible only under conditions of search and experiment, free expression and the clash of opinions... different schools and trends, different styles and genres, competing with each other and united at the same time by their common dialectical-materialistic outlook and unity of the principles of socialist realism."[190] The policy, however, did not extend to free expression of criticism of the Party's political decisions.
  • East Germany's radio network confirmed that the Soviet Union was publicly acknowledging that Nazi German dictator Adolf Hitler had, as believed, committed suicide on April 30, 1945, by shooting himself in the head, and that Hitler's charred body had been identified beyond any doubt after its recovery from the burial site within the garden of the Chancellery in Berlin.[191]
  • NASA officials announced that Vanguard 1, the American satellite launched on March 17, 1958, had finally stopped transmitting after nearly seven years, but that it would continue to orbit the Earth. No other satellite had continued to function for that period of time, and by transmitting data, it had "paid rich scientific dividends" during its operation, including "the startling fact that the earth is not round, but pear-shaped".[192]

February 22, 1965 (Monday)

  • The Soviet Union launched the unmanned Kosmos 57 space capsule in preparation of the Voskhod 2 manned mission. In its first orbit, the capsule successfully tested its airlock, opening its outer hatch, then closing and pressurizing the interior. However, when space program director Nikolai Kamanin left the control room, "everything went terribly wrong"; the Tyuratam-based trackers and the ground stations lost contact with the Kosmos spacecraft as it entered its third orbit. They soon realized that the ship's automatic self-destruct system had somehow triggered and destroyed the spacecraft, which "was tracked in 168 detectable pieces, which re-entered Earth's atmosphere between 31 March and 6 April 1965."[193]
  • Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, opened the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.[194] The Prince, husband of Queen Elizabeth II and a coin collector, "pushed two small green buttons to set in operation the minting of the first decimal coins"[195] at the Australian Mint, and then picked one of the one-cent pieces from a wooden bowl to be placed in a proof set.
  • Israeli spy Ze'ev Gur-Aryeh, who posed as a West German businessman using his original German name of Wolfgang Lotz, was arrested in Egypt, along with his wife Waldrud.[196][197][198][199]
  • U.S. Army General William C. Westmoreland requested the first American combat troops for South Vietnam, asking for 3,500 U.S. Marines from the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, to be sent to guard the Da Nang Air Base.[200][201]
  • The Black Arts Movement was launched by LeRoi Jones (later Amiri Baraka) at a press conference in New York City, the day after the assassination of Malcolm X. Jones's first project was BARTS, the Black Arts Movement Theater and School.[202]
  • A new, revised, color production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella was broadcast on American television by CBS, with Lesley Ann Warren making her TV debut in the title role. The show would become an annual tradition for eight years, last broadcast in 1974. Although panned by some critics,[203] the first broadcast drew an estimated 70 million viewers.[204]
  • Died: Felix Frankfurter, 82, Austrian-born jurist who served as a U.S. Supreme Court Justice from 1939 to 1962

February 23, 1965 (Tuesday)

February 24, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • President Johnson gave the go-ahead orders for Operation Rolling Thunder, the continuing bombing of North Vietnam. By the end of the 1965, there would be 55,000 missions flown.[52]
  • Gaspar DiGregorio was identified by U.S. Department of Justice authorities as the new overlord of the New York City's "Five Families" of the American Mafia. DiGregorio was summoned before a federal grand jury to answer for the October disappearance of Mafia boss Joseph Bonanno.[215]
  • Pio Gama Pinto, the publisher of the official newspaper of the Kenya African National Union political party and a member of the Kenyan House of Representatives, was shot and killed outside of his home in Nairobi.[216]
  • Paul Bellesen lost his job as the Great Titan for the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan for the state of Idaho, one day after he had received his membership card and had shown it to reporters. "I just figured they might do something like that", said Bellesen, who was both an African-American and Roman Catholic. Bellesen, the operator of a janitorial service in Nampa, Idaho, commented, "It was a great challenge to me to see just how secret the Klan is and if I could get in. I did." He noted that he had also applied to the Imperial Wizard of the United Ku Klux Klan, but that "He asked for my photograph." When Imperial Wizard James R. Venable received the news, his only comment was "His membership is hereby revoked."[217] Bellesen admitted that he had signed a statement saying that he was a "white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant", but that "Being a Negro and supposedly unable to read anyway, I signed it."[218]
  • Richard Rodney Bennett's first full-length opera, The Mines of Sulphur, premièred at Sadler's Wells Theatre, London.[219]
 
former NB flag
 
New New Brunswick flag
  • The Canadian province of New Brunswick adopted a new flag.[220]
  • Spanish police attacked 5,000 University of Madrid students with batons and water hoses.[39][221] According to one report, "A bugle sounded and hundreds of policemen jumped out of the jeeps with rubber truncheons drawn. The water hoses were turned on the students but they remained seated. When the bugle sounded again, the police charged, beating the students. Men and women students were hustled into the jeeps. Later, many of the students threw stones at the policemen. The police charge was believed to be one of the most brutal against students in Madrid since the Civil war."
  • The cabinet of West Germany's Chancellor Ludwig Erhard reversed their previous decision of November 11 not to seek an extension of the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes beyond May 8, 1965, the 20th anniversary of Germany's surrender. A feature of Germany's constitutions for the past century had been indictments could not be made for any crime more than 20 years after it had been committed.[222]
  • Born: Alessandro Gassman, Italian actor, son of Vittorio Gassman and Juliette Mayniel, in Rome.

February 25, 1965 (Thursday)

  • Rudie Liebrechts of the Netherlands broke the world record for the men's 3000 meter speed skating, finishing three kilometers (almost two miles) in less than four and a half minutes (4:26.8) in an event at the Bislett Stadion in Oslo, Norway. The old record had been held for a year by Estonian Ants Antson of the Soviet Union.[223]
  • In East Berlin, the Volkskammer of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) passed the "Law on the Unified Socialist Educational System", setting common curricula for various levels, including pre-school education, a polytechnic high school with ten classes, vocational schools, preparatory classes for universities, engineering and technical colleges, liberal arts universities, and continuing education for workers and employees. Under the law, the unifying policy was that all students were "to be educated to love the GDR and to be proud of her social achievements and to be ready to place all their strength at the disposal of society, to strengthen the socialist state, and to defend it."[224]
  • In Meridian, Mississippi, federal judge W. Harold Cox dismissed the felony indictments against 17 of the 18 men accused of the 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, finding insufficient evidence of a conspiracy to deprive the victims of their rights.[225][226] Misdemeanor charges remained in place for Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence A. Rainey, Deputy Cecil Price, and a city policeman, Richard Willis, for "participating in a conspiracy under color of law to inflict summary punishment".[227] The case would be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court and proceed as United States v. Price. Seven defendants would eventually be convicted and would receive federal prison terms ranging from 3 to 10 years.[228]
  • A federal grand jury in Washington, D.C., brought criminal charges against the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) for failing to register its members as members of a subversive organization, as required by the Subversive Activities Control Act, with fines of up to $10,000 for each of 12 counts. The new indictment included the charge of declining to register "even though it knew there was a volunteer willing to register on behalf of the party." A federal appeals court had dismissed an earlier conviction against the CPUSA because registration would have violated the American constitutional right against self-incrimination.[229]
  • The National Association of Broadcasters issued restrictions on the format of U.S. television commercials for beer and wine, declaring that such advertising was "acceptable only when presented in the best of good taste and discretion"; conduct barred including "guzzling, smacking of lips, or bobbing of the adam's apple" so as to suggest the "quaffing" of alcohol.[230]
  • The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank announced that the supply of gold decreased in January by $262 million.[231]
  • Born: Sylvie Guillem, French ballet dancer, in Paris

February 26, 1965 (Friday)

  • The European Social Charter, opened for signature on October 18, 1961, became effective on February 26, 1965, after West Germany had become the fifth nation (after Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Ireland) to ratify it. By 1991, the Charter would be effective in 20 nations which had ratified it, and by 2011, there would be 43 parties to a Revised Charter.[232]
  • François Perin established a new political party in Belgium, the Walloon Workers' Party, on the premise that the Kingdom of Belgium should be a federation between the French-speaking Walloons and the Dutch-speaking Flemings. During the party's brief existence, it would win one seat in Belgium's Chamber of Representatives and then merge with the Walloon Front on June 26.[233]
  • Norman 3X Butler was arrested at his home in the Bronx, and charged with being one of the three gunmen who had shot Malcolm X earlier in the week. The arrest was made on the basis of statements by three witnesses who said that Butler had been present at the Audubon Ballroom at the time.[179]
  • U.S. Navy Lt. (j.g.) Larry Cooper was killed after a surface-to-air missile shot down his A-4 Skyhawk attack plane off the coast of California. Cooper, who had taken off from the USS Midway, had inadvertently flown into a restricted zone during "Exercise Silver Lance". The American missile frigate USS Preble, operating 150 miles (240 km) southwest of San Diego, tracked his plane on radar and fired two Terrier missiles at him.[234]
  • Died: Jimmie Lee Jackson, 26, African-American civil rights protester, eight days after being shot.[235]

February 27, 1965 (Saturday)

  • The Antonov An-22, nicknamed Antaeus and the largest turboprop airplane ever built, flew for the first time. The Soviet cargo plane could carry a payload of 85,000 tonnes (84,000 long tons; 94,000 short tons), had room for 290 passengers, and could reach speeds of up to 460 miles per hour (740 km/h).[236]
  • Without warning, all 47 West German military personnel in Tanzania withdrew from the African nation and flew home,[237] after West Germany's cabinet decided to terminate military aid to the African nation in retaliation for Tanzania's opening of diplomatic relations with East Germany. "The effect of this forceful display was instantly undermined, however, by a brilliant gesture" by Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, a historian would write later, who "proclaimed that since the Federal Republic was so insistent on abusing its military aid for political ends, his country would forgo all forms of West German aid... Nyerere's announcement resonated as an example of principled resistance to foreign manipulation."[238] Since the West German decision was made at the same time as the visit of East German leader Walter Ulbricht to Egypt, the unintended consequence would be that Egypt and other nations in Africa and the Middle East would forge closer ties to West Germany's eastern enemy.
  • In Paris, Paul Gérin-Lajoie, the Minister of Education for the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, signed an agreement on educational cooperation with the government of France. After Gérin-Lajoie returned to Canada, Quebec's Premier, Jean Lesage, presented the agreement "as a major advance in Quebec's quest for an international role". Paul Martin, Canada's Minister of External Affairs, would warn France's ambassador that "only Canada had the authority to speak for Canadians on the international stage", and that the Canadian government, not the Quebec provincial government, had the sole power to sign agreements with foreign nations.[239]
  • The U.S. Department of State issued a white paper to the press, Aggression From the North: The Record of North Viet-Nam's Campaign to Conquer South Viet-Nam, as part of the U.S. government's effort to justify the escalation of the role of the United States in the Vietnam War.[240][241] As a CIA employee and National Security Council staff member would note later, the paper "proved to be a dismal disappointment... the only hard information we had about North Vietnamese participation and supplies and so forth came from information that was much too highly classified to include, and the only information that was of sufficiently low classification was pretty thin gruel."[242] Among other things, the paper asserted that "In Vietnam a Communist government has set out deliberately to conquer a sovereign people in a neighboring state... North Vietnam's commitment to seize control of the South is no less total than was the commitment of the regime in North Korea in 1950... the planners in Hanoi have tried desperately to conceal their hand. They have failed and their aggression is as real as that of an invading army."[243]
  • The 1965 Bandy World Championship was won by the Soviet Union. The Soviets had effectively clinched the championship with the defeat of Norway, 4–0, on February 24.[244]

February 28, 1965 (Sunday)

  • The United States and South Vietnam announced that sustained bombing of North Vietnam, Operation Rolling Thunder, would begin during the coming week.[245]
  • As a result of the American announcement, North Vietnam's leaders ordered the evacuation of children and elderly residents from Hanoi and other major cities.[246][247]
  • U.S. aircraft made their first attack on the Mu Gia Pass, the major supply route for the Viet Cong into South Vietnam, as Skyraider planes and Skyhawk jet bombers from the USS Coral Sea made a massive strike.[248]
  • An 8-year-old boy was killed and eight other people injured when a stock car, driven by NASCAR champion Richard Petty, flew off a drag strip and into a crowd of spectators. The accident, which happened at the Southeastern International Dragway in Dallas, Georgia, happened when a tie rod broke on Petty's Plymouth Barracuda dragster while he was moving at 130 miles per hour (210 km/h). Most of the fans were able to get out of the way, but Wayne Dye of Austell died when the car struck him.[249]
  • James T. Aubrey was fired from his job as President of the CBS Television Network. An announcement by CBS, Inc. President Frank Stanton praised Aubrey's "outstanding accomplishments" and said that Aubrey had resigned, but gave no explanation for the dismissal; press reports noted that "it was understood in the industry that the resignation had not been voluntary".[250]
  • Born:
  • Died: Adolf Schärf, 74, President of Austria since 1957. Chancellor Josef Klaus became the Acting President. New presidential elections would take place and Franz Jonas would be sworn in on June 9.[251]

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  82. ^ "10 More Killed as Indian Riots Spread", Chicago Tribune, February 12, 1965, p19
  83. ^ "Shastri's assurance on language issue", The Indian Express (Madras), February 12, 1965, p4
  84. ^ Volkov, Vladimir A.; et al., eds. (2002). Polar Seas Oceanography: An Integrated Case Study of the Kara Sea. Springer. p. 371.
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  102. ^ "Dockers Swarm Back to Strike-Idled Ships", Chicago Tribune, February 14, 1965, p4-8
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  109. ^ Medhurst, Jamie (2010). A History of Independent Television in Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 132.
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  116. ^ "The Greatest Story Ever Told". National Catholic Register. April 2001.
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  121. ^ Blair, Anne (1995). Lodge in Vietnam: A Patriot Abroad. Yale University Press. p. 134.
  122. ^ "Russ Say U.S. Could Spark World War". Chicago Tribune. February 16, 1965. p. 2.
  123. ^ Carr, Roy (1976). The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record. Harmony Books.
  124. ^ Scalmer, Sean (2002). Dissent Events: Protest, the Media, and the Political Gimmick in Australia. University of New South Wales Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780868406510.
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  153. ^ Nash, Jay Robert (1976). "Leduc Camp, British Columbia, Canada". Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 331.
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  156. ^ Robert S. McNamara, with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (Vintage Books, 1996) p173
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  159. ^ "Saigon Falls to Khanh as Coup Fails— City Recaptured Without a Shot", Chicago Tribune, February 20, 1965, p1
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  162. ^ Ambrose Greenway, Cargo Liners: An Illustrated History (Seaforth Publishing, 2012) p130
  163. ^ "Dutch Ship Sinks in Atlantic". The Times. No. 56251. London. 20 February 1965. col E, p. 9.
  164. ^ Hans-Liudger. Dienel and Peter Lyth, Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport since 1945 (Springer, 1998) p96
  165. ^ "Presidential Disability Amendment Gets O.K.", Chicago Tribune, February 20, 1965, p1
  166. ^ Michael Nelson, Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2012) p475
  167. ^ David Harland, The First Men on the Moon: The Story of Apollo 11 (Springer, 2007) p20
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  170. ^ John Wilkinson, The Moon in Close-up: A Next Generation Astronomer's Guide (Springer, 2010) p192
  171. ^ Peter Grego, Moon Observer's Guide (Firefly Books, 2004) p165
  172. ^ Ersin Kalaycioglu, Turkish Dynamics: Bridge Across Troubled Lands (Springer, 2006) p98
  173. ^ "Driver of 'Freedom Bus' Pulls Out", The Age (Melbourne), February 22, 1965, p1
  174. ^ Richard Herr, An Historical Essay on Modern Spain (University of California Press, 1971) p15
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  176. ^ "Elections", in Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by Emizet François Kisangani and Scott F. Bobb (Scarecrow Press, 2009) p156
  177. ^ Alaba Ogunsanwo, China's Policy in Africa 1958–71 (Cambridge University Press, 1974) p140
  178. ^ "GUNMEN KILL MALCOLM X", Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1965, p1
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  180. ^ George Fetherling, The Book of Assassins (Random House, 2001)
  181. ^ Michael Newton, Age of Assassins: A History of Conspiracy and Political Violence, 1865–1981 (Faber & Faber, 2012)
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  188. ^ John Darrell Sherwood, War in the Shallows: U.S. Navy Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam, 1965–1968 (Government Printing Office, 2015) p51
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  190. ^ "Russians Give New Outlook to Creativity", Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1965, p1
  191. ^ "Reds Finally Admit Hitler Killed Self", Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1965, p21-6
  192. ^ "7-Year Beep of Missile Is Gone— But Vanguard Continues Orbit", Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1965, p1
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  205. ^ "The Neutrino: From Poltergeist to Particle", Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1995, by Frederick Reines", NobelPrize.org
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  209. ^ Peter Krämer, 2001: A Space Odyssey (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) p32
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  213. ^ "Mosque Fires Stir Fear of Vendetta in Malcolm Case; Police Concern Mounts After Burnings in Harlem and in San Francisco", The New York Times, February 24, 1965, p1
  214. ^ "Two Syrians Executed on Spy Charges", Chicago Tribune, February 23, 1965, p1
  215. ^ "Reveal New Cosa Nostra Boss of U.S.", Chicago Tribune, February 24, 1965, p28
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  217. ^ "Kluxer's Face Is Red; Klan Admits Negro", Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1965, p4
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  219. ^ Stanley Sadie, "Richard Rodney Bennett's The Mines of Sulphur. Tempo (New Ser.), 73, 24-25 (1965).
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January 24, 2023
february, 1965, 1965, january, february, march, april, june, july, august, september, october, november, december, 1314, 2021, 2728, following, events, occurred, february, 1965, malcolm, assassinated, during, speech, february, 1965, canada, maple, leaf, flag, . 1965 January February March April May June July August September October November December lt lt February 1965 gt gt Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 60 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 The following events occurred in February 1965 February 21 1965 Malcolm X assassinated during speech February 15 1965 Canada s new Maple Leaf flag goes up on flagpoles nationwide February 4 1965 Soviet Union removes discredited geneticist Lysenko and the old Canadian flag is retired Contents 1 February 1 1965 Monday 2 February 2 1965 Tuesday 3 February 3 1965 Wednesday 4 February 4 1965 Thursday 5 February 5 1965 Friday 6 February 6 1965 Saturday 7 February 7 1965 Sunday 8 February 8 1965 Monday 9 February 9 1965 Tuesday 10 February 10 1965 Wednesday 11 February 11 1965 Thursday 12 February 12 1965 Friday 13 February 13 1965 Saturday 14 February 14 1965 Sunday 15 February 15 1965 Monday 16 February 16 1965 Tuesday 17 February 17 1965 Wednesday 18 February 18 1965 Thursday 19 February 19 1965 Friday 20 February 20 1965 Saturday 21 February 21 1965 Sunday 22 February 22 1965 Monday 23 February 23 1965 Tuesday 24 February 24 1965 Wednesday 25 February 25 1965 Thursday 26 February 26 1965 Friday 27 February 27 1965 Saturday 28 February 28 1965 Sunday 29 ReferencesFebruary 1 1965 Monday EditRod Laver won the Western Australian Professional Championships for the second time at Perth defeating Pancho Gonzales 7 5 11 9 Television commercials were shown by the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation for the first time Initially the government limited total TV advertising to a maximum of 12 minutes per day 1 Jimmie Lee Jackson murdered by a cop after taking shelter in a cafe Law enforcement officers in Selma Alabama arrested 768 people nearly all of them African Americans including Martin Luther King Jr who were marching to protest the impediments to voter registration within Selma and Dallas County 2 Sheriff Jim Clark charged the group with parading without of permit Sheriff Clark would arrest another 150 marchers mostly high school students later in the week 3 John P McConnell replaced Curtis LeMay as Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 4 Born Sherilyn Fenn American film and TV actress in Detroit Brandon Lee Chinese American actor son of Bruce Lee and Linda Lee Cadwell in Oakland California died in on set accident 1993 Princess Stephanie of Monaco daughter of Prince Rainier III and Princess Grace in Monte CarloFebruary 2 1965 Tuesday EditA vote intended to remove British Prime Minister Harold Wilson made as a no confidence motion by the United Kingdom s Conservative Party failed in the House of Commons by 17 votes Voting along party lines the parties disapproved the censure motion a resolution describing Wilson s decisions in his first 100 days as premier as hasty and ill considered with 289 Conservative members voting in favor and 306 Labour members against The nine MPs from the Liberal Party abstained 5 Wilson announced to the House of Commons that the Cabinet had voted to cancel three expensive defense projects Two were for aircraft capable of vertical takeoffs and landings VTOL the Armstrong Whitworth AW 681 was a large military transport plane and the Hawker Siddeley P 1154 was a supersonic fighter aircraft 6 The third the British Aircraft Corporation TSR 2 was a high speed attack and reconnaissance jet Wilson said that the cost of the research and development for the TSR 2 alone had already reached 750 000 000 British pounds more than eight times the original forecast and that each of the 150 planned TSR 2s would cost four million pounds apiece 7 Missing salesman Lawrence Joseph Bader was spotted at the National Sporting Goods Show in Chicago United States by a former classmate almost 8 years after he had vanished Bader had been missing since May 15 1957 8 and had been declared legally dead in 1960 enabling his wife to collect 40 000 of life insurance Shortly after his disappearance in 1957 he had become known in Omaha Nebraska as John Francis Fritz Johnson had married again and had become a sportscaster at the KETV television station After multiple confirmations of his identity Johnson still denied having any memory of being Lawrence Bader and offered to have his fingerprints compared to Bader s army record the prints were a match 9 10 and specialists concluded that he had suffered from amnesia for eight years He died of cancer in Omaha on September 16 1966 11 12 Police in Selma Alabama jailed an additional 520 African American protesters bringing the total number of people to 1 288 13 The U S National Science Foundation announced that a team of scientists led by Keith A J Wise of the Bishop Museum of Hawaii had discovered living animals in a miniature garden high above a desolate Antarctic icecap 309 miles from the South Pole The tiny mites only one quarter of a millimeter or 1 100th of an inch in length were discovered in soil in the Queen Maud Mountains 14 Born Catherine Elizabeth Cady Huffman Tony Award winning American stage actress in Santa Barbara California Died G N Watson 79 English mathematician best known for Watson s lemmaFebruary 3 1965 Wednesday EditThe 1965 Rat Islands earthquake an 8 7 magnitude tremor took place at 7 01 p m local time 0501 UTC on 4 February 1965 in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska and was the last of the major Pacific quakes of the 20th century 15 Its epicenter was at 51 3 N 178 6 E 20 miles 32 km south of the uninhabited Amchitka Island and there were no fatalities despite its large magnitude 16 Abdul Kahar Muzakkar the 44 year old leader of the Darul Islam rebellion against the Indonesian government in South Sulawesi was tracked down and killed by an Indonesian Army patrol bringing an end to the rebellion 17 U S President Lyndon B Johnson received the America s Democratic Legacy award from the Anti Defamation League of B nai B rith 18 19 Renny Ottolina launched his new show Renny Presenta on Venezuelan television Born Maura Tierney American film and TV actress in BostonFebruary 4 1965 Thursday EditTrofim Lysenko whose opinions on genetics and biology held Soviet research isolated from the rest of the world scientific community was dismissed from his position as Director of the Institute of Genetics at the Soviet Academy of Sciences Lysenko who had been made Director in 1940 by Joseph Stalin was removed after his policies were condemned by Academy Director Mstislav Keldysh 20 21 22 23 The Confederation of British Industry was founded 24 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was given the Freedom of the City honor referred to in the United States as the key to the city in a ceremony at Addis Ababa City Hall during her visit to Ethiopia 25 Ethiopia Cheers Queen Philip 26 At a press conference in Paris French President Charles de Gaulle called for an end to the Bretton Woods system that had been in force since 1958 and a worldwide return to the gold standard Over the next two years de Gaulle would lobby for transfer payments between nations to be made in gold and would ultimately abandon the idea in favor of closer cooperation with France s European partners 27 28 Died J B Danquah 69 Ghana independence leader who had run for president against Kwame Nkrumah of a heart attack while in solitary confinement at Nsawam Medium PrisonFebruary 5 1965 Friday EditPrime Minister Chou En lai of the People s Republic of China hosted Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of the Soviet Union at a banquet in the first visit by a Soviet leader to China since a rift had developed between the two Communist nations Kosygin then departed Beijing the next day for a visit to North Vietnam 29 The Walt Disney studio bought the Disneyland theme park along with the WED Enterprises name 30 31 32 33 Born Gheorghe Hagi Romanian soccer football midfielder Romanian national team starter 1983 2000 and participant in three World Cups in Săcele Died Irving Bacon 71 American character actor in 509 films and 33 television series over a 50 year periodFebruary 6 1965 Saturday EditSoviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin arrived in Hanoi for a state visit to North Vietnam 34 Partap Singh Kairon the former Chief Minister of the Indian state of Punjab was assassinated after meeting with Prime Minister Shastri Kairon who had been a leader of the Punjabi independence movement in India was being driven from Delhi on his way back to his home at Amritsar He was passing through the village of Resni when four men with rifles attacked his car killing him his chauffeur his private secretary and a former state cabinet aide 35 36 Congolese Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and Belgian Foreign Minister Paul Henri Spaak signed an agreement in Brussels with Belgium paying off 250 million worth of interest on Congo s pre independence debts of nearly one billion dollars In return Congo would compensate the Belgian owners of mines that had been nationalized by the government From today the Congo is independent Tshombe told reporters adding We will achieve our program of economic reconstruction 37 38 39 Five days after his 50th birthday Sir Stanley Matthews became the oldest person ever to play a game in England s highest level soccer Football League when he assisted Stoke City in its 5 1 win at home over Fulham Matthews who had been knighted earlier as part of the New Year Honours had made his debut for Stoke City almost 33 years earlier in March 1932 and retired from competition after the game 40 A few minutes after takeoff LAN Chile Flight 107 crashed in the Andes Mountains during a flight between Santiago and Buenos Aires killing all 80 passengers and seven crew 41 The dead included 22 players and staff of Santiago s Antonio Varas soccer football team who were on their way to Uruguay for a match against the Camadeo team in Montevideo the DC 6B plane was only 20 minutes into its flight and at an altitude of 13 000 feet 4 000 m when it struck the dormant San Jose volcano 42 43 February 7 1965 Sunday EditA mortar and small arms attack by the Viet Cong on the Camp Holloway U S station adjacent to the airport at Pleiku killed eight American advisers and wounded 108 others The attackers also destroyed six Huey helicopters and a Caribou transport plane and damaged 15 other aircraft 44 President Johnson responded by launching Operation Flaming Dart sending 49 U S Navy bombers to bomb North Vietnamese army barracks in Đồng Hới and other targets around North Vietnam s Gulf of Tonkin 45 46 47 48 49 50 McGeorge Bundy National Security Advisor to U S President Lyndon Johnson delivered a memorandum Re A Policy of Sustained Reprisal that followed up on his January 27 recommendation that the United States begin the bombing of North Vietnam In the second statement Bundy told the President We believe that the best available way of increasing our chance of success in Vietnam is the development and execution of a policy of sustained reprisal against North Vietnam Once a program of reprisals is clearly underway it should not be necessary to connect each specific act against North Vietnam to a particular outrage in the South Although Bundy conceded the odds of success may be somewhere between 25 and 75 he added What we can say is that even if it fails the policy will be worth it At a minimum it will damp down the charge that we did not do all that we could have done and this charge will be important in many countries including our own 51 Author Charles Lemert would later comment Bundy s sustained reprisal memorandum defined Johnson s fatal policy By December 1965 200 000 troops had replaced the 20 000 or so advisers in Vietnam at the beginning of the year And by 1968 Johnson s presidency and his Great Society program would be in ruins 52 The Broadway musical Kelly with lyrics by Eddie Lawrence and music by Mark Charlap had its opening night performance at the Broadhurst Theatre and then closed making history as the most expensive Broadway failure up to that time The loss to investors in 1965 was 650 000 equivalent to almost 4 9 million fifty years later 53 Lester Maddox closed his popular Pickrick Restaurant in Atlanta one day after he had begrudgingly announced that he would relent to a court order and serve African American customers rather than to face a daily 200 fine for contempt of court At noon when a young black man named Jack Googer arrived to be the first customer Maddox announced that he was closing the business I cannot betray my vow to my God to not serve Negro customers he told reporters Dollars are unimportant to me Maddox then placed a sign on the door announcing that the Pickrick was out of business resulting from an act passed by the U S Congress signed by President Johnson and inspired and supported by deadly and bloody Communism 54 Born Chris Rock African American comedian as Christopher Julius Rock III in Andrews South Carolina Died Nance O Neil 90 American stage and silent film actress nicknamed the American Bernhardt February 8 1965 Monday EditTwenty four Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombers personally led by General Nguyễn Cao Kỳ crossed from South Vietnam and struck targets in and around the Quảng Binh Province of North Vietnam and the crews returned to a heroes welcome 55 56 57 The act became symbolic of South Vietnam s determination to fight for its own defense against Communism and contributed to President Johnson s decision at a meeting of his National Security Council later that day Thereafter sustained bombing of North Vietnam would become a continuing action rather than one of occasional reprisals 58 59 Support in the United States for an increased fight in Vietnam was evident from newspapers reporting on Operation Flaming Dart The Washington Post said in an editorial the next day withdrawal from South Vietnam would not gain peace but only lead to another war and added The United States Government has taken the only course available to it if it does not wish to surrender 60 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom continued her African state visit moving on from Ethiopia where her host was Emperor Haile Selassie to Sudan where she was greeted by President al Mahi 61 All 84 people on board Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 were killed when the plane crashed into the Atlantic Ocean moments after taking off from New York s John F Kennedy International Airport The Eastern Airlines flight was forced to make an unusually steep turn in order to avoid a collision with an incoming airliner Pan Am Flight 212 62 The doomed plane a Douglas DC 7B went down almost 7 miles 11 km away off the coast of Long Island s Jones Beach State Park 63 64 On the same day as the Eastern crash a Scandinavian Airlines DC 7 burst into flames as it was attempting to take off from Tenerife in the Canary Islands on a flight to Copenhagen but all 91 people on board were evacuated 84 of them uninjured before the plane was consumed by flames 65 The city of Empire Oregon population 3 917 ceased to exist and became part of Coos Bay making Coos Bay the largest city on the Oregon coast Voters in Empire had approved the merger and the surrender of their city charter on December 7 1964 by a vote of 463 to 387 while Coos Bay residents had approved the merger overwhelmingly on January 8 1965 by a margin of 1 329 to 181 66 Born Dicky Cheung stage name for Cheung Wai kin Cantopop singer and actor in Hong Kong Died Wayne Estes 21 American college basketball star for Utah State University was killed in a freak accident less than two hours after leading a 91 62 win over Denver University and scoring 48 points including the 2000th point of his career As he walked back to campus he brushed against a high voltage wire that had been knocked down by a car and was electrocuted 67 At the time of his death Estes was the second most prolific scorer in major college basketball averaging 33 7 points a game less than Rick Barry and ahead of Bill Bradley and was considered to be a likely first round NBA draft pick 68 February 9 1965 Tuesday EditAs bombing of North Vietnam continued the People s Republic of China issued a statement that We warn U S imperialism You are overreaching yourselves in trying to extend the war with your small forces in Indochina Southeast Asia and the Far East To be frank we are waiting for you in battle array 69 70 On the same day U S National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy told Senator Mike Mansfield that the Johnson administration was willing to run the risk of a war with China if an invasion of North Vietnam was deemed necessary 71 The U S Embassy in Moscow was attacked by a mob of about 3 000 Asian and Russian students who were protesting against the American bombing of North Vietnam Two reporters Adam Clymer of The Baltimore Sun and Bernard Ullman of the Agence France news agency were injured and more than 200 windows in the ten story building were shattered before Moscow police intervened 72 The first twenty of 1 819 wives and children of South Vietnam based American civilian and military personnel departed that nation by order of President Johnson 73 The rest including the dependents of Ambassador Maxwell Taylor and General William Westmoreland departed over the next 15 days Voting began for the next president of the 1 2 million member United Steelworkers of America USWA labor union at 3 300 union offices plants and other locations In a close election I W Abel defeated incumbent President David J McDonald by only 6 228 votes 74 President Tito of Yugoslavia was awarded the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria 75 Died Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah 91 Bengali educator who assisted in the formation of the University of Dhaka the Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology founded in 1995 by the Dhaka Ahsania Mission that he had established would be named in his honor February 10 1965 Wednesday EditThe first one shot vaccine against the measles was made available to American physicians the day after its approval by the U S Food and Drug Administration Although vaccinations against the measles had first been introduced in the U S in 1963 they had required children to receive several injections in order for immunity against the virus to be obtained The new measles shot using a greatly weakened strain of the measles virus was 99 effective in providing a lifelong immunity to the illness 76 Three days after their attack on the U S Army barracks at Pleiku the Viet Cong staged an attack on another barracks at Qui Nhơn killing 23 American soldiers two VC and seven civilians leading to even heavier U S air strikes against North Vietnam 50 58 77 McGeorge Bundy would tell a reporter later Pleikus are like streetcars in that it could be expected that after each incident the U S could expect that another one would arrive when the time was right 78 Died Admiral Arthur C Davis 71 naval aviation pioneer who perfected dive bombing techniques February 11 1965 Thursday EditOn his way back to Moscow from Hanoi Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin stopped in Beijing for the second time in less than a month and met with China s Communist Party General Secretary Mao Zedong with a suggestion that the two nations help the United States to find a way out of Vietnam that would end the continuing war there Mao s response was a warning that the Soviets should not use Vietnam as a bargaining issue in negotiations with the U S and refused to agree 79 Operation Flaming Dart II began as 99 U S Navy carrier aircraft attacked enemy logistics and communications at Chanh Hoa barracks in southern North Vietnam near the DMZ 80 India s Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri announced that his government was abandoning plans announced on January 26 to have Hindi replace English as the nation s official language The decision followed more than two weeks of rioting in southern India and the deaths of over 100 people in clashes with police For an indefinite period Shastri said in a nationwide address I would have English an associate language I do not wish the people of the non Hindi areas to feel that certain doors of advancement are closed to them The indefinite period never expired and India would later have 23 official languages with English as the lingua franca 81 82 83 February 12 1965 Friday EditThe refueling reactor on the Soviet nuclear submarine K 11 became overheated and exploded causing radiation contamination but no deaths A furfurol based polymer would be used to seal the reactor which would then be dumped into the Abrosimova fjord in the Kara Sea within the Arctic Ocean at a depth of 20 metres 66 ft 84 85 Twenty nine activists set out on the Aboriginal Freedom Ride in Australia 86 Yaroslav Golovanov the science editor for the Soviet youth newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda was approved for cosmonaut training for the Soviet space program along with two other journalists with engineering backgrounds Mikhail Rebrov of the Defense Ministry newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda and Yuri Letunov of Gosteleradio the government owned radio network 87 After the death a year later of their mentor Soviet space program chief Sergei Korolev the three were dropped from the program It would not be until 25 years later in 1990 that a member of the press Toyohiro Akiyama of the Tokyo Broadcasting System would become the first journalist to be launched into outer space OCAM Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache the African and Malagasy Common Organization was formed at Nouakchott Mauritania as a successor to the Afro Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique UAMCE formerly the African and Malagasy Union Union Africaine et Malgache UAM The 13 initial members were all former French colonies Cameroon the Central African Republic Congo Brazzaville Dahomey Gabon the Ivory Coast Madagascar Mauritania Niger Senegal Togo and Upper Volta 88 Plans for the U S Head Start program for early education for underprivileged children were given massive publicity by Lady Bird Johnson the First Lady when she hosted prominent women as guests for a tea party at the White House Women from business and entertainment were invited along with the wives of high ranking federal government officials the wives of some state governors and a few men primarily church leaders Mrs Johnson addressed the need for early education for all preschoolers and the reporting of her party on the society pages of newspapers brought a favorable response for Head Start and for the War on Poverty 89 Died John Hays Hammond Jr 76 American electrical engineer and inventor of radio control for remote guidance of missiles unmanned combat vehicles drones and other RC devices February 13 1965 Saturday Edit Inonu forced out New P M Urguplu By a margin of 225 to 197 Ismet Inonu the longtime leader of Turkey as president and later as Prime Minister lost a vote of no confidence in the Turkish National Assembly and was forced to resign 90 91 A new government would be formed by Suat Hayri Urguplu on February 20 92 93 U S President Lyndon B Johnson agreed with advisers that a campaign of sustained reprisal in air strikes against North Vietnam would be necessary in order to end the war there 78 94 The attacks described officially as a program of measured and limited air action jointly 95 with South Vietnam would be ordered by the President on February 24 as Operation Rolling Thunder would begin on March 2 96 the first of many over the rest of the decade Wasfi al Tal was chosen as the new Prime Minister of Jordan by King Hussein Hussein dismissed Bahjat Talhouni from the job after concluding that Talhuni had conceded too much in summits with Egypt s President Nasser and chose al Tal who was anti Egyptian and anti PLO 97 98 The villages of Paidha and Goli Uganda located on the African nation s border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo were bombed by Congolese military aircraft prompting Ugandan Prime Minister Milton Obote to activate all former Ugandan Army members and to call on the citizens to defend the country In response to the Ugandan charges the Congo government in Leopoldville said that Ugandan troops had assisted Congolese rebels in attacking the Congolese town of Mahagi on February 5 99 By the end of the year the Ugandan Army would more than double in size to 4 500 men 100 Nicholas Katzenbach was sworn in as U S Attorney General 101 American members of the International Longshoremen s Association returned to work after reaching a settlement in their 33 day long strike which had started on January 11 102 Died General Humberto Delgado 58 a former Portuguese Air Force commander who had been exiled and was an opponent of the regime of Portugal s dictator Antonio de Oliveira Salazar was kidnapped and murdered by PIDE secret police forces near the border town of Olivenza Murdered also was Delgado s Brazilian secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campo 103 104 Died Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt 60 Swiss born American socialiteFebruary 14 1965 Sunday EditThe home of African American civil rights advocate Malcolm X who used the surname Shabazz in the Elmhurst neighborhood of Queens New York City was firebombed by Molotov cocktails while he his wife and their four children were inside The family escaped unharmed but the house was seriously damaged Malcolm X would be assassinated a week later 105 106 A qualifying match in the 1965 African Cup of Nations football tournament between Kenya and Ethiopia was awarded to Ethiopia as a walkover after the Confederation of African Football CAF upheld a protest by Ethiopia because Kenya had fielded two players Moses Wabwayi and Stephen Baraza who were ineligible because they had represented Uganda previously Ethiopia qualified and the two players were suspended for one year after Uganda stated that they were still registered with the Uganda F A 107 February 15 1965 Monday EditIn Sofia an angry mob of 300 students broke through a cordon of 100 police who were protecting the American legation to Bulgaria and wrecked the first floor of the building 108 TWW the independent British television network covering south Wales and west England inaugurated its new service reviving the Teledu Cymru broadcasting that had halted a year earlier Local programming including Welsh music and some Welsh language shows was directed on four channels at St Hilary near Cardiff Channel 7 Preseli Channel 8 Arfon Channel 10 and Moel y Parc near Wrexham Channel 11 109 The Beatles recorded Ticket to Ride at the EMI Studios in London Three prominent public officials of the Republic of the Congo Joseph Pouabou Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Congo Lazare Matsocota Attorney General and chief prosecutor and Massoueme Anselme Director of the Congolese Information Agency were kidnapped from Brazzaville and murdered 110 111 A new red and white maple leaf design was inaugurated as the flag of Canada replacing the Union Flag and the Canadian Red Ensign At noon the new banner was raised first on the Peace Tower of the Parliament Building in Ottawa 112 113 Methamphetamine inhalers formerly available in the United States as an over the counter medicine were barred from sale by the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA except by doctor prescription In announcing the new rules FDA Commissioner George P Larrick said that he had received 153 reports of meth abuse in 1964 compared with 54 in 1963 and only five a year in 1960 1961 and 1962 114 Cyrus Vance the Deputy U S Secretary of Defense ordered the Departments of the Army and the Air Force to amend their regulations regarding individual state National Guard units so as to prevent any racial discrimination as a requirement of association with the U S military Such regulations were ordered to be implemented to ensure that the policy of equal opportunity and treatment is clearly stated the new requirements would be quickly accepted by the states and by the end of 1965 there would not be a single segregated national guard unit in any of the fifty states 115 United Artists new epic film The Greatest Story Ever Told starring Max von Sydow as Jesus Christ premiered at the Warner Cinerama Theatre in New York City Despite an all star cast including Charlton Heston John Wayne Claude Rains Shelley Winters Sidney Poitier and Jose Ferrer it did poorly at the box office 116 Died Nat King Cole 45 African American singer and jazz pianist from lung cancerFebruary 16 1965 Tuesday EditFlying along the coast of central South Vietnam 1st Lt James S Bowers a United States Army officer flying a MEDEVAC helicopter spotted and sank an enemy naval trawler camouflaged with trees and bushes 117 The 130 foot 40 m North Vietnamese trawler Vessel 143 118 was sunk leading to the discovery of 100 tonnes 98 long tons 110 short tons of Soviet and Chinese made war material including 3 500 to 4 000 rifles and submachine guns one million rounds of small arms ammunition 1 500 grenades 2 000 mortar rounds and 500 pounds 230 kg of explosives 119 News of the event was summarized in a U S State Department White Paper released to the press at month s end titled Aggression from the North The Record of North Viet Nam s Campaign to Conquer South Viet Nam in the opinion of one war historian The position paper was clearly designed to justify a US military response 120 which would come in the form of increased bombing of North Vietnam Phan Huy Quat was sworn in as the new civilian Prime Minister of South Vietnam although effective control of the nation remained with two generals Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 121 Radio Moscow the official English language broadcasting station of the Soviet Union warned that American bombing raids on North Vietnam could lead to a world war The flames of war starting in one place could easily spread to neighboring countries and in the final count embrace the whole world the broadcast noted and admonished that responsibility for the dire consequences of such a policy rests with America 122 The Rolling Stones concluded their Far East Tour with a concert at Badminton Hall Singapore 123 Aboriginal activists in Australia conducted a sit in to challenge de facto segregation of a Sydney hotel 124 Frank McNamee the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada was found near death in his apartment near Lake Tahoe after apparently being severely beaten by a robber 125 Phillippe Denning would be arrested at a St Louis bus station the next day with stolen items and would later be convicted of attempted murder 126 McNamee would never recover from his head injuries and would pass away three years later 127 The first Pegasus satellite was launched by the United States to determine the extent of potential damage in orbit by micrometeoroids Once in orbit Pegasus unfolded wings to a span greater than a four engine airliner in order to provide a huge target for the tiny almost invisible particles it seeks to catch 128 All strikes were recorded on a data collector As the third largest satellite up to that time Pegasus was visible at night as a pinpoint of light as it passed over an area within its orbit United States Navy Divers Fred Jackson and John Youmans were killed in a decompression chamber fire at the Experimental Diving Unit in Washington D C shortly after additional oxygen was added to the chamber s atmospheric mix 129 130 February 17 1965 Wednesday EditAcademy Award winning actress Patricia Neal suffered two near fatal strokes at the age of 39 shortly after coming home for the day from filming of the movie 7 Women and was rushed into emergency brain surgery 131 132 After being in a coma for weeks she survived 133 and on August 4 would give birth to the daughter she had been carrying and after years of recovery she would return to acting 134 The lunar probe Ranger 8 was launched from Cape Canaveral The photographs it transmitted would help select landing sites for future Apollo missions 135 The U S Department of Defense reported a record number of American casualties for the week of February 14 to February 20 The 37 Americans killed were more than had died in the first two years of American involvement in Vietnam 32 had died in 1961 and 1962 Twenty three of the men killed had died in the bombing of the Qui Nhơn barracks 136 U S Senator Frank Church of Idaho became the first member of Congress to begin an open debate about American involvement in Vietnam delivering a speech titled We Are in Too Deep in Asia and Africa based on an article that he had written for the New York Times Magazine 78 Of him it would be written later no senator had a longer career of opposition to the Vietnam War or a greater impact on American foreign policy than Frank Church 137 Police clashed with 400 black students outside the Brooklyn Board of Education as a boycott of New York City schools continued to grow 138 139 The Syrian government expelled U S diplomat Walter Snowdon saying he had offered bribes for information to military officers 39 140 A bomb blast in Vatican City heavily damaged the building occupied by the Swiss Guard bodyguards for the Pope 141 Actor Claudio Volonte the brother of Gian Maria Volonte producer of the controversial play The Deputy was arrested the next day and charged with being one of the two younger men who had planted the bomb 142 Born Michael Bay American film director in Los Angeles Died Tadeusz Lehr Splawinski 73 Polish scholar and academician Joan Merriam Smith 28 American aviator who had made a solo flight around the world in 1964 along the 1937 flight plan of Amelia Earhart but who finished second to Jerrie Mock who was attempting the feat at the same time Mrs Smith and a magazine writer Trixie Anne Schubert were killed when her Cessna 100 plane crashed and exploded on Blue Ridge in California s San Gabriel Mountains 143 February 18 1965 Thursday Edit The new Gambian flag The Gambia at 11 295 square miles 29 250 km2 the smallest nation in Africa became independent from the United Kingdom with the lowering of the British Flag at midnight and the raising of the new Gambian flag at McCarthy Square in Bathurst now Banjul 144 Sir Dawda Jawara continued as Prime Minister and Sir John W Paul a British colonial administrator who had served as the Governor since 1962 became the first Governor General of The Gambia 92 It would become a presidential republic on April 24 1970 with Jawara as the first president 145 On July 22 1994 after 29 years as a parliamentary democracy the Gambia would be ruled by a military government 146 The nation only 29 miles 47 km wide and surrounded on all sides by the former French colony of Senegal except for its coastline would continue to have British support with 25 British officers assisting transition as part of the nation s civil service 147 Hastings Banda the Prime Minister of Malawi and its Minister of Defence and Public Security announced new regulations to increase his dictatorial power over the African nation He designated a new group the Malawi Young Pioneers to be his eyes and ears in every village in Malawi gave the police and his public security forces the power to detain suspects indefinitely and authorized his agents to shoot suspected dissidents if they resisted arrest 148 Archaeologist Margherita Guarducci announced in Rome that she had located and identified the remains of Saint Peter the chief apostle of Jesus Christ Today everything is clear Guarducci told the Vatican press service The original tomb was empty because at the time of the Emperor Constantine Peter s bones had been transferred to a secret place This hiding place was inside a wall with inscriptions which was then closed in the monument put up by Constantine in honor of the apostle 149 Shimon Bar Yona later designated as Simon Peter and honored as the first Pope of the Roman Catholic Church was believed to have been crucified not long after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 and Guarducci concluded that the skeletal remains were those of an individual between the ages of 60 and 70 President Johnson hosted prominent American bankers and investment leaders including David Rockefeller Sidney Weinberg and Thomas S Gates Jr at a White House meeting and asked them to voluntarily limit foreign lending in order to reduce the American balance of payments deficit The bankers acted against their own profit motives and for the economic strength of the United States an author would later note possibly for the last time in American history 150 At 9 57 in the morning an avalanche of snow buried the Leduc Camp in British Columbia killing 27 copper miners working for the Newmont Mining Corporation workers and destroying several buildings Another 42 of the 68 people buried were rescued on the same day while a carpenter Einar Myllyla was saved three days later from the ruins of a collapsed building To their everlasting credit author Jay Robert Nash would write later rescuers refused to abandon their search until every man in the camp had been accounted for 151 152 153 Sinoite which does not occur naturally on Earth but which has been found in meteorites was first identified as a distinct new mineral A team of scientists working at Moffett Field in California said that the mineral a silicon oxynitride had been isolated from a meteorite that had fallen in Pakistan in 1926 The name itself was coined from the chemical designation Si2N2O and meteorite 154 In Marion Alabama Jimmie Lee Jackson an unarmed African American protester was shot and fatally wounded by an Alabama Highway Patrol trooper James Bonard Fowler 155 Born Dr Dre stage name for Andre Young American rapper in Compton California Masaki Saito former Japanese baseball pitcher Tokyo Yomiuri Giants in Kawaguchi Saitama PrefectureFebruary 19 1965 Friday EditPresident Johnson decided after a meeting with his National Security Council to make continuous and regular bombing strikes against North Vietnam Robert S McNamara at the time the Secretary of Defense would note later that Johnson refused to announce his decision publicly and that This judgment would eventually cost him dearly 156 A coup was attempted in South Vietnam at 1 00 p m local time Units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ARVN commanded by General Lam Văn Phat and Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo launched the coup against the nation s head of state General Nguyễn Khanh Fifty tanks and a combination of infantry battalions led by Colonel Dương Hiếu Nghĩa seized control of the post office and radio station in Saigon cutting off communication lines The home of General Khanh and Gia Long Palace the residence of head of state Suu were surrounded 157 The coup collapsed when the U S in collaboration with Generals Nguyễn Chanh Thi and Cao Văn Vien assembled units hostile to both Khanh and the current coup into a Capital Liberation Force 158 Saigon was recaptured without a shot the next day by loyal troops 159 and Khanh was restored to power but would remain in office only two more days 160 161 The massive Dutch cargo ship MV Sophocles caught fire and exploded when its cargo of fertilizer ignited then sank in the Atlantic Ocean drowning three of her crew of 44 162 Another Dutch ship MV Ulysees rescued the 41 survivors 163 Lufthansa signed up as the first customer for the forthcoming Boeing 737 164 The U S Senate unanimously 72 0 approved the proposed Twenty Fifth Amendment to the U S Constitution providing for appointment and confirmation to fill any vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States as well as allowing the Vice President to serve as Acting President if the incumbent was unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office 165 The U S House of Representatives would approve the amendment with changes on April 13 by a vote of 368 to 29 166 Died Forrest Taylor 81 American character actor in film and televisionFebruary 20 1965 Saturday EditRanger 8 photographed potential landing sites on the Moon for the Apollo program manned missions before crashing into the surface The probe took a shallow trajectory that crossed the central highlands en route to the Sea of Tranquility east of lunar meridian the area favored by the constraints of Apollo s projected west to east orbit 167 As it steadily dropped in altitude its cameras were turned on during the last 23 minutes of flight and the probe transmitted 7 137 high resolution photos 168 gradually descending until it impacted at 4 57 a m Eastern Standard Time 169 at a location 125 miles 201 km east of the Sabine crater 170 finally impacting 60 km 38 miles northeast of where Apollo 11 would land four and a half years later 171 Suat Hayri Urguplu was named as the new Prime Minister of Turkey to form an interim government until new elections for the National Assembly could be conducted on October 10 172 In Australia Freedom Ride participants including Charles Perkins were ejected from the municipal swimming baths at Moree New South Wales after protesting against its segregationist policy of not admitting Aborigines 173 Over 5 000 students from the Central University of Madrid marched in a silent protest after a planned lecture on cultural repression was prohibited by the Rector Despite the peaceful nature of the defense police forcibly dispersed the marchers and seriously injured some of them The harsh response would lead to even more protests including a boycott of classes by 17 000 students at the University of Barcelona 174 The United Nations and Belgium entered into a global settlement of all claims brought by Belgian citizens for damages arising out of UN operations during the Congo Crisis with 15 million American dollars paid by the international organization 175 At Luluabourg later renamed Kananga the Congolese National Convention was formed by 49 tribal organizations in association with the CONAKAT political party led by Moise Tshombe in order to win the 1965 legislative elections 176 President Julius Nyerere concluded a visit to the People s Republic of China with the signing of the Chinese Tanzanian Treaty of Friendship 177 February 21 1965 Sunday EditMalcolm X was assassinated at Manhattan s Audubon Ballroom located in Washington Heights at 564 West 166th Street 178 Shortly before 3 10 pm 179 as he was preparing to deliver a speech to the Organization of Afro American Unity he opened with the greeting As Salaam Alaikum and the audience acknowledged with Wa Alaikum Salaam At that moment a man in the crowd shouted Get your hand out of my pocket to a person sitting next to him an apparent signal for four other spectators to stage a fight Malcolm said Hold it Let s cool it brothers and was shot in the chest by a man who approached the stage with a Luger pistol 180 As a second man fired from a sawed off shotgun a third fired multiple times with a pistol In all Malcolm X was shot 16 times at close range and was pronounced dead at the nearby Vanderbilt Clinic at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital at 3 40 p m 181 Although the myth is perpetuated of that the identity of the assassins was never determined 182 the third gunman Thomas Hagan a k a Talmadge Hayer was shot and wounded by one of Malcolm s bodyguards arrested at the ballroom and confessed to the crime 183 Two other men Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson would be arrested later and convicted of Malcolm s murder although Hagan testified that they were not involved and may not have even been at the Audubon at all 184 Born as Malcolm Little in Omaha Nebraska in 1925 Malcolm X described as arguably the most important contributor to the Black Power movement and a leading figure in American history 185 died at the age of 39 186 The 15 generals comprising South Vietnam s High National Council Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyen Van Cao and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ voted to remove General Nguyễn Khanh from leadership as Prime Minister and replaced him with a caretaker civilian premier Trần Văn Hương 160 187 188 189 The Soviet Union s ruling Communist Party announced a liberalization of its former policy of discouraging creativity and an end to what it described as former Secretary Nikita Khrushchev s campaign against the intelligentsia Speaking through Alexei M Rumyantsev the editor in chief of Pravda the party issued a statement that genuine scientific creativity was possible only under conditions of search and experiment free expression and the clash of opinions different schools and trends different styles and genres competing with each other and united at the same time by their common dialectical materialistic outlook and unity of the principles of socialist realism 190 The policy however did not extend to free expression of criticism of the Party s political decisions East Germany s radio network confirmed that the Soviet Union was publicly acknowledging that Nazi German dictator Adolf Hitler had as believed committed suicide on April 30 1945 by shooting himself in the head and that Hitler s charred body had been identified beyond any doubt after its recovery from the burial site within the garden of the Chancellery in Berlin 191 NASA officials announced that Vanguard 1 the American satellite launched on March 17 1958 had finally stopped transmitting after nearly seven years but that it would continue to orbit the Earth No other satellite had continued to function for that period of time and by transmitting data it had paid rich scientific dividends during its operation including the startling fact that the earth is not round but pear shaped 192 February 22 1965 Monday EditThe Soviet Union launched the unmanned Kosmos 57 space capsule in preparation of the Voskhod 2 manned mission In its first orbit the capsule successfully tested its airlock opening its outer hatch then closing and pressurizing the interior However when space program director Nikolai Kamanin left the control room everything went terribly wrong the Tyuratam based trackers and the ground stations lost contact with the Kosmos spacecraft as it entered its third orbit They soon realized that the ship s automatic self destruct system had somehow triggered and destroyed the spacecraft which was tracked in 168 detectable pieces which re entered Earth s atmosphere between 31 March and 6 April 1965 193 Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh opened the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra 194 The Prince husband of Queen Elizabeth II and a coin collector pushed two small green buttons to set in operation the minting of the first decimal coins 195 at the Australian Mint and then picked one of the one cent pieces from a wooden bowl to be placed in a proof set Israeli spy Ze ev Gur Aryeh who posed as a West German businessman using his original German name of Wolfgang Lotz was arrested in Egypt along with his wife Waldrud 196 197 198 199 U S Army General William C Westmoreland requested the first American combat troops for South Vietnam asking for 3 500 U S Marines from the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade to be sent to guard the Da Nang Air Base 200 201 The Black Arts Movement was launched by LeRoi Jones later Amiri Baraka at a press conference in New York City the day after the assassination of Malcolm X Jones s first project was BARTS the Black Arts Movement Theater and School 202 A new revised color production of Rodgers and Hammerstein s Cinderella was broadcast on American television by CBS with Lesley Ann Warren making her TV debut in the title role The show would become an annual tradition for eight years last broadcast in 1974 Although panned by some critics 203 the first broadcast drew an estimated 70 million viewers 204 Died Felix Frankfurter 82 Austrian born jurist who served as a U S Supreme Court Justice from 1939 to 1962February 23 1965 Tuesday EditThe first naturally occurring neutrino was detected by a team of physicists led by Frederick Reines of Case Western Reserve University in a project with the University of the Witwatersrand using a liquid scintillator at an underground laboratory within the Proprietary Gold Mine near Johannesburg South Africa Reines would explain in accepting the Nobel Prize for Physics thirty years later that natural in this case was meaning it did not arise from a man made nuclear reactor and that the team recorded 167 total events 205 The remains of Irish hero Roger Casement who had been executed by British authorities on August 3 1916 after participating in the Easter Rising were reburied in a state funeral at Glasnevin in the Republic of Ireland Casement s body had been buried in the Pentonville Prison in Great Britain after his hanging 206 207 The Beatles began filming of their movie Help on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas 208 MGM Studios announced that it would begin filming of Stanley Kubrick s science fiction movie Journey Beyond the Stars in Cinerama Three years later the film retitled 2001 A Space Odyssey would be released to theaters under a different wide screen format Super Panavision 70 209 Two mosques of the Nation of Islam one in Harlem in New York City the other in San Francisco were firebombed in an apparent retaliation for the assassination two days of earlier of Malcolm X 210 Six FDNY firemen were injured when the front of the Harlem mosque collapsed 211 212 213 Two men convicted of spying for the United States were executed by the government of Syria Farhan Atassi a naturalized American citizen was hanged in public at Al Marja Square in Damascus and Syrian Army Colonel Abdel Moeen Hakimi was shot by a firing squad Syria had accused both men of working for Walter Snowdon the second secretary of the U S Embassy Snowdon had been expelled from the country six days earlier 214 Born Michael Dell American billionaire computer entrepreneur who founded the Dell computer company in 1984 in Houston Texas Died Stan Laurel 74 American film comedian and half of the duo of Laurel and HardyFebruary 24 1965 Wednesday EditPresident Johnson gave the go ahead orders for Operation Rolling Thunder the continuing bombing of North Vietnam By the end of the 1965 there would be 55 000 missions flown 52 Gaspar DiGregorio was identified by U S Department of Justice authorities as the new overlord of the New York City s Five Families of the American Mafia DiGregorio was summoned before a federal grand jury to answer for the October disappearance of Mafia boss Joseph Bonanno 215 Pio Gama Pinto the publisher of the official newspaper of the Kenya African National Union political party and a member of the Kenyan House of Representatives was shot and killed outside of his home in Nairobi 216 Paul Bellesen lost his job as the Great Titan for the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan for the state of Idaho one day after he had received his membership card and had shown it to reporters I just figured they might do something like that said Bellesen who was both an African American and Roman Catholic Bellesen the operator of a janitorial service in Nampa Idaho commented It was a great challenge to me to see just how secret the Klan is and if I could get in I did He noted that he had also applied to the Imperial Wizard of the United Ku Klux Klan but that He asked for my photograph When Imperial Wizard James R Venable received the news his only comment was His membership is hereby revoked 217 Bellesen admitted that he had signed a statement saying that he was a white Anglo Saxon Protestant but that Being a Negro and supposedly unable to read anyway I signed it 218 Richard Rodney Bennett s first full length opera The Mines of Sulphur premiered at Sadler s Wells Theatre London 219 former NB flag New New Brunswick flag The Canadian province of New Brunswick adopted a new flag 220 Spanish police attacked 5 000 University of Madrid students with batons and water hoses 39 221 According to one report A bugle sounded and hundreds of policemen jumped out of the jeeps with rubber truncheons drawn The water hoses were turned on the students but they remained seated When the bugle sounded again the police charged beating the students Men and women students were hustled into the jeeps Later many of the students threw stones at the policemen The police charge was believed to be one of the most brutal against students in Madrid since the Civil war The cabinet of West Germany s Chancellor Ludwig Erhard reversed their previous decision of November 11 not to seek an extension of the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes beyond May 8 1965 the 20th anniversary of Germany s surrender A feature of Germany s constitutions for the past century had been indictments could not be made for any crime more than 20 years after it had been committed 222 Born Alessandro Gassman Italian actor son of Vittorio Gassman and Juliette Mayniel in Rome February 25 1965 Thursday EditRudie Liebrechts of the Netherlands broke the world record for the men s 3000 meter speed skating finishing three kilometers almost two miles in less than four and a half minutes 4 26 8 in an event at the Bislett Stadion in Oslo Norway The old record had been held for a year by Estonian Ants Antson of the Soviet Union 223 In East Berlin the Volkskammer of the German Democratic Republic East Germany passed the Law on the Unified Socialist Educational System setting common curricula for various levels including pre school education a polytechnic high school with ten classes vocational schools preparatory classes for universities engineering and technical colleges liberal arts universities and continuing education for workers and employees Under the law the unifying policy was that all students were to be educated to love the GDR and to be proud of her social achievements and to be ready to place all their strength at the disposal of society to strengthen the socialist state and to defend it 224 In Meridian Mississippi federal judge W Harold Cox dismissed the felony indictments against 17 of the 18 men accused of the 1964 murders of Chaney Goodman and Schwerner finding insufficient evidence of a conspiracy to deprive the victims of their rights 225 226 Misdemeanor charges remained in place for Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence A Rainey Deputy Cecil Price and a city policeman Richard Willis for participating in a conspiracy under color of law to inflict summary punishment 227 The case would be appealed to the U S Supreme Court and proceed as United States v Price Seven defendants would eventually be convicted and would receive federal prison terms ranging from 3 to 10 years 228 A federal grand jury in Washington D C brought criminal charges against the Communist Party USA CPUSA for failing to register its members as members of a subversive organization as required by the Subversive Activities Control Act with fines of up to 10 000 for each of 12 counts The new indictment included the charge of declining to register even though it knew there was a volunteer willing to register on behalf of the party A federal appeals court had dismissed an earlier conviction against the CPUSA because registration would have violated the American constitutional right against self incrimination 229 The National Association of Broadcasters issued restrictions on the format of U S television commercials for beer and wine declaring that such advertising was acceptable only when presented in the best of good taste and discretion conduct barred including guzzling smacking of lips or bobbing of the adam s apple so as to suggest the quaffing of alcohol 230 The U S Federal Reserve Bank announced that the supply of gold decreased in January by 262 million 231 Born Sylvie Guillem French ballet dancer in ParisFebruary 26 1965 Friday EditThe European Social Charter opened for signature on October 18 1961 became effective on February 26 1965 after West Germany had become the fifth nation after Norway Sweden the United Kingdom and Ireland to ratify it By 1991 the Charter would be effective in 20 nations which had ratified it and by 2011 there would be 43 parties to a Revised Charter 232 Francois Perin established a new political party in Belgium the Walloon Workers Party on the premise that the Kingdom of Belgium should be a federation between the French speaking Walloons and the Dutch speaking Flemings During the party s brief existence it would win one seat in Belgium s Chamber of Representatives and then merge with the Walloon Front on June 26 233 Norman 3X Butler was arrested at his home in the Bronx and charged with being one of the three gunmen who had shot Malcolm X earlier in the week The arrest was made on the basis of statements by three witnesses who said that Butler had been present at the Audubon Ballroom at the time 179 U S Navy Lt j g Larry Cooper was killed after a surface to air missile shot down his A 4 Skyhawk attack plane off the coast of California Cooper who had taken off from the USS Midway had inadvertently flown into a restricted zone during Exercise Silver Lance The American missile frigate USS Preble operating 150 miles 240 km southwest of San Diego tracked his plane on radar and fired two Terrier missiles at him 234 Died Jimmie Lee Jackson 26 African American civil rights protester eight days after being shot 235 February 27 1965 Saturday EditThe Antonov An 22 nicknamed Antaeus and the largest turboprop airplane ever built flew for the first time The Soviet cargo plane could carry a payload of 85 000 tonnes 84 000 long tons 94 000 short tons had room for 290 passengers and could reach speeds of up to 460 miles per hour 740 km h 236 Without warning all 47 West German military personnel in Tanzania withdrew from the African nation and flew home 237 after West Germany s cabinet decided to terminate military aid to the African nation in retaliation for Tanzania s opening of diplomatic relations with East Germany The effect of this forceful display was instantly undermined however by a brilliant gesture by Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere a historian would write later who proclaimed that since the Federal Republic was so insistent on abusing its military aid for political ends his country would forgo all forms of West German aid Nyerere s announcement resonated as an example of principled resistance to foreign manipulation 238 Since the West German decision was made at the same time as the visit of East German leader Walter Ulbricht to Egypt the unintended consequence would be that Egypt and other nations in Africa and the Middle East would forge closer ties to West Germany s eastern enemy In Paris Paul Gerin Lajoie the Minister of Education for the French speaking Canadian province of Quebec signed an agreement on educational cooperation with the government of France After Gerin Lajoie returned to Canada Quebec s Premier Jean Lesage presented the agreement as a major advance in Quebec s quest for an international role Paul Martin Canada s Minister of External Affairs would warn France s ambassador that only Canada had the authority to speak for Canadians on the international stage and that the Canadian government not the Quebec provincial government had the sole power to sign agreements with foreign nations 239 The U S Department of State issued a white paper to the press Aggression From the North The Record of North Viet Nam s Campaign to Conquer South Viet Nam as part of the U S government s effort to justify the escalation of the role of the United States in the Vietnam War 240 241 As a CIA employee and National Security Council staff member would note later the paper proved to be a dismal disappointment the only hard information we had about North Vietnamese participation and supplies and so forth came from information that was much too highly classified to include and the only information that was of sufficiently low classification was pretty thin gruel 242 Among other things the paper asserted that In Vietnam a Communist government has set out deliberately to conquer a sovereign people in a neighboring state North Vietnam s commitment to seize control of the South is no less total than was the commitment of the regime in North Korea in 1950 the planners in Hanoi have tried desperately to conceal their hand They have failed and their aggression is as real as that of an invading army 243 The 1965 Bandy World Championship was won by the Soviet Union The Soviets had effectively clinched the championship with the defeat of Norway 4 0 on February 24 244 February 28 1965 Sunday EditThe United States and South Vietnam announced that sustained bombing of North Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder would begin during the coming week 245 As a result of the American announcement North Vietnam s leaders ordered the evacuation of children and elderly residents from Hanoi and other major cities 246 247 U S aircraft made their first attack on the Mu Gia Pass the major supply route for the Viet Cong into South Vietnam as Skyraider planes and Skyhawk jet bombers from the USS Coral Sea made a massive strike 248 An 8 year old boy was killed and eight other people injured when a stock car driven by NASCAR champion Richard Petty flew off a drag strip and into a crowd of spectators The accident which happened at the Southeastern International Dragway in Dallas Georgia happened when a tie rod broke on Petty s Plymouth Barracuda dragster while he was moving at 130 miles per hour 210 km h Most of the fans were able to get out of the way but Wayne Dye of Austell died when the car struck him 249 James T Aubrey was fired from his job as President of the CBS Television Network An announcement by CBS Inc President Frank Stanton praised Aubrey s outstanding accomplishments and said that Aubrey had resigned but gave no explanation for the dismissal press reports noted that it was understood in the industry that the resignation had not been voluntary 250 Born Colum McCann Irish novelist in Dublin Park Gok ji South Korean film editor Died Adolf Scharf 74 President of Austria since 1957 Chancellor Josef Klaus became the Acting President New presidential elections would take place and Franz Jonas would be sworn in on June 9 251 References Edit Meier Werner A 2004 Switzerland The Media in Europe SAGE Publications p 252 Arrest King 767 Others in Vote Drive Chicago Tribune February 2 1965 p 1 Jackson Richie Jean Sherrod 2011 The House by the Side of the Road The Selma Civil Rights Movement University of Alabama Press p 57 Anderson William February 2 1965 LeMay Retires as Air Force Chief of Staff Chicago Tribune Britain s Labor Beats Censure Move by Tories Chicago Tribune February 3 1965 p1 Andrew Dow Pegasus The Heart of the Harrier The History and Development of the World s First Operational Vertical Take off and Landing Jet Engine Pen and Sword 2009 p277 Derek Wood Project Canceled Macdonald and Jane s 1975 Man 30 Missing The Evening Independent Massillon Ohio May 17 1957 p10 Fritz Really Fritz Omaha TV Man Identified As Ohioan Lincoln NE Star February 7 1965 p1 Matching Finger Prints or No John Says He s No Dead Man Chicago Tribune February 7 1965 p1 Jay Robert Nash Among the Missing An Anecdotal History of Missing Persons from 1800 to the Present Rowman amp Littlefield 1978 pp56 60 Man With Two Wives Amnesia or Hoax by Chris Welles LIFE Magazine March 5 1965 pp41 46 520 Arrested in Vote Drive Call Troopers Chicago Tribune February 3 1965 p4 Find Antarctic Mite Near Pole Chicago Tribune February 3 1965 p1 Bryant Edward 2008 Tsunami The Underrated Hazard Springer p 134 Dmowska Renata Saltzman Barry eds 1998 Tsunamigenic Earthquakes and Their Consequences Academic Press p 29 Fauzia Amelia 2004 Darul Islam Movement Southeast Asia A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor ABC CLIO p 402 Johnson Lyndon B 44 Remarks Upon Receiving the Anti Defamation League Award February 3 1965 UCSB American Presidency Project President Tells ADL Dinner Meaning of Great Society Jewish Advocate February 4 1965 Lysenko Dropped as Genetics Chief The New York Times February 5 1965 Top Soviet Scientist Out Kansas City Times February 6 1965 p2 William deJong Lambert The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair Springer 2012 p xiv The Descent of Lysenko by Barry M Cohen in Journal of Heredity September 1965 p229 Palmer Alan Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History London Century Ltd pp 423 424 ISBN 0 7126 5616 2 Reuters 5 February 1965 Freedom of City for Queen Montreal Gazette Retrieved 22 August 2013 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a last has generic name help Sin nomine 1965 Ethiopia Cheers Queen Philip Chicago Tribune p 4 Benjamin M Rowland Charles de Gaulle s Legacy of Ideas Lexington Books 2011 p11 36 Editorial Note Foreign Relations of the United States 1964 1968 Volume VIII International and Monetary Trade Policy ed David Patterson Evan Duncan amp Carloyn Yee 1998 Kosygin Talks in Peking with Premier Chou Chicago Tribune February 6 1965 p 5 Broggie Michael 1997 Walt Disney s Railroad Story Pentrex p 174 ISBN 1563420090 Smith Dave 1998 Disney A to Z The Updated Official Encyclopedia Hyperion Books pp 467 601 ISBN 0786863919 Stewart James 2005 Disney War Simon amp Schuster pp 41 ISBN 9780684809939 Gabler Neal 2006 Walt Disney The Triumph of the American Imagination Knopf pp 629 ISBN 9780679438229 Segal Gerald 1982 The Great Power Triangle Springer p 82 4 Gunmen Kill Ex Leader of Punjab State Chicago Tribune February 7 1965 p 1A 15 KAIRON SHOT DEAD Masked gunmen ambush car near Delhi The Sunday Standard Madras February 7 1965 p 1 Tshombe Gets Cash Help from Belgium Chicago Tribune February 7 1965 p 22 Brussels Accord Bolsters Tshombe Big Concessions on Finances Bolster Congo Premier s Prospects in Election The New York Times February 7 1965 a b c The Month in Review Current History April 1965 Best George 2011 Hard Tackles and Dirty Baths The Inside Story of Football s Golden Era Random House Aviation Safety Net Chile Plane Crashes into Peak 87 Die Chicago Tribune February 7 1965 p 1 Haine Edgar A 2000 Disaster in the Air Cornwall Books p 153 REDS KILL 8 GIs WOUND 62 Chicago Tribune February 7 1965 p1 Philip D Chinnery Vietnam The Helicopter War Naval Institute Press 1991 ISBN 978 1 55750 875 1 pp 38 39 Ramesh Thakur Peacekeeping in Vietnam Canada India Poland and the International Commission University of Alberta 1984 p191 Fredrik Logevall The Origins of the Vietnam War Routledge 2014 p1 Howard Langer The Vietnam War An Encyclopedia of Quotations Greenwood Publishing 2005 David L Anderson The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War Columbia University Press 2004 p46 a b Christine Bragg Vietnam Korea and U S Foreign Policy 1945 75 Heinemann 2005 p130 McGeorge Bundy Memo on Attacking North Vietnam 1965 AlphaHistory com a b Post structuralism and sociology by Charles C Lemert in The Postmodern Turn New Perspectives on Social Theory Steven Seidman ed Cambridge University Press 1994 p276 Thomas S Hischak Broadway Plays and Musicals Descriptions and Essential Facts of More Than 14 000 Shows through 2007 McFarland 2009 p238 Maddox Closes Restaurant Shuts His Cafe as 1st Negro Arrives Chicago Tribune February 8 1965 p3 A Celebration and a Funeral in Viet Nam Chicago Tribune February 9 1965 p 8 Chinnery Philip D 1991 Vietnam The Helicopter War Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press p 14 ISBN 978 1 55750 875 1 Tucker Spencer C 2011 Nguyễn Cao Kỳ The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History ABC CLIO p 816 a b Gacek Christopher M 1994 The Logic of Force The Dilemma of Limited War in American Foreign Policy Columbia University Press p 197 Gibbons William Conrad 2014 The U S Government and the Vietnam War Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships Part III 1965 1966 Princeton University Press p 68 Zimmer Louis B 2011 The Vietnam War Debate Hans J Morgenthau and the Attempt to Halt the Drift Into Disaster Lexington Books p 105 QUEEN IN SUDAN VISITS EL OBEID AND KHARTOUM British Pathe 1965 Retrieved 29 January 2011 permanent dead link N Y PLANE CRASH KILLS 84 Chicago Tribune February 9 1965 p1 Aviation Safety net Nash Jay Robert 1976 Eastern Airlines Air Crash February 8 1965 Darkest Hours Rowman amp Littlefield p 159 Plane Bursts Into Flame 91 Aboard Escape Chicago Tribune February 9 1965 p 3 Jensen Andie E 2012 Images of America Coos Bay Arcadia Publishing p 8 Star Steps on Live Wire Dies After Record Game Chicago Tribune February 9 1965 p 1 Conner Floyd 2001 Death in the Afternoon Basketball s Most Wanted The Top 10 Book of Hoops Outrageous Dunkers Incredible Buzzer Beaters and Other Oddities Potomac Books The United States in Vietnam by George McT Kahn and John W Lewis in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists June 1965 p40 CHINA RUSS HURL THREAT Chicago Tribune February 9 1965 p1 Nina Tannenwald The Nuclear Taboo The United States and the Non Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945 Cambridge University Press 2007 p203 Moscow Bids for Improved U S Relations Follows Attack on American Embassy Chicago Tribune February 10 1965 p1 4 1st American Dependents Head for Home 20 Women Children Fly Out of Saigon Chicago Tribune February 9 1965 p11 Abel Steel Victory Reported Chicago Tribune March 4 1965 p1 Badurina Berislav Saracevic Sead Grobenski Valent Eterovic Ivo Tudor Mladen 1980 Bilo je casno zivjeti s Titom Vjesnik p 102 One Shot Measles Vaccine on Market Chicago Tribune February 11 1965 p1A 4 28 Yanks Feared Killed by Bomb at Barracks Chicago Tribune February 11 1965 p1 a b c John M Schuessler Deceit on the Road to War Presidents Politics and American Democracy Cornell University Press 2015 Beijing and the Vietnam Conflict 1964 1965 New Chinese Evidence by Qiang Zhai in Cold War International History Project Bulletin Winter 1995 1996 p240 Philip D Chinnery Vietnam The Helicopter War Naval Institute Press 1991 p 39 Tamils in India How State Nation Policies Helped Construct Multiple but Complementary Identities in Crafting State Nations India and Other Multinational Democracies by Alfred Stepan et al Johns Hopkins University Press 2011 p126 10 More Killed as Indian Riots Spread Chicago Tribune February 12 1965 p19 Shastri s assurance on language issue The Indian Express Madras February 12 1965 p4 Volkov Vladimir A et al eds 2002 Polar Seas Oceanography An Integrated Case Study of the Kara Sea Springer p 371 Heiser J H et al Furfurol based Polymers for the Sealing of Reactor Vessels Dumped in the Arctic Kara Sea PDF Brookhaven National Laboratory Curthoys Ann 2014 The Freedom Ride and the Tent Embassy In Foley Gary Schaap Andrew Howell Edwina eds The Aboriginal Tent Embassy Sovereignty Black Power Land Rights and the State Abingdon Oxon Routledge p 105 ISBN 978 0 203 77123 5 Retrieved July 23 2022 via Google Books Karash Yuri Y 1999 The Superpower Odyssey A Russian Perspective on Space Cooperation American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics pp 156 157 Elias T O 1972 Africa and the Development of International Law Oceana Publications p 27 Bowling Lawson 2005 Shapers of the Great Debate on the Great Society A Biographical Dictionary Greenwood Publishing p 110 Cihat Goktepe British Foreign Policy Towards Turkey 1959 1965 Routledge 2013 p176 Ismet Inonu Quits Post of Turk Premier Budget Fails to Pass Ends His Regime Chicago Tribune February 14 1965 p4 a b Harris M Lentz Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 Routledge 2014 The Middle East and North Africa 2003 Europa Publications 2002 p1112 John B Nichols and Barret Tillman On Yankee Station The Naval Air War Over Vietnam Naval Institute Press 1987 p 152 Phillip Jennings The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Vietnam War Regnery Publishing 2010 p84 Herbert Y Schandler America in Vietnam The War That Couldn t Be Won Rowman amp Littlefield 2009 p63 Moshe Shemesh The Palestinian Entity 1959 1974 Arab Politics and the PLO Routledge 2012 p77 Jordan King s Cabinet Quits UPI report in The Fresno CA Bee February 14 1965 p4 Congo Planes Bomb Towns Uganda Says Chicago Tribune February 14 1965 p2 Amii Omara Otunnu Politics and the Military in Uganda 1890 1985 Springer 1987 p71 72 Katzenbach Originally Weighed for Judiciary President Reveals Study He Made as Attorney General Takes Oath of Office by Robert E Thompson Los Angeles Times February 14 1965 p1 Dockers Swarm Back to Strike Idled Ships Chicago Tribune February 14 1965 p4 8 Tracking Goa s dreaded agent via cyberspace Hindustan Times 29 May 2008 Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 26 September 2013 Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses Salazar A Political Biography Enigma Books 2013 pp584 585 Malcolm X by Bill R Scalia in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature I M Emmanuel S Nelson ed Greenwood Publishing 2005 p1398 Malcolm X s Home Is Bombed Chicago Tribune February 15 1965 p3 1965 African Cup of Nations rsssf com Retrieved August 24 2021 WRECK U S SOFIA OFFICE Chicago Tribune February 16 1963 p 1 Medhurst Jamie 2010 A History of Independent Television in Wales University of Wales Press p 132 3 Officials Assassinated In Congo Cumberland News Cumberland Maryland UPI February 18 1965 p 1 Bazenguissa Ganga Remy 1997 Les voies du politique au Congo essai de sociologie historique The paths of politics in the Congo an essay in historical sociology in French Karthala p 110 ISBN 9782865377398 Canada s New Flag to Be Raised Feb 15 Chicago Tribune January 21 1965 p 3 Muirhead Bruce 2007 Dancing Around the Elephant Creating a Prosperous Canada in an Era of American Dominance 1957 1973 University of Toronto Press p 205 FDA Curbs Easy Inhaler Sales Chicago Tribune February 16 1965 p 1 MacGregor Morris J Jr 1981 Integration of the Armed Forces 1940 1965 Center of Military History United States Army p 595 The Greatest Story Ever Told National Catholic Register April 2001 Red Vessel Sunk After Yank Spots It Chicago Tribune February 18 1965 p 3 Moise Edwin E ed 2005 Group 125 The A to Z of the Vietnam War Scarecrow Press p 159 Cutler Thomas J 2000 Brown Water Black Berets Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam Naval Institute Press pp 76 77 Tucker Spencer C 1999 Vietnam University Press of Kentucky pp 112 113 Blair Anne 1995 Lodge in Vietnam A Patriot Abroad Yale University Press p 134 Russ Say U S Could Spark World War Chicago Tribune February 16 1965 p 2 Carr Roy 1976 The Rolling Stones An Illustrated Record Harmony Books Scalmer Sean 2002 Dissent Events Protest the Media and the Political Gimmick in Australia University of New South Wales Press p 27 ISBN 9780868406510 Nevada s Chief Justice Beaten Is Near Death Chicago Tribune February 17 1965 p 1 Held in Attack on Chief Justice Kansas City Times February 18 1965 p 1 Ex Justice Dies Of Old Injuries Fresno CA Bee November 6 1968 p 8 A Pegasus Flies in Bid to Solve Space Peril Chicago Tribune February 17 1965 p 3 Navy Experimental Diving Unit February 16 1965 PDF Apollo 204 Review Board Final Report NASA pp D 2 24 D 2 25 Retrieved August 20 2018 Hellwarth Ben 2012 Sealab America s Forgotten Quest to Live and Work on the Ocean Floor New York Simon amp Schuster pp 126 127 ISBN 978 0 7432 4745 0 LCCN 2011015725 Film Star Patricia Neal Stricken Tucson AZ Daily Citizen February 18 1965 p1 Actress Near Death Sandusky OH Register February 20 1965 p7 Patricia Newal Taken Off Critical List Ottawa Journal March 10 1965 p20 Stephen Michael Shearer Patricia Neal An Unquiet Life University Press of Kentucky 2006 Ranger 8 Off to Picture Moon Start So Nearly Perfect It s Called Dull Chicago Tribune February 18 1965 p4 Week s Viet Toll Sets Record Chicago Tribune February 18 1965 p3 Congress Must Draw the Line by David F Schmitz Vietnam and the American Political Tradition The Politics of Dissent Cambridge University Press Feb 24 2003 p121 400 Boycotting Students Riot Hurl Bricks Beat Other Youths by Martin Tolchin The New York Times February 18 1965 Negro Youths Fight Police Cause Terror Chicago Tribune February 18 1965 p1A 10 Syria Expels American on Charges of Spying Diplomat Accused of Offering 2 Million for Army Data U S Scoffs at Accusation Los Angeles Times February 18 1965 BOMB VATICAN BARRACKS Chicago Tribune February 17 1965 p1 Accuse Actor in Vatican Hate Bombing Chicago Tribune February 19 1965 p3 Joan Smith World Flyer Killed in California Crash Chicago Tribune February 18 1965 p1 Gambia Now a Free Land Kansas City Times February 18 1965 p 1 Jammeh Ousman A S 2011 The Constitutional Law of the Gambia 1965 2010 Dorrance Publishing p 1 Hughes Arnold Perfect David September 11 2008 Historical Dictionary of The Gambia Scarecrow Press p xxxi Los Angeles Sized Gambia Becomes Free State Today The Daily Telegram Eau Claire Wisconsin February 18 1965 p 1 Dzimbiri Lewis B 2008 Industrial Relations in a Developing Society The Case of Colonial Independent One party and Multiparty Malawi Cuvillier Verlag p 67 Expert Identifies Remains as St Peter s Chicago Tribune February 19 1965 p 12 Prins Nomi 2014 All the Presidents Bankers The Hidden Alliances that Drive American Power Nation Books 20 Men Lost As Huge Avalanche Crushes Remote B C Camp Montreal Gazette February 19 1965 p 1 Miracle at B C Mine Site Buried 78 Hours Man Alive Montreal Gazette February 19 1965 p 1 Nash Jay Robert 1976 Leduc Camp British Columbia Canada Darkest Hours Rowman amp Littlefield p 331 New Mineral Is Discovered in Meteorite Chicago Tribune February 19 1965 p 4 Combs Barbara Harris 2013 From Selma to Montgomery The Long March to Freedom Routledge p 62 Robert S McNamara with Brian VanDeMark In Retrospect The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam Vintage Books 1996 p173 Mark Moyar Triumph Forsaken The Vietnam War 1954 1965 Cambridge University Press 2006 p363 Kahin George McT 1986 Intervention How America Became Involved in Vietnam New York City Knopf ISBN 0 394 54367 X p 302 Saigon Falls to Khanh as Coup Fails City Recaptured Without a Shot Chicago Tribune February 20 1965 p1 a b Khanh Nguyen in An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution 1945 1996 by John E Jessup Greenwood Publishing Group 1998 p391 NEW COUP IN SO VIET NAM Chicago Tribune February 19 1965 p1 Ambrose Greenway Cargo Liners An Illustrated History Seaforth Publishing 2012 p130 Dutch Ship Sinks in Atlantic The Times No 56251 London 20 February 1965 col E p 9 Hans Liudger Dienel and Peter Lyth Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport since 1945 Springer 1998 p96 Presidential Disability Amendment Gets O K Chicago Tribune February 20 1965 p1 Michael Nelson Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch Congressional Quarterly Press 2012 p475 David Harland The First Men on the Moon The Story of Apollo 11 Springer 2007 p20 Ernest H Cherrington Exploring the Moon Through Binoculars and Small Telescopes Courier Corporation 1984 p93 RANGER 8 HITS THE MOON Chicago Tribune February 20 1965 p1 John Wilkinson The Moon in Close up A Next Generation Astronomer s Guide Springer 2010 p192 Peter Grego Moon Observer s Guide Firefly Books 2004 p165 Ersin Kalaycioglu Turkish Dynamics Bridge Across Troubled Lands Springer 2006 p98 Driver of Freedom Bus Pulls Out The Age Melbourne February 22 1965 p1 Richard Herr An Historical Essay on Modern Spain University of California Press 1971 p15 August Reinisch International Organizations Before National Courts Cambridge University Press 2000 p279 Elections in Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by Emizet Francois Kisangani and Scott F Bobb Scarecrow Press 2009 p156 Alaba Ogunsanwo China s Policy in Africa 1958 71 Cambridge University Press 1974 p140 GUNMEN KILL MALCOLM X Chicago Tribune February 22 1965 p1 a b Clayborne Carson Malcolm X The FBI File Skyhorse Publishing 2013 George Fetherling The Book of Assassins Random House 2001 Michael Newton Age of Assassins A History of Conspiracy and Political Violence 1865 1981 Faber amp Faber 2012 see e g Malcolm X by Bill R Scalia in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature Greenwood Publishing 2005 p1398 Malcolm X in Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty first Century Paul Finkelman ed Oxford University Press 2009 p249 Jay Robert Nash The Great Pictorial History of World Crime Rowman amp Littlefield 2004 pp170 171 Clairmont Chung Walter A Rodney A Promise of Revolution New York University Press 2012 p132 Manning Marable Malcolm X A Life of Reinvention Viking 2011 pp436 437 Spencer C Tucker A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ABC CLIO 2009 p2422 John Darrell Sherwood War in the Shallows U S Navy Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam 1965 1968 Government Printing Office 2015 p51 Report Viets Oust Khanh Chicago Tribune February 21 1965 p1 Russians Give New Outlook to Creativity Chicago Tribune February 22 1965 p1 Reds Finally Admit Hitler Killed Self Chicago Tribune February 22 1965 p21 6 7 Year Beep of Missile Is Gone But Vanguard Continues Orbit Chicago Tribune February 22 1965 p1 Rex Hall and David J Shayler The Rocket Men Vostok amp Voskhod The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights Springer 2001 p343 Sandy Sturner Australian Special Days Celebrated Through Language Activities R I C Publications 1998 p5 Duke Mints First New Coins in Canberra The Age Melbourne February 23 1965 p3 Spy Says Israelis Duped Him UPI report in Kingsport TN Times News March 7 1965 p7 Espionage Charged to Couple AP report in Phoenix Gazette May 10 1965 p8 West Germans Seized by U A R as Spy Ring Independent Press Telegram Long Beach CA February 28 1965 p13 Egypt Seizes German Terrorists As Israeli Spies Newspaper Claims Bridgeport CT Post March 4 1965 p1 T E Vadney The World Since 1945 Penguin UK 1998 Jeremy G Swenddal General Lewis Walt Operational Art in Vietnam 1965 1967 Pickle Partners Publishing 2015 Peniel E Joseph Waiting Til the Midnight Hour A Narrative History of Black Power in America Macmillan 2007 p118 Cinderella Should Have Stayed In Ashes by Rick Du Brow in Sandusky OH Register February 23 1965 p26 Television Notes Associated Press in Monroe LA Morning World February 25 1965 p6 The Neutrino From Poltergeist to Particle Nobel Lecture December 8 1995 by Frederick Reines NobelPrize org James Lydon The Making of Ireland From Ancient Times to the Present Routledge 2012 p392 Irish Hero Returned From English Grave UPI report in Kingsport TN Times February 24 1965 p1 Barry Monush Everybody s Talkin The Top Films of 1965 1969 Hal Leonard Corporation 2009 p46 Peter Kramer 2001 A Space Odyssey Palgrave Macmillan 2010 p32 Clifton E Marsh The Lost found Nation of Islam in America Rowman amp Littlefield 2000 p67 Muslim Mosque Burns in Harlem The New York Times February 23 1965 p1 Muslim Mosque In S F Fired Humboldt Standard Eureka CA February 23 1965 p1 Mosque Fires Stir Fear of Vendetta in Malcolm Case Police Concern Mounts After Burnings in Harlem and in San Francisco The New York Times February 24 1965 p1 Two Syrians Executed on Spy Charges Chicago Tribune February 23 1965 p1 Reveal New Cosa Nostra Boss of U S Chicago Tribune February 24 1965 p28 Pinto Pio Gama in Historical Dictionary of Kenya Robert M Maxon and Thomas P Ofcansky eds Rowman amp Littlefield 2014 pp287 288 Kluxer s Face Is Red Klan Admits Negro Chicago Tribune February 25 1965 p4 Klan Fires Titan He s A Negro And A Catholic Newport RI Daily News February 25 1965 p18 Stanley Sadie Richard Rodney Bennett s The Mines of Sulphur Tempo New Ser 73 24 25 1965 History of the Symbols of New Brunswick Accessed 29 September 2013 Madrid Police Clash With 5 000 Students Globe and Mail Toronto February 25 1965 Bonn Switches Signals On Nazis Lincoln NE Star February 25 1965 p2 Skating Record Fresno CA Bee February 26 1965 p5 B Martin McCauley The German Democratic Republic since 1945 Springer 1986 p120 Mississippi Charges Dismissed The Guardian February 26 1965 Federal Judge Dismisses Indictments In Slayings Delta Democrat Times February 25 1965 p1 Rights Suspects Face Misdemeanor Charges El Paso TX Herald Post February 26 1965 p1 Klan s Wizard Gets 10 Years in 3 Slayings Chicago Tribune December 30 1967 p3 Re Indictment of Communist Party Voted Chicago Tribune February 26 1965 p16 TV Code Bars Quaffing of Wine and Beer Chicago Tribune February 26 1965 p18 U S Gold Stocks Dip 262 Million Largest Loss for Month in 2 1 2 Years Leaves Total Level at 15 2 Billion by Edwin L Dale Jr The New York Times February 26 1965 Benelhocine Carole 2012 The European Social Charter Council of Europe pp 77 78 Walloon Workers Party PWT Europe Politics in French Missile Downs Flyer Chicago Tribune February 27 1965 p 1 Fleming John 6 March 2005 The Death of Jimmie Lee Jackson The Anniston Star archived from the original on 29 August 2008 retrieved 2008 01 21 Zacharias Sebastian June 2001 Antonov An 22 Antheus Airliner World pp 58 62 West German Military Aides Quit Tanzania Chicago Tribune February 28 1965 p 2 Gray William Glenn 2003 Germany s Cold War The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany 1949 1969 University of North Carolina Press p 179 Behiels Michael 2009 Canada and International Instruments of Human Rights Framing Canadian Federalism Historical Essays in Honour of John T Saywell University of Toronto Press p 165 BARE ROOTS OF WAR U S Report Tells Hanoi Aggression Chicago Tribune February 27 1965 p 1 Lewy Guenter 1980 America in Vietnam Oxford University Press p 38 Gibbons William Conrad 2014 The U S Government and the Vietnam War Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships Part III 1965 1966 Princeton University Press p 127 Morales Gilbert 2004 Critical Perspectives on the Vietnam War The Rosen Publishing Group pp 30 34 bandysidan nu Accessed 29 September 2013 Malkasian Carter 2002 A History of Modern Wars of Attrition Greenwood Publishing p 198 Logan William S 2000 Hanoi Biography of a City University of New South Wales Press p 283 Clodfelter Mark 2006 The Limits of Air Power The American Bombing of North Vietnam University of Nebraska Press p 136 Marolda Edward J 2009 The Approaching Storm Conflict in Asia 1945 1965 Naval History amp Heritage Command p 80 1 Dies 8 Hurt as Drag Racer Hits Crowd Chicago Tribune March 1 1965 p 3 Aubrey Fired as Television Head for CBS Chicago Tribune March 1 1965 pp 2 14 Siegler Heinrich 1964 Austria Problems and Achievements 1945 1963 Siegler p 108 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title February 1965 amp oldid 1135004248, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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