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Ottomány culture

January 29, 2023

The Ottomány culture, also known as Otomani culture in Romania or Otomani-Füzesabony culture in Hungary, was an early Bronze Age culture (ca. 2100–1400 BC) in Central Europe named after the eponymous site near the village of Ottomány (Romanian: Otomani), today part of Sălacea, located in modern-day Bihor County, Romania. The Middle Bronze Age period of the Ottomány culture in eastern Hungary and western Romania (c. 1750 BC to 1400 BC) is also known as the Gyulavarsánd culture.[1]

Ottomány culture
Geographical rangeHungary, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland
PeriodBronze Age
Dates2100-1400 BC
Preceded byNyírség culture, Hatvan culture, Coțofeni culture
Followed byTumulus culture, Urnfield culture

Territorial extent

The Ottomány culture was located in eastern Hungary, eastern Slovakia, Crișana in western Romania, western Ukraine - Transcarpatia (Zakarpattia Oblast - within a stretch of the Carpathian mountains) and southeast Poland (stretch of Carpathian mountains and nearby areas). Thus, people of the Ottomány culture secured a middle stretch of what will be later known as the Amber Road, and indeed, amber is often found in Ottomány sites. The expansion of the Ottomány culture is associated with the end of the Hatvan culture.[2]

Habitat, settlements, housing and material culture

 
Reconstructed bronze dagger, axe and pendant
 
Fortified settlement at Góra Zyndrama, Poland, 1750 BC

People belonging to this vast culture settled along river banks and in valleys but also on strategic places like mountain passes and hills used for mighty fortified settlements. Some places like caves and natural springs were used like for cult activities. This culture was contemporary with Wietenberg culture in Romania, Unetice-Madarovce-Veterov-Boheimkirchen cultural complex in Moravia, Germany, Austria and western Slovakia, Mierzanowice culture in Poland and Makó/Nagyrév culture in Hungary. The high cultural level is illustrated most by fortified settlements with highly advanced defensive architecture including ditches, stone walls, ramparts, towers and complicated gates protected by bastions, as well as by urbanistically organized houses (1, 2 or three rooms), tell disposition at lowland sites (consequent use of houses made of clay, creating an artificial hill with many stratigraphic levels), the high level of metal working (bronze, gold, silver), a high level of bone and antler working (including elements of horse harness made of antler), sophisticated pottery, often considered one of the most exquisite ceramic cultures of prehistoric Europe, with beautifully adorned amphorae, jugs, broad bowls, small cups, pottery of milk processing, and piraunoi - transportable ceramic ovens, richly decorated, often interpreted as being used not only for profane, but also cult activities (burning incense). Some distinctive features of Ottomány ceramics are decoration with spiral or circular motifs, rich plastic ornamentation, use of a wave pattern or pattern of "running spirals", polishing of pottery to reach "metallic effect" and high firing temperatures. Metalworking is illustrated by gold jewelry, mainly earrings, small bronze objects (pins, personal ornaments, small tools - needles, awls), military items include battle axes, spear-heads, daggers, knives, and arrowheads. Although stone was still widely used for sickles and working axes.

 
Hajdúsámson-type sword, Hungary, 1700-1600 BC.[3]

According to Anthony (2007), chariotry spread westwards to the Ottomány culture from the Multi-cordoned ware culture.[4]

Mortuary rite

Burials were typically inhumations with the body in a flexed position in large flat cemeteries in direct vicinity of settlements, with different sides for men and women, at the final stages shifting towards bi-ritual rites, with more cremations, using urns. Graves are equipped with rich grave goods, including personal adornments like beads (in male graves often made of animal teeth and boar tusks) and metal jewelry, tools, arms and ceramics. In a child grave at Nizna Mysla cemetery (Eastern Slovakia), a ceramic model of a four-wheel wagon was found and has been interpreted either as child's toy or a cult object.

Collapse and legacy

The end of the Ottomány culture is connected with turbulent events at the end of Old Bronze Age in Central Europe, where there was a collapse of the whole "Old Bronze Age world" with its highly advanced culture of mighty hill-forts, rich burials, and trade over vast distances. The gradual decline in the number of fortified settlements, change of burial rites, and the decision of people to desert fortified settlements could have had several reasons, including the collapse of trade and exchange networks, the attacks of enemies, the internal collapse of society or environmental causes. The following Middle Bronze Age/Late Bronze Age cultures are very different in their burial rites (cremation, erecting of barrows) as well as in their handling of bronze - there is an "explosion" in bronze working, and many bronze hoards found across all of Europe illustrate this change in quantity and quality of produced bronze objects. We see not only bronze ornaments and arms (including first examples of swords), but also bronze tools (sickles, axes, adzes), which changed the everyday life of prehistoric man.

Gallery

  •  

    Bronze battle-axe

  •  

    Bronze axe, c. 1650 BC

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    Gold discs from Sacueni, Romania.[5]

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    Pottery

  •  

    Pottery

  •  

    Pottery

  •  

    Pottery

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    Otomani fortified settlement, Romania

See also

References

  1. ^ Szeverényi, Vajk; Fischl, Klara (January 2013). "Transformations in the Carpathian Basin around 1600 BC". In Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francois (eds.). 1600 – Cultural change in the shadow of the Thera-Eruption?. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt. pp. 355–371.
  2. ^ Kulcsár, Gabriella (2003). "The Early Bronze Age". In Visy, Zsolt (ed.). Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium (PDF). Ministry of National Cultural Heritage. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9638629185.
  3. ^ "Hajdúsámson hoard". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. 2022.
  4. ^ Anthony, David (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language. Princeton University Press. p. 411. Chariotry spread west through the Ukrainian steppe MVK [Mnogovalikovaya] culture into southeastern Europe's Monteoru (phase Icl-Ib), Vatin, and Otomani cultures
  5. ^ Wolfgang, David (2010). "Die Zeichen auf der Scheibe von Nebra und das altbronze-zeitliche Symbolgut des Mitteldonau-Karpatenraumes". In Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francois (eds.). Der Griff nach den Sternen. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle. p. 435. ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5. Etwa in die gleiche Zeit gehören auch der ur-sprünglich acht gewölbte Goldscheiben umfassende Gold-fund aus der Siedlung von Sacueni (Zickelhid/Székelyhid) sowie eine gleichartige Goldscheibe aus der Tellsiedlung von Varsand-Laposhalom, die beide der Gyulavarsánd-Otomani-Kultur zuzuordnen sind. English translation: "The gold find from the settlement of Sacueni, originally comprising eight domed gold discs, and a similar gold disc from the tell settlement of Varsand-Laposhalom, both belong to the Gyulavarsánd-Otomani culture.

Bronze Age culture in Transylvania, Central Romania

  • Die prähistorische Ansiedlung auf dem "Wietenberg" bei Sighisoara-Schässburg [Gebundene Ausgabe]
  • European Societies in the Bronze Age. A. F. Harding. Cambridge 2000. ISBN 0521367298

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ottomány culture.

January 29, 2023
ottomány, culture, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, december, 2019, learn, when, remove, this, template, messag. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Ottomany culture also known as Otomani culture in Romania or Otomani Fuzesabony culture in Hungary was an early Bronze Age culture ca 2100 1400 BC in Central Europe named after the eponymous site near the village of Ottomany Romanian Otomani today part of Sălacea located in modern day Bihor County Romania The Middle Bronze Age period of the Ottomany culture in eastern Hungary and western Romania c 1750 BC to 1400 BC is also known as the Gyulavarsand culture 1 Ottomany cultureGeographical rangeHungary Slovakia Romania Ukraine PolandPeriodBronze AgeDates2100 1400 BCPreceded byNyirseg culture Hatvan culture Coțofeni cultureFollowed byTumulus culture Urnfield culture Contents 1 Territorial extent 2 Habitat settlements housing and material culture 3 Mortuary rite 4 Collapse and legacy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTerritorial extent EditThe Ottomany culture was located in eastern Hungary eastern Slovakia Crișana in western Romania western Ukraine Transcarpatia Zakarpattia Oblast within a stretch of the Carpathian mountains and southeast Poland stretch of Carpathian mountains and nearby areas Thus people of the Ottomany culture secured a middle stretch of what will be later known as the Amber Road and indeed amber is often found in Ottomany sites The expansion of the Ottomany culture is associated with the end of the Hatvan culture 2 Habitat settlements housing and material culture Edit Reconstructed bronze dagger axe and pendant Fortified settlement at Gora Zyndrama Poland 1750 BC People belonging to this vast culture settled along river banks and in valleys but also on strategic places like mountain passes and hills used for mighty fortified settlements Some places like caves and natural springs were used like for cult activities This culture was contemporary with Wietenberg culture in Romania Unetice Madarovce Veterov Boheimkirchen cultural complex in Moravia Germany Austria and western Slovakia Mierzanowice culture in Poland and Mako Nagyrev culture in Hungary The high cultural level is illustrated most by fortified settlements with highly advanced defensive architecture including ditches stone walls ramparts towers and complicated gates protected by bastions as well as by urbanistically organized houses 1 2 or three rooms tell disposition at lowland sites consequent use of houses made of clay creating an artificial hill with many stratigraphic levels the high level of metal working bronze gold silver a high level of bone and antler working including elements of horse harness made of antler sophisticated pottery often considered one of the most exquisite ceramic cultures of prehistoric Europe with beautifully adorned amphorae jugs broad bowls small cups pottery of milk processing and piraunoi transportable ceramic ovens richly decorated often interpreted as being used not only for profane but also cult activities burning incense Some distinctive features of Ottomany ceramics are decoration with spiral or circular motifs rich plastic ornamentation use of a wave pattern or pattern of running spirals polishing of pottery to reach metallic effect and high firing temperatures Metalworking is illustrated by gold jewelry mainly earrings small bronze objects pins personal ornaments small tools needles awls military items include battle axes spear heads daggers knives and arrowheads Although stone was still widely used for sickles and working axes Hajdusamson type sword Hungary 1700 1600 BC 3 According to Anthony 2007 chariotry spread westwards to the Ottomany culture from the Multi cordoned ware culture 4 Mortuary rite EditBurials were typically inhumations with the body in a flexed position in large flat cemeteries in direct vicinity of settlements with different sides for men and women at the final stages shifting towards bi ritual rites with more cremations using urns Graves are equipped with rich grave goods including personal adornments like beads in male graves often made of animal teeth and boar tusks and metal jewelry tools arms and ceramics In a child grave at Nizna Mysla cemetery Eastern Slovakia a ceramic model of a four wheel wagon was found and has been interpreted either as child s toy or a cult object Collapse and legacy EditThe end of the Ottomany culture is connected with turbulent events at the end of Old Bronze Age in Central Europe where there was a collapse of the whole Old Bronze Age world with its highly advanced culture of mighty hill forts rich burials and trade over vast distances The gradual decline in the number of fortified settlements change of burial rites and the decision of people to desert fortified settlements could have had several reasons including the collapse of trade and exchange networks the attacks of enemies the internal collapse of society or environmental causes The following Middle Bronze Age Late Bronze Age cultures are very different in their burial rites cremation erecting of barrows as well as in their handling of bronze there is an explosion in bronze working and many bronze hoards found across all of Europe illustrate this change in quantity and quality of produced bronze objects We see not only bronze ornaments and arms including first examples of swords but also bronze tools sickles axes adzes which changed the everyday life of prehistoric man Gallery Edit Bronze battle axe Bronze axe c 1650 BC Gold discs from Sacueni Romania 5 Pottery Pottery Pottery Pottery Otomani fortified settlement RomaniaSee also EditBronze Age Europe Bronze Age in Romania Prehistory of Transylvania Bronze Age in Poland History of Slovakia Bronze Age Wietenberg culture Vatya culture Monteoru culture Unetice culture Bronze Age Britain Argaric culture Sintashta culture Catacomb culture Aegean civilization History of Hungary Bronze AgeReferences Edit Szeverenyi Vajk Fischl Klara January 2013 Transformations in the Carpathian Basin around 1600 BC In Meller Harald Bertemes Francois eds 1600 Cultural change in the shadow of the Thera Eruption Landesamt fur Denkmalpflege und Archaologie Sachsen Anhalt pp 355 371 Kulcsar Gabriella 2003 The Early Bronze Age In Visy Zsolt ed Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium PDF Ministry of National Cultural Heritage pp 146 147 ISBN 9638629185 Hajdusamson hoard Institute for the Study of the Ancient World 2022 Anthony David 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language Princeton University Press p 411 Chariotry spread west through the Ukrainian steppe MVK Mnogovalikovaya culture into southeastern Europe s Monteoru phase Icl Ib Vatin and Otomani cultures Wolfgang David 2010 Die Zeichen auf der Scheibe von Nebra und das altbronze zeitliche Symbolgut des Mitteldonau Karpatenraumes In Meller Harald Bertemes Francois eds Der Griff nach den Sternen Landesmuseum fur Vorgeschichte Halle p 435 ISBN 978 3 939414 28 5 Etwa in die gleiche Zeit gehoren auch der ur sprunglich acht gewolbte Goldscheiben umfassende Gold fund aus der Siedlung von Sacueni Zickelhid Szekelyhid sowie eine gleichartige Goldscheibe aus der Tellsiedlung von Varsand Laposhalom die beide der Gyulavarsand Otomani Kultur zuzuordnen sind English translation The gold find from the settlement of Sacueni originally comprising eight domed gold discs and a similar gold disc from the tell settlement of Varsand Laposhalom both belong to the Gyulavarsand Otomani culture N Boroffka Die Wietenberg Kultur Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Bronzezeit in Sudosteuropa Universitatsforschungen zur Prahistorischen Archaologie 19 Dr Rudolf Habelt GmbH Bonn 1994 http arheologie ulbsibiu ro publicatii bibliotheca cauce2 8 20w htm This link is by pure laymen giving no scientific sources at all Bronze Age culture in Transylvania Central Romania Die prahistorische Ansiedlung auf dem Wietenberg bei Sighisoara Schassburg Gebundene Ausgabe European Societies in the Bronze Age A F Harding Cambridge 2000 ISBN 0521367298External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ottomany culture The stone fortifications of the settlement at Spissky Stvrtok A contribution to the discussion on the long distance contacts of the Otomani Fuzesabony culture The Early Bronze Age Stone Fortifications of the Maszkowice Hillfort Polish Carpathians http www eliznik org uk EastEurope History balkans map middle bronze htm nogo https web archive org web 20110813042406 http care e monsite com rubrique car z carpato danubiana 1050465 html http www arkad ro index php action fullnews amp id 285377 amp category 194 permanent dead link http www regionkosice com en index php id 629 amp tx ttnews 5Btt news 5D 83 amp tx ttnews 5BbackPid 5D 621 amp no cache 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ottomany culture amp oldid 1135589780, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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