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Communalism (South Asia)

January 22, 2023

Communalism is a term used to denote attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife between people identified as different communities, and to stimulate communal violence between those groups.[1] It derives from history, differences in beliefs, and tensions between the communities.[2] Communalism is a significant social issue in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.[2] Communal conflicts between religious communities in India, especially Hindus and Muslims have occurred since the period of British colonial rule, occasionally leading to serious inter-communal violence.[3]

The term communalism was coined by the British colonial government as it wrestled to manage Hindu-Muslim riots and other violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in its colonies, particularly in British West Africa and the Cape Colony, in early 20th century.[4][5][6]

Communalism is not unique to South Asia. It is found in Africa,[7][8] the Americas,[9][10] Asia,[11][12] Europe[13] and Australia.[14]

History

The term came into use in early 20th century during the British colonial rule. The 4th Earl of Minto was called the father of communal electorates for legalising communalism by the Morley-Minto Act in 1909.[15] The All-India Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha represented such communal interests, and the Indian National Congress represented an overarching "nationalist" vision.[16] In the runup to independence in 1947, communalism and nationalism came to be competing ideologies and led to the division of British India into Pakistan and the Republic of India. British historians have attributed the cause of the partition to the communalism of Jinnah and the political ambitions of the Indian National Congress.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Horowitz, Donald (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. ISBN 978-0520053854.
  2. ^ a b Pandey, Gyanendra (2006). The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India. Oxford India.
  3. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini; Yasir, Sameer (2020-02-25). "New Delhi Streets Turn Into Battleground, Hindus vs. Muslims". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  4. ^ Klinken, Gerry van. Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia - Small Town Wars (PDF). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41713-6.
  5. ^ Valiani, Arafaat A. Militant Publics in India: Physical Culture and Violence in the Making of a Modern Polity. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-0230112575.
  6. ^ Killingray, David. "Colonial Warfare in West Africa". In Moor, Jaap A. de; Wesseling, H. L. (eds.). Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-9004088344.
  7. ^ Kynoch, G. (2013). "Reassessing transition violence: Voices from South Africa's township wars, 1990–4". African Affairs. 112 (447): 283–303.
  8. ^ McCauley, John F. (February 2013). "Economic Development Strategies and Communal Violence in Africa". Comparative Political Studies. 46 (2): 182–211.
  9. ^ Willis, G. D. (2014). "Antagonistic authorities and the civil police in Sao Paulo Brazil". Latin American Research Review. 49 (1): 3–22.
  10. ^ "Resource guide for municipalities" (PDF). UNODC.
  11. ^ Mancini, L. (2005). "Horizontal Inequality and Communal Violence: Evidence from Indonesian Districts". CRISE Working Paper No. 22. Oxford: Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
  12. ^ Werbner, P. (2010). "12: Religious identity". The Sage handbook of identities. ISBN 978-1412934114.
  13. ^ Todorova, T. (2013), ‘Giving Memory a Future’: Confronting the Legacy of Mass Rape in Post-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina, Journal of International Women's Studies, 12(2), 3–15.
  14. ^ Bell, P.; Congram, M. (2013). "Communication Interception Technology (CIT) and Its Use in the Fight against Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) in Australia: A Review of the Literature". International Journal of Social Science Research. 2 (1): 46–66.
  15. ^ Laxmikanth, M. (2017). Indian Polity (Fourth ed.). Chennai, India: McGraw Hill Education. p. 1.6. ISBN 978-93-5260-363-3.
  16. ^ Akbar, M. J. (1989). Nehru, The Making of India. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140100839.
  17. ^ "BBC - History - British History in depth: The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Chandra, Bipan (1984). Communalism in Modern India. New Delhi: Vikas. ISBN 0706926552.
  • Bidwai, Praful; Mukhia, Harbans; Achin Vanaik, eds. (1996). Religion, Religiosity and Communalism. New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 8173041326.
    • Jhingran, Saral. "Religion and communalism"
  • Asgharali Engineer. Lifting the veil: communal violence and communal harmony in contemporary India. Sangam Books, 1995. ISBN 81-7370-040-0.
  • Ludden, David, editor. Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1996.
  • Manuel, Peter. "Music, the Media, and Communal Relations in North India, Past and Present," pp. 119–39.
  • Martin E. Marty, R. S. Appleby (eds.), Fundamentalisms Observed The Fundamentalism Project vol. 4, eds., University of Chicago Press (1994), ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8
  • Mumtaz Ahmad, an 'Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jamaat-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat', pp. 457–530.
    • Gold, Daniel, 'Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation', pp. 531–593.
  • T. N. Madan, 'The Double-Edged Sword: Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition', pp. 594–627.
  • A History of the Hindu-Muslim Problem in India from the Earliest Contacts Up to its Present Phase With Suggestions for Its Solution. Allahabad, 1933. Congress report on the 1931 Cawnpur Riots.
  • Nandini Gooptu, The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar Pradesh, Modern Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press (1997).

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Communalism (South Asia).
  • B. R. Ambedkar. "The riot-torn history of Hindu-Muslim relations, 1920–1940". Pakistan or Partition of India.
  • Tony Cross. Gujarat after the riots + Mumbai, during 2004 general election

January 22, 2023
communalism, south, asia, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Communalism South Asia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Communalism is a term used to denote attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity incite strife between people identified as different communities and to stimulate communal violence between those groups 1 It derives from history differences in beliefs and tensions between the communities 2 Communalism is a significant social issue in India Bangladesh Pakistan and Sri Lanka 2 Communal conflicts between religious communities in India especially Hindus and Muslims have occurred since the period of British colonial rule occasionally leading to serious inter communal violence 3 The term communalism was coined by the British colonial government as it wrestled to manage Hindu Muslim riots and other violence between religious ethnic and disparate groups in its colonies particularly in British West Africa and the Cape Colony in early 20th century 4 5 6 Communalism is not unique to South Asia It is found in Africa 7 8 the Americas 9 10 Asia 11 12 Europe 13 and Australia 14 Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory EditThe term came into use in early 20th century during the British colonial rule The 4th Earl of Minto was called the father of communal electorates for legalising communalism by the Morley Minto Act in 1909 15 The All India Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha represented such communal interests and the Indian National Congress represented an overarching nationalist vision 16 In the runup to independence in 1947 communalism and nationalism came to be competing ideologies and led to the division of British India into Pakistan and the Republic of India British historians have attributed the cause of the partition to the communalism of Jinnah and the political ambitions of the Indian National Congress 17 See also EditSecularism in India Ethnic relations in India Language conflicts in India Indian nationalism Pakistani nationalism Anti Hindu sentiment Persecution of Hindus Persecution of Muslims Religion in India Religious harmony in India Saffronisation Terrorism in India Islamic terrorism Ayodhya dispute India Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 India NCERT textbook controversies India Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan Rohingya conflict Myanmar Hate group SectarianismReferences Edit Horowitz Donald 1985 Ethnic Groups in Conflict ISBN 978 0520053854 a b Pandey Gyanendra 2006 The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India Oxford India Gettleman Jeffrey Raj Suhasini Yasir Sameer 2020 02 25 New Delhi Streets Turn Into Battleground Hindus vs Muslims The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 06 07 Klinken Gerry van Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia Small Town Wars PDF Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 41713 6 Valiani Arafaat A Militant Publics in India Physical Culture and Violence in the Making of a Modern Polity Palgrave Macmillan pp 29 32 ISBN 978 0230112575 Killingray David Colonial Warfare in West Africa In Moor Jaap A de Wesseling H L eds Imperialism and War Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa Brill Academic ISBN 978 9004088344 Kynoch G 2013 Reassessing transition violence Voices from South Africa s township wars 1990 4 African Affairs 112 447 283 303 McCauley John F February 2013 Economic Development Strategies and Communal Violence in Africa Comparative Political Studies 46 2 182 211 Willis G D 2014 Antagonistic authorities and the civil police in Sao Paulo Brazil Latin American Research Review 49 1 3 22 Resource guide for municipalities PDF UNODC Mancini L 2005 Horizontal Inequality and Communal Violence Evidence from Indonesian Districts CRISE Working Paper No 22 Oxford Queen Elizabeth House University of Oxford Werbner P 2010 12 Religious identity The Sage handbook of identities ISBN 978 1412934114 Todorova T 2013 Giving Memory a Future Confronting the Legacy of Mass Rape in Post conflict Bosnia Herzegovina Journal of International Women s Studies 12 2 3 15 Bell P Congram M 2013 Communication Interception Technology CIT and Its Use in the Fight against Transnational Organised Crime TOC in Australia A Review of the Literature International Journal of Social Science Research 2 1 46 66 Laxmikanth M 2017 Indian Polity Fourth ed Chennai India McGraw Hill Education p 1 6 ISBN 978 93 5260 363 3 Akbar M J 1989 Nehru The Making of India London Penguin Books ISBN 9780140100839 BBC History British History in depth The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies BBC Retrieved 2020 06 07 Bibliography EditBayly C A 1985 The Pre history of Communalism Religious Conflict in India 1700 1860 Modern Asian Studies 19 2 177 203 doi 10 1017 S0026749X00012300 S2CID 106402178 Gould William 2011 Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 49869 2 Heath Deana Mathur Chandana eds 2010 Communalism and Globalization in South Asia and Its Diaspora Intersections Colonial and Postcolonial Histories Routledge ISBN 9781136867873 via Google Books Pandey Gyanendra 1992 The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India Oxford University Press ISBN 0195630106 via Google Books Talbot Ian 2007 Religion and violence The historical context for conflict in Pakistan In Hinnells John King Richard eds Religion and Violence in South Asia Theory and Practice Routledge pp 147 ISBN 978 1 134 19218 2 via Google Books van der Veer Peter 1994 Religious Nationalism Hindus and Muslims in India University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 08256 4 via Google Books Further reading EditChandra Bipan 1984 Communalism in Modern India New Delhi Vikas ISBN 0706926552 Bidwai Praful Mukhia Harbans Achin Vanaik eds 1996 Religion Religiosity and Communalism New Delhi Manohar ISBN 8173041326 Jhingran Saral Religion and communalism Asgharali Engineer Lifting the veil communal violence and communal harmony in contemporary India Sangam Books 1995 ISBN 81 7370 040 0 Ludden David editor Contesting the Nation Religion Community and the Politics of Democracy in India Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania 1996 Manuel Peter Music the Media and Communal Relations in North India Past and Present pp 119 39 Martin E Marty R S Appleby eds Fundamentalisms Observed The Fundamentalism Project vol 4 eds University of Chicago Press 1994 ISBN 978 0 226 50878 8 Mumtaz Ahmad an Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia The Jamaat i Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat pp 457 530 Gold Daniel Organized Hinduisms From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation pp 531 593 T N Madan The Double Edged Sword Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition pp 594 627 A History of the Hindu Muslim Problem in India from the Earliest Contacts Up to its Present Phase With Suggestions for Its Solution Allahabad 1933 Congress report on the 1931 Cawnpur Riots Nandini Gooptu The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth Century Uttar Pradesh Modern Asian Studies Cambridge University Press 1997 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Communalism South Asia B R Ambedkar The riot torn history of Hindu Muslim relations 1920 1940 Pakistan or Partition of India Tony Cross Gujarat after the riots Mumbai during 2004 general election Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Communalism South Asia amp oldid 1126842238, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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