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Zakir Husain

December 01, 2023

For the Pakistani governor, see Zakir Husain (governor). For other people with similar names, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Hussain Khan (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the third president of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969.

Zakir Husain
Husain on a 1998 post stamp of India
3rd President of India
In office
13 May 1967 – 3 May 1969
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Vice PresidentVarahagiri Venkata Giri
Preceded bySarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Succeeded byVarahagiri Venkata Giri (acting)
2nd Vice President of India
In office
13 May 1962 – 13 May 1967
PresidentSarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Prime Minister
Preceded bySarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Succeeded byVarahagiri Venkata Giri
4th Governor of Bihar
In office
6 July 1957 – 11 May 1962
Chief Minister
Preceded byR. R. Diwakar
Succeeded byMadabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
(nominated)
In office
3 April 1952 – 6 July 1957
Personal details
Born(1897-02-08)8 February 1897
Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British India (present-day Telangana, India)[1]
Died3 May 1969(1969-05-03) (aged 72)
New Delhi, India
Nationality Indian
Political partyIndependent
Spouse
​
(m. 1915)​
Children2
Relatives
Alma mater
ProfessionEconomist
Awards

Born in Hyderabad in an Afridi Pashtun family, Husain completed his schooling in Etawah and went on to study at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh and the University of Berlin from where he obtained a doctoral degree in economics. A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a founding member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an independent national university in response to the Non-cooperation movement. He served as its Vice-chancellor during 1926 to 1948. In 1937, Husain chaired the Basic National Education Committee which framed a new educational policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory education in the first language. He was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and, in 1946, the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah vetoed a proposal by the Indian National Congress to include Husain in the Interim Government of India.

Following Independence and the Partition of India Husain stayed on in India and, in 1948, was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a national institution of higher learning. For his services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was made a nominated member of the Indian Parliament during 1952 to 1957. Husain served as Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962 and was elected the Vice President of India in 1962. The following year, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in 1967, succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became the first Muslim to hold the highest constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to die in office and has had the shortest tenure of any President. His mazar lies in the campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi.

An author and translator of several books into Urdu and a prolific writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through postage stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose garden that have been named after him.

Early life and family edit

Husain was born in Hyderabad in 1897 and was of Afridi Pashtun descent, his forefathers having settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh.[2][3] His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan and established a successful legal career in Hyderabad where he settled in 1892. Husain was the third of seven sons of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum.[2] He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Urdu and is thought that he had his primary school education at the Sultan Bazaar school in Hyderabad.[2][4] Following his father's death in 1907 Husain's family shifted back to Qaimganj and he was enrolled at the Islamia High School in Etawah. Husain's mother and several members of his extended family died in a plague epidemic in 1911.[2]

Having matriculated in 1913, he joined the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, in preparation for a medical degree, at the Lucknow Christian College enrolling for a Bachelor of Science degree. A bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies and a year later he rejoined the college at Aligarh. Husain graduated in 1918 with philosophy, English literature and economics.[5] He was elected vice president of the college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law and economics for his post-graduate studies. Having obtained his master's degree in 1920, he was appointed as a lecturer at the college.[5][6]

In 1915, while still pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had two daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.[7][8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor of physics at the Aligarh Muslim University while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served as a Union Minister and Governor.[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister in 2012.[10][11]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University. Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Movement, becoming Minister of Education in the Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor at Dhaka and Karachi Universities.[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Khan went on to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and later Governor of Balochistan and Sindh.[13] Masud Husain, the nephew from his eldest brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences at the Aligarh Muslim University and later Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.[14][15]

Career edit

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (1926–1948) edit

 
Zakir Husain became vice-chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia aged only 29.

In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh where he urged non-cooperation with the British Raj. In response to Gandhi's appeal, a group of students and faculty joined the Non-Cooperation Movement. In October 1920 they established the Independent National University aimed at imparting education free from colonial influence. Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, it shifted in 1925 from Aligarh to Delhi. Husain was one of the founders of this private university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its first "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Khan as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, to train the Muslim youth with definite ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, to coordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindu. The general aim is to create a harmonious nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. In its aim, if not always in its procedure, it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than any other Islamic institution I have come across."[18] In its early years, Jamia faced shortage of funds and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Committee closed down.[19]

Husain left for Germany in 1922 to do a doctorate in economics from the University of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on the agrarian structure in British India was accepted summa cum laude in 1926.[a][21] During his time in Berlin, Husain collaborated with Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in 1924 as Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi.[22] Husain got published the Diwan-e-Ghalib in 1925 and the Diwan-i-Shaida, a collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in 1926.[23][24] He returned to India in 1926 and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was joined by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Husain – the latter becoming the university registrar. Husain travelled across India soliciting funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi, the Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.[25]

In 1928, a National Education Society was established to manage the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. To be a life member of the society, members pledged their services to it for 20 years with a salary that could not exceed Rs.150. Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the pledge.[25] The society adopted a constitution for the university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor accept any help from the colonial administration, and that it would treat all religions impartially. Husain himself identified the aim of the Jamia as being to "keep alive Islamic culture and education and also help in the realization of the ideal of a common nationhood and the achievement of the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives are Islamic education, the love of independence and service to Urdu".[18]

Husain remained the Jamia's vice chancellor until 1948.[26] In the 1940s he built his home, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.[27] Husain was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and was a political opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, who vetoed the Congress proposal to include Husain as a member of the Interim Government in 1946.[28][29] Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend the Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November 1946. At a time of rising animosity between the Congress and the Muslim League and worsening inter-communal relations, the celebration was attended by Jinnah, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Ali Khan from the Muslim League and Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and C. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.[28] In a plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You have a secure place in the hearts of millions of people. Taking advantage of your presence here, I wish to submit in great sorrow a few words for your consideration on behalf of the educational workers. The fire of hatred is fast spreading which makes it seem mad to tend to the garden of education. This fire is burning in a noble and humane land. How will the flowers of nobility and sensibility grow in its midst? How will we be able to improve human standards which lie today at a level far lower than that of the beasts? How shall we produce new servants devoted to the cause of education? How can you protect humanity in a world of animals? ... . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes to this world brings along the message that God has not yet lost faith in man. But have our countrymen so completely lost faith in themselves that they wish to crush these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit together and extinguish this fire of hatred. This is not the time to ask who is responsible for it and what is its cause. The fire is raging. Please extinguish it. For God's sake do not allow the very foundations of civilised life in this country to be destroyed."[b][31][32][28]

Basic National Education Committee (1937) edit

In October 1937, an All-India National Education Conference was held at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy for basic education in India. The conference appointed a Basic National Education chaired by Husain (also known as the Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme and syllabus for this policy.[33] The committee submitted its report in December 1937 and formulated the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education or Nai Talim. The policy, inter alia, proposed teaching craft work in schools, instilling ideals of citizenship, and its establishment as a self-supporting scheme. It proposed seven years of free and compulsory basic education in the mother tongue, the teaching of crafts, music and drawing and learning the Hindustani language. It also proposed a comprehensive plan for the training of teachers and framed its curriculum.[34][35]

The Congress party in its Haripura session of 1938 accepted the scheme and sought to implement it nationwide.[36] An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to implement the scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall supervisor. Husain remained the President of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh from 1938 to 1950 when he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.[37][38][39][40] The scheme was wholly opposed by the Muslim League which saw the scheme as an attempt to gradually destroy Muslim culture in India and the focus on Hindustani language as a ploy to replace Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's argument that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by the Muslim League in its Patna session of 1939 where it declared that "the mere fact that the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken a prominent part in the preparation of the scheme does not prove that it is not unsuited to the Muslims".[36] India's National Policy on Education of 1968, 1988 and 2020 all draw on the ideas contained in the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education.[34][41]

Following the Partition of India, Husain was almost killed in communal violence at the Jalandhar railway station while he was on his way to Kashmir – an experience he described twelve years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On his return to Delhi, Husain worked to help the victims of rioting in Delhi.[42] The Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed in the violence in Delhi.[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University (1948–1956) edit

Husain was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University in 1948, succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.[16] The university had been closely associated with the Pakistan Movement and had been a stronghold of the Muslim League. It was therefore perceived as a center of pro-Pakistan feeling and a threat to secular India. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the university so that it could be retained as a national institution of higher education.[12] Husain, who had served as a member of the Universities Commission between December 1948 and August 1949 however took regular charge only in early 1950 as he was incapacitated following a heart attack in October 1949. He set to work, attempting to dissociate the university from its past association with the Muslim League and restoring school discipline. Students released from prison for involvement in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North India took up the vacancies created by the departure of Muslim nationalists for Pakistan. Husain also filled up vacant faculty positions with eminent academicians.[44][45] In 1951, Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act which converted the university from a private, aided university to an autonomous institution of the Government of India, fully maintained by it. This ensured stability in the university's finances while also allowing it autonomy in governance.[44] By the end of his tenure, Husain had turned around the fortunes of the university, helping it overcome the uncertainty it faced in independent India and become a national institution under the patronage of the Government of India.[45]

Husain served as a nominated Member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956 and was renominated in 1956, serving until his resignation on 6 July 1957 following his appointment as the Governor of Bihar.[c][48][49] For his services in the areas of culture and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1954.[50] Throughout the 1950s he was associated with various organizations working in the field of education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Students Service (1955), the World University Service, Geneva during 1955–57 and was a member of the Central Board of Secondary Education (1957). He served on the executive board of the UNESCO during 1957–58.[51][38]

Governor of Bihar (1957–1962) edit

Husain was the Governor of Bihar from 6 July 1957 to 11 May 1962.[52] Contrary to the advice of the then Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Krishna Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna University reappointed for a second term its serving Vice-Chancellor. In response, the state government considered amending the law to require the governor to appoint a vice-chancellor as advised by the chief minister. Husain however threatened to resign rather than assent to such an amendment forcing the government to drop its plans.[53][12] In later appointments made as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted the advice of the Chief Minister in the exercise of his powers as Chancellor and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.[54]

Vice President of India (1962–1967) edit

 
The newly elected President of India, S. Radhakrishnan, administering the oath of office of Vice President of India to Dr. Zakir Husain. Also in the picture is the outgoing president, Rajendra Prasad.
 
Husain receiving the Bharat Ratna from President S. Radhakrishnan.

On 14 April 1962, the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate for the upcoming election to the office of the Vice President of India.[55][56] The election was held on 7 May 1962, and votes counted the same day. Husain won 568 of 596 votes cast while his only rival N. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.[d][58] He was sworn in as vice president on 13 May 1962.[58]

In 1962, Husain was nominated the Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi – a post held by his predecessor S. Radhakrishnan before his election as President of India.[59] The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.[60][61] In 1965 he served briefly as the acting president when President Radhakrishnan left for the United Kingdom to undergo treatment for cataract.[62][63] It was during his acting presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there the previous month failed to give any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate the formation of a government collapsed.[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak in either house of parliament and that a sitting member of parliament who had been appointed as a Minister in a State would not be debarred from attending Parliament or voting in its debates until the member had been elected to the state legislature.[66] In 1966, he ruled that parliamentary immunity from arrest would be limited to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members.[67]

President of India (1967–1969) edit

 
President Husain swearing in Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah as Chief Justice of India. Following Husain's death, and Vice President V.V. Giri's resignation to contest the presidential election, Hidayatullah served as Acting President during 20 July 1969 – 24 August 1969.[68][69]

Husain was chosen as the Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of India in the presidential election of 1967. There was a lack of enthusiasm for the candidature of Husain within the party, but Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as the party candidate over objections raised by K. Kamaraj, the party president, and other senior members of her cabinet.[70][71] A coalition of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice of India, Koka Subbarao to resign his post and contest the election as their joint candidate.[72][73] Unlike the three previous presidential elections, the election of 1967 proved to be a real contest between the various candidates.[70][71] The campaign was marred by communal rhetoric and accusations of sectarianism being made against Husain by the Jana Sangh party.[74][75] There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of cross voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced the Prime Minister to resign.[70][71]

There were 17 candidates in the fray for the election held on 6 May 1967. Of these, nine failed to win any vote.[76] Husain won 4,71,244 votes against the 3,63,971 received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07,273 votes was much larger than what was expected by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Parliament and in twelve state legislatures including three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.[77] The results of the presidential election, coming after the general elections of 1967 where the Congress party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.[78][79] Husain was declared elected on 9 May 1967.[80] His election as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party's attempt to reach out to the Muslims of India who had voted against it in the general elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation.[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 May 1967.[83] In a memorable inaugural address, while dedicating himself to the service of the Indian nation and its civilization, Husain said[84][85]

The whole of Bharat is my home and its people are my family. The people have chosen to make me the head of this family for a certain time. It shall be my earnest endeavour to seek to make this home strong and beautiful, a worthy home for a great people engaged in the fascinating task of building up a just and prosperous and graceful life.[86]

Husain was the first Muslim and the first governor of a state to be elected President of India.[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of India on the grounds that the result of the election had been affected by undue influence exerted by the Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however dismissed by the court.[90][91] During his presidential tenure, Husain led state visits to Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal.[92][93] Husain, who had an interest in roses, is credited with having introduced several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and building a glass conservatory for its collection of succulents.[94][95][96]

Author edit

Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations include Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics and Plato's Republic.[97] He also wrote extensively on education in books such as Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem and Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.[98][99][100] Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under a nom de plume.[101] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into English and published under The Magic Key series by Zubaan Books.[102][103][104] Capitalism: An Essay in Understanding is a series of lectures he delivered at the Delhi University in 1946.[105] His convocation addresses were published in 1965 as The Dynamic University.[106][107] As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate the Ghalib Centenary in 1969 which recommended the establishment of the Ghalib Institute as a memorial to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in 1969.[108][109]

Death and legacy edit

 
Husain's mausoleum in Jamia Millia Islamia was designed by architect Habib Rahman

Hussain, who had suffered a mild heart attack earlier in the year, was unwell after returning to Delhi from a tour of Assam on 26 April 1969. He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May 1969 of a heart attack. Vice President V. V. Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.[110][111][112] The Government of India declared thirteen days of national mourning.[113][114] His body lay in state in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated 200,000 people paid their tributes. The funeral was held on 5 May 1969. He is buried in the university campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia where his body was taken in a gun carriage in a ceremonial funeral procession after the janaza prayers and the national salute being offered in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.[115] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well where flags flew at half mast on the day of his funeral.[116][117][118] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan sent the Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan as his personal representative to the funeral. George Romney, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, represented President Nixon and the United States whereas the Soviet Union was represented by its Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Nepal too attended the funeral. Up to a million people are thought to have lined the streets as the funeral cortege made its way to the burial ground.[119][120][121] Husain was the first President to die in office and has served the shortest tenure in office.[122]

Husain's tomb was built in 1971 and was designed by Habib Rahman.[123] Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles as seen in its eight curved, reinforced concrete walls topped by rough cut marble which have been inspired by Tughluq tombs.[124] These tapering walls stand along a square plan to form an open structure topped by a shallow dome. The tomb has no ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The graves of Husain and his wife lie under the dome of the tomb.[125][126]

Commemoration edit

 
 
Indian postage stamps commemorating Husain in 1969 (left) and 1998 (right).

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post in 1969 and 1998.[127][128]A Rose Called Zakir Hussain – A Life of Dedication is a 1969 documentary film on the life of Husain produced by the Films Division of India.[129] In 1975 the Delhi College, a constituent college of the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Hussain College.[130][131] The Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library of the Jamia Millia Islamia are also named after him.[132][133] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Hussain Marg.[134][135] The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden in Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose garden, is also named after Hussain.[136][137] Dr. Zakir Hussain – Teacher who became President, a book on Husain by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, was released in 2000.[138]

State honours edit

Decoration Country Date Note Ref.
  Padma Vibhushan   India 1954 The second-highest civilian honour of India.
  Bharat Ratna   India 1963 The highest civilian honour of India.

Notes edit

  1. ^ The German title of the thesis is Die Agrar-Verfassung Britisch-Indiens.[20]
  2. ^ The journalist Siddharth Varadarajan has compared this speech favourably to an April 2002 speech by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in the aftermath of the Gujarat riots; whereas Vajpayee sought to apportion blame for starting the fire, Varadarajan says, Husain beseeched the gathered leaders to end the violence.[30]
  3. ^ Article 80 of the Indian Constitution allows the President of India to nominate twelve members to the Parliament's Council of States or Rajya Sabha. The nominees are to be persons having special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art and social service. Nominated members enjoy the same powers and privileges as other members of the house, except that they cannot vote in a presidential election. Husain was one of the first group of twelve nominated members of the Rajya Sabha – a group that also included historians, jurists, Gandhians and social workers, the poet Maithilisharan Gupt, the classical dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale, scientist Satyendra Nath Bose and the actor Prithviraj Kapoor.[46][47]
  4. ^ This was the first election for the vice presidency that was contested. In the elections of 1952 and 1957 S. Radhakrishnan was elected unopposed.[57]

References edit

  1. ^ Zakir Husain, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 12 February 2012, from the original on 11 January 2012, retrieved 13 May 2012
  2. ^ a b c d Nizami 1990, pp. 17–36.
  3. ^ Ahmed 2013, p. 34.
  4. ^ "Former president Hussain was alumni of 150 year old school in Hyderabad". Deccan Chronicle. 13 March 2016. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b Fārūqī 1999, pp. 31, 37.
  6. ^ Herzberger 2007, pp. 5–8.
  7. ^ Jai 2003, p. 52.
  8. ^ "Zakir Husain became president". The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh. 13 May 2017. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  9. ^ "Khurshed Alam Khan passes away". The Hindu. 20 July 2013. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  10. ^ Gupta, Smita (28 October 2012). "After controversy, crowning glory for Khurshid". The Hindu. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  11. ^ Ali 1991, p. 63.
  12. ^ a b c d "India's Muslim presidents". www.thenews.com.pk. 2 August 2015. from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  13. ^ "Balochistan peacemaker Rahimuddin Khan passes away". The News International. 23 August 2022. from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  14. ^ Khan, Afnan (11 October 2019). "The bittersweet legend of a family mansion". INDIAN MEMORY PROJECT. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  15. ^ "Prof. Masood Hussain Khan". aligarhmovement.com. from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  16. ^ a b "His Master's Choice". The Indian Express. 26 September 2016. from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  17. ^ "100 years of Jamia Millia Islamia: Institute with roots in national struggle". Hindustan Times. 29 October 2020. from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  18. ^ a b "A blot on India's secularism". frontline.thehindu.com. 7 June 2017. from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  19. ^ Kumar, Srajit M. "Dr. Zakir Hussain Mausoleum and Museum | The Jamia Review". from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  20. ^ Manjapra 2014, p. 162.
  21. ^ "Jamia – Profile – History – Past Vice Chancellors' Profile – Dr. Zakir Husain". www.jmi.ac.in. Jamia Millia Islamia. from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  22. ^ Jonker 2020, p. 191.
  23. ^ Narang, Gopi Chand (2017). "Ghalib: Some Questions, Resolved/Unresolved". Indian Literature. 61 (1 (297)): 155. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 26791192. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  24. ^ Nizami 1988, p. 16.
  25. ^ a b Sharma 2011, pp. 220–224.
  26. ^ Kumar, Srajit M. "Dr. Zakir Hussain Mausoleum and Museum | The Jamia Review". from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  27. ^ "Inside Jamia Nagar". The Indian Express. 28 September 2008. from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  28. ^ a b c "Campus with credo". frontline.thehindu.com. 16 November 2006. from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  29. ^ Pasricha, Ashu (2005). "Genesis of Pakistan". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 66 (4): 997. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41856179. from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  30. ^ Varadarajan, Siddharth. "1984, 1989, 2002: Three Narratives of Injustice, and the Lessons for Democracy" (PDF). Shiv Nadar University – Center for Public Affairs and Critical Theory. (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  31. ^ Coward 1987, p. 257.
  32. ^ Mohan 1974, p. 14.
  33. ^ "Reorganization of Indian Education; Zakir Hussain Committee's Report" (PDF). V.V. Giri National Labour Institute. (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zakir Husain (politician).
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Zakir Husain.
  • "A Rose Called Zakir Hussain – A Life of Dedication", by Films Division, India, 1969 (Hindi)
  • Basic National Education: Report of the Zakir Husain Committee and the detailed syllabus with a foreword by Mahatma Gandhi.
Academic offices
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University
1948–1956 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Governor of Bihar
1957–1962 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Vice President of India
1962–1967 		Succeeded by
President of India
1967–1969

December 01, 2023
zakir, husain, pakistani, governor, governor, other, people, with, similar, names, zakir, hussain, zakir, hussain, khan, february, 1897, 1969, indian, educationist, politician, served, third, president, india, from, 1967, until, death, 1969, husain, 1998, post. For the Pakistani governor see Zakir Husain governor For other people with similar names see Zakir Hussain Zakir Hussain Khan 8 February 1897 3 May 1969 was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the third president of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969 Zakir HusainHusain on a 1998 post stamp of India3rd President of IndiaIn office 13 May 1967 3 May 1969Prime MinisterIndira GandhiVice PresidentVarahagiri Venkata GiriPreceded bySarvepalli RadhakrishnanSucceeded byVarahagiri Venkata Giri acting 2nd Vice President of IndiaIn office 13 May 1962 13 May 1967PresidentSarvepalli RadhakrishnanPrime MinisterJawaharlal NehruGulzarilal Nanda interim Lal Bahadur ShastriIndira GandhiPreceded bySarvepalli RadhakrishnanSucceeded byVarahagiri Venkata Giri4th Governor of BiharIn office 6 July 1957 11 May 1962Chief MinisterShri Krishna SinhaDeep Narayan SinghPreceded byR R DiwakarSucceeded byMadabhushi Ananthasayanam AyyangarMember of Parliament Rajya Sabha nominated In office 3 April 1952 6 July 1957Personal detailsBorn 1897 02 08 8 February 1897Hyderabad Hyderabad State British India present day Telangana India 1 Died3 May 1969 1969 05 03 aged 72 New Delhi IndiaNationality IndianPolitical partyIndependentSpouseShah Jahan Begum m 1915 wbr Children2RelativesYusuf Husain brother Mahmud Husain brother Rahimuddin Khan nephew Khurshed Alam Khan son in law Salman Khurshid grandson Alma materUniversity of Lucknow BA University of Allahabad MA University of Berlin PhD ProfessionEconomistAwardsBharat Ratna 1963 Padma Vibhushan 1954 Born in Hyderabad in an Afridi Pashtun family Husain completed his schooling in Etawah and went on to study at the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College Aligarh and the University of Berlin from where he obtained a doctoral degree in economics A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi Husain was a founding member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an independent national university in response to the Non cooperation movement He served as its Vice chancellor during 1926 to 1948 In 1937 Husain chaired the Basic National Education Committee which framed a new educational policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory education in the first language He was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and in 1946 the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah vetoed a proposal by the Indian National Congress to include Husain in the Interim Government of India Following Independence and the Partition of India Husain stayed on in India and in 1948 was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a national institution of higher learning For his services to education he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was made a nominated member of the Indian Parliament during 1952 to 1957 Husain served as Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962 and was elected the Vice President of India in 1962 The following year he was conferred the Bharat Ratna He was elected president in 1967 succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and became the first Muslim to hold the highest constitutional office in India He was also the first incumbent to die in office and has had the shortest tenure of any President His mazar lies in the campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi An author and translator of several books into Urdu and a prolific writer of children s books Husain has been commemorated in India through postage stamps and several educational institutions libraries roads and Asia s largest rose garden that have been named after him Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Career 2 1 Sheikh ul Jamia Jamia Millia Islamia 1926 1948 2 2 Basic National Education Committee 1937 2 3 Vice Chancellor Aligarh Muslim University 1948 1956 2 4 Governor of Bihar 1957 1962 2 5 Vice President of India 1962 1967 2 6 President of India 1967 1969 2 7 Author 3 Death and legacy 3 1 Commemoration 4 State honours 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Bibliography 7 External linksEarly life and family editHusain was born in Hyderabad in 1897 and was of Afridi Pashtun descent his forefathers having settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh 2 3 His father Fida Husain Khan moved to the Deccan and established a successful legal career in Hyderabad where he settled in 1892 Husain was the third of seven sons of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum 2 He was homeschooled in the Quran Persian and Urdu and is thought that he had his primary school education at the Sultan Bazaar school in Hyderabad 2 4 Following his father s death in 1907 Husain s family shifted back to Qaimganj and he was enrolled at the Islamia High School in Etawah Husain s mother and several members of his extended family died in a plague epidemic in 1911 2 Having matriculated in 1913 he joined the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh and later in preparation for a medical degree at the Lucknow Christian College enrolling for a Bachelor of Science degree A bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies and a year later he rejoined the college at Aligarh Husain graduated in 1918 with philosophy English literature and economics 5 He was elected vice president of the college s students union and won prizes for his debating skills Husain pursued the disciplines of law and economics for his post graduate studies Having obtained his master s degree in 1920 he was appointed as a lecturer at the college 5 6 In 1915 while still pursuing his graduation Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had two daughters Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman 7 8 Safia married Zil ur Rahman a professor of physics at the Aligarh Muslim University while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served as a Union Minister and Governor 9 Their son Salman Khurshid became India s External Affairs Minister in 2012 10 11 Of Husain s six brothers Yusuf Husain became a historian and a winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Movement becoming Minister of Education in the Government of Pakistan and Vice Chancellor at Dhaka and Karachi Universities 12 His nephew General Rahimuddin Khan went on to become Pakistan s Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and later Governor of Balochistan and Sindh 13 Masud Husain the nephew from his eldest brother became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences at the Aligarh Muslim University and later Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia 14 15 Career editSheikh ul Jamia Jamia Millia Islamia 1926 1948 edit nbsp Zakir Husain became vice chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia aged only 29 In 1920 Mahatma Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College in Aligarh where he urged non cooperation with the British Raj In response to Gandhi s appeal a group of students and faculty joined the Non Cooperation Movement In October 1920 they established the Independent National University aimed at imparting education free from colonial influence Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia it shifted in 1925 from Aligarh to Delhi Husain was one of the founders of this private university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its first Sheikh ul Jamia vice chancellor and Hakim Ajmal Khan as the first Amir i Jamia chancellor 16 12 17 Jamia as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted had two purposes First to train the Muslim youth with definite ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens Second to coordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindu The general aim is to create a harmonious nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity In its aim if not always in its procedure it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than any other Islamic institution I have come across 18 In its early years Jamia faced shortage of funds and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Non Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Committee closed down 19 Husain left for Germany in 1922 to do a doctorate in economics from the University of Berlin Supervised by Werner Sombart his thesis on the agrarian structure in British India was accepted summa cum laude in 1926 a 21 During his time in Berlin Husain collaborated with Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into German thirty three of Gandhi s speeches which were published in 1924 as Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi 22 Husain got published the Diwan e Ghalib in 1925 and the Diwan i Shaida a collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in 1926 23 24 He returned to India in 1926 and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as Sheikh ul Jamia He was joined by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Husain the latter becoming the university registrar Husain travelled across India soliciting funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi the Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others 25 In 1928 a National Education Society was established to manage the affairs of the Jamia Zakir Husain became its secretary To be a life member of the society members pledged their services to it for 20 years with a salary that could not exceed Rs 150 Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the pledge 25 The society adopted a constitution for the university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor accept any help from the colonial administration and that it would treat all religions impartially Husain himself identified the aim of the Jamia as being to keep alive Islamic culture and education and also help in the realization of the ideal of a common nationhood and the achievement of the freedom of the country and that the Jamia s objectives are Islamic education the love of independence and service to Urdu 18 Husain remained the Jamia s vice chancellor until 1948 26 In the 1940s he built his home the Zakir Manzil on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar 27 Husain was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and was a political opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah the leader of the Muslim League who vetoed the Congress proposal to include Husain as a member of the Interim Government in 1946 28 29 Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend the Jamia s silver jubilee celebration on 17 November 1946 At a time of rising animosity between the Congress and the Muslim League and worsening inter communal relations the celebration was attended by Jinnah his sister Fatima and Liaquat Ali Khan from the Muslim League and Jawaharlal Nehru Maulana Azad and C Rajagopalachari of the Congress 28 In a plea to the assembled leaders Husain said You gentlemen are the stars of the political firmament You have a secure place in the hearts of millions of people Taking advantage of your presence here I wish to submit in great sorrow a few words for your consideration on behalf of the educational workers The fire of hatred is fast spreading which makes it seem mad to tend to the garden of education This fire is burning in a noble and humane land How will the flowers of nobility and sensibility grow in its midst How will we be able to improve human standards which lie today at a level far lower than that of the beasts How shall we produce new servants devoted to the cause of education How can you protect humanity in a world of animals An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes to this world brings along the message that God has not yet lost faith in man But have our countrymen so completely lost faith in themselves that they wish to crush these innocent buds before they blossom For God s sake sit together and extinguish this fire of hatred This is not the time to ask who is responsible for it and what is its cause The fire is raging Please extinguish it For God s sake do not allow the very foundations of civilised life in this country to be destroyed b 31 32 28 Basic National Education Committee 1937 edit In October 1937 an All India National Education Conference was held at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy for basic education in India The conference appointed a Basic National Education chaired by Husain also known as the Zakir Husain committee which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme and syllabus for this policy 33 The committee submitted its report in December 1937 and formulated the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education or Nai Talim The policy inter alia proposed teaching craft work in schools instilling ideals of citizenship and its establishment as a self supporting scheme It proposed seven years of free and compulsory basic education in the mother tongue the teaching of crafts music and drawing and learning the Hindustani language It also proposed a comprehensive plan for the training of teachers and framed its curriculum 34 35 The Congress party in its Haripura session of 1938 accepted the scheme and sought to implement it nationwide 36 An All India Education Board the Hindustani Talimi Sangh was established to implement the scheme under Husain and E W Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall supervisor Husain remained the President of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh from 1938 to 1950 when he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar 37 38 39 40 The scheme was wholly opposed by the Muslim League which saw the scheme as an attempt to gradually destroy Muslim culture in India and the focus on Hindustani language as a ploy to replace Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi The Congress party s argument that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by the Muslim League in its Patna session of 1939 where it declared that the mere fact that the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken a prominent part in the preparation of the scheme does not prove that it is not unsuited to the Muslims 36 India s National Policy on Education of 1968 1988 and 2020 all draw on the ideas contained in the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education 34 41 Following the Partition of India Husain was almost killed in communal violence at the Jalandhar railway station while he was on his way to Kashmir an experience he described twelve years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi On his return to Delhi Husain worked to help the victims of rioting in Delhi 42 The Jamia Millia Islamia s buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed in the violence in Delhi 43 Vice Chancellor Aligarh Muslim University 1948 1956 edit Husain was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University in 1948 succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan 16 The university had been closely associated with the Pakistan Movement and had been a stronghold of the Muslim League It was therefore perceived as a center of pro Pakistan feeling and a threat to secular India Maulana Azad the Union Minister of Education tasked Husain with leading the university so that it could be retained as a national institution of higher education 12 Husain who had served as a member of the Universities Commission between December 1948 and August 1949 however took regular charge only in early 1950 as he was incapacitated following a heart attack in October 1949 He set to work attempting to dissociate the university from its past association with the Muslim League and restoring school discipline Students released from prison for involvement in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North India took up the vacancies created by the departure of Muslim nationalists for Pakistan Husain also filled up vacant faculty positions with eminent academicians 44 45 In 1951 Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muslim University Amendment Act which converted the university from a private aided university to an autonomous institution of the Government of India fully maintained by it This ensured stability in the university s finances while also allowing it autonomy in governance 44 By the end of his tenure Husain had turned around the fortunes of the university helping it overcome the uncertainty it faced in independent India and become a national institution under the patronage of the Government of India 45 Husain served as a nominated Member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956 and was renominated in 1956 serving until his resignation on 6 July 1957 following his appointment as the Governor of Bihar c 48 49 For his services in the areas of culture and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 50 Throughout the 1950s he was associated with various organizations working in the field of education He was chairman India Committee International Students Service 1955 the World University Service Geneva during 1955 57 and was a member of the Central Board of Secondary Education 1957 He served on the executive board of the UNESCO during 1957 58 51 38 Governor of Bihar 1957 1962 edit Husain was the Governor of Bihar from 6 July 1957 to 11 May 1962 52 Contrary to the advice of the then Chief Minister of Bihar Shri Krishna Sinha Governor Husain who was also Chancellor of Patna University reappointed for a second term its serving Vice Chancellor In response the state government considered amending the law to require the governor to appoint a vice chancellor as advised by the chief minister Husain however threatened to resign rather than assent to such an amendment forcing the government to drop its plans 53 12 In later appointments made as Vice Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar Husain accepted the advice of the Chief Minister in the exercise of his powers as Chancellor and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non academicians as vice chancellors to universities 54 Vice President of India 1962 1967 edit nbsp The newly elected President of India S Radhakrishnan administering the oath of office of Vice President of India to Dr Zakir Husain Also in the picture is the outgoing president Rajendra Prasad nbsp Husain receiving the Bharat Ratna from President S Radhakrishnan On 14 April 1962 the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate for the upcoming election to the office of the Vice President of India 55 56 The election was held on 7 May 1962 and votes counted the same day Husain won 568 of 596 votes cast while his only rival N C Samantsinhar won 14 votes d 58 He was sworn in as vice president on 13 May 1962 58 In 1962 Husain was nominated the Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi a post held by his predecessor S Radhakrishnan before his election as President of India 59 The following year he was awarded the Bharat Ratna 60 61 In 1965 he served briefly as the acting president when President Radhakrishnan left for the United Kingdom to undergo treatment for cataract 62 63 It was during his acting presidency that President s rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there the previous month failed to give any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate the formation of a government collapsed 64 65 As ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak in either house of parliament and that a sitting member of parliament who had been appointed as a Minister in a State would not be debarred from attending Parliament or voting in its debates until the member had been elected to the state legislature 66 In 1966 he ruled that parliamentary immunity from arrest would be limited to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members 67 President of India 1967 1969 edit nbsp President Husain swearing in Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah as Chief Justice of India Following Husain s death and Vice President V V Giri s resignation to contest the presidential election Hidayatullah served as Acting President during 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 68 69 Husain was chosen as the Congress party s candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of India in the presidential election of 1967 There was a lack of enthusiasm for the candidature of Husain within the party but Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as the party candidate over objections raised by K Kamaraj the party president and other senior members of her cabinet 70 71 A coalition of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice of India Koka Subbarao to resign his post and contest the election as their joint candidate 72 73 Unlike the three previous presidential elections the election of 1967 proved to be a real contest between the various candidates 70 71 The campaign was marred by communal rhetoric and accusations of sectarianism being made against Husain by the Jana Sangh party 74 75 There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of cross voting against him by Congress legislators an outcome which would have forced the Prime Minister to resign 70 71 There were 17 candidates in the fray for the election held on 6 May 1967 Of these nine failed to win any vote 76 Husain won 4 71 244 votes against the 3 63 971 received by Subbarao The margin of 1 07 273 votes was much larger than what was expected by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Parliament and in twelve state legislatures including three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition 77 The results of the presidential election coming after the general elections of 1967 where the Congress party had suffered severe setbacks were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi 78 79 Husain was declared elected on 9 May 1967 80 His election as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party s attempt to reach out to the Muslims of India who had voted against it in the general elections and globally as burnishing India s claim of being a secular nation 81 82 Husain was sworn in on 13 May 1967 83 In a memorable inaugural address while dedicating himself to the service of the Indian nation and its civilization Husain said 84 85 The whole of Bharat is my home and its people are my family The people have chosen to make me the head of this family for a certain time It shall be my earnest endeavour to seek to make this home strong and beautiful a worthy home for a great people engaged in the fascinating task of building up a just and prosperous and graceful life 86 Husain was the first Muslim and the first governor of a state to be elected President of India 87 88 89 Husain s election was challenged before the Supreme Court of India on the grounds that the result of the election had been affected by undue influence exerted by the Prime Minister The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however dismissed by the court 90 91 During his presidential tenure Husain led state visits to Canada Hungary Yugoslavia USSR and Nepal 92 93 Husain who had an interest in roses is credited with having introduced several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and building a glass conservatory for its collection of succulents 94 95 96 Author edit Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and also translated several books into that language His translations include Friedrich List s National System of Economics Edwin Cannan s Elements of Economics and Plato s Republic 97 He also wrote extensively on education in books such as Aala Taleem Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar E Nau Tanzeem Qaumi Taleem and Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali Muhibb e Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab e Ghalib 98 99 100 Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under a nom de plume 101 These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into English and published under The Magic Key series by Zubaan Books 102 103 104 Capitalism An Essay in Understanding is a series of lectures he delivered at the Delhi University in 1946 105 His convocation addresses were published in 1965 as The Dynamic University 106 107 As President of India Husain headed a committee to celebrate the Ghalib Centenary in 1969 which recommended the establishment of the Ghalib Institute as a memorial to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in 1969 108 109 Death and legacy edit nbsp Husain s mausoleum in Jamia Millia Islamia was designed by architect Habib RahmanHussain who had suffered a mild heart attack earlier in the year was unwell after returning to Delhi from a tour of Assam on 26 April 1969 He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May 1969 of a heart attack Vice President V V Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day 110 111 112 The Government of India declared thirteen days of national mourning 113 114 His body lay in state in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated 200 000 people paid their tributes The funeral was held on 5 May 1969 He is buried in the university campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia where his body was taken in a gun carriage in a ceremonial funeral procession after the janaza prayers and the national salute being offered in the Rashtrapati Bhavan 115 Husain s death was mourned in Pakistan as well where flags flew at half mast on the day of his funeral 116 117 118 Pakistan s President Yahya Khan sent the Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan as his personal representative to the funeral George Romney Secretary of Housing and Urban Development represented President Nixon and the United States whereas the Soviet Union was represented by its Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia Afghanistan and Nepal too attended the funeral Up to a million people are thought to have lined the streets as the funeral cortege made its way to the burial ground 119 120 121 Husain was the first President to die in office and has served the shortest tenure in office 122 Husain s tomb was built in 1971 and was designed by Habib Rahman 123 Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles as seen in its eight curved reinforced concrete walls topped by rough cut marble which have been inspired by Tughluq tombs 124 These tapering walls stand along a square plan to form an open structure topped by a shallow dome The tomb has no ornamentation but features jalis and arches The graves of Husain and his wife lie under the dome of the tomb 125 126 Commemoration edit nbsp nbsp Indian postage stamps commemorating Husain in 1969 left and 1998 right Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post in 1969 and 1998 127 128 A Rose Called Zakir Hussain A Life of Dedication is a 1969 documentary film on the life of Husain produced by the Films Division of India 129 In 1975 the Delhi College a constituent college of the Delhi University was renamed the Zakir Hussain College 130 131 The Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr Zakir Husain Central Library of the Jamia Millia Islamia are also named after him 132 133 Delhi s Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr Zakir Hussain Marg 134 135 The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden in Chandigarh which is Asia s largest rose garden is also named after Hussain 136 137 Dr Zakir Hussain Teacher who became President a book on Husain by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations was released in 2000 138 State honours editDecoration Country Date Note Ref nbsp Padma Vibhushan nbsp India 1954 The second highest civilian honour of India nbsp Bharat Ratna nbsp India 1963 The highest civilian honour of India Notes edit The German title of the thesis is Die Agrar Verfassung Britisch Indiens 20 The journalist Siddharth Varadarajan has compared this speech favourably to an April 2002 speech by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in the aftermath of the Gujarat riots whereas Vajpayee sought to apportion blame for starting the fire Varadarajan says Husain beseeched the gathered leaders to end the violence 30 Article 80 of the Indian Constitution allows the President of India to nominate twelve members to the Parliament s Council of States or Rajya Sabha The 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Retrieved 22 September 2022 Sharma Kamayani 8 March 2022 A historic collection of Indian and Pakistani art is gathering dust in Delhi Scroll in Archived from the original on 22 September 2022 Retrieved 22 September 2022 The Des Moines Register 05 May 1969 p 26 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Coventry Evening Telegraph 03 May 1969 p 1 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Evening Post and News 03 May 1969 p 1 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Evening Sentinel 03 May 1969 p 3 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Daily News 04 May 1969 p 16 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Arrangements for coverage of Dr Zakir Hussain s funeral PDF archive pib gov in Press Information Bureau Archived PDF from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 The Herald Sun 05 May 1969 p 8 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 The Morning Herald 05 May 1969 p 13 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 The Gazette 10 May 1969 p 6 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 The Sydney Morning Herald 07 May 1969 p 30 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 The Baltimore Sun 06 May 1969 p 2 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 The Des Moines Register 05 May 1969 p 26 Newspapers com Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Rajendra Prasad and Zakir Husain The tale of India s longest and shortest serving presidents Firstpost 18 July 2022 Archived from the original on 24 September 2022 Retrieved 24 September 2022 Bougot Manuel 2014 Mazar of Zakir Hussain architexturez net Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Sekar Rithanya 1 April 2022 The Bauhaus Movement In India Buildings That Defined Modernity The Decor Journal India Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Kumar Srajit M Dr Zakir Hussain Mausoleum and Museum The Jamia Review Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Zakir Hussain Memorial Habib Rahman Google Arts amp Culture Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Commemorative Stamps PDF India Post Archived PDF from the original on 3 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Vice President Releases Stamp on Dr Zakir Hussain PDF Press Information Bureau Archived PDF from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 GandhiMedia Bringing Mahatma Gandhi to Life www gandhimedia org Archived from the original on 21 September 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2022 The college history Zakir Husain Delhi College Zakir Husain Delhi College Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Zakir Hussain changes name Hindustan Times 26 July 2010 Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 ZHCES Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University www jnu ac in Jawaharlal Nehru University Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Jamia Dr Zakir Husain Library Central Library www jmi ac in Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Shukla Vivek 11 June 2017 Frantic Road Renaming Spree Erases History amp Ruins Public Memory TheQuint Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Symbolic address www telegraphindia com 10 July 2022 Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Incredible India Zakir Hussain Rose Garden www incredibleindia org Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 All is not rosy at Corbusier s Rose Garden in Chandigarh Deccan Herald 12 December 2021 Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Book on Dr Zakir Hussain Released PDF archive pib gov in Press Information Bureau Archived PDF from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Bibliography edit Agnihotri V K 2011 Praxis of Indian Parliament Notes on Procedures in the Council of States PDF New Delhi Rajya Sabha Secretariat pp 114 331 Archived PDF from the original on 13 July 2018 Retrieved 16 May 2023 Ahmed Akbar 27 February 2013 The Thistle and the Drone How America s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam Brookings Institution Press ISBN 978 0 8157 2379 0 Retrieved 23 September 2022 Ali B Sheikh 1991 Zakir Husain Life and Times Vikas Publishing House ISBN 978 0 7069 5924 6 Retrieved 23 September 2022 Bansal Jay 18 November 2021 English Class XII SBPD Publications SBPD Publications Retrieved 18 September 2022 Coward Harold G 1987 Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism SUNY Press ISBN 978 0 88706 571 2 Retrieved 20 September 2022 Election Commission of India 2017 Election to the Office of President of India PDF New Delhi Election Commission of India Archived PDF from the original on 15 November 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Election Commission of India 2022 Election to the Office of Vice President of India PDF New Delhi Election Commission of India Archived from the original PDF on 26 November 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Herzberger Radhika 2007 NCERT Memorial Lecture Series First Zakir Husain Memorial Lecture 2007 PDF National Council of Educational Research and Training Archived PDF from the original on 23 September 2022 Retrieved 23 September 2022 Hindustani Talimi Sangh 1941 Third Annual Report 1940 41 Sevagram Hindustani Talimi Sangh Archived from the original on 21 September 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2022 Hindustani Talimi Sangh 1952 Report of the Seventh All India Basic Education Conference Sevagram February 28 March 5 1951 PDF Sevagram Hipdustani Talimi Sangh Archived PDF from the original on 26 November 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2022 Faruqi Z iaʼulḥasan 1999 Dr Zakir Hussain Quest for Truth APH Publishing ISBN 978 81 7648 056 7 Retrieved 23 September 2022 Jai Janak Raj 2003 Presidents of India 1950 2003 New Delhi Regency Publications ISBN 9788187498650 Archived from the original on 28 June 2021 Retrieved 23 November 2020 Jonker Gerdien 2020 An Indian Muslim in Jewish Berlin An Indian Muslim in Jewish Berlin Khwaja Abdul Hamied Brill pp 180 206 ISBN 9789004418738 JSTOR 10 1163 j ctv2gjwx75 14 Archived from the original on 23 September 2022 Retrieved 23 September 2022 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Kaul M N Shakdher S L 2016 Practice and Procedure of Parliament PDF New Delhi Lok Sabha Secretariat Archived PDF from the original on 20 September 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Khurshid Salman 2014 At Home in India The Muslim Saga Hay House Inc ISBN 978 93 84544 12 6 Retrieved 18 September 2022 Manjapra Kris 2014 Age of Entanglement Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 72631 4 Retrieved 23 September 2022 Mohan Radhey 1974 Dr Zakir Hussain as I Saw Him Indiana Publications New Delhi Retrieved 20 September 2022 Nizami Zafar Ahmad 1988 Builders of Modern India Hakim Ajmal Khan Delhi Publications Division Ministry of Information amp Broadcasting Government of India Retrieved 23 September 2022 Nizami Zafar Ahmad 1990 Dr Zakir Husain A Pictorial Biography New Delhi National Museum New Delhi Retrieved 23 September 2022 Sharma Ajay Kumar 2011 A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi Sanbun Publishers ISBN 978 93 80213 14 9 Retrieved 20 September 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zakir Husain politician nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Zakir Husain A Rose Called Zakir Hussain A Life of Dedication by Films Division India 1969 Hindi Basic National Education Report of the Zakir Husain Committee and the detailed syllabus with a foreword by Mahatma Gandhi Academic officesPreceded byZahid Husain Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University1948 1956 Succeeded byBashir Hussain ZaidiGovernment officesPreceded byR R Diwakar Governor of Bihar1957 1962 Succeeded byM A AyyangarPolitical officesPreceded bySarvepalli Radhakrishnan Vice President of India1962 1967 Succeeded byVarahagiri Venkata GiriPresident of India1967 1969 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zakir Husain amp oldid 1184323976, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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