Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

"CELAC" redirects here. For other uses, see Celac.

The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)^[a] is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states proposed on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit,^[3][4][5] and created on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas.^[6] It consists of 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean having five official languages.^[7]

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
Logo
Map of North, Central and South America indicating CELAC members:   Member countries   Claimed territories^a
Head office	Caracas, Venezuela^[1]
Official languages	Spanish Portuguese French English Dutch
Demonym(s)	Latin American Caribbean
Membership	33 member states
Leaders
• President pro tempore	Ralph Gonsalves^[2]
Establishment	February 23, 2010 (2010-02-23)
Population
• 2011 estimate	600,000,000
Website sela.org/celac
Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina.

CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America. It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), a regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region.^[8][9] Cuba, which was suspended from the OAS in 1962 and has since refused to rejoin, is a member of CELAC.^[8]

CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC).^[10] In July 2010, CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and President of Chile Sebastián Piñera, as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization.^{[citation needed]}

Brazil decided to suspend its participation in the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in January 2020 under the administration of Jair Bolsonaro.^[11] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States,^[12] effectively doing so in the first days of his administration.^[13]

In June 2023, CELAC recognized the Latin American and Caribbean character of the island of Puerto Rico and “calls on the UN General Assembly to examine the question of Puerto Rico in its entirety and in all its aspects, and rule on this matter as soon as possible”.[1].

History

2008–2010: Brazil and Mexico initiatives

See also: Rio Group, I Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development, and Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit

The immediate predecessor of the CELAC is the Rio Group. Formed in 1986, it gathered 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries around summits to cooperate regional policy issue independently of the United States.^[14]

On 16–17 December 2008, the I Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC) took place in Costa do Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil. It was organized at the initiative of the Lula administration with the goal of building cooperation mechanism with greater autonomy from the United States and Canada. Most heads of state from Latin America and the Caribbean states attended, with the exception of President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe and President of Peru Alan García.^[15] The summit finished with the signing of the Bahia Declaration, a common agenda establishing the following priorities: cooperation between mechanism of regional and subregional integration, the global financial crisis, energy, infrastructures, social development and eradication of hunger and poverty, food security, sustainable development, natural disasters, human rights promotion, migration, South–South cooperation and Latin America and Caribbean projection.^[16][17]

In 2008, the Calderón administration of Mexico proposed the creation of the Latin American and the Caribbean Union (Spanish: Unión Latinoamericana y del Caribe, ULC). The proposal was formalized on 27 March 2009 at Rio Group meeting. At the initiative of Mexico, the XXI Rio Summit and the II CALC summit were held together on 22–23 February 2010 in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. The joint summit was named the Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit and the 33 attending states decided to create the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), which would be formally established in 2011.^[18]

Hugo Chávez, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Rafael Correa were among the other prominent left-wing leaders who praised the creation of CELAC.^[19]

The announcement prompted debate and discussion across Latin America and the Caribbean about whether it was more beneficial to have close ties with the U.S. and Canada or to work independently.^[20]

Raúl Zibechi, writing for Mexico's center-left La Jornada newspaper said, "The creation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States is part of a global and continental shift, characterized by the decline of U.S. hegemony and the rise of a group of regional blocs that form part of the new global balance."^[21]

An editorial in Brazil's Estadão newspaper said, "CELAC reflects the disorientation of the region's governments in relation to its problematic environment and its lack of foreign policy direction, locked as it is into the illusion that snubbing the United States will do for Latin American integration what 200 years of history failed to do."^[19]

2011: Founding

Main article: 2011 CELAC summit

CELAC's inaugural summit was due to be held in mid-2011, but was postponed because of the ill-health of Hugo Chávez, president of the host nation, Venezuela. The summit was instead held on December 2 and 3, 2011 in Caracas.^[22] It primarily focused on the global economic crisis and its effects on the region. Several leaders, including presidents Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Dilma Rousseff and Juan Manuel Santos, encouraged an increase in regional trade, economic development, and further economic cooperation among members in order to defend their growing economies.^[20]

Chavez, and other leaders such as Rafael Correa and Daniel Ortega, expressed hope that the bloc would work to further Latin American integration, end U.S. hegemony and consolidate control over regional affairs.^[20] Chavez, citing the Monroe Doctrine as the original confirmation of U.S. interference in the region, openly called for CELAC to replace the OAS: "As the years go by, CELAC is going to leave behind the old and worn-out OAS." Correa called for a new human rights commission to replace the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Other leaders argued that the organisation should be used as a tool to resolve regional disagreements and uphold democratic values, but not as a replacement of the OAS.^[20] Santos stated that he would like to see dialogue within the group over whether existing counter-drug regulations should be revised.^[20] The president of the Latin American Parliament (Parlatino) said he expects that Parlatino will become the main legislative institution of CELAC.^[23] Amongst the key issues on the agenda were the creation of a "new financial architecture," sanction for maintaining the legal status of coca in Bolivia and the rejection of the Cuban embargo by the U.S.^[24]

United States President Barack Obama's senior adviser on Latin America, Daniel Restrepo, informed reporters from Miami that the U.S. government would "watch and see what direction CELAC takes".^[25]

2013 Summit – Chile

Main article: 2013 CELAC summit

 

ESO exhibition area at the CELAC–EU summit in Santiago^[26]

The EU-LAC Foundation chose CELAC to be the main organization representative of the relationship between European and Latin American and Caribbean countries.

2014 Summit – Cuba

Main article: 2014 CELAC summit

During the summit, the region was declared a "peace zone". After three days and with the approval of participating representatives, a document with 83 focus points was created. It emphasized that, despite cultural and regional differences, unity between the participating countries is necessary in order to create progress. "Unity and the integration of our region must be gradually constructed, with flexibility, with respect to differences, diversity, and the sovereign right of each of our countries to choose our own forms of political and economic organization" stated the document. It also states which countries have been developing the best and how they are doing it in order for them to be a model for other countries.

The issue of poverty was widely discussed. Cuba's Raul Castro pointing out that throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, people want a fairer distribution of wealth, access to affordable education, employment, better salaries, and the eradication of illiteracy. He argued that CELAC countries can work together, support each other, to create new plans and solutions for these problems.^[27]

2015 Summit – Costa Rica

Main article: 2015 CELAC summit

2016 Summit – Ecuador

Main article: 2016 CELAC summit

 

Official 2016 CELAC Summit portrait in Quito, Ecuador

2017 Summit – Dominican Republic

Main article: 2017 CELAC summit

2021 Summit – Mexico

Main article: 2021 CELAC summit

Organization

See also: Pro tempore presidency of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

The CELAC has six organs:^[28]

• The summit of Heads of State and Government.
• The meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs.
• The meeting of National Coordinators.
• The pro tempore presidency.
• The Troika.

The pro tempore presidency is the main representative of the CELAC. The troika is composed by the current pro tempore presidency, its predecessor, its successor and the presidency of the CARICOM.^[28]

Summits list

CELAC Summits

Summit	Year	Host country	Host city
*	2010	Mexico	Playa del Carmen
*	2011	Venezuela	Caracas
I	January 2013^[29]	Chile	Santiago
II	January 2014^[30]	Cuba	Havana
III	January 28–29, 2015^[31]	Costa Rica	Belén, Heredia
IV	January 27, 2016^[32]	Ecuador	Quito
V	January 24–25, 2017^[33]	Dominican Republic	Punta Cana
*	2018	El Salvador	Did not take place
*	2019	Bolivia	Did not take place
*	2020	Mexico	Did not take place
VI	2021	Mexico	Mexico City
VII	2023	Argentina	Buenos Aires

Member states

 

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational organizations in the Americas.v • d • e

CELAC comprises 33 countries, speaking five different languages: Eighteen Spanish-speaking countries

Argentina   Bolivia   Chile   Colombia   Costa Rica   Cuba   Dominican Republic   Ecuador   El Salvador

Guatemala   Honduras   Mexico   Nicaragua   Panama   Paraguay   Peru   Uruguay   Venezuela

Twelve English-speaking countries

Antigua and Barbuda   Bahamas   Barbados   Belize   Dominica   Grenada

Guyana   Jamaica   Saint Kitts and Nevis   Saint Lucia   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines   Trinidad and Tobago

One Dutch-speaking country

•   Suriname

One French-speaking country

•   Haiti

One Portuguese-speaking country

•   Brazil

Twelve members are in South America. Portuguese-speaking Brazil suspended its membership in January 2020, alleging that the organization failed to "protect democracy" in member states. The decision was taken during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro,^[34] who was himself accused of attacking Brazil's democratic institutions.^[35] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin.^[12] After taking office Lula reinstated Brazil's membership into the organization.^[36]

Indicators

The following table shows various data for CELAC member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, rule of law, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Country	Area^[37] (km^2) 2015	Population^[38] 2015	GDP (PPP)^[38] (Intl. $) 2015	GDP (PPP) per capita^[38] (Intl. $) 2015	Income inequality^[38] 1992-2014 (latest available)	HDI^[39] 2015	FSI^[40] 2016	RLI^[41] 2016	CPI^[42] 2016	IEF^[43] 2017	GPI^[44] 2016	WPFI^[45] 2016	DI^[46] 2016
Antigua and Barbuda	440	91,818	2,117,532,266	23,062	—	0.786	56.2	0.67	—	—	—	—	—
Argentina	2,780,400	43,416,755	884,155,392,935	20,364	42.67	0.827	48.4	0.55	36	50.4	1.957	25.09	6.96
Bahamas, The	13,880	388,019	8,924,827,793	23,001	—	0.792	51.6	0.61	66	61.1	—	—	—
Barbados	430	284,215	4,662,763,817	16,406	—	0.795	49.0	0.67	61	54.5	—	—	—
Belize	22,970	359,287	3,048,017,325	8,484	53.26	0.706	66.0	0.47	—	58.6	—	20.61	—
Bolivia	1,098,580	10,724,705	74,577,744,269	6,954	48.40	0.674	78.5	0.40	33	47.7	2.038	31.78	5.63
Brazil	8,515,770	207,847,528	3,198,897,964,239	15,391	51.48	0.754	65.3	0.55	40	52.9	2.176	32.62	6.90
Chile	756,096	17,948,141	419,386,742,725	23,367	50.45	0.847	41.9	0.68	66	76.5	1.635	19.23	7.78
Colombia	1,141,749	48,228,704	666,958,038,483	13,829	53.50	0.727	80.2	0.51	37	69.7	2.764	44.11	6.67
Costa Rica	51,100	4,807,850	74,976,669,841	15,595	48.53	0.776	45.1	0.68	58	65.0	1.699	11.10	7.88
Cuba	109,880	11,389,562	132,900,000,000^b	11,600^b	—	0.775	66.3	—	47	33.9	2.057	70.23	3.46
Dominica	750	72,680	789,634,652	10,865	—	0.726	—	0.60	59	63.7	—	—	—
Dominican Republic	48,670	10,528,391	149,893,354,990	14,237	47.07	0.722	70.8	0.47	31	62.9	2.143	27.90	6.67
Ecuador	256,370	16,144,363	185,242,693,748	11,474	45.38	0.739	75.6	0.45	31	49.3	2.020	33.21	5.81
El Salvador	21,040	6,126,583	52,808,578,088	8,620	41.84	0.680	72.5	0.49	36	64.1	2.237	27.20	6.64
Grenada	340	106,825	1,448,391,593	13,559	—	0.754	63.0	0.66	56	—	—	—	—
Guatemala	108,890	16,342,897	126,206,881,633	7,722	48.66	0.640	83.2	0.44	28	63.0	2.270	38.03	5.92
Guyana	214,970	767,085	5,769,805,304	7,522	44.55	0.638	70.9	0.49	34	58.5	2.105	27.07	6.25
Haiti	27,750	10,711,067	18,824,011,297	1,757	60.79	0.493	105.1	—	20	49.6	2.066	24.66	4.02
Honduras	112,490	8,075,060	41,144,078,465	5,095	50.64	0.625	79.8	0.42	30	58.8	2.237	44.62	5.92
Jamaica	10,990	2,725,941	24,785,002,528	8,873	45.46	0.730	65.0	0.57	39	69.5	2.091	12.45	7.39
Mexico	1,964,380	127,017,224	2,157,817,248,941	16,988	48.21	0.762	70.4	0.46	30	63.6	2.557	49.33	6.47
Nicaragua	130,370	6,082,032	31,628,389,092	5,200	47.05	0.645	79.0	0.42	26	59.2	1.975	28.82	4.81
Panama	75,420	3,929,141	87,373,244,561	22,237	50.70	0.788	53.2	0.52	38	66.3	1.837	30.59	7.13
Paraguay	406,752	6,639,123	61,069,963,183	9,198	51.67	0.693	72.6	—	30	62.4	2.037	33.63	6.27
Peru	1,285,220	31,376,670	393,125,472,102	12,529	44.14	0.740	72.0	0.51	35	68.9	2.057	29.99	6.65
Saint Kitts and Nevis	260	55,572	1,394,199,261	25,088	—	0.765	—	0.66	—	—	—	—	—
Saint Lucia	620	184,999	2,024,690,870	10,944	42.58	0.735	—	0.64	60	65.0	—	—	—
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	390	109,462	1,219,366,997	11,140	—	0.722	—	0.61	60	65.2	—	—	—
Suriname	163,820	542,975	9,069,126,393	16,703	57.61	0.725	66.7	0.53	45	48.0	—	16.70	6.77
Trinidad and Tobago	5,130	1,360,088	45,302,518,908	33,309	40.27	0.780	57.8	0.57	35	61.2	2.056	23.29	7.10
Uruguay	176,220	3,431,555	72,899,109,557	21,244	41.60	0.795	36.2	0.72	71	69.7	1.726	15.88	8.17
Venezuela	912,050	31,108,083	542,198,453,528^c	17,665^c	46.94	0.767	81.6	0.28	17	27.0	2.651	44.77	4.68
CELAC^a
Country	Area (km^2) 2015	Population 2015	GDP (PPP) (Intl. $) 2015	GDP (PPP) per capita (Intl. $) 2015	Income inequality 1992-2014 (latest available)	HDI 2015	FSI 2016	RLI 2016	CPI 2016	IEF 2017	GPI 2016	WPFI 2016	DI 2016

^a CELAC total used for indicators 1 through 3; CELAC weighted average used for indicator 4; CELAC unweighted average used for indicators 5 through 13. ^b Data from CIA World Factbook for 2014. ^c Data refer to 2014.

Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data).

Highest quartile

Upper-mid (3rd quartile)

Lower-mid (2nd quartile)

Lowest quartile

Forums

The regional body has joint forums that work with external global entities. Including: China,^[47][48] and the European Union.

See also

•  Latin America portal
•  Politics portal

• Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
• Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)
• Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
• EU–LAC Foundation
• Latin American economy
• Lima Group
• Mercosur
• Rio Group
• Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
• United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

Notes

1. • Spanish: Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños
   • Portuguese: Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos
   • French: Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens
   • Dutch: Gemeenschap van Latijns-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Staten

References

1. "Contact | Celac International". February 3, 2018.
2. "St Vincent and the Grenadines becomes first CARICOM nation to lead CELAC". SEARCHLIGHT. January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
3. . Mexidata.info. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
4. , Associated Press, February 23, 2010.
5. América Latina crea una OEA sin Estados Unidos, El País, February 23, 2010.
6. . news.xinhuanet.com. December 4, 2011. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
7. Gooding, Kerri. . The Barbados Advocate. Advocate Co. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2011. However, at present much of the integration occurs at the governmental, political and policy level as opposed to the personal, individual level, hence Tutor Jamal Henry added his voice to the plea by the Ambassador to have more persons embracing the culture and learning Spanish. CELAC comprises 33 nations making up an estimated population of 600 million people with five official languages. United and integrated the countries of CELAC can be powerful, "together [the 33 nations of CELAC] are the number one food exporter on the planet," further commented Ambassador Febres.
8. "Mexico gives birth to the Community of Latinamerican and Caribbean States – MercoPress". En.mercopress.com. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
9. Thompson, Ginger; Barrionuevo, Alexei (March 2010). "uake Overshadows Clinton Tour of Region". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
10. Presidentes constituyen la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños March 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, EFE, February 23, 2010.
11. "Brazil sits out leftist Latin American nations' body on anti-democracy fears". Reuters. January 16, 2020.
12. (PDF) (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
13. "Retorno do Brasil à CELAC" (in Portuguese).
14. Rojas Aravena, Altmann Borbón & Beirute Brealey 2012, pp. 25–27.
15. Rojas Aravena, Altmann Borbón & Beirute Brealey 2012, p. 27.
16. Rojas Aravena, Altmann Borbón & Beirute Brealey 2012, p. 28.
17. "Declaración de Salvador, Bahía" (PDF) (in Spanish). December 17, 2008.
18. Rojas Aravena, Altmann Borbón & Beirute Brealey 2012, pp. 29–30.
19. In Latin America, Rhetoric Triumphs Over Reality Estadao, Brazil, via translation by WorldMeets.US (English) February 25, 2010.
20. Rueda, Jorge; James, Ian; Toothaker, Christopher (December 3, 2011). "Leaders at Americas talks: world economy top worry". Seattle pi. Hearst Communications Inc. Associated Press.
21. Raúl Zibechi Latin America's Inexorable March Toward 'Autonomy from the Imperial Center' La Jornada, Mexico, via translation by WorldMeets.US (English) February 26, 2010
22. "Latin American summit re-run to test Chavez health". Reuters. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
23. "Parlatino Interested in Being CELAC Legislative Organization". Prensa Latina. December 2, 2011.
24. "Obama in Cartagena: No change, dwindling hope – Opinion". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
25. Christopher Toothaker (December 2, 2011). "CELAC, Community of Latin American And Caribbean States, New Organization Aims To Strengthen Regional Integration". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
26. "ESO exhibition area at the CELAC–EU summit in Santiago". ESO Press Release. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
27. "Conclusiones de la Cumbre de la CELAC 2014 en Cuba : AGRO Noticias". Fao.org. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
28. Bernal-Meza, Raúl (2013). Modelos o esquemas de integración y cooperación en curso en América Latina (UNASUR, Alianza del Pacífico, ALBA, CELAC): una mirada panorámica (PDF) (in Spanish). Ibero-American Institute. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-3-935656-53-5.
29. "CELAC-EU summit opens in Chile – Business News". SINA English. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
30. "Dilma viaja a Cuba para segunda Cúpula da Celac e inaugurar Muriel – Notícias – R7 Internacional". Noticias.r7.com. August 23, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
31. "Equipos técnicos preparan los primeros documentos para Cumbre de la CELAC". Retrieved January 25, 2015.
32. “Compromiso de hermanos” reúne a mandatarios de Celac en Ecuador ANDES. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
33. "The Fifth Summit of CELAC concluded with the approval of the Santo Domingo Declaration". EU–LAC Foundation. January 25, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
34. "Brazil sits out leftist Latin American nations' body on anti-democracy fears". Reuters. January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
35. "Human Rights Watch says Bolsonaro a threat to democracy in Brazil – report". Reuters.com. January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
36. "Regional Re-engagement: Understanding Brazil's Return to CELAC". MIR. March 20, 2023.
37. "World Development Indicators". World Bank. March 23, 2017.
38. "World Development Indicators". World Bank. July 9, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
39. "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 21, 2017.
40. . The Fund for Peace. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
41. "Rule of Law Index 2016". World Justice Project. October 20, 2016.
42. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2016". Transparency International. January 25, 2017.
43. "Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom". The Heritage Foundation. February 15, 2017.
44. "Global Peace Index 2016". Vision of Humanity. June 8, 2016.
45. "2016 World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. April 20, 2016.
46. "Democracy Index 2016" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. January 25, 2017.
47. Staff writer (February 13, 2022). "China-CELAC Agreement Could Bolster Infrastructure Development In Latin America". OilPrice.com. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
48. Staff writer (December 7, 2021). "China – CELAC Joint Action Plan For Cooperation In Key Areas (2022–2024)". Latin America & the Caribbean. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

Bibliography

• Rojas Aravena, Francisco; Altmann Borbón, Josette; Beirute Brealey, Tatiana (2012). (PDF). In Altmann Borbón, Josette (ed.). América Latina: Caminos de la integración regional (in Spanish). Latin American Social Sciences Institute. pp. 11–48. ISBN 978-9977-68-240-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.

• Official website  
• CELAC INTERNATIONAL