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Tsuutʼina language

July 21, 2023

The Tsuutʼina language[2] (formerly known as Sarcee or Sarsi)[3]: 2  is spoken by the people of the Tsuutʼina Nation, whose reserve and community is near Calgary, Alberta. It belongs to the Athabaskan language family, which also include the Navajo and Chiricahua of the south, and the Dene Suline and Tłı̨chǫ of the north.

Tsuutʼina
Sarcee
Tsúùtʼínà
Native toCanada
RegionAlberta
EthnicityTsuutʼina
Native speakers
80 (2016 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3srs
Glottologsars1236
ELPTsuut'ina
Sarcee is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Nomenclature

The name Tsuutʼina comes from the Tsuutʼina self designation Tsúùtʼínà, meaning "many people", "nation tribe", or "people among the beavers".[4] Sarcee is a deprecated exonym from Siksiká.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Tsuutʼina are listed below, with symbols from the standard orthography in brackets:

Consonants[4]
Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Velar Glottal
plain sibilant lateral plain rounded
Stop plain p ⟨b⟩[a] t ⟨d⟩ ts ⟨dz⟩ tɬ ⟨dl⟩ tʃ ⟨dj⟩ k ⟨g⟩ kʷ ⟨gw⟩[b] ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
aspirated tʰ ⟨t⟩ tsʰ ⟨ts⟩ tɬʰ ⟨tl⟩ tʃʰ ⟨tc⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩ kʷʰ ⟨kw⟩[b]
ejective tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩ tɬʼ ⟨tlʼ⟩ tʃʼ ⟨tcʼ⟩ kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ kʷʼ ⟨kwʼ⟩
Fricative voiceless s ⟨s⟩ ɬ ⟨ł⟩ ʃ ⟨c⟩ x ⟨x⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced z ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨j⟩ ɣ ⟨γ⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  1. ^ /p/ is only found in mimetic buꞏ 'to buzz' and borrowed buꞏs 'cat'.
  2. ^ a b The phonemic status of [kʷ] and [kʷʰ] is questionable; they might be /ku, kʰu/ before another vowel. /kʷʼ/ is quite rare but clearly phonemic.

Vowels

There are four phonemically distinct vowel qualities in Tsuutʼina: /i a ɒ u/, represented〈i a o u〉. While /a/ and /ɒ/ are fairly constant, /i u/ can vary considerably.

Front Back
Close i ~ e ⟨i⟩ u ~ o ⟨u⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩ ɒ ⟨o⟩

Vowels are also distinguished by length and tone, similar to other Athabaskan languages, so that Tsuutʼina, taking the total number of vowel phonemes to 24 (i.e. / ī í ì īː íː ìː ā á à āː áː àː ɒ̄ ɒ́ ɒ̀ ū ú ù ūː úː ùː ɒ̄ː ɒ́ː ɒ̀ː /).

  • long vowels are marked with an asterisk, e.g., a* [aː]
  • high tone is marked with an acute accent, e.g., á
  • low tone is marked with a grave accent, e.g., à
  • mid tone is marked with a macron, e.g., ā

Nouns

Nouns in Tsuutʼina are not declined, and most plural nouns are not distinguished from singular nouns. However, kinship terms are distinguished between singular and plural form by adding the suffix -ká (or -kúwá) to the end of the noun or by using the word yìná.

List of nouns

People

  • Husband - kòlà
  • Man, human - dìná
  • Wife - tsʼòyá
  • Woman - tsʼìkā
  • grandmother - is’su
  • grandfather - is’sa
  • mother - in’na
  • father - it’ta

Nature

  • Buffalo, cow - xāní
  • Cloud - nàkʼús
  • Dog - tłí(chʼà)
  • Fire - kù
  • Mud, dirt - gútłʼìs
  • Snow - zòs
  • Water - tú

Words and phrases

  • my name is (..) - sizi

Noun possession

Nouns can exist in free form or possessed form. When in possessed form, the prefixes listed below can be attached to nouns to show possession. For example, más, "knife", can be affixed with the 1st person prefix to become sìmázàʼ or "my knife". Note that -mázàʼ is the possessed form of the noun.

Some nouns, like más, as shown above, can alternate between free form and possessed form. A few nouns, like zòs, "snow", are never possessed and exist only in free form. Other nouns, such as -tsìʼ, "head", have no free form and must always be possessed.

Typical possession prefixes

  • 1st person - si-
  • 2nd person - ni-
  • 3rd person - mi-
  • 4th person (Athabascan) - ɣi-

Language revitalization

Tsuut'ina is a critically endangered language, with only 150 speakers, 80 of whom speak it as their mother tongue, according to the 2016 Canadian census.[1] The Tsuut'ina Nation has created the Tsuut'ina Gunaha Institute with the intention of creating new fluent speakers. This includes full K-4 immersion education at schools on the Nation[5] and placing stop signs in the Tsuut'ina language at intersections in the Tsuut'ina Nation.[6]

Bibliography

  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1971a). "Vowels and Tone in Sarcee", Language 47, 164-179.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1971b). "Morphophonemics of Two Sarcee Classifiers", International Journal of American Linguistics 37, 152-155.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1971d). "Sarcee Numerals", Anthropological Linguistics 13, 435-441.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1972). "Sarcee Verb Paradigms", Mercury Series Paper No. 2. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1973b). "Complementation in Sarcee". [Unpublished?]
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1978b). "The Synchronic and Diachronic Status of Sarcee ɣy", International Journal of American Linguistics 43, 259-268.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1978c). "Palatalizations and Related Rules in Sarcee", in: Linguistic Studies of Native Canada, eds. Cook, E.-D. and Kaye, J. 19-36. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1978d). "The Verb 'BE' in Sarcee", Amerindia 3, 105-113.
  • Cook, Eung-Do. (1984). A Sarcee Grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0200-6.
  • Goddard, P. E. (1915). "Sarcee Texts", University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 11, 189-277.
  • Honigmann, J. (1956). "Notes on Sarsi Kin Behavior", Anthropologica 11, 17-38.
  • Hofer, E. (1973). "Phonological Change in Sarcee". [Unpublished?]
  • Hofer, E. (1974). "Topics in Sarcee Syntax". M.A. Thesis. The University of Calgary.
  • Hoijer, H. and Joël, J.. (1963). "Sarcee Nouns", in Studies in the Athabaskan Languages, eds. Hoijer, H. et al., 62-75.
  • Li, F.-K.. (1930). "A Study of Sarcee Verb Stems", International Journal of American Linguistics 6, 3-27.
  • Sapir, E. (1924). "Personal Names Among the Sarcee Indians", American Anthropologist n.s. 26, 108-199.
  • Sapir, E. (1925). "Pitch Accent in Sarcee, An Athabaskan language", Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris n.s. 17, 185-205.
  • Sarcee Culture Program. 1979. Tsu Tʼina and the Buffalo. Calgary.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Knowledge of languages". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Tsuutʼina Gunaha Institute". Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  3. ^ McDonough, Joyce; O'Loughlin, Jared & Cox, Christopher (2013-06-02). An investigation of the three tone system in Tsuutʼina (Dene). International Congress on Acoustics. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. Montreal: Acoustical Society of America. p. 060219. doi:10.1121/1.4800661. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  4. ^ a b Cook (1984: 7 ff)
  5. ^ "New high school for Tsuut'ina Nation will have strong focus on culture and curriculum | CBC News".
  6. ^ Tsuut’ina Nation displaying Indigenous language stop signs

External links

    July 21, 2023
    tsuutʼina, language, formerly, known, sarcee, sarsi, spoken, people, tsuutʼina, nation, whose, reserve, community, near, calgary, alberta, belongs, athabaskan, language, family, which, also, include, navajo, chiricahua, south, dene, suline, tłı, chǫ, north, ts. The Tsuutʼina language 2 formerly known as Sarcee or Sarsi 3 2 is spoken by the people of the Tsuutʼina Nation whose reserve and community is near Calgary Alberta It belongs to the Athabaskan language family which also include the Navajo and Chiricahua of the south and the Dene Suline and Tli chǫ of the north TsuutʼinaSarceeTsuutʼinaNative toCanadaRegionAlbertaEthnicityTsuutʼinaNative speakers80 2016 census 1 Language familyDene Yeniseian Na DeneAthabaskan EyakAthabaskanNorthern AthabaskanTsuutʼinaLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code srs class extiw title iso639 3 srs srs a Glottologsars1236ELPTsuut inaSarcee is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 3 Nouns 3 1 List of nouns 3 1 1 People 3 1 2 Nature 3 1 3 Words and phrases 3 2 Noun possession 3 2 1 Typical possession prefixes 4 Language revitalization 5 Bibliography 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksNomenclature EditThe name Tsuutʼina comes from the Tsuutʼina self designation Tsuutʼina meaning many people nation tribe or people among the beavers 4 Sarcee is a deprecated exonym from Siksika Phonology EditConsonants Edit The consonants of Tsuutʼina are listed below with symbols from the standard orthography in brackets Consonants 4 Bilabial Alveolar Post alveolar Velar Glottalplain sibilant lateral plain roundedStop plain p b a t d ts dz tɬ dl tʃ dj k g kʷ gw b ʔ ʼ aspirated tʰ t tsʰ ts tɬʰ tl tʃʰ tc kʰ k kʷʰ kw b ejective tʼ tʼ tsʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tlʼ tʃʼ tcʼ kʼ kʼ kʷʼ kwʼ Fricative voiceless s s ɬ l ʃ c x x h h voiced z z ʒ j ɣ g Nasal m m n n Approximant l l j y w w p is only found in mimetic buꞏ to buzz and borrowed buꞏs cat a b The phonemic status of kʷ and kʷʰ is questionable they might be ku kʰu before another vowel kʷʼ is quite rare but clearly phonemic Vowels Edit There are four phonemically distinct vowel qualities in Tsuutʼina i a ɒ u represented i a o u While a and ɒ are fairly constant i u can vary considerably Front BackClose i e i u o u Open a a ɒ o Vowels are also distinguished by length and tone similar to other Athabaskan languages so that Tsuutʼina taking the total number of vowel phonemes to 24 i e i i i iː iː iː a a a aː aː aː ɒ ɒ ɒ u u u uː uː uː ɒ ː ɒ ː ɒ ː long vowels are marked with an asterisk e g a aː high tone is marked with an acute accent e g a low tone is marked with a grave accent e g a mid tone is marked with a macron e g aNouns EditNouns in Tsuutʼina are not declined and most plural nouns are not distinguished from singular nouns However kinship terms are distinguished between singular and plural form by adding the suffix ka or kuwa to the end of the noun or by using the word yina List of nouns Edit People Edit Husband kola Man human dina Wife tsʼoya Woman tsʼika grandmother is su grandfather is sa mother in na father it taNature Edit Buffalo cow xani Cloud nakʼus Dog tli chʼa Fire ku Mud dirt gutlʼis Snow zos Water tuWords and phrases Edit my name is siziNoun possession Edit Nouns can exist in free form or possessed form When in possessed form the prefixes listed below can be attached to nouns to show possession For example mas knife can be affixed with the 1st person prefix to become simazaʼ or my knife Note that mazaʼ is the possessed form of the noun Some nouns like mas as shown above can alternate between free form and possessed form A few nouns like zos snow are never possessed and exist only in free form Other nouns such as tsiʼ head have no free form and must always be possessed Typical possession prefixes Edit 1st person si 2nd person ni 3rd person mi 4th person Athabascan ɣi Language revitalization EditTsuut ina is a critically endangered language with only 150 speakers 80 of whom speak it as their mother tongue according to the 2016 Canadian census 1 The Tsuut ina Nation has created the Tsuut ina Gunaha Institute with the intention of creating new fluent speakers This includes full K 4 immersion education at schools on the Nation 5 and placing stop signs in the Tsuut ina language at intersections in the Tsuut ina Nation 6 Bibliography EditCook Eung Do 1971a Vowels and Tone in Sarcee Language 47 164 179 Cook Eung Do 1971b Morphophonemics of Two Sarcee Classifiers International Journal of American Linguistics 37 152 155 Cook Eung Do 1971d Sarcee Numerals Anthropological Linguistics 13 435 441 Cook Eung Do 1972 Sarcee Verb Paradigms Mercury Series Paper No 2 Ottawa National Museum of Man Cook Eung Do 1973b Complementation in Sarcee Unpublished Cook Eung Do 1978b The Synchronic and Diachronic Status of Sarcee ɣy International Journal of American Linguistics 43 259 268 Cook Eung Do 1978c Palatalizations and Related Rules in Sarcee in Linguistic Studies of Native Canada eds Cook E D and Kaye J 19 36 Vancouver University of British Columbia Press Cook Eung Do 1978d The Verb BE in Sarcee Amerindia 3 105 113 Cook Eung Do 1984 A Sarcee Grammar Vancouver University of British Columbia Press ISBN 0 7748 0200 6 Goddard P E 1915 Sarcee Texts University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 11 189 277 Honigmann J 1956 Notes on Sarsi Kin Behavior Anthropologica 11 17 38 Hofer E 1973 Phonological Change in Sarcee Unpublished Hofer E 1974 Topics in Sarcee Syntax M A Thesis The University of Calgary Hoijer H and Joel J 1963 Sarcee Nouns in Studies in the Athabaskan Languages eds Hoijer H et al 62 75 Li F K 1930 A Study of Sarcee Verb Stems International Journal of American Linguistics 6 3 27 Sapir E 1924 Personal Names Among the Sarcee Indians American Anthropologist n s 26 108 199 Sapir E 1925 Pitch Accent in Sarcee An Athabaskan language Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris n s 17 185 205 Sarcee Culture Program 1979 Tsu Tʼina and the Buffalo Calgary See also EditTsuutʼina NationReferences Edit a b Census Profile 2016 Census Knowledge of languages Statistics Canada 8 February 2017 Retrieved 18 September 2019 Tsuutʼina Gunaha Institute Retrieved 2018 07 29 McDonough Joyce O Loughlin Jared amp Cox Christopher 2013 06 02 An investigation of the three tone system in Tsuutʼina Dene International Congress on Acoustics Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Montreal Acoustical Society of America p 060219 doi 10 1121 1 4800661 Retrieved 2018 07 29 a b Cook 1984 7 ff New high school for Tsuut ina Nation will have strong focus on culture and curriculum CBC News Tsuut ina Nation displaying Indigenous language stop signsExternal links EditThe Verb Be in Sarcee Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tsuutʼina language amp oldid 1157816518, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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