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Galatian language

October 29, 2023

This article is about the extinct Celtic language spoken in Anatolia. For the extinct Iberian Celtic language, see Gallaecian language. For the current Iberian Romance language, see Galician language.

Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken by the Galatians in Galatia, in central Anatolia (Asian part of modern Turkey), from the 3rd century BC up to at least the 4th century AD. Some sources suggest that it was still spoken in the 6th century.[1] Galatian was contemporary with, and closely related to, Gaulish.[2][3]

Galatian
RegionGalatia
Extinct4th century AD (possibly 6th century AD)
Language codes
ISO 639-3xga
xga
Glottologgala1252
The Roman province of Galatia

History edit

Emergence edit

The Galatian language, based on onomastic evidence (as no texts written in Galatian have yet been discovered), seems to have closely resembled Gaulish of western and central Europe.[1] The language was introduced to Anatolia in the 3rd century BC, when Celtic tribes – notably the Tectosages, Trocmii, and Tolistobogii – migrated south from the Balkans. According to the Greek historian Strabo, the Tectosages of Anatolia were related to the Volcae Tectosages of Gaul; the parent tribe of both branches, the Volcae, originally lived in central Europe.

Contemporary Roman sources edit

Sometime in AD 48–55, the Apostle Paul wrote his Epistle to the Galatians in Greek, the medium of communication in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire. This may mean that Galatians at the time were already bilingual in Greek, as St. Jerome later reports. However, scholars are divided as to whether Paul was writing to Greek Galatians or to the Hellenized descendants of the Celtic Galatians.[4][5]

Lucian of Samosata recorded in circa AD 180 that the prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus was able to find Celtic-speaking interpreters for his oracles in Paphlagonia (immediately northeast of Galatia).[6][7]

The physician Galen of Pergamon in the late 2nd century AD complained that the commonly spoken Greek of his day was being corrupted by borrowings of foreign words from languages such as Galatian.[8][9]

In the 4th century, St. Jerome (Hieronymus) wrote in a comment to Paul the Apostle's Epistle to the Galatians that "apart from the Greek language, which is spoken throughout the entire East, the Galatians have their own language, almost the same as the Treveri". The capital of the Treveri was Trier, where Jerome had settled briefly after studying in Rome.[10][11]

Survival into Early Medieval period edit

In the 6th century AD, Cyril of Scythopolis suggested[12] that the language was still being spoken in his own day when he related a story that a monk from Galatia was temporarily possessed by Satan and unable to speak; when he recovered from the "possession", he could respond to the questioning of others only in his native Galatian tongue.[13]

Vocabulary edit

Of the language only a few glosses and brief comments in classical writers and scattered names on inscriptions survive. Altogether they add up to about 120 words, including place and personal names. Scattered vocabulary terms mentioned by Greek authors include ἀδάρκα (adarka), a type of plant; αδες (ades), "feet"; βαρδοί (bardoi), "singing poets, bards"; μάρκα (marka), "horse" and τριμαρκισία (trimarkisia), "three-horse battle group".[14][15]

Common nouns edit

Only three common nouns are certainly attested, and only two of them of Celtic origin. All are attested in Greek sources and are declined as if Greek.[1]

  • τασκός, taskos, "badger"
  • δρουγγός, droungos, "snout, nose"
  • ὗς, hus, "kermes oak"

Both taskos and droungos are given by Epiphanius of Salamis in his Panarion in an effort to elucidate the name of the gnostic sect of the Tascodrugites. Although he has the correct meaning of droungos, he gives taskos as meaning "peg". It almost certainly means "badger".[16] The word hus is not of Celtic origin, but was borrowed into Galatian from another language.[1]

Personal names edit

The attested Galatian personal names are similar to those found elsewhere in the ancient Celtic-speaking world. Many are compound names containing common Celtic roots such as *brog-, "country, territory" (cf. Old Irish mruig, Welsh and Breton bro; cognate with Latin margo and Gothic marka), *epo-, "horse" (Old Irish ech, Welsh eb- [in ebol "pony" and the compound ebrwydd "swift"], Breton ebeul, foal), *māro- (cf. Gaulish -māros, Old Irish mór, Welsh mawr, Breton meur) "great", and *rig(o)-, "king" (cf. Gaulish -rīx/-reix, Irish rí, Welsh rhi; cognate with Gothic -reiks, Latin rēx). Examples include:[17]

  • Ἀδιατόριξ (Adiatorīx)
  • Βιτοριξ (Bitorīx)
  • Βρογιμάρος (Brogimāros)
  • Κάμμα (Cāmmā)
  • Δομνείων (Domneiū)
  • Ἐπόνη (Eponī)
  • Ολοριξ (Olorīx)
  • Σμερτομάρα (Smertomārā)
  • Τεκτομάρος (Tectomāros)

Tribal names include Ambitouti (Old Irish imm-, Welsh am "around"; Old Irish tuath, Welsh tut, "tribe"), Ριγόσαγες (Rigosages, "King-Seekers"; cf. Old Irish saigid "goes towards, seeks out", Welsh haeddu, verbal suffix -ha- "seeking"), and Τεκτόσαγες (Tectosages, cf. the related Volcae Tectosages tribe of Gaul, "Travel-seekers"; Old Irish techt, "going, proceeding", Welsh taith, "journey, voyage").

Attested divine names include βουσσουριγίος (Bussurīgios) and Σουωλιβρογηνός (Suolibrogēnos), both identified with the Greek king of the gods Zeus, and Ούινδιεινος (Uindieinos), perhaps the tutelary god of the Tolistobogian town Ούινδια (Uindia).[18][19]

Place names edit

Attested place names include Acitorīgiāco ("[Settlement of] Acitorīx"; compare Acitodunum in Gaul), Άρτικνιακόν (Articniācon, "[Settlement of] Articnos" ["Bear-son"]), Δρυνέμετον (Drunemeton; < Proto-Celtic *dru- "oak" and, by extension, "great"; cf. Old Irish druí, Welsh dryw [< *dru-wid-s], "druid, wise man" [literally "greatly wise"], Old Irish neimed, Welsh nyfed "holy place, [sacred] grove"), the meeting place of the Galatian tetrarchs and judges, and Ούινδια (Uindia "Fair/White/Holy Place"; Old Irish finn, Welsh gwyn [masc.], gwen [fem.] "fair, white; holy").[20]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Eska 2006, p. 788.
  2. ^ Freeman 2001, p. 3.
  3. ^ Eska 2013, p. 53.
  4. ^ The Catholic Study Bible (2nd edition, 2011, Oxford), p. 1643.
  5. ^ The New Interpreter's Study Bible (2003, Abingdon Press), p. 2079.
  6. ^ Lucian, Alexander, 51: "He [Alexander] often gave oracles to barbarians if anyone asked a question in his [the questioner's] native tongue, whether Syrian or Celtic, as he [Alexander] easily found strangers in the city of the same origin as the questioners."
  7. ^ Freeman 2001, p. 10.
  8. ^ Galen, De Differentia Pulsum, 8.585: "three words from Cilicia, four from Syria, five from Galatia, and six from Athens".
  9. ^ Freeman 2001, pp. 10–11.
  10. ^ St. Jerome [Hieronymus], Comentarii in Epistolam ad Galatos, II:3: "Galatas excepto sermone Graeco, quo omnis oriens loquitur propriam linguam eamdem pene habere quam Treviros."
  11. ^ Freeman 2001, p. 11.
  12. ^ Cyril of Scythopolis, Vita S. Euthymii, 55.
  13. ^ Freeman 2001, pp. 11–12.
  14. ^ Freeman 2001, pp. 15–18.
  15. ^ Delamarre 2003.
  16. ^ Joshua T. Katz (1998), "Hittite tašku- and the Indo-European Word for 'Badger'", Historische Sprachforschung, 111 (1): 61–82, JSTOR 41288957.
  17. ^ Freeman 2001, pp. 23–64.
  18. ^ Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico. Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition. Amsterdam University Press, 2009. pp. 132=133. ISBN 9789089640789.
  19. ^ Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter, 2017. p. 1257. ISBN 9783110523874
  20. ^ Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter, 2017. p. 1257. ISBN 9783110523874

Bibliography edit

  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Paris: Errance. ISBN 2-87772-237-6.
  • Eska, Joseph F. (2006). "Galatian language". In John T. Koch (ed.). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Vol. III: G—L. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
  • Eska, Joseph F. (2013). "A salvage grammar of Galatian". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. 60 (1): 51–64. doi:10.1515/zcph.2013.006. ISSN 1865-889X. S2CID 199576252.
  • Freeman, Philip (2001). The Galatian Language: A Comprehensive Survey of the Language of the Ancient Celts in Greco-Roman Asia Minor. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-7480-3.
  • Weisgerber, L. (1931). Galatische Sprachreste. In Natalicium Johannes Geffcken zum 70. Geburtstag 2. Mai 1931 gewidmet von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern, 151–75. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

Further reading edit

  • Rance, Philip. “Drungus, Δρουγγος, and Δρουγγιστί: A Gallicism and Continuity in Late Roman Cavalry Tactics.” Phoenix 58, no. 1/2 (2004): 96–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135199.

October 29, 2023
galatian, language, this, article, about, extinct, celtic, language, spoken, anatolia, extinct, iberian, celtic, language, gallaecian, language, current, iberian, romance, language, galician, language, galatian, extinct, celtic, language, once, spoken, galatia. This article is about the extinct Celtic language spoken in Anatolia For the extinct Iberian Celtic language see Gallaecian language For the current Iberian Romance language see Galician language Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken by the Galatians in Galatia in central Anatolia Asian part of modern Turkey from the 3rd century BC up to at least the 4th century AD Some sources suggest that it was still spoken in the 6th century 1 Galatian was contemporary with and closely related to Gaulish 2 3 GalatianRegionGalatiaExtinct4th century AD possibly 6th century AD Language familyIndo European CelticContinental CelticGaulishGalatianLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xga class extiw title iso639 3 xga xga a Linguist ListxgaGlottologgala1252The Roman province of Galatia Contents 1 History 1 1 Emergence 1 2 Contemporary Roman sources 1 3 Survival into Early Medieval period 2 Vocabulary 2 1 Common nouns 2 2 Personal names 2 3 Place names 3 References 3 1 Bibliography 4 Further readingHistory editEmergence edit The Galatian language based on onomastic evidence as no texts written in Galatian have yet been discovered seems to have closely resembled Gaulish of western and central Europe 1 The language was introduced to Anatolia in the 3rd century BC when Celtic tribes notably the Tectosages Trocmii and Tolistobogii migrated south from the Balkans According to the Greek historian Strabo the Tectosages of Anatolia were related to the Volcae Tectosages of Gaul the parent tribe of both branches the Volcae originally lived in central Europe Contemporary Roman sources edit Sometime in AD 48 55 the Apostle Paul wrote his Epistle to the Galatians in Greek the medium of communication in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire This may mean that Galatians at the time were already bilingual in Greek as St Jerome later reports However scholars are divided as to whether Paul was writing to Greek Galatians or to the Hellenized descendants of the Celtic Galatians 4 5 Lucian of Samosata recorded in circa AD 180 that the prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus was able to find Celtic speaking interpreters for his oracles in Paphlagonia immediately northeast of Galatia 6 7 The physician Galen of Pergamon in the late 2nd century AD complained that the commonly spoken Greek of his day was being corrupted by borrowings of foreign words from languages such as Galatian 8 9 In the 4th century St Jerome Hieronymus wrote in a comment to Paul the Apostle s Epistle to the Galatians that apart from the Greek language which is spoken throughout the entire East the Galatians have their own language almost the same as the Treveri The capital of the Treveri was Trier where Jerome had settled briefly after studying in Rome 10 11 Survival into Early Medieval period edit In the 6th century AD Cyril of Scythopolis suggested 12 that the language was still being spoken in his own day when he related a story that a monk from Galatia was temporarily possessed by Satan and unable to speak when he recovered from the possession he could respond to the questioning of others only in his native Galatian tongue 13 Vocabulary editOf the language only a few glosses and brief comments in classical writers and scattered names on inscriptions survive Altogether they add up to about 120 words including place and personal names Scattered vocabulary terms mentioned by Greek authors include ἀdarka adarka a type of plant ades ades feet bardoi bardoi singing poets bards marka marka horse and trimarkisia trimarkisia three horse battle group 14 15 Common nouns edit Only three common nouns are certainly attested and only two of them of Celtic origin All are attested in Greek sources and are declined as if Greek 1 taskos taskos badger droyggos droungos snout nose ὗs hus kermes oak Both taskos and droungos are given by Epiphanius of Salamis in his Panarion in an effort to elucidate the name of the gnostic sect of the Tascodrugites Although he has the correct meaning of droungos he gives taskos as meaning peg It almost certainly means badger 16 The word hus is not of Celtic origin but was borrowed into Galatian from another language 1 Personal names edit The attested Galatian personal names are similar to those found elsewhere in the ancient Celtic speaking world Many are compound names containing common Celtic roots such as brog country territory cf Old Irish mruig Welsh and Breton bro cognate with Latin margo and Gothic marka epo horse Old Irish ech Welsh eb in ebol pony and the compound ebrwydd swift Breton ebeul foal maro cf Gaulish maros Old Irish mor Welsh mawr Breton meur great and rig o king cf Gaulish rix reix Irish ri Welsh rhi cognate with Gothic reiks Latin rex Examples include 17 Ἀdiatori3 Adiatorix Bitori3 Bitorix Brogimaros Brogimaros Kamma Camma Domneiwn Domneiu Ἐponh Eponi Olori3 Olorix Smertomara Smertomara Tektomaros Tectomaros Tribal names include Ambitouti Old Irish imm Welsh am around Old Irish tuath Welsh tut tribe Rigosages Rigosages King Seekers cf Old Irish saigid goes towards seeks out Welsh haeddu verbal suffix ha seeking and Tektosages Tectosages cf the related Volcae Tectosages tribe of Gaul Travel seekers Old Irish techt going proceeding Welsh taith journey voyage Attested divine names include boyssoyrigios Bussurigios and Soywlibroghnos Suolibrogenos both identified with the Greek king of the gods Zeus and Oyindieinos Uindieinos perhaps the tutelary god of the Tolistobogian town Oyindia Uindia 18 19 Place names edit Attested place names include Acitorigiaco Settlement of Acitorix compare Acitodunum in Gaul Artikniakon Articniacon Settlement of Articnos Bear son Drynemeton Drunemeton lt Proto Celtic dru oak and by extension great cf Old Irish drui Welsh dryw lt dru wid s druid wise man literally greatly wise Old Irish neimed Welsh nyfed holy place sacred grove the meeting place of the Galatian tetrarchs and judges and Oyindia Uindia Fair White Holy Place Old Irish finn Welsh gwyn masc gwen fem fair white holy 20 References edit a b c d Eska 2006 p 788 Freeman 2001 p 3 Eska 2013 p 53 The Catholic Study Bible 2nd edition 2011 Oxford p 1643 The New Interpreter s Study Bible 2003 Abingdon Press p 2079 Lucian Alexander 51 He Alexander often gave oracles to barbarians if anyone asked a question in his the questioner s native tongue whether Syrian or Celtic as he Alexander easily found strangers in the city of the same origin as the questioners Freeman 2001 p 10 Galen De Differentia Pulsum 8 585 three words from Cilicia four from Syria five from Galatia and six from Athens Freeman 2001 pp 10 11 St Jerome Hieronymus Comentarii in Epistolam ad Galatos II 3 Galatas excepto sermone Graeco quo omnis oriens loquitur propriam linguam eamdem pene habere quam Treviros Freeman 2001 p 11 Cyril of Scythopolis Vita S Euthymii 55 Freeman 2001 pp 11 12 Freeman 2001 pp 15 18 Delamarre 2003 Joshua T Katz 1998 Hittite tasku and the Indo European Word for Badger Historische Sprachforschung 111 1 61 82 JSTOR 41288957 Freeman 2001 pp 23 64 Derks Ton Roymans Nico Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity The Role of Power and Tradition Amsterdam University Press 2009 pp 132 133 ISBN 9789089640789 Klein Jared Wenthe Mark Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics An International Handbook Vol 2 Walter de Gruyter 2017 p 1257 ISBN 9783110523874 Klein Jared Wenthe Mark Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics An International Handbook Vol 2 Walter de Gruyter 2017 p 1257 ISBN 9783110523874 Bibliography edit Delamarre Xavier 2003 Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise Une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental Paris Errance ISBN 2 87772 237 6 Eska Joseph F 2006 Galatian language In John T Koch ed Celtic culture a historical encyclopedia Vol III G L Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO ISBN 1 85109 440 7 Eska Joseph F 2013 A salvage grammar of Galatian Zeitschrift fur celtische Philologie 60 1 51 64 doi 10 1515 zcph 2013 006 ISSN 1865 889X S2CID 199576252 Freeman Philip 2001 The Galatian Language A Comprehensive Survey of the Language of the Ancient Celts in Greco Roman Asia Minor Lewiston New York Edwin Mellen Press ISBN 0 7734 7480 3 Weisgerber L 1931 Galatische Sprachreste In Natalicium Johannes Geffcken zum 70 Geburtstag 2 Mai 1931 gewidmet von Freunden Kollegen und Schulern 151 75 Heidelberg Carl Winter Further reading editRance Philip Drungus Droyggos and Droyggisti A Gallicism and Continuity in Late Roman Cavalry Tactics Phoenix 58 no 1 2 2004 96 130 https doi org 10 2307 4135199 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Galatian language amp oldid 1180774561, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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