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Bedesten

November 23, 2023

A bedesten (variants: bezistan, bezisten, bedestan) is a type of covered market or market hall which was historically found in the cities of the Ottoman Empire. It was typically the central building of the commercial district of an Ottoman town or city, where the most important and precious goods (like gold and jewellery) were kept and sold. Its function was comparable or equivalent to that of a qaysariyya in other (usually Arabic-speaking) regions, though the architecture of the latter could be different and be similar to that of a bazaar with its own streets.[1]: 59, 255 

Exterior view of the Bedesten of Edirne, Turkey, built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1413 and 1421 CE

Etymology edit

The origin of the word is from Persian بزازستان bazzāzestān, which means "place of drapers".[2] The word includes Persian suffix -istan.[3] Ottomans pronounced it as Bazzistan and Bedesten.[4]

History and function edit

 
Interior of the Sandal Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul; attributed to the reign of Sultan Mehmed II (late 15th century)

The bedesten is a type of building that developed in the early Ottoman architecture of the 15th century.[5] Bedestens originally began as a place to house fabric and textile sellers but eventually more precious goods were stored here. As this type of building was more secure and could be locked at night, it became the place where the most important goods (e.g. gold and jewellery) were stored, protected, regulated, and sold.[5][6] Besides the trading of jewellery and textiles, slaves were also sold in bedestens.[7]

Expert merchants in bedestans also assisted in commercial disputes, and in some cases officials were employed here to carry out similar regulatory duties.[citation needed] Waqf agreements (inalienable trusts in Islamic law) governed the function and upkeep of the bedesten and could provide salaries for these employees.[5] Tenants could even rent booths in the bedesten from these waqfs.[7] The bedesten was such an important building that during Ottoman times cities were often classified under two categories: cities with a bedesten and cities without a bedesten.[8]

The first major bedestens were constructed in the capitals of the Ottoman Empire which served as economic hubs of the empire. The bedesten of Bursa was built in the late 14th century by Sultan Yildirim Bayezid I during his reign between 1389 and 1402.[9][5] The bedesten of Edirne was built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1413 and 1421.[5] The first Bedesten in Istanbul, variously known as the Inner Bedesten (Iç Bedesten), Old Bedesten (Eski Bedesten or Bedesten-i Atik), or the Jewellers' Bedesten (Cevahir Bedesteni), was built on the orders of Sultan Mehmed II Fatih between 1456 and 1461, soon after his conquest of the city.[10][11] A second bedesten, the Sandal Bedesten, also known as the Small Bedesten (Küçük Bedesten) or New Bedesten (Bedesten-i Cedid), was built by Mehmed II about a dozen years later.[10][12] These two bedestens formed the original core of Istanbul's Grand Bazaar, which grew around them over the following generations.[10][12] Some Ottoman bedestens, including the ones in Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, are still operating as commercial centers today.[5]

Architecture edit

Bedestens normally have a rectangular floor plan, with a main chamber inside covered by domes and walled-off from the outside except for designated doorways. Their design was derived in part from the design of Ottoman mosques.[13][how?] Often there were shops on the outside perimeter, but the interior chamber was where the most important goods were stored and sold.[8]

Examples of bedestens edit

Numerous bedestens were built during the Ottoman Empire, a number of which have survived today. Some of the most notable examples include the following:

There are also reproductions after the Ottoman era, such as Bezistan, Belgrade.

Examples of Bedestens in Turkey
Examples of Bedestens in the Balkans

References edit

  1. ^ Khadra Jayyusi, Salma; Renata Holod; Attilio Petruccioli; André Raymond (2008). "The Ottoman cities on the Balkans". The city in the Islamic world. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 149. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  3. ^ Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Springer-Verlag. 1974. p. 226. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Öney, Gönül; Bulut, Lale; Çakmak, Şakir; Daş, Ertan; Demir, Aydoğan; Demiralp, Yekta; Ünal, Rahmi H. (2013). Early Ottoman Art: The Legacy of the Emirates. Museum With No Frontiers.
  6. ^ Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City (Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 157.
  7. ^ a b An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire. Internet Archive. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. 1997. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-521-57456-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ a b Kreiser, Klaus: „Bedesten-Bauten im Osmanischen Reich. Ein vorläufiger Überblick auf Grund der Schriftquellen.“, in: Istanbuler Mitteilungen (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Istanbul) 2, pp.367-400 (Tübingen 1979), reprint in Istanbul und das Osmanische Reich. Derwischwesen, Baugeschichte, Inschriftenkunde. Istanbul: Isis 1995. 286 S. (Analecta Isisiana. 14) pp.61-96.
  9. ^ a b Köprülü Bağbancı, Özlem (2012). "Commerce in the Emerging Empire: Formation of the Ottoman Trade Center in Bursa". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–114. ISBN 9789774165290.
  10. ^ a b c d e Duranti, Andrea (2012). "A Caravanserai on the Route to Modernity: The Case of the Valide Han of Istanbul". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–250. ISBN 9789774165290.
  11. ^ "Kapalıçarşı". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  12. ^ a b Türkoğlu, İnci. "Grand Bazaar". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  13. ^ Norris, H. T. (1993). "Glossary". Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world. London: Hurst. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-85065-167-3. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  14. ^ "Ankara - Anatolian Civilizations Museum". www.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  15. ^ a b . Bosna i Hertegovina - Commission to Preserve National Monuments. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  16. ^ . Bosna i Hertegovina - Commission to Preserve National Monuments. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  17. ^ "Bitola bezistan (Covered bazaar)".
  18. ^ Vasilis Kostovasilis. . Part of the article "Τα Μπεζεστένια - Οι μεγάλες σκεπαστές αγορές", Ελληνικό Πανόραμα, Issue 30 (2002), pp. 102-131. Serres Central Library. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  19. ^ Bağışkan, Tuncer (8 November 2014). "Kıbrıs'ta Osmanlı – Türk Eserleri (5)" (in Turkish). Yeni Düzen. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  20. ^ Αλίκη Σαμουηλίδου - Αιμιλία Στεφανίδου-Φωτιάδου (May 1983). . Περιοδικό Αρχαιολογία. 7: 62. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02.

Sources edit

External links edit

  • Bedestan Website (Turkish)

November 23, 2023
bedesten, bedesten, variants, bezistan, bezisten, bedestan, type, covered, market, market, hall, which, historically, found, cities, ottoman, empire, typically, central, building, commercial, district, ottoman, town, city, where, most, important, precious, goo. A bedesten variants bezistan bezisten bedestan is a type of covered market or market hall which was historically found in the cities of the Ottoman Empire It was typically the central building of the commercial district of an Ottoman town or city where the most important and precious goods like gold and jewellery were kept and sold Its function was comparable or equivalent to that of a qaysariyya in other usually Arabic speaking regions though the architecture of the latter could be different and be similar to that of a bazaar with its own streets 1 59 255 Exterior view of the Bedesten of Edirne Turkey built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1413 and 1421 CE Contents 1 Etymology 2 History and function 3 Architecture 4 Examples of bedestens 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksEtymology editThe origin of the word is from Persian بزازستان bazzazestan which means place of drapers 2 The word includes Persian suffix istan 3 Ottomans pronounced it as Bazzistan and Bedesten 4 History and function edit nbsp Interior of the Sandal Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul attributed to the reign of Sultan Mehmed II late 15th century The bedesten is a type of building that developed in the early Ottoman architecture of the 15th century 5 Bedestens originally began as a place to house fabric and textile sellers but eventually more precious goods were stored here As this type of building was more secure and could be locked at night it became the place where the most important goods e g gold and jewellery were stored protected regulated and sold 5 6 Besides the trading of jewellery and textiles slaves were also sold in bedestens 7 Expert merchants in bedestans also assisted in commercial disputes and in some cases officials were employed here to carry out similar regulatory duties citation needed Waqf agreements inalienable trusts in Islamic law governed the function and upkeep of the bedesten and could provide salaries for these employees 5 Tenants could even rent booths in the bedesten from these waqfs 7 The bedesten was such an important building that during Ottoman times cities were often classified under two categories cities with a bedesten and cities without a bedesten 8 The first major bedestens were constructed in the capitals of the Ottoman Empire which served as economic hubs of the empire The bedesten of Bursa was built in the late 14th century by Sultan Yildirim Bayezid I during his reign between 1389 and 1402 9 5 The bedesten of Edirne was built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1413 and 1421 5 The first Bedesten in Istanbul variously known as the Inner Bedesten Ic Bedesten Old Bedesten Eski Bedesten or Bedesten i Atik or the Jewellers Bedesten Cevahir Bedesteni was built on the orders of Sultan Mehmed II Fatih between 1456 and 1461 soon after his conquest of the city 10 11 A second bedesten the Sandal Bedesten also known as the Small Bedesten Kucuk Bedesten or New Bedesten Bedesten i Cedid was built by Mehmed II about a dozen years later 10 12 These two bedestens formed the original core of Istanbul s Grand Bazaar which grew around them over the following generations 10 12 Some Ottoman bedestens including the ones in Bursa Edirne and Istanbul are still operating as commercial centers today 5 Architecture editBedestens normally have a rectangular floor plan with a main chamber inside covered by domes and walled off from the outside except for designated doorways Their design was derived in part from the design of Ottoman mosques 13 how Often there were shops on the outside perimeter but the interior chamber was where the most important goods were stored and sold 8 Examples of bedestens editNumerous bedestens were built during the Ottoman Empire a number of which have survived today Some of the most notable examples include the following Ic Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul built between 1456 and 1461 10 Sandal Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul built shortly after the Ic Bedesten 10 Bedesten of Bursa Turkey built between 1389 and 1402 9 Bedesten of Edirne Turkey built between 1413 and 1421 5 Mahmut Pasa Bedesten in Ankara Turkey built in late 15th century today it houses part of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 14 Gazi Husrev Beg s Bezistan in Bascarsija Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 Brusa Bezistan also in Sarajevo 16 Bezistan in Old Bazaar Skopje Macedonia Bezistan in Bitola Macedonia 17 Bedesten of Serres Greece today it houses the Archaeological Museum of Serres 18 Bedesten of Larissa Greece Bedesten in Nicosia Cyprus originally a Greek Orthodox church from the 6th and 14th centuries architecturally different from all other Ottoman bedestens 19 Bedesten in Thessaloniki Greece 20 There are also reproductions after the Ottoman era such as Bezistan Belgrade Examples of Bedestens in Turkey nbsp Interior of the Bedesten of Bursa late 14th century nbsp Interior of the Bedesten of Edirne early 15th century nbsp Interior of the Old Bedesten of the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul built by Sultan Mehmed II between 1456 and 1461 nbsp Bedesten in Tekirdag Turkey nbsp Bedesten in Nigde Turkey nbsp Kirkkasik Bedesten Tarsus Mersin Turkey nbsp Old photograph of the Mahmut Pasa Bedesten in Ankara before restoration nbsp The Mahmut Pasa Bedesten in Ankara today housing the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations nbsp Interior of the Mahmut Pasa Bedesten today part of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Examples of Bedestens in the Balkans nbsp Bedesten in Thessaloniki Greece nbsp Bedesten of Serres Greece nbsp Bedesten of Serres Greece nbsp Bedesten of Larissa Greece nbsp Detail of the Bedesten of Larissa Greece nbsp Entrance of Gazi Husrev Beg s Bezistan of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina nbsp Interior of the Gazi Husrev Beg s Bezistan in Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina nbsp Brusa Bezistan of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 nbsp Bedesten in Yambol Bulgaria References edit Khadra Jayyusi Salma Renata Holod Attilio Petruccioli Andre Raymond 2008 The Ottoman cities on the Balkans The city in the Islamic world Leiden Boston Brill p 149 ISBN 978 90 04 16240 2 Retrieved 3 November 2011 Kamusi Osmani Archived from the original on 2019 07 10 Retrieved 2019 09 21 Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie Springer Verlag 1974 p 226 Retrieved 3 November 2011 Kamusi Osmani Archived from the original on 2019 07 10 Retrieved 2019 09 21 a b c d e f g Oney Gonul Bulut Lale Cakmak Sakir Das Ertan Demir Aydogan Demiralp Yekta Unal Rahmi H 2013 Early Ottoman Art The Legacy of the Emirates Museum With No Frontiers Sumner Boyd Hilary Freely John 2010 Strolling Through Istanbul The Classic Guide to the City Revised ed Tauris Parke Paperbacks p 157 a b An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire Internet Archive Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press 1997 p 578 ISBN 978 0 521 57456 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b Kreiser Klaus Bedesten Bauten im Osmanischen Reich Ein vorlaufiger Uberblick auf Grund der Schriftquellen in Istanbuler Mitteilungen Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Abteilung Istanbul 2 pp 367 400 Tubingen 1979 reprint in Istanbul und das Osmanische Reich Derwischwesen Baugeschichte Inschriftenkunde Istanbul Isis 1995 286 S Analecta Isisiana 14 pp 61 96 a b Koprulu Bagbanci Ozlem 2012 Commerce in the Emerging Empire Formation of the Ottoman Trade Center in Bursa In Gharipour Mohammad ed The Bazaar in the Islamic City Design Culture and History Oxford University Press pp 97 114 ISBN 9789774165290 a b c d e Duranti Andrea 2012 A Caravanserai on the Route to Modernity The Case of the Valide Han of Istanbul In Gharipour Mohammad ed The Bazaar in the Islamic City Design Culture and History Oxford University Press pp 229 250 ISBN 9789774165290 Kapalicarsi Archnet Retrieved 2020 06 24 a b Turkoglu Inci Grand Bazaar Discover Islamic Art Museum With No Frontiers Retrieved 2020 06 24 Norris H T 1993 Glossary Islam in the Balkans religion and society between Europe and the Arab world London Hurst p xiv ISBN 978 1 85065 167 3 Retrieved 3 November 2011 Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum www ktb gov tr Retrieved 2020 07 27 a b Brusa bezistan Rustem Pasha bezistan Small bezistan with shops the architectural ensemble Bosna i Hertegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments Archived from the original on 2012 05 01 Retrieved 2011 11 05 Gazi Husrev beg bezistan with shops the architectural ensemble Bosna i Hertegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments Archived from the original on 2012 05 01 Retrieved 2011 11 05 Bitola bezistan Covered bazaar Vasilis Kostovasilis Mpezesteni Serrwn Part of the article Ta Mpezestenia Oi megales skepastes agores Ellhniko Panorama Issue 30 2002 pp 102 131 Serres Central Library Archived from the original on 2011 11 21 Retrieved 2011 11 05 Bagiskan Tuncer 8 November 2014 Kibris ta Osmanli Turk Eserleri 5 in Turkish Yeni Duzen Retrieved 24 July 2015 Alikh Samoyhlidoy Aimilia Stefanidoy Fwtiadoy May 1983 H 8essalonikh kata thn Toyrkokratia Ta toyrkika mnhmeia Periodiko Arxaiologia 7 62 Archived from the original on 2012 04 02 Sources editEyice Semavi 1992 Bedesten PDF Islam Ansiklopedisi Vol 5 Balaban Besir Aga in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi pp 302 311 External links editBedestan Website Turkish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bedesten amp oldid 1178189041, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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