Union of South American Nations
Coordinates: 0°0′16″S 78°27′14″W / 0.00444°S 78.45389°W
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
The Union of South American Nations (USAN; Spanish: Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, UNASUR; Portuguese: União de Nações Sul-Americanas, UNASUL; Dutch: Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties, UZAN; French: Union des nations sud-américaines, UNASUR) and sometimes referred to as the South American Union) is an intergovernmental regional organization set up by Hugo Chavez to counteract the influence of the United States in the region.[3] It once comprised twelve South American countries; as of 2019, most have withdrawn.
Union of South American Nations
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Flag Emblem | |||||||||
| Motto: "Soy del Sur" (I am from the South)[1] | |||||||||
Current members Suspended members Former members | |||||||||
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| Official languages |
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| Demonym(s) | South American | ||||||||
| Type | Continental union | ||||||||
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| Vacant | |||||||||
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| Legislature | South American Parliament | ||||||||
| Establishment | Formation | ||||||||
| 8 December 2004 | |||||||||
| 23 May 2008 | |||||||||
• Treaty in force | 11 March 2011 | ||||||||
| Currency | |||||||||
| Time zone | UTC−04 to −03 | ||||||||
| Calling code | see list | ||||||||
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Website www | |||||||||
Notes ^S : Membership suspended | |||||||||
The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty was signed on 23 May 2008, at the Third Summit of Heads of State, held in Brasília, Brazil.[4] According to the Constitutive Treaty, the Union's headquarters will be located in Quito, Ecuador.[2] On 1 December 2010, Uruguay became the ninth state to ratify the UNASUR treaty, thus giving the union full legality.[5][6] As the Constitutive Treaty entered into force on 11 March 2011, UNASUR became a legal entity during a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where they had laid the foundation stone for the Secretariat Headquarters.[citation needed]
In April 2018, six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru[7][8]—suspended their membership, and in August of the same year, Colombia announced its withdrawal from the organization.[9] In March 2019, Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro announced his country's intention to withdraw from the organization.[10] On 13 March 2019, Ecuador announced that it would withdraw from the organization. The president of the country, Lenin Moreno, also asked the bloc to return the headquarters building of the organization, based in Quito.[11] On 10 March 2020, Uruguay officially announced its withdrawal from the organization.[12]
In January 2019, amid growing concern about Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro, a new group, PROSUL/PROSUR, was advanced to counteract the influence of what countries in the region call a dictatorship in Venezuela.[3] A Chilean summit to organize PROSUL was held on 22 March 2019, and excluded Venezuela. Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Guyana and Suriname were invited to join the new regional bloc.[13]
Overview
At the Third South American Summit on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from 12 South American nations signed the Cusco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama and Mexico attended the signing ceremony as observers in Brazil.
The mechanics of the new entity came out of the First South American Community of Nations Heads of State Summit, which was held in Brasília on 29–30 September 2005. An important operating condition of UNASUR is that no new institutions will be created in the first phase, so as not to increase bureaucracy, and the community will use the existing institutions belonging to the previous trade blocs.
History
Background
Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish and Portuguese colonization brought about the establishment and development of colonial empires in the Americas that integrated politically, economically and culturally vast extensions of the continent each with their respective metropolis.
Since the Spanish American wars of independence a trend towards the political integration of the newly born republics of Hispanic America became strong in the thinking of several independence leaders, influenced in turn by the Spanish Enlightenment and the French and American revolutions. A notable early exponent of this trend was Francisco de Miranda, who envisioned a federated republic encompassing all of Hispanic America, which he called "Colombia".
The independence war efforts saw the concurrence of integrated armies composed by Spanish Americans of diverse regions on both sides of the conflict (v.g. Patriots and Royalists), and fighting all over the territories of many future nations. For example, the Army of the Andes which was gathered in the United Provinces of the River Plate fought in Chile, Peru and Ecuador, and later integrated with Simón Bolívar's Army (which itself included troops of future Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador) to further fight in Peru and the Upper Peru.
By the 1820s, the main proponent of a federation of the newly born republics was Simón Bolívar, although this idea was shared by many notable contemporaries, including José de San Martín and Bernardo de Monteagudo, under either republican or constitutional monarchical governments. In 1826, Bolívar summoned a conference to be held in Panama, which was to be known as the "Amphictyonic" Congress of Panama because of the parallelism with the Hellenic Amphictyonic League. The Congress was attended by Gran Colombia (including present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador), the Federal Republic of Central America (including present-day Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala), the United Mexican States, and Peru. The ostensible intention was to form a defensive league that could prevent foreign expansionism and foster the interests of the Spanish American republics. The Congress' conclusions, however, were not ratified by the participants, except for Gran Colombia. Soon after, both Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America fell apart and the whole of Hispanic America was balkanized by competing national governments.
By the 1990s, however, Brazil had consolidated as the most powerful country in South America (accounting for half of the regional GDP) and began to promote the notion of a united South America (a new regional framing) where Brasilia would be pivotal. The project did not take hold until the United States' foreign policy priorities turned to other regions in the 2000s.
Formation
The complete integration between the Andean Community and the Mercosur nations was formalized during the meeting of South American heads of state that took place on 23 May 2008 in Brasília.[14]
In the 2004 South American Summit, representatives of twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page letter of intent announcing the establishment of the then-named "South American Community of Nations". Panama and Mexico were present as observers. The leaders announced the intention of modeling the new community in the mold of the European Union, including a unified passport, a parliament and, eventually, a single currency. The then Secretary General of the Andean Community Allan Wagner speculated that an advanced union such as the EU should be possible within the next fifteen years.
After Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela, Uruguay became the ninth nation to ratify the constitutive treaty of the organization on 1 December 2010, thus completing the minimum number of ratifications Necessary for the entry into force of the Treaty, on 11 March 2011[15][5][6] With the entry into force of the Treaty,[16] UNASUR became a legal entity during the Summit Ministers of Foreign Affairs, in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where the cornerstone was laid for the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Union.[17][18]
Naming
On 28 December 2005, Chilean former foreign minister Ignacio Walker proposed that the Union's former designation, the South American Community of Nations, abbreviated as CSN, be changed to South American Union; nevertheless, many members responded that that proposal had already been rejected to prevent confusion since its acronym of U.S.A. (Spanish: Unión Sudamericana) would be easily confused for the United States of America. In the press, the phrase "United States of South America" was bandied about as an analogy to the United States to reflect the economic and political power that the union would have on the world stage.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
The name was finally changed on 16 April 2007 to Union of South American Nations. The new name was jointly agreed by all member states during the first day of meeting at the First South American Energy Summit,[26] held at Isla Margarita, Venezuela.
Leadership crisis
After Colombian Ernesto Samper completed his term as Secretary General in January 2017, the UNASUR governments have been unable to reach consensus on the organization's future leadership.[27] Venezuela, with the support of Bolivia and Suriname, has blocked the nomination of Argentine diplomat José Octavio Bordón.[28]
In August 2017, six members of UNASUR—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—joined in forming the Lima Group, a coalition of Western Hemisphere nations that repudiates the Venezuela government of Nicolás Maduro as antidemocratic.[29] In February 2018, Maduro was disinvited from the Summit of the Americas hosted by Peru (held in Lima in April 2018). In response, Bolivia's president Evo Morales urged UNASUR to defend Venezuela, stating "UNASUR should call an emergency meeting and enforce the sovereignty of a brotherly people."[citation needed] Morales acceded to the rotating role of president pro tempore of UNASUR on 17 April 2018.[28]
On 20 April 2018, six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—announced that they would suspend their own membership for a year until the regional group became more organized.[30] Chilean Foreign Minister Roberto Ampuero stated that the organization "isn't getting anywhere, there is no integration" and that "We can't be throwing this money to an institution that doesn't work."[31] A briefing sent to the Brazilian cabinet stated that the countries share the view that Bolivia's leadership of the block has been ineffective.[32] Paraguayan Foreign Minister stated that his country's objection concerned the failure to put a new Secretary General in place, and the need to make the organization less ideological, but did not reflect negatively on Bolivia's leadership.[33] Bolivian Foreign Minister Fernando Huanacuni called an emergency meeting for May 2018 to attempt to resolve the crisis.[32]
Countries renouncing the treaty
Colombia
On 28 August 2018, Colombian president Iván Duque announced that foreign minister Carlos Holmes had officially notified UNASUR of their intention to leave the bloc within the next 6 months, denouncing it as an institution created by Hugo Chávez to sideline existing international treaties and referring to it as an accomplice to what they referred to as the dictatorship in Venezuela.[34][35]
Brazil
On 7 March 2019 Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro announced that Brazil would withdraw from UNASUR and join the newly created PROSUR.[36] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin UNASUR.[37]
Ecuador
On 13 March 2019 Ecuadorian president Lenin Moreno announced that Ecuador would withdraw from UNASUR and join the newly created PROSUR. Moreno also asked the bloc to return the headquarters building of the organization, based in Quito.[38]
Argentina
On 12 April 2019 Argentinian president Mauricio Macri announced that Argentina would withdraw from UNASUR and join the newly created PROSUR.[39]
Uruguay
On 11 March 2020 Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou announced that Uruguay would withdraw from UNASUR.[40]
Structure
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
The presidents of each member nation had an annual meeting, which was the top political mandate. The first meeting was held in Brasilia on 29 and 30 September 2005. The second meeting was held in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on 8 and 9 December 2006. The third meeting was held in Brasília – this meeting should have taken place in Cartagena (Colombia), but was postponed because of tension between Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It was at this meeting that UNASUR was formalized and in which the Constitutive Treaty of the organization was signed.[41]
The foreign ministers of each country met once every six months. They made concrete proposals for action and executive decision. The Permanent Representative Committee of the President of Mercosur and the Director of the Mercosur Department, the Secretary General of the Andean Community, the Secretary General of ALADI and the Permanent Secretaries of any institution for regional cooperation and integration, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, among others, also attended these meetings.[42][citation needed]
On 9 December 2005, the Strategic Reflection Commission on the South American Integration Process was created. It consists of 12 members, whose function is to elaborate proposals that will help in the process of integration among the South American nations. These proposals were to be made at the 2nd UNASUR Meeting (2006).[43]
The South American Parliament was located in Cochabamba, Bolivia, while the headquarters of its bank, the Bank of the South was located in Caracas, Venezuela.[2]
The executive committee, created at the 2nd UNASUR Meeting, was transformed into the Political Commission or Council of Deputies, in accordance with the Decisions of the Political Dialogue. The text prepared by heads of state to form UNASUR was approved at the 3rd UNASUR Meeting in Brasília on 23 May 2008. This meeting was scheduled to take place in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, on 24–28 January 2008, but was postponed because of tensions between Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.
Secretary General
A Secretary General is the legal representative of the Secretariat in Quito, Ecuador. Former Ecuadorian president Rodrigo Borja was nominated to this position but resigned a few days before the formation of the USAN in May 2008. On 4 May, Néstor Kirchner of Argentina was appointed as the first Secretary General, despite resistance from Colombia, Uruguay, and Peru. After the death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010, there was a period of time when the position went unfilled, which eventually ended when María Emma Mejía Vélez was elected in March 2011. After Ernesto Samper completed his term in January 2017, UNASUR members have been unable to come to consensus on a successor.[27]
| No. | Secretary General | Country | Beginning of the mandate | End of the mandate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Néstor Kirchner | Argentina | 4 May 2010 | 27 October 2010 | ||
| — | Interim | |||||
| 2 | María Emma Mejía Vélez | Colombia | 9 May 2011 | 11 June 2012 | ||
| 3 | Alí Rodríguez Araque | Venezuela | 11 June 2012 | 31 July 2014 | ||
| 4 | Ernesto Samper | Colombia | 1 August 2014 | 31 January 2017[44] | ||
| — | Vacant; No successor approved.[27] | |||||
Presidency pro tempore
The temporary presidency will be governed by a year and will be rotating among the member countries between each UNASUR meeting. According to the document "Decisions of the Political Dialogue", which was signed during the 1st South American Energy Meeting, a permanent general cabinet will be created and headquartered in Quito, Ecuador.[45]
| No. | President pro tempore | Country | Beginning of the Mandate | End of the Mandate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Michelle Bachelet | Chile | 23 May 2008 | 10 August 2009 |
| 2 | Rafael Correa | Ecuador | 10 August 2009 | 26 November 2010 |
| 3 | Bharrat Jagdeo | Guyana | 26 November 2010 | 29 October 2011 |
| 4 | Fernando Lugo | Paraguay | 29 October 2011 | 22 June 2012 |
| 5 | Ollanta Humala | Peru | 22 June 2012 | 30 August 2013 |
| 6 | Dési Bouterse | Suriname | 30 August 2013 | 4 December 2014 |
| 7 | José Mujica | Uruguay | 4 December 2014 | 1 March 2015 |
| 8 | Tabaré Vázquez | Uruguay | 1 March 2015 | 17 April 2016 |
| 9 | Nicolás Maduro | Venezuela | 17 April 2016 | 21 April 2017 |
| 10 | Mauricio Macri | Argentina | 21 April 2017 | 17 April 2018 |
| 11 | Evo Morales | Bolivia | 17 April 2018 | 16 April 2019[46] |
Councils and bodies
The organisations of UNASUR are:[47][48][49]
- Council of Heads of State and of Government of Unasur
- President Pro Tempore of UNASUR
- Council of Minister of External Relationships of Unasur
- Council of Delegates of Unasur
- Secretary General of UNASUR
Ministerial Councils
There were twelve Ministerial Councils of the USAN.[50]
- Council of South American Defense
- Electoral Council
- South American Energy Council
- South American Council of Health
- South American Council of Social Development
- South American Council of Infrastructure and Planning
- South American Council of fight against the drug traffic
- South American Council of Economy and Finances
- South American Council of Education
- South American Council of Culture
- South American Council of Science, Technology and Innovation
- South American Council of Citizen Security, Justice and Coordination of Action against Transnational Organized Crime
Other institutions
Council of Economy and Finance
The Economic and Financial Council of Unasur was established on 12 August 2011, in Buenos Aires, during a meeting of Finance Ministers and representatives of the Central Banks of the twelve countries of the region. Argentine Deputy Economy Minister Roberto Feletti said that the council would study measures to strengthen regional trade in national currencies without the use of dollar. "We have reached an agreement on three axes of work and one of them is to move forward with multilateral payment mechanisms, to sustain trade and protect the volumes of reserves," Feletti said, noting that trade between countries in the region moves 120 billion dollars annually. "The use of national currencies, excluding the dollar, protects reserves and increases trade because there are lower transaction rates." He also detailed plans of the technical groups focused on the development and strengthening of Development Banks, such as the Andean Development Corporation (CAF) and the Bank of the South. He explained that the technicians will review the Latin American Reserve Fund (FLAR), aiming at in order to give greater capacity to intervene to the governments of the bloc in case of speculative attacks against currency or sovereign debt.[51]
Council of South American Defense
The creation of a Council of South American Defense was proposed by Brazil and discussed for the first time at a summit of the South American presidents in April 2008. The project was extensively discussed throughout 2008. The then Brazilian Defense Minister, Nelson Jobim, said in April 2008 that the council would be formed after the "political" decision of the presidents who participated in the launch of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) on 23 May 2008.[52][53]
On 15 December 2008, at the extraordinary UNASUR summit, the creation of the South American Defense Council was finally approved. This was composed of defense ministers of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. The Defense Council is responsible for developing joint defense policies, promoting the exchange of personnel among the Armed Forces of each country, conducting joint military exercises, participating in United Nations peace operations, promoting the exchange of analyzes on the world defense scenarios and the integration of industrial bases of military equipment.[54][55][56]
South American Council of Health
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
The South American Council of Health is a UNASUR body established and approved on 16 December 2008, which brings together health ministers of the member states to develop regional programs in the region. Area of public health to be jointly financed by the South American bloc, to coordinate the energy policy of Unasur.[57] It was created by decision of the Heads of State and Government of UNASUR, meeting extraordinarily in the Coast of Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil in December 2008. It was finally constituted on 21 April 2009 in Santiago, Chile.[53]
It is a permanent council composed of Ministers from UNASUR member countries. This body was created in order to constitute a space of integration concerning health, incorporating efforts and improvements from other mechanisms of regional integration, such as MERCOSUR, ORAS CONHU and ACTO, to promote common policies and coordinated activities among member countries. It is also a consultation and consensus body concerning health, which intends to delve deeply into relevant themes and strengthen public policies aimed at improving the living conditions of the inhabitants of the South American continent.
Since health is an essential right to all human beings and all societies, and it is also a vital component for the development of mankind, the Health Council seeks political and social acceptance regarding the issue, proposing health to be seen as an important booster of cooperation and integration of the bloc's nations, intensifying the coordination of such nations and respecting diversity and interculturalism in the region.
The Health Council aims to strengthen, by establishing a South American political institution with expertise in sanitary issues, the development of solutions to challenges that transcend national borders, developing values and mutual interests among the neighboring countries, thus facilitating the interaction of the Member States health authorities through the exchange of knowledge and technology in the region. The South American Health Council (SHC) is composed of the Health Ministries of Unasur Member States. In order to achieve the council's goals, the Coordinating Committee – responsible for preparing propositions of Agreements and Resolutions – was created. The Presidency of the Health Council is held by the Minister of Health of the country nominated for the Pro Tempore Presidency (PTP) of Unasur. It is in charge of coordinating the activities of all its bodies and managing the Technical Secretary. The Pro Tempore President has a two-year term that may be extended for another two years, being unconditionally succeeded by a president from a different country. The SHC is supported by the Technical Secretary in charge of the Pro Tempore Presidency (PTP) and two countries of the previous and following PTP, in order to ensure the continuity of works. It is technically supported by the South American Institute for Government in Health (ISAGS). Additionally, it is composed of five Technical Groups 1- Health Surveillance and Response; 2- Development of Universal Health Systems; 3- Health Promotion and Action on Social Determinants; 4- Universal Access to Medicines; 5- Human Resources Development and Management) and six Structuring Networks (1- Network of National Institutes of Health (RINS); 2- Network of Health Technical Schools of UNASUR (RETS), 3- Network of National Institutions and Institutes of Cancer (RINC); 4- Network of Public Health Schools of Unasur (RESP); 5- Network of Disasters Risk Management; 6- Network of International Offices and International Cooperation in Health (REDSSUR-ORIS)[58]
The South American Institute of Government in Health (ISAGS) of UNASUR is an intergovernmental entity of public character that has as main objective to promote the exchange, the critical reflection, the knowledge management and the generation of innovations in the field of Health policy and governance.[59]
Summits
The first Union summit was held in Brasilia on 23 May 2008, in which the Constitutive Treaty was signed. Due to the political crisis that Bolivia faced, pro-tempore president Michelle Bachelet convened an emergency summit in Santiago, Chile, on 15 September 2008. The leaders of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Brazil took part in this summit, in addition to President Michelle Bachelet, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela and the Secretary General of the OAS, José Miguel Insulza.[60] After a six-hour meeting between the leaders in the Palacio de La Moneda, they finally declared their support for President Evo Morales's government and gave "its absolute support to Bolivia."[61]
| No. | Date | Country | Host | Host leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 15 September 2008 | Chile | Santiago de Chile | Michelle Bachelet |
| 2nd | 10 August 2009 | Ecuador | Quito | Rafael Correa |
| 3rd | 28 August 2009 | Argentina | Bariloche | Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |
| 4th | 26 November 2010 | Guyana | Georgetown | Bharrat Jagdeo |
| 5th | 29 October 2011 | Paraguay | Asunción | Fernando Lugo |
| 6th | 30 November 2012 | Peru | Lima | Ollanta Humala |
| 7th | 30 August 2013 | Suriname | Paramaribo | Dési Bouterse[citation needed] |
| 8th | 4 December 2014 | Ecuador | Guayaquil | Rafael Correa[citation needed] |
- A special UNASUR/BRICS leaders summit was held in Fortaleza, Brazil, in July 2014.
- The 9th Summit, scheduled for 23 April 2016 in Quito, was canceled due to the Ecuador earthquake.[62]
There have been other presidential extraordinary meetings, such as:
- May 2010: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Election of Néstor Kirchner as Secretary General.
- September 2010: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Discussion of the 2010 Ecuador crisis.
- December 2010: Mar del Plata, Argentina. Kirchner's successor after his death. (Concurring with the 20th Ibero-American Summit)
- June 2012: Mendoza, Argentina. Discussion on the Impeachment of Fernando Lugo and suspension of Paraguay. (Concurring with the XLIII Mercosur presidential summit)
- April 2013: Lima, Peru. Recognition of contested Venezuelan presidential elections results.[63]
- July 2013: Cochabamba, Bolivia. Discussion on the Evo Morales "kidnapping" incident in Europe (due to European/US suspicions that the Bolivian Presidential aircraft carried US fugitive Edward Snowden.)
Demographics
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
At its peak of membership, UNASUR had a total population of 410 million inhabitants and a rate of population growth of about 0.6% per year. There were several different ecological regions such as tropical forests, the Atacama Desert and the icy portions of Patagonia. On the other hand, the continent presents regions of high population density, such as the great urban centers. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians), Africans and indigenous. There is a high percentage of mestizos that vary greatly in composition according to each place. There is also a minor population of Asians, especially in Brazil. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by French, English and Dutch in smaller numbers. Economically, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent.[citation needed]
| Rank | City name | Member state | Pop. | Rank | City name | Member state | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| São Paulo | 1 | São Paulo | Brazil | 21,090,792 | 11 | Fortaleza | Brazil | 3,985,297 | Rio de Janeiro |
| 2 | Buenos Aires | Argentina | 13,693,657 | 12 | Salvador | Brazil | 3,953,290 | ||
| 3 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 13,131,431 | 13 | Recife | Brazil | 3,914,397 | ||
| 4 | Bogotá | Colombia | 10,777.931 | 14 | Medellín | Colombia | 3,777,009 | ||
| 5 | Lima | Peru | 9,904,727 | 15 | Curitiba | Brazil | 3,502,804 | ||
| 6 | Santiago | Chile | 6,683,852 | 16 | Campinas | Brazil | 3,094,181 | ||
| 7 | Belo Horizonte | Brazil | 5,829,923 | 17 | Guayaquil | Ecuador | 2,952,159 | ||
| 8 | Caracas | Venezuela | 5,322,310 | 18 | Cali | Colombia | 2,911,278 | ||
| 9 | Porto Alegre | Brazil | 4,258,926 | 19 | Quito | Ecuador | 2,653,330 | ||
| 10 | Brasília | Brazil | 4,201,737 | 20 | Maracaibo | Venezuela | 2,576,836 | ||
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, English and Dutch are the official languages of UNASUR. Spanish is the official language of Bolivia and Venezuela. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana.[65]
Indigenous languages of UNASUR include Wayuunaiki in northwestern Venezuela (Zulia) and Guaraní, Quechua and Aymara in Bolivia. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.
Other languages found in UNASUR include, Hindustani and Javanese in Suriname; Italian in Venezuela. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Venezuela.[66]
Religion
An estimated 87% of South Americans are Christians[67] (69% Roman Catholic, 18% other Christian denominations mainly Traditional Protestants and Evangelicals but also Orthodoxy), accounting for 20% of Christians worldwide. However, in recent years church attendance has declined.
Due to the immigration of Indonesian workers, Suriname and Guyana have a large Hindu and Muslim community. Also Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries along with Afro-American religions.
| Countries | Christians | Roman Catholics | Other Christians | Other religions | No religion (atheists and agnostics) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bolivia | 96% | 74% | 22% | 0% | 4% |
| Guyana | 57% | 7% | 50% | 40% | 3% |
| Suriname | 48% | 22% | 26% | 42% | 10% |
| Venezuela | 88% | 71% | 17% | 4% | 8% |
Economy
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
The economy of UNASUR is divided between the mineral extractivism in the Amazon region and the agriculture present in practically all its States. Industrialization is of medium level to high in diverse regions, although very strong the presence of local industries of origin Foreign (multinational). The extraction and export of oil is notable in Venezuela, which owns the largest world reserves. Bolivia stands out for the production of natural gas, with important reserves of this matter that in recent years have led to what has been known as the "Gas War."
The highest nominal GDP in 2018 was Venezuela (62nd worldwide) with 96,328 billion dollars, followed by Bolivia (92nd at the global level) with 41,833 billion dollars.
The highest GDP in 2018 was in Venezuela (52nd worldwide) with 330,984 billion dollars, and Bolivia (88th worldwide) with 88,866 billion dollars.
The highest GDP per capita in 2018 was held by Suriname with 13,876, followed by Venezuela with 12,388. In terms of nominal per capita GDP, the ranking was headed by Venezuela with US$6,890, and Suriname with US$5,869.
Common Market
One of the initiatives of Unasur is the creation of a common market, starting with the elimination of tariffs for products considered non-sensitive until 2014 and for sensitive products until 2019.[68]
The Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America is currently underway, with investments estimated at US$38 billion from the Inter-American Development Bank, the Andean Development Corporation, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development and the Financial Fund for Development of the Plata Basin.[69]
The initial integration plans through the infrastructure cooperation of UNASUR came with the construction of the Bioceanic Corridor and the Interoceanic Highway. The Pacific Highway, between Peru and Brazil, began to be built in September 2005, financed 60% by Brazil and 40% by Peru, and was completed in December 2010.[69]
Economic development
Presidents of the seven founding countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela and Uruguay) officially launched the South American Bank in Buenos Aires in December 2007. The heads of all the founding countries were at the ceremony, with the exception of President Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay. The capital will be US$7b, with Venezuela responsible for US$3b and Brazil US$2b. The headquarters will be located in Caracas with offices in Buenos Aires and La Paz.[70][71]
The Bank of the South will finance economic development projects to improve local competitiveness and to promote the scientific and technological development of the member states. Its founding charter affirms that the bank will promote projects in a "stable and equal" manner and priorities will be oriented towards reinforcing South American integration, reducing asymmetries, and promoting an egalitarian distribution of investments.
The Brazilian Minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the bank is not similar to the International Monetary Fund; it will be a credit institution similar to the World Bank.
Monetary policy
The Bank of the South (Portuguese: Banco do Sul, Spanish: Banco del Sur, Dutch: Bank van het Zuiden, English: Bank of the South) will establish monetary policy and finance development projects. One of the objectives of monetary union is to establish a Single South American currency. Support for the creation of this currency was provided in January 2007 by Peruvian President Alan García,[72] and other South American authorities expressed themselves in favor, as Bolivian President Evo Morales in April of that year, who proposed that the currency Only one denominated "Pacha" ("earth" in Quechua language), however, except for the right of each country to suggest a name for the common currency.[73]
Defense policy
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
The South American Defense Council (CDS) was proposed by Venezuela and Brazil to serve as a mechanism for regional security, promoting military co-operation. From the beginning Brazil, Argentina and Chile, the countries that took the leadership of the project, made clear that they did not intend to form a NATO-like alliance, but a cooperative security arrangement, enhancing multilateral military cooperation, promoting confidence and security building measures and fostering defense industry exchange. Colombia initially refused to join the defense council due to the strong military ties it has with the United States through the Plan Colombia. However, after reviewing the proposal they decided to join on 20 July 2008.[74][75]
Shortly following the signing by Colombia's president, President of Chile Michelle Bachelet appointed a working group to investigate and draft a plan for the new council. Finally, on 10 March 2009, the 12 nation members held, in Chile, the first meeting of the newly formed council.[76]
In mid-2010, UNASUR played a key role in mediating the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis. On 1 September 2010, the agency "UnasurHaití" was created to provide US$100 million in help to Haiti.[77]
Democracy
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
On 26 November 2010, the Additional Protocol on Commitment to Democracy was signed in the city of Georgetown, Cooperative Republic of Guyana.[78] The protocol derives from the mandate established in the Buenos Aires Declaration of 1 October 2010, which affirms that member states will not tolerate a challenge to institutional authority, nor attempt to strike a legitimately constituted civilian power, adopting concrete and immediate measures in case of breach of constitutional order. It is applicable "in the event of a breach or threat of a breach of the democratic order, of a violation of the constitutional order or in any situation that endangers the legitimate exercise of power and the observance of democratic values and principles."[79]
In the event of such a situation, the Council of Heads of State and Government or the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs may be convened extraordinarily by the Pro-Tempore Presidency of the Union, ex officio or at the request of the affected State or another member of UNASUR, to deliberate on the application of sanctions to the affected state. Among the political and diplomatic sanctions envisaged by the Protocol, the following stand out:[79]
- Suspension of the right to participate in the different organs and instances of Unasur[79]
- Partial or total closure of land borders with the affected State, including suspension or limitation of trade, air and sea transportation, communications, energy supply, services and supply.
Free movement of people
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
Visits by citizens of UNASUR to any other UNASUR member state of up to 90 days only require an identification document issued by the traveler's country. In November 2006, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Uruguay agreed to abolish visa requirements for tourists between any of those nations.[80]
Mercosur, along with its Associate members of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador established that their territories together form an "area of free residence with the right to work" to all its citizens, with no additional requirements other than nationality. The Free Movement and Residence Agreement was established in the Brasília summit based in a previous document signed on 6 December 2002.[81]
Citizens of any Mercosur countries will have a simplified process in temporary residence visa of up to two years in any other member countries, with the requirements of a valid passport, birth certificate, and no criminal record. Temporary residence can become permanent if a licit means of living can be verified.
At a summit in Guayaquil, Ecuador on 4 December 2014, UNASUR general secretary Ernesto Samper announced, "We have approved the concept of South American citizenship," including the creation of a single passport.[82][unreliable source?]
Electoral monitors
UNASUR intended to create electoral monitor teams that would replace the monitors from the Organization of American States.[83]
Participating nation states
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2019) |
| Signed In force Document | 1969 1969 Cartagena Agreement | 1991 1991 Treaty of Asunción | 2004 2004 Cusco Declaration | 2008 2011 Constitutive Treaty | ||||||||
| Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) | ||||||||||||
| Andean Pact (Andean Community of Nations) | ||||||||||||
| Mercosur | ||||||||||||
- Participating members of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN): 1 L
- Bolivia M
- Participating members of Mercosur: 2 L
- Venezuela S
- Other members:
- Guyana C
- Suriname C
1 These countries are also considered to be associate members of Mercosur.
2 These countries are also considered to be associate members of the Andean Community.
C Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member state
L Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) member state
M Accessing member to Mercosur
S Suspended
- Observers:[84]
- Mexico L
- Panama
Member states of the Andean Community trade bloc.
Member states of the Mercosur trade bloc.
Member states of neither Andean Community nor Mercosur.
Participating non-South American territories
The following territories situated outside South America are part of member states and therefore participate:
Non-participating South American states and territories
The following parts of South America are or were territories of non-South American states and therefore do not participate:
- Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands near the Venezuelan coastline.
- French Guiana, which is an overseas department of France and is therefore part of the European Union.
- The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are overseas territories of the United Kingdom;[85][86] they are also claimed by Argentina.[87]
- Trinidad and Tobago, although not a member, this sovereign state had been a dependency of the United Kingdom and was invited to join the Union of South American Nations by President of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro in July 2013.[88]
See also
- Pacific Alliance
- Mercosur
- Andean Community of Nations
- Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
- Continental union
- Economic integration
- South American Institute of Government in Health
- Free Trade Area of the Americas
- Latin American Integration Association
- Latin American Parliament
- Organization of Ibero-American States
- Central American Parliament
- Caribbean Community
- North American Union
- Organization of American States
- Rio Group
Notes
- ^ Guardia (24 November 2016). "El secretario general de la Unasur lanza la campaña "Soy del Sur"".
- ^ a b c Goodman, Joshua (23 May 2008). "South American Presidents Agree to Form Unasur Bloc (Update3)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ a b "South America creating regional bloc to counter Venezuela: Colombia". Reuters. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "South America nations found union". BBC News. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.
- ^ a b "Uruguay Senate puts Unasur over the top". Buenos Aires Herald. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Uruguay's ratification gives Unasur legal status (nine out of twelve)". MercoPress. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ "Six South American nations suspend membership of anti-U.S. bloc". Reuters. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
- ^ "Colombia y cinco países más dejarán de participar en Unasur" [Colombia and five more countries will stop participating in Unasur]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
- ^ "Colombia y cinco países más dejarán de participar en Unasur" [Colombia will cease its membership in the Unasur]. CNN en Español (in Spanish). 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ "Governo Bolsonaro enterra Unasul criada por Lula e adere a novo organismo regional" [Bolsonaro's Government buries Unasul created by Lula and joins the new regional organization]. O Globo (in Portuguese). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ España, Sara (14 March 2019). "Ecuador se retira de Unasur y abre la puerta a nuevas iniciativas de integración" [Ecuador withdraws from Unasur and opens the door to new integration initiatives]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ "Gobierno anunció retiro de Uruguay de la Unasur" [Govt announced Uruguay's withdrawal from Unasur]. El País (in Spanish). 10 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Chile confirma cumbre de presidentes para crear foro sudamericano sin Venezuela". El Comercia (in Spanish). 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ Ministros da América do Sul vão a Caracas preparar encontro da Unasul 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ministério das Relações Exteriores. UNASUL 10 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013.
- ^ "Sede da Unasul levará nome de Néstor Kirchner". Terra. 9 March 2011.
- ^ Segun el chanceler uruguayo, Luis Almagro: Unasur, un factor de "estabilidad, democracia y paz" en la región 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Abc, 2 de dezembro de 2010.
- ^ The phrase has been used in the past for this same purpose. It has never been officially proposed or used. Collazo, Ariel B. La Federación de Estados: Única solución para el drama de América Latina. n/d, circa 1950–1960. OCLC 25422930
- ^ Duhalde, Eduardo (13 July 2004). "Hacia los Estados Unidos de Sudamérica." La Nación.
- ^ Grorjovsky, Nestor (14 July 2004). "Duhalde señaló que el Mercosur es un paso para la Unión Sudamericana" 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Reconquista-Popular.
- ^ Collazo, Ariel (15 July 2004). "Los Estados Unidos de Sudamérica" La República.
- ^ 29 July 2004, interview 5 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine with Mexican President Vicente Fox by Andrés Oppenheimer. Mexico:Presidencia de la República.
- ^ "Estados Unidos de Sudamérica" 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Herejías y silencios. (22 November 2005).
- ^ Duhalde, Eduardo (6 December 2004). "Sudamérica y un viejo sueño." Clarín.
- ^ "Chávez: presidentes acordaron llamar Unasur a integración política regional" (in Spanish). Terra Networks. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2011.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "Argentina insta a Ecuador a solucionar crisis en UNASUR". Vistazo (in Spanish). 2 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Convocan a reunión de Unasur en mayo para intentar superar división". MercoPress. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Grupo de Lima | América Latina" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ . The Washington Post. 21 April 2018. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ Associated Press (23 April 2018). "UNASUR, posible signo de fracaso en integración regional". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Unasur under pressure: six nations, including Brazil and Argentina, suspend their memberships". MercoPress. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ EFE (24 April 2018). "Paraguay ve necesario 'redireccionar' a Unasur". eldeber.com.bo. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "'En seis meses, Colombia estará oficialmente fuera de Unasur': Duque". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ "Iván Duque: Nos retiramos de la Unasur por no denunciar crisis en Venezuela". El Nacional (in Spanish). 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ "Governo Bolsonaro enterra Unasul criada por Lula e adere a novo organismo regional". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ "Lula's government plan" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ España, Sara (14 March 2019). "Ecuador se retira de Unasur y abre la puerta a nuevas iniciativas de integración". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ "Argentina Issues Credentials to Guaido Representative, Leaves UNASUR | Voice of America - English". voanews.com. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Buenos Aires Times | Uruguay withdraws from Unasur and suspends TIAR exit". batimes.com.ar. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Entrada em vigor do Tratado Constitutivo da UNASUL 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil. Accessed on 14 February 2014.
- ^ "Reunião Extraordinária do Conselho de Ministras e Ministros das Relações Exteriores da UNASUL". Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Brasil e Chile reafirmam aposta na integração sul-americana". UOL. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Ernesto Samper, secretario de Unasur, se despide de Ecuador". El Comercio (in Spanish). 31 January 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ . Unasul. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
- ^ Cámara de Diputados de Brasil aprueba el tratado constitutivo de la Unasur | ANDES[dead link]
- ^ . eumed.net. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ :: Unión de Naciones Suramericanas :: UNASUR ::. TRATADO CONSTITUTIVO DE LA UNIÓN DE NACIONES SURAMERICANAS 25 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Consejos Sectoriales 27 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ministros da Unasul querem ampliar comércio sem dólar. Estadão, 12 de agosto de 2011.
- ^ "Conselho de defesa não prevê ação militar em conflitos, diz Jobim". BBC Brasil. 15 April 2008. Retirado em 15 de abril de 2008.
- ^ a b "Unasul aprova criação do Conselho Sul-americano de Defesa". G1. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Cúpula aprova criação do Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano". Agência Brasil. 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Quatro cúpulas de presidentes latino-americanos reúnem-se esta semana na Bahia". Agência Brasil. 14 December 2008.
- ^ . Agência Brasil. 23 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Unasul aprova criação do Conselho Sul-Americano de Defesa - 16/12/2008 - UOL Últimas Notícias - Internacional". noticias.uol.com.br.
- ^ "ISAGS - South American Institute of Governance in Health".
- ^ . ISAGS. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ "Presidentes de Unasur llegan a Chile para tratar crisis boliviana". Emol.com. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Unasur da su más irrestricto apoyo a Gobierno de Evo Morales". Emol.com. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Unasur suspende su reunión en Quito" [Unasur suspends meeting in Quito] (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ "Cumbre de Unasur acordó anoche en Lima respaldar al electo Nicolás Maduro" (in Spanish). La República. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ "Encuesta Intercensal 2015: Presentación de resultados" (PDF). INEGI. p. 5. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ "The Languages spoken in Guyana". Studylands. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
- ^ Karam, John Tofik (2013). "On the Trail and Trial of a Palestinian Diaspora: Mapping South America in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1967–1972". Journal of Latin American Studies. 45 (4): 751–777. doi:10.1017/S0022216X13001156. S2CID 145423526.
- ^ "Christians". 18 December 2012.
- ^ . Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
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- ^ "South American leaders sign agreement creating South Bank". MercoPress. 27 September 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ "Venezuela summit criticises West". BBC News. 27 September 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ Peruvian president calls for single currency in South America. People's Daily Online (17 January 2007). Retirado em 22 de setembro de 2007.
- ^ Evo propõe criação de moeda única para a Unasul 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retirado em 21 de Janeiro de 2008.
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- ^ "The Paradox of South American Integration: The Founding of a Defense Council". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ "La Unasur ya tiene oficina en Haití". Página/12 (in Spanish). 1 September 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
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- ^ Foundation, Internet Memory. "[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Internet Memory - PRONI Web Archive". webarchive.proni.gov.uk. from the original on 7 March 2009.
- ^ See Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands and Sovereignty of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
- ^ Johnlall, Raphael (18 July 2013). "Venezuela President Maduro talked energy, transport while in T&T". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. Guardian Media. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
Apart from Mercosur, Maduro also invited T&T to be "incorporated" into Union of South American Nations (Unasur) because of its geographical proximity to the South American mainland (11 Kilometres)." Maduro said.
References
- José Antonio Sanahuja. "Post-liberal regionalism in South America: the case of Unasur", European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (EUI-RSCAS) 2012/05. Pdf version downloadable in "Working papers" (PDF). cadmus.eui.eu.
- José Briceño. "From the South American Free Trade Area to the Union of South American Nations: The Transformations of a Rising Regional Process". Latin American Policy, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 208–229, December 2010
- Anne Marie Hoffmann: "South America's Neoliberal Turnaround: The End for Regional Social Policy", GIGA Focus Afrika No. 06/2016
External links
- Official website