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Orthodoxy

Orthodoxy (from Greek: ὀρθοδοξία, orthodoxía, 'righteous/correct opinion')[1][2] is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion.[3]

Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churches accept different creeds and councils. Such differences of opinion have developed for numerous reasons, including language and cultural barriers.

In some English-speaking countries, Jews who adhere to all the traditions and commandments as legislated in the Talmud are often called Orthodox Jews.

Eastern Orthodoxy and/or Oriental Orthodoxy are sometimes referred to simply as “Orthodoxy”.

Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam".

Religions

Buddhism

The historical Buddha was known to denounce mere attachment to scriptures or dogmatic principles, as it was mentioned in the Kalama Sutta.[4] Moreover, the Theravada school of Buddhism follows strict adherence to the Pāli Canon (tripiṭaka) and the commentaries such as the Visuddhimagga. Hence, the Theravada school came to be considered the most orthodox of all Buddhist schools, as it is known to be highly conservative especially within the discipline and practice of the Vinaya.[citation needed]

Christianity

 
Adherence to the Nicene Creed is a common test of orthodoxy in Christianity.

In classical Christian use, the term orthodox refers to the set of doctrines which were believed by the early Christians. A series of ecumenical councils were held over a period of several centuries to try to formalize these doctrines. The most significant of these early decisions was that between the homoousian doctrine of Athanasius and Eustathius (which became Trinitarianism) and the heteroousian doctrine of Arius and Eusebius (Arianism). The homoousian doctrine, which defined Jesus as both God and man with the canons of the 431 Council of Ephesus, won out in the Church and was referred to as orthodoxy in most Christian contexts, since this was the viewpoint of previous Christian Church Fathers and was reaffirmed at these councils. (The minority of nontrinitarian Christians object to this terminology.)

Following the 1054 Great Schism, both the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church continued to consider themselves uniquely orthodox and catholic. Augustine wrote in On True Religion: "Religion is to be sought…only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right."[5] Over time, the Western Church gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with the Eastern Church (in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively.

Much earlier, the earliest Oriental Orthodox Churches and Chalcedonian Christianity separated in two after the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451), because of several Christological differences.[6] Since then, Oriental Orthodox Churches are maintaining the orthodox designation as a symbol of their theological traditions.[7]

Lutheran orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism, which began in 1580 from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment. Lutheran orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Calvinism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation.[8] Lutheran scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Lutheran orthodoxy. Theologians used the neo-Aristotelian form of presentation, already popular in academia, in their writings and lectures. They defined the Lutheran faith and defended it against the polemics of opposing parties. Reformed orthodoxy or Calvinist orthodoxy was an era in the history of Calvinism in the 16th to 18th centuries. Calvinist orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Lutheranism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation. Calvinist scholasticism or Reformed scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Calvinist Orthodoxy.[9][10]

Hinduism

Orthodoxy does not exist in Hinduism,[11] as the word Hindu itself collectively refers to the various beliefs of people who lived beyond the Sindhu river of the Indus Valley civilization. It is a synthesis of the accepted teachings of each of thousands of gurus, who others equate to prophets,[12] and has no founder, no authority or command, but recommendations. The term most equivalent to orthodoxy at best has the meaning of "commonly accepted" traditions rather than the usual meaning of "conforming to a doctrine", for example, what people of middle eastern faiths attempt to equate as doctrine in Hindu philosophies is Sanatana Dharma, but which at best can be translated to mean "ageless traditions", hence denoting that they are accepted not through doctrine and force but through multi-generational tests of adoption and retention based on circumstantial attrition through millennia.[citation needed]

Islam

Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam".[13][14][15] However, other scholars of Islam, such as John Burton believe that there is no such thing as "orthodox Islam."[16]

Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of Judaism, which seek to fully maintain the received Jewish beliefs and observances and which coalesced in opposition to the various challenges of modernity and secularization. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Written and Oral, as literally revealed by God on biblical Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since. The movement advocates a strict observance of halakha (Jewish Law), which is to be interpreted only according to received methods due to its divine character. Orthodoxy considers halakha as eternal and beyond historical influence, being applied differently to changing circumstances but basically unchangeable in itself.

Orthodox Judaism is not a centralized denomination. Relations between its different subgroups are sometimes strained and the exact limits of Orthodoxy are subject to intense debate. Very roughly, it may be divided between Haredi Judaism, which is more conservative and reclusive, and Modern Orthodox Judaism, which is relatively open to outer society. Each of those is itself formed of independent streams. They are almost uniformly exclusionist, regarding Orthodoxy as the only authentic form of Judaism and rejecting all non-Orthodox interpretations as illegitimate.

Others

Kemetic Orthodoxy is a denomination of Kemetism, a reform reconstruction of Egyptian polytheism for modern followers. It claims to derive a spiritual lineage from the Ancient Egyptian religion.[17]

There are organizations of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) which characterize the religion as Orthodoxy, and by other terms.

Non-religious contexts

Outside the context of religion, the term orthodoxy is often used to refer to any commonly held belief or set of beliefs in some field, in particular when these tenets, possibly referred to as "dogmas", are being challenged. In this sense, the term has a mildly pejorative connotation.

Among various "orthodoxies" in distinctive fields, the most commonly used terms are:

  • Political orthodoxy
  • Social orthodoxy
  • Economic orthodoxy
  • Scientific orthodoxy
  • Artistic orthodoxy

The terms orthodox and orthodoxy are also used more broadly to refer to things other than ideas and beliefs. A new and unusual way of solving a problem could be referred to as unorthodox, while a common and 'normal' way of solving a problem would be referred to as orthodox.

Related concepts

Orthodoxy is opposed to heterodoxy ('other teaching') or heresy. People who deviate from orthodoxy by professing a doctrine considered to be false are called heretics, while those who, perhaps without professing heretical beliefs, break from the perceived main body of believers are called schismatics. The term employed sometimes depends on the aspect most in view: if one is addressing corporate unity, the emphasis may be on schism; if one is addressing doctrinal coherence, the emphasis may be on heresy. A deviation lighter than heresy is commonly called error, in the sense of not being grave enough to cause total estrangement, while yet seriously affecting communion. Sometimes error is also used to cover both full heresies and minor errors. Doctrine or practices not regarded as essential to faith, with which Christians can legitimately disagree, are known as adiaphora.

The concept of orthodoxy is prevalent in many forms of organized monotheism. However, orthodox belief is not usually overly emphasized in polytheistic or animist religions, in which there is often little or no concept of dogma, and varied interpretations of doctrine and theology are tolerated and sometimes even encouraged within certain contexts. Syncretism, for example, plays a much wider role in non-monotheistic (and particularly, non-scriptural) religion. The prevailing governing norm within polytheism is often orthopraxy ('right practice') rather than the "right belief" of orthodoxy.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Perseus Digital Greek Word Study Tool". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  2. ^ Harper, Douglas. "orthodoxy". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  3. ^ "orthodox." Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) Houghton-Mifflin Company. 2004. Retrieved March 03, 2008.
  4. ^ "Kalama Sutta: To the Kalamas". Access to Insight. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  5. ^ Dulles S.J., Avery (2012). Reno, R.R. (ed.). The Orthodox Imperative: Selected Essays of Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J. (Kindle ed.). First Things Press. p. 224.
  6. ^ Meyendorff 1989.
  7. ^ Krikorian 2010.
  8. ^ Preus, Robert. The Inspiration of Scripture: A Study of the Theology of the 17th Century Lutheran Dogmaticians. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1957.
  9. ^ Willem J. van Asselt, Introduction to Reformed Scholasticism, Grand Rapids, Reformation Heritage Books, 2011.
  10. ^ Selderhuis, Herman J., ed. (2013). A Companion to Reformed Orthodoxy. Leiden: Brill.
  11. ^ "The Human Icon: A Comparative Study of Hindu and Orthodox Christian Beliefs". doi:10.1111/rirt.13458. S2CID 166920529. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ "Githa Vahini". altlib.org. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  13. ^ John Richard Thackrah (5 Sep 2013). Dictionary of Terrorism (2, revised ed.). Routledge. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-135-16595-6.
  14. ^ Nasir, Jamal J., ed. (2009). The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation (revised ed.). BRILL. p. 11. ISBN 9789004172739.
  15. ^ George W. Braswell (2000). What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8054-1829-3.
  16. ^ Burton, John. 1996. An Introduction to the Hadith. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 201: "Sunni: Of or pertaining sunna, especially the Sunna of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, mubtadi, from bid'a, the contrary of sunna, and so 'innovation'."
  17. ^ "What is Kemetic Orthodoxy?: Introduction". The House of Netjer. Retrieved 4 October 2013.

Sources

  • Henderson, John B. (1998). The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791437599.
  • Krikorian, Mesrob K. (2010). Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches: Christology in the Tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631581216.
  • Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.

External links

  •   Quotations related to Orthodoxy at Wikiquote

orthodoxy, this, article, about, adherence, accepted, belief, especially, christianity, book, chesterton, book, churches, most, often, called, orthodox, eastern, orthodox, church, oriental, orthodox, churches, other, uses, orthodox, from, greek, ὀρθοδοξία, ort. This article is about adherence to accepted belief especially in Christianity For the book by G K Chesterton see Orthodoxy book For the Churches most often called Orthodox see Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Churches For other uses see Orthodox Orthodoxy from Greek ὀr8odo3ia orthodoxia righteous correct opinion 1 2 is adherence to correct or accepted creeds especially in religion 3 Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity but different Churches accept different creeds and councils Such differences of opinion have developed for numerous reasons including language and cultural barriers In some English speaking countries Jews who adhere to all the traditions and commandments as legislated in the Talmud are often called Orthodox Jews Eastern Orthodoxy and or Oriental Orthodoxy are sometimes referred to simply as Orthodoxy Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam Contents 1 Religions 1 1 Buddhism 1 2 Christianity 1 3 Hinduism 1 4 Islam 1 5 Judaism 1 6 Others 2 Non religious contexts 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 External linksReligions EditBuddhism Edit Main article Theravada The historical Buddha was known to denounce mere attachment to scriptures or dogmatic principles as it was mentioned in the Kalama Sutta 4 Moreover the Theravada school of Buddhism follows strict adherence to the Pali Canon tripiṭaka and the commentaries such as the Visuddhimagga Hence the Theravada school came to be considered the most orthodox of all Buddhist schools as it is known to be highly conservative especially within the discipline and practice of the Vinaya citation needed Christianity Edit Main articles Proto orthodox Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodox Churches Western Rite Orthodoxy Protestant scholasticism Lutheran orthodoxy and Reformed orthodoxy Adherence to the Nicene Creed is a common test of orthodoxy in Christianity In classical Christian use the term orthodox refers to the set of doctrines which were believed by the early Christians A series of ecumenical councils were held over a period of several centuries to try to formalize these doctrines The most significant of these early decisions was that between the homoousian doctrine of Athanasius and Eustathius which became Trinitarianism and the heteroousian doctrine of Arius and Eusebius Arianism The homoousian doctrine which defined Jesus as both God and man with the canons of the 431 Council of Ephesus won out in the Church and was referred to as orthodoxy in most Christian contexts since this was the viewpoint of previous Christian Church Fathers and was reaffirmed at these councils The minority of nontrinitarian Christians object to this terminology Following the 1054 Great Schism both the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church continued to consider themselves uniquely orthodox and catholic Augustine wrote in On True Religion Religion is to be sought only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians that is guardians of truth and followers of right 5 Over time the Western Church gradually identified with the Catholic label and people of Western Europe gradually associated the Orthodox label with the Eastern Church in some languages the Catholic label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively Much earlier the earliest Oriental Orthodox Churches and Chalcedonian Christianity separated in two after the Council of Chalcedon AD 451 because of several Christological differences 6 Since then Oriental Orthodox Churches are maintaining the orthodox designation as a symbol of their theological traditions 7 Lutheran orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism which began in 1580 from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment Lutheran orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Calvinism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter Reformation 8 Lutheran scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Lutheran orthodoxy Theologians used the neo Aristotelian form of presentation already popular in academia in their writings and lectures They defined the Lutheran faith and defended it against the polemics of opposing parties Reformed orthodoxy or Calvinist orthodoxy was an era in the history of Calvinism in the 16th to 18th centuries Calvinist orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Lutheranism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter Reformation Calvinist scholasticism or Reformed scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Calvinist Orthodoxy 9 10 Hinduism Edit Main article Orthodox Hinduism See also Astika and nastika Orthodoxy does not exist in Hinduism 11 as the word Hindu itself collectively refers to the various beliefs of people who lived beyond the Sindhu river of the Indus Valley civilization It is a synthesis of the accepted teachings of each of thousands of gurus who others equate to prophets 12 and has no founder no authority or command but recommendations The term most equivalent to orthodoxy at best has the meaning of commonly accepted traditions rather than the usual meaning of conforming to a doctrine for example what people of middle eastern faiths attempt to equate as doctrine in Hindu philosophies is Sanatana Dharma but which at best can be translated to mean ageless traditions hence denoting that they are accepted not through doctrine and force but through multi generational tests of adoption and retention based on circumstantial attrition through millennia citation needed Islam Edit Main article Sunni Islam Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam 13 14 15 However other scholars of Islam such as John Burton believe that there is no such thing as orthodox Islam 16 Judaism Edit Main article Orthodox Judaism Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of Judaism which seek to fully maintain the received Jewish beliefs and observances and which coalesced in opposition to the various challenges of modernity and secularization Theologically it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah both Written and Oral as literally revealed by God on biblical Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since The movement advocates a strict observance of halakha Jewish Law which is to be interpreted only according to received methods due to its divine character Orthodoxy considers halakha as eternal and beyond historical influence being applied differently to changing circumstances but basically unchangeable in itself Orthodox Judaism is not a centralized denomination Relations between its different subgroups are sometimes strained and the exact limits of Orthodoxy are subject to intense debate Very roughly it may be divided between Haredi Judaism which is more conservative and reclusive and Modern Orthodox Judaism which is relatively open to outer society Each of those is itself formed of independent streams They are almost uniformly exclusionist regarding Orthodoxy as the only authentic form of Judaism and rejecting all non Orthodox interpretations as illegitimate Others Edit Kemetic Orthodoxy is a denomination of Kemetism a reform reconstruction of Egyptian polytheism for modern followers It claims to derive a spiritual lineage from the Ancient Egyptian religion 17 There are organizations of Slavic Native Faith Rodnovery which characterize the religion as Orthodoxy and by other terms Non religious contexts EditOutside the context of religion the term orthodoxy is often used to refer to any commonly held belief or set of beliefs in some field in particular when these tenets possibly referred to as dogmas are being challenged In this sense the term has a mildly pejorative connotation Among various orthodoxies in distinctive fields the most commonly used terms are Political orthodoxy Social orthodoxy Economic orthodoxy Scientific orthodoxy Artistic orthodoxyThe terms orthodox and orthodoxy are also used more broadly to refer to things other than ideas and beliefs A new and unusual way of solving a problem could be referred to as unorthodox while a common and normal way of solving a problem would be referred to as orthodox Related concepts EditOrthodoxy is opposed to heterodoxy other teaching or heresy People who deviate from orthodoxy by professing a doctrine considered to be false are called heretics while those who perhaps without professing heretical beliefs break from the perceived main body of believers are called schismatics The term employed sometimes depends on the aspect most in view if one is addressing corporate unity the emphasis may be on schism if one is addressing doctrinal coherence the emphasis may be on heresy A deviation lighter than heresy is commonly called error in the sense of not being grave enough to cause total estrangement while yet seriously affecting communion Sometimes error is also used to cover both full heresies and minor errors Doctrine or practices not regarded as essential to faith with which Christians can legitimately disagree are known as adiaphora The concept of orthodoxy is prevalent in many forms of organized monotheism However orthodox belief is not usually overly emphasized in polytheistic or animist religions in which there is often little or no concept of dogma and varied interpretations of doctrine and theology are tolerated and sometimes even encouraged within certain contexts Syncretism for example plays a much wider role in non monotheistic and particularly non scriptural religion The prevailing governing norm within polytheism is often orthopraxy right practice rather than the right belief of orthodoxy See also Edit Christianity portalCatholicism Chalcedonian Definition Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Christianity Four Marks of the Church Heresy in Christianity History of Oriental Orthodoxy History of the Eastern Orthodox Church Lutheran orthodoxy Neo orthodoxy Nicene Christianity Non Chalcedonian Christianity Orthodoxy book Paleo orthodoxy Patristics Proto orthodox Christianity Radical orthodoxy Rule of FaithReferences EditCitations Edit Perseus Digital Greek Word Study Tool www perseus tufts edu Retrieved 2019 12 03 Harper Douglas orthodoxy Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 2016 01 27 orthodox Dictionary com The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th ed Houghton Mifflin Company 2004 Retrieved March 03 2008 Kalama Sutta To the Kalamas Access to Insight Barre Center for Buddhist Studies Retrieved 2018 03 14 Dulles S J Avery 2012 Reno R R ed The Orthodox Imperative Selected Essays of Avery Cardinal Dulles S J Kindle ed First Things Press p 224 Meyendorff 1989 Krikorian 2010 Preus Robert The Inspiration of Scripture A Study of the Theology of the 17th Century Lutheran Dogmaticians London Oliver and Boyd 1957 Willem J van Asselt Introduction to Reformed Scholasticism Grand Rapids Reformation Heritage Books 2011 Selderhuis Herman J ed 2013 A Companion to Reformed Orthodoxy Leiden Brill The Human Icon A Comparative Study of Hindu and Orthodox Christian Beliefs doi 10 1111 rirt 13458 S2CID 166920529 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Githa Vahini altlib org Retrieved 2020 07 07 John Richard Thackrah 5 Sep 2013 Dictionary of Terrorism 2 revised ed Routledge p 252 ISBN 978 1 135 16595 6 Nasir Jamal J ed 2009 The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation revised ed BRILL p 11 ISBN 9789004172739 George W Braswell 2000 What You Need to Know about Islam amp Muslims illustrated ed B amp H Publishing Group p 62 ISBN 978 0 8054 1829 3 Burton John 1996 An Introduction to the Hadith Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press p 201 Sunni Of or pertaining sunna especially the Sunna of the Prophet Used in conscious opposition to Shi a Shi i There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium the translation orthodox is inappropriate To the Muslim unorthodox implies heretical mubtadi from bid a the contrary of sunna and so innovation What is Kemetic Orthodoxy Introduction The House of Netjer Retrieved 4 October 2013 Sources Edit Henderson John B 1998 The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy Neo Confucian Islamic Jewish and Early Christian Patterns Albany NY State University of New York Press ISBN 9780791437599 Krikorian Mesrob K 2010 Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches Christology in the Tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church Peter Lang ISBN 9783631581216 Meyendorff John 1989 Imperial unity and Christian divisions The Church 450 680 A D The Church in history Vol 2 Crestwood NY St Vladimir s Seminary Press ISBN 9780881410563 External links Edit Quotations related to Orthodoxy at Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orthodoxy amp oldid 1129237743, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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