Nasu (Naisu, Eastern Yi), or Nasu proper, is a Loloish language spoken by a quarter million Yi people of China. Nasu proper and Wusa Nasu are two of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China. Unlike most written Yi languages, Nasu proper uses the Pollard (Miao) script. A distinct form of the Yi script was traditionally used for Wusa, though few can still read it.
According to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002),[2] Yi autonyms include Nasu 哪苏,[3] Tusu 兔苏,[4] Lagou 腊勾,[5] Guo 果,[6] and so forth.
Most of Yi people of the Luquan area do not have the autonym Luoluo and Nasu (transliterated into Chinese as 纳苏) means "black", hence the Black Yi (黑彝 Hei Yi),[7] though Black Yi is an aristocratic caste distinction among the Yi People, and Black Yi Script (Heiyiwen) was a Latin script for Yi introduced by missionaries.[8]
Classification
Chen (1985)
Chen, et al. (1985:108) recognizes 3 major varieties of Eastern Yi (i.e., Nasu) that are spoken in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, namely Dianqian 滇黔 (Yunnan-Guizhou), Pan 盘县 (Pan County of Guizhou), and Diandongbei 滇东北 (Northeastern Yunnan).[9]Autonyms include no55su55 (alternatively nɤ55su13), na33su33 pʰo55 (including na33so33 pʰo55, nɤ55su33 pʰu55, and ni55su33 pʰu55), nɒ55 pʰo55, and ko33 pʰo55.
Kun'an 昆安土语 (Kunming-Anning): spoken in Anning and Lufeng counties
Huang (1993)
In his description of the Yi script (not the spoken language), Huáng Jiànmíng (1993) holds that the Nasu variety of the Yi script is used by the groups speaking languages of the Nasu language cluster of Northern Yi in south-eastern Sìchuān, eastern Yúnnán, Gùizhōu, as well as in Guǎngxī.[10] He distinguishes two sub-groups. Nasu proper used in Wuding, Luquan, and the suburbs of Kunming, and Wusa used in Guizhou and the bordering areas of Eastern Yunnan.
Bradley (1997)
David Bradley (1997) distinguishes three main dialects of Nasu:
Southeastern (Panxian): 150,000 speakers in southwestern Guizhou
Northeastern (Nesu): 300,000 speakers, comprising most of the other Nasu speakers of Guizhou, and some in extreme northeastern Yunnan and southeastern Sichuan
Shuixi subdialect 水西土语
Wusa subdialect 乌撒土语
Mangbu subdialect 芒部土语
Wumeng subdialect 乌蒙土语
Western (Nasu proper): 250,000 speakers all in north-central Yunnan; Black (more numerous) and Red subdialects
Lama (2012)
Lama (2012) determined that Nasu (Western) is more closely related to Gepo than it is to the others:
Nesu
Panxian (Nasepho, na33 su33 pʰo55): North and South dialects
Sounds /i, i̠/ are heard as syllabic consonants [z̩, z̠̩] when following alveolar sounds /t͡s, t͡sʰ, d͡z, ⁿd͡zʱ, s, z/, and as syllabic retroflex [ʐ̩, ʐ̠̩] when following retroflex sounds /t͡ʂ, t͡ʂʰ, d͡ʐ, ᶯd͡ʐʱ, ʂ, ʐ/.
The phonetic sounds of the rhoticized vowels /ə˞, ə˞̠/ are mainly heard as more back [ʌ˞, ʌ̠˞].[11]
Tones
3 tones occur as follows:
Name
Pitch
Symbol
High
55
˦
Mid
33
˧
Low (falling)
21
˨˩
References
^Nasu (Wulu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Gepo (Köpu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Wusa Nasu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Wumeng Nasu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
^Anthology of Yi Cultural Research [彝族文化研究文集]. Kunming: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House (1988). p. 100. "西一带的彝族,仍有自称为'罗罗'。同时，男人自称'罗颇'，女人自称'罗摩'。前述流行《四方八虎"图的滇东北武定、禄劝一带大多数彝族，虽己没有"罗罗》之自称,而从彝族尚黑祟虎的传统中，咯虎取黑以自称'纳苏'为'黑人'或'黑族' (彝语'纳"义为黑、大、深 ...”
^Huang Xinxian [黃新宪] Christian Education and Chinese Social Change [基督敎敎育与中国社会变迁] Fujian Education Publishing [福建教育出版社] (1996). ISBN9787533422738. p. 173 "... 这对民族区域的社会变迁具有十分积极的意义。首先，提高了少数民族地区的总体文化水平。据 1951 年对滇北武定区的调查表明，聚居于各县山谷中的苗族 9 / 10 能看能写外国传教士用拉丁字母拼写的苗文；分布在山谷中的黑彝和傈傈族，凡参加基甘教者都懂传教士用拉丁字母拼写的黑彝文和栗栗文。”
^Chen Shilin [陈士林], et al. 1985. Yiyu jianzhi [彝语简志]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
^Nathan Hill Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV 2012- Page 450 "The Nasu variety is used by the groups speaking languages of the Nasu language cluster of Northern Yi in the south-eastern part of Sìchuān, the eastern part of Yúnnán, Gùizhōu, as well as in Guǎngxī. Huáng Jiànmíng (1993: 152)"
^Chén, Kāng (2010). Yí yŭ fāng yán yán jiū [彝语方言研究]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press [中央民族大学出版社].
Bibliography
Bradley, David (1997). "". In Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Chen Kang [陈康]. 2010. A study of Yi dialects [彝语方言研究]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
Lu Lin 卢琳. 2017. Yiyu Shuicheng Zhichanghua yanjiu 彝语水城纸厂话研究. In Guizhou Minzu Yanjiu 贵州民族研究. doi:10.13965/j.cnki.gzmzyj10026959.2017.11.048
External links
283-word wordlist in Wuding Maojie Naisu dialect available from Kaipuleohone as well as word lists from other Nasu speakers
January 30, 2023
nasu, language, nasu, naisu, eastern, nasu, proper, loloish, language, spoken, quarter, million, people, china, nasu, proper, wusa, nasu, languages, recognized, government, china, unlike, most, written, languages, nasu, proper, uses, pollard, miao, script, dis. Nasu Naisu Eastern Yi or Nasu proper is a Loloish language spoken by a quarter million Yi people of China Nasu proper and Wusa Nasu are two of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China Unlike most written Yi languages Nasu proper uses the Pollard Miao script A distinct form of the Yi script was traditionally used for Wusa though few can still read it NasuEastern YiNative toChinaEthnicityNasu Yi Native speakers1 0 million 2007 1 Language familySino Tibetan Lolo BurmeseLoloishNisoishNorthern LoloishNasoidNasuWriting systemPollard script Yi scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code ywq class extiw title iso639 3 ywq ywq a Nasu Wulu a href https iso639 3 sil org code ygp class extiw title iso639 3 ygp ygp a Gepo Kopu a href https iso639 3 sil org code yig class extiw title iso639 3 yig yig a Wusa Nasu a href https iso639 3 sil org code ywu class extiw title iso639 3 ywu ywu a Wumeng NasuGlottologwudi1238 Wuding Luquan Yi Wulugepo1234 Geponesu1235 Nesu Wusa Wumeng Contents 1 Names 2 Classification 2 1 Chen 1985 2 2 Huang 1993 2 3 Bradley 1997 2 4 Lama 2012 2 5 Chen 2010 3 Phonology 3 1 Consonants 3 2 Vowels 3 3 Tones 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksNames EditAccording to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer 2002 2 Yi autonyms include Nasu 哪苏 3 Tusu 兔苏 4 Lagou 腊勾 5 Guo 果 6 and so forth Most of Yi people of the Luquan area do not have the autonym Luoluo and Nasu transliterated into Chinese as 纳苏 means black hence the Black Yi 黑彝 Hei Yi 7 though Black Yi is an aristocratic caste distinction among the Yi People and Black Yi Script Heiyiwen was a Latin script for Yi introduced by missionaries 8 Classification EditChen 1985 Edit Chen et al 1985 108 recognizes 3 major varieties of Eastern Yi i e Nasu that are spoken in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces namely Dianqian 滇黔 Yunnan Guizhou Pan 盘县 Pan County of Guizhou and Diandongbei 滇东北 Northeastern Yunnan 9 Autonyms include no55su55 alternatively nɤ55su13 na33su33 pʰo55 including na33so33 pʰo55 nɤ55su33 pʰu55 and ni55su33 pʰu55 nɒ55 pʰo55 and ko33 pʰo55 Dianqian 滇黔次方言 4 dialects Shuixi 水西土语 spoken in Bijie Qianxi Dafang Zhijin Nayong Qingzhen and Zhenxiong counties Wusa 乌撒土语 Yang Zhuang yig spoken in Weining Shuicheng Hezhang Nayong Yiliang Huize and Xuanwei counties Mangbu 芒部土语 spoken in Zhenxiong and Hezhang counties Wumeng 乌蒙土语 Yang Zhuang ywu spoken in Zhaotong and Yongshan Pan 盘县次方言 spoken in Xingren Pu an Qinglong Shuicheng Fuyuan and Luoping counties Diandongbei 滇东北次方言 5 dialects Luquan 武禄土语 spoken in Wuding Luquan Yuanmou Xundian Lufeng and Huize counties Qiaowu 巧武土语 Qiaojia Wuding spoken in Qiaojia Wuding Luquan Yuanmou and Huize counties Wuding 武定土语 spoken in Wuding Yongren and Lufeng counties Xundian 寻甸土语 spoken in Xundian Luquan Huize Songming Luxi Shizong Luoping and Mile counties Kun an 昆安土语 Kunming Anning spoken in Anning and Lufeng countiesHuang 1993 Edit In his description of the Yi script not the spoken language Huang Jianming 1993 holds that the Nasu variety of the Yi script is used by the groups speaking languages of the Nasu language cluster of Northern Yi in south eastern Sichuan eastern Yunnan Guizhōu as well as in Guǎngxi 10 He distinguishes two sub groups Nasu proper used in Wuding Luquan and the suburbs of Kunming and Wusa used in Guizhou and the bordering areas of Eastern Yunnan Bradley 1997 Edit David Bradley 1997 distinguishes three main dialects of Nasu Southeastern Panxian 150 000 speakers in southwestern Guizhou Northeastern Nesu 300 000 speakers comprising most of the other Nasu speakers of Guizhou and some in extreme northeastern Yunnan and southeastern Sichuan Shuixi subdialect 水西土语 Wusa subdialect 乌撒土语 Mangbu subdialect 芒部土语 Wumeng subdialect 乌蒙土语 Western Nasu proper 250 000 speakers all in north central Yunnan Black more numerous and Red subdialectsLama 2012 Edit Lama 2012 determined that Nasu Western is more closely related to Gepo than it is to the others Nesu Panxian Nasepho na33 su33 pʰo55 North and South dialects Shuixi Nesu Dafang Nesu Nesu proper Wumeng Mangbu Wusa Wusa Nasu Nasu Nasu proper Gepo ko33 pʰu44 100 000 speakersChen 2010 Edit Main article Northern Loloish languages Chen 2010 Phonology EditConsonants Edit Labial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Retroflex Velar GlottalNasal m n ȵ ɳ ŋStop voiceless p t ʈ kaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ ɡprenasal asp ᵐbʱ ⁿdʱ ᶯɖʱ ᵑɡʱAffricate voiceless t s t ɕ t ʂaspirated t sʰ t ɕʰ t ʂʰvoiced d z d ʑ d ʐprenasal asp ⁿd zʱ ⁿd ʑʱ ᶯd ʐʱFricative voiceless f s ɕ ʂ x hvoiced v z ʑ ʐ ɣlateral ɬLateral lThe phonetic sound of h is mainly heard as ɦh Vowels Edit Front Central Backunrd rnd Close i i ɯ uMid e e e e ɤ ɤ o o oOpen mid ɔOpen a a Sounds i i are heard as syllabic consonants z z when following alveolar sounds t s t sʰ d z ⁿd zʱ s z and as syllabic retroflex ʐ ʐ when following retroflex sounds t ʂ t ʂʰ d ʐ ᶯd ʐʱ ʂ ʐ The phonetic sounds of the rhoticized vowels e e are mainly heard as more back ʌ ʌ 11 Tones Edit 3 tones occur as follows Name Pitch SymbolHigh 55 Mid 33 Low falling 21 References Edit Nasu Wulu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Gepo Kopu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Wusa Nasu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Wumeng Nasu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Guizhou Province Gazetteer Ethnic Gazetteer 贵州省志 民族志 2002 Guiyang Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 貴州民族出版社 http asiaharvest org wp content themes asia docs people groups China chinaPeoples N NasuWusa pdf bare URL PDF http asiaharvest org wp content themes asia docs people groups China chinaPeoples T Tushu pdf bare URL PDF http asiaharvest org wp content themes asia docs people groups China chinaPeoples L Lagou pdf bare URL PDF http asiaharvest org wp content themes asia docs people groups China chinaPeoples G Guopu pdf bare URL PDF Anthology of Yi Cultural Research 彝族文化研究文集 Kunming Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House 1988 p 100 西一带的彝族 仍有自称为 罗罗 同时 男人自称 罗颇 女人自称 罗摩 前述流行 四方八虎 图的滇东北武定 禄劝一带大多数彝族 虽己没有 罗罗 之自称 而从彝族尚黑祟虎的传统中 咯虎取黑以自称 纳苏 为 黑人 或 黑族 彝语 纳 义为黑 大 深 Huang Xinxian 黃新宪 Christian Education and Chinese Social Change 基督敎敎育与中国社会变迁 Fujian Education Publishing 福建教育出版社 1996 ISBN 9787533422738 p 173 这对民族区域的社会变迁具有十分积极的意义 首先 提高了少数民族地区的总体文化水平 据 1951 年对滇北武定区的调查表明 聚居于各县山谷中的苗族 9 10 能看能写外国传教士用拉丁字母拼写的苗文 分布在山谷中的黑彝和傈傈族 凡参加基甘教者都懂传教士用拉丁字母拼写的黑彝文和栗栗文 Chen Shilin 陈士林 et al 1985 Yiyu jianzhi 彝语简志 Beijing Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社 Nathan Hill Medieval Tibeto Burman Languages IV 2012 Page 450 The Nasu variety is used by the groups speaking languages of the Nasu language cluster of Northern Yi in the south eastern part of Sichuan the eastern part of Yunnan Guizhōu as well as in Guǎngxi Huang Jianming 1993 152 Chen Kang 2010 Yi yŭ fang yan yan jiu 彝语方言研究 Beijing Central University for Nationalities Press 中央民族大学出版社 Bibliography EditBradley David 1997 Tibeto Burman languages and classification In Tibeto Burman languages of the Himalayas Papers in South East Asian linguistics Canberra Pacific Linguistics Chen Kang 陈康 2010 A study of Yi dialects 彝语方言研究 Beijing China Minzu University Press Lama Ziwo Qiu Fuyuan 2012 Subgrouping of Nisoic Yi Languages thesis University of Texas at Arlington Lu Lin 卢琳 2017 Yiyu Shuicheng Zhichanghua yanjiu 彝语水城纸厂话研究 In Guizhou Minzu Yanjiu 贵州民族研究 doi 10 13965 j cnki gzmzyj10026959 2017 11 048External links Edit283 word wordlist in Wuding Maojie Naisu dialect available from Kaipuleohone as well as word lists from other Nasu speakers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nasu language amp oldid 1130037696, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
