Tangshan
Tangshan (Chinese: 唐山; pinyin: Tángshān) is a coastal, industrial prefecture-level city in the northeast of Hebei province. It is located in the eastern part of Hebei Province and the northeastern part of the North China Plain. It is located in the central area of the Bohai Rim and serves as the main traffic corridor to the Northeast. The city faces the Bohai Sea in the south, the Yan Mountains in the north, Qinhuangdao across the Luan River to the east, and Tianjin to the west.
Tangshan 唐山市 | |
|---|---|
From top, left to right: Eastern Qing tombs, Tangshan Southlake Convention & Exhibition Center, Dachengshan Park, Cao Xueqin Cultural Park, Tangshan Art Museum | |
| Nickname: Phoenix City (凤凰城) | |
Location of Tangshan City jurisdiction in Hebei | |
Tangshan Location of the city centre in Hebei Tangshan Tangshan (Northern China) Tangshan Tangshan (China) | |
| Coordinates (Tangshan government): 39°37′46″N 118°10′26″E / 39.62944°N 118.17389°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Established | January 28, 1938 |
| Municipal seat | Lubei District |
| Government | |
| • Party Secretary | Jiao Yanlong (焦彦龙) |
| • Mayor | Ding Xiufeng (丁绣峰) |
| Area | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 13,472 km2 (5,202 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,874 km2 (1,496 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,874 km2 (1,496 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 7,717,983 |
| • Density | 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,687,607 |
| • Urban density | 950/km2 (2,500/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,687,607 |
| • Metro density | 950/km2 (2,500/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 891 billion US$ 100 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 86,667 US$12,563 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 063000 |
| Area code | 315 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HE-02 |
| License Plate Prefix | 冀B |
| Website | tangshan |
| Tangshan | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 唐山 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Mountain of Tang" (Dacheng Hill) | ||||||||||||||||||
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Much of the city's development is thanks to the industrialization, beginning in 1870, when Kailuan Group established coal mines in the region. It's the birthplace of China's first standard-gauge railway,[3] the first railway plant,[4] the first steam locomotive,[5] and the first cement factory.[6] It was hailed as China's "cradle of industrialization". Even today, Tangshan is a hub of steel, energy, chemical, and ceramics production.[7] Ping opera, which originated from the city's Luanzhou county, is one of the five most popular Chinese operas.
The city has also become known for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake which measured 7.8 on the Richter scale, flattened much of the city, and killed at least 255,000 residents according to official estimates. The city has since been rebuilt, has become a tourist attraction, and is among the 10 largest ports in China.[8]
The city of Tangshan is approximately 149 km (93 mi) east by south east of Beijing and 110 km (68 mi) northwest of Tianjin.[9] Tangshan's prefecture population was 7,717,983 at the 2020 census, with 3,687,607 in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 7 urban core districts.
Etymology edit
Tangshan is named after Dacheng Hill (大城山), which was called Mount Tang (唐山), in the middle of the city.
In A.D. 645, Li Shimin, an emperor of Tang dynasty and his army were stationed at Dacheng Hill on his way back from the Korean Peninsula. Unfortunately, Caofei, his beloved concubine, died there. In order to commemorate her, he named the mountain with the name of the empire — Tang. Later, the city took the name of the mountain.[citation needed]
History edit
Early history edit
Tangshan has a long history, with ancient humans living in the area as early as 4,000 years ago. It fell within the territory of the Guzhu Kingdom (1600 BC) at the time of the Shang dynasty and later became a part of the State of Yan, one of the seven Warring States (403 – 221 BC). During the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) it became part of the ancient province of Youzhou. It was under the jurisdiction of Zhili province and Zunhua State successively during the Qing dynasty.
Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties edit
Tangshan was a village at the time of the Tang dynasty (619–907) and developed further in agriculture, oil exploitation and ceramics during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
During the Hundred Days' Reform in the late Qing dynasty, the Kaiping Mining Administration was established in the third year of the Guangxu Emperor (1877). In 1878, Qiaotun town was established at Tangshan and renamed Tangshan Town in 1889. In 1938, Tangshan City was formally founded. The administrative system of Tangshan during the Republic of China Republican era continued to follow the Qing system. In 1929, Zhili Province changed its name to Hebei Province. On January 28, 1939, because of Tangshan's special economic and political position, the East Hebei Autonomous Government established Tangshan City which was initially called “Tangshan Municipal Government” and later changed to “Tangshan Municipal Office”. After Japan surrendered in 1945, the Chinese Nationalist Party in Peking (now known as Beijing) took over the political control of Tangshan from Japan and set up an Administration Inspectors Office. In April 1946, it was decided at the 132nd Meeting of the Chinese Communist Party Hebei Provincial Committee to set up Tangshan City and on May 5 of the same year, the Tangshan Municipal government was founded.
People's Republic edit
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, Tangshan remained a provincially administered municipality with 12 areas under its jurisdiction. In March 1955, it was decided at the 2nd session of the first People's Congress of Tangshan City to change Tangshan Municipal people's government to Tangshan people's committee without changing its administration areas.
On April 28, 1958, the State Council approved the establishment of Tangshan prefecture. On August 29, 1958, it was decided at the Seventh Session of the first People's Congress of Hebei Province to move the Tangshan Commissioner Office from Changli County to Tangshan City.
The CPC Central Committee decided to designate Tangshan city as one of the 45 cities open to the world on June 3, 1959. On June 8, 1959, the CPC Hebei Provincial Committee and the Hebei Provincial People's Congress decided to combine the Tangshan Commissioners Office and the Tangshan People's Committee into the Tangshan People's Committee. On April 2, 1960, the State Council officially approved the abolition of Tangshan prefecture. Qinhuangdao city, Qian'an, Changli, Laoting, Baodi, Yutian, Jixian County and Zunhua which were formerly administered by Tangshan Prefecture were incorporated into the Tangshan Municipality. Luanxian County, Fengrun County (formerly a district) and Baigezhuang Farm were also incorporated into Tangshan Municipality. Meanwhile, Tangshan became a provincially administered municipality.
On May 23, 1961, the State Council approved the reinstatement of Tangshan prefecture, which was adopted at the 14th Meeting of the Hebei Provincial People's Committee on June 3, 1959. Tangshan prefecture and Tangshan municipality were separated again and Tangshan turned into a specially administered municipality.
The Tangshan Municipal Revolutionary Committee affiliated to the Revolutionary Committee of Tangshan Region was set up on January 6, 1968. On March 11, 1978, Tangshan turned to be a provincially administered municipality.
In October 1982, it was decided at the Seventh People's Congress of Tangshan city to abolish the Tangshan Municipal Revolutionary Committee and set up the Tangshan Municipal People's Government.
The State Council approved the move on March 3, 1983, and thereafter implemented the city-governing-county system. On May 13, 1983, the Hebei Provincial People's Government announced the cancellation of the Civic Administration office of Tangshan region, which ceased operation on May 15, 1983.
On December 15, 1984, the State Council approved Tangshan city as one of 13 national “comparatively big” cities.
1976 Tangshan earthquake edit
Tangshan suffered an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 (7.5 according to official reports) at 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, which resulted in many casualties. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that the actual number of fatalities was two to three times that number, making it the most destructive earthquake in modern history. As a result of the earthquake, most of the town had to be rebuilt. The earthquake was depicted in the 2010 movie Aftershock.
Geography edit
Tangshan is located in the central section of the Bohai Economic Rim, facing the Bohai Sea to the south. Lying on the North China Plain, Tangshan is adjacent to the Yan Mountains to the north, borders the Luan River and Qinhuangdao to the east, and to the west and southwest borders Tianjin. Because of its location in the northeast of Hebei, it is a strategic area and a corridor linking two China's north and northeast regions. The largest river in the prefecture is the Luan River.
Climate edit
Tangshan has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with cold and very dry winters, and hot, rainy summers. Spring and autumn are short with some rainfall. The monthly 24-hour average temperature in January is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F), and 26.9 °C (80.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 12.8 °C (55.0 °F). Close to 60% of the annual precipitation of 590 mm (23.2 in) falls in July and August alone. The frost-free period lasts 180−190 days, and the area receives 2,600−2,900 hours of sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Tangshan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 19.5 (67.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | 38.8 (101.8) | 39.6 (103.3) | 40.1 (104.2) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.3 (95.5) | 31.4 (88.5) | 22.7 (72.9) | 13.2 (55.8) | 40.1 (104.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) | 5.4 (41.7) | 12.3 (54.1) | 20.2 (68.4) | 26.3 (79.3) | 29.8 (85.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 30.2 (86.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 19.3 (66.7) | 10.0 (50.0) | 2.9 (37.2) | 18.0 (64.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) | −1.0 (30.2) | 5.9 (42.6) | 13.8 (56.8) | 20.0 (68.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.6 (69.1) | 13.0 (55.4) | 4.2 (39.6) | −2.6 (27.3) | 12.1 (53.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.5 (14.9) | −6.2 (20.8) | 0.2 (32.4) | 7.7 (45.9) | 13.9 (57.0) | 19.1 (66.4) | 22.4 (72.3) | 21.3 (70.3) | 15.5 (59.9) | 7.6 (45.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | −7.1 (19.2) | 7.0 (44.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −22.7 (−8.9) | −19.8 (−3.6) | −14.6 (5.7) | −4.7 (23.5) | 3.5 (38.3) | 9.4 (48.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 11.2 (52.2) | 4.7 (40.5) | −5.6 (21.9) | −14.5 (5.9) | −17.0 (1.4) | −22.7 (−8.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.7 (0.11) | 4.9 (0.19) | 7.0 (0.28) | 22.8 (0.90) | 40.8 (1.61) | 79.2 (3.12) | 158.7 (6.25) | 140.0 (5.51) | 49.0 (1.93) | 31.7 (1.25) | 12.8 (0.50) | 3.6 (0.14) | 553.2 (21.79) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 63.8 |
| Average snowy days | 2.9 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 11.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 55 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 53 | 64 | 75 | 77 | 70 | 65 | 62 | 58 | 61 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 178.2 | 186.5 | 233.8 | 246.9 | 270.0 | 230.5 | 190.3 | 204.4 | 214.0 | 202.6 | 166.5 | 167.9 | 2,491.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 59 | 61 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 52 | 42 | 49 | 58 | 59 | 56 | 58 | 57 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[10][11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[12] | |||||||||||||
Air pollution edit
As air pollution in China has worsened in recent years, reports suggest cities in Hebei among the most polluted in the country, with Tangshan being no exception. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, 7 cities in Hebei including Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Handan, Langfang, Hengshui and Tangshan, are among China's 10 most polluted cities.[13]
Economy edit
Tangshan is an important heavy industrial city in North China. Its output include machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals, textiles, glass, petroleum products, and cement. It has been a coal-mining center since late Qing dynasty, as Guangdong merchant Tong King-sing opened the first coal mine using modern techniques in Kaiping in 1877.[14] Since the construction of the Caofeidian Project, it has hosted large iron and steel plants, chemical projects, and electricity plants. It is China's largest steel-producing city.[15] Tangshan is also called the "porcelain capital of North China."[16]
Modern industry in China first arose in Tangshan. The second railway in China – after the abortive Woosung Railway in Shanghai – was the six-mile track laid between Hsukochuang and Tangshan which opened in 1881;[17] this eventually grew into the Imperial Railroad of North China and China's modern Jingshan and Jingha Railways. The first fire-resistant material manufactory and the first and largest cement manufactory were constructed in Tangshan as well.
Tangshan has experienced near-constant GDP growth in recent years, but has slowed down in the latter-half of the 2010s.[18] In 2008, the GDP of Tangshan was ¥353.747 billion, which nearly doubled to ¥612.121 billion by 2013, and grew further to ¥695.500 billion in 2018.[18] Tangshan's GDP was ranked the 26th largest among Chinese cities according to data from 2017.[19] The city's exports were valued at $7.109 billion in 2016.[20] Government figures for 2017 show that the city's economy was largely dominated by the secondary industry, contributing ¥408.14 billion to the city's economy.[21]
Industrial zone edit
- Caofeidian New Zone.
Demographics edit
Government data from 2017 shows that 7.897 million people live in Tangshan, of which, 61.64% live in an urban area.[22] The city's residents had a mean disposable income of ¥27,786, which was ¥36,415 among urban residents.[22]
Ethnic composition edit
Tangshan, like many other locations in China, is largely Han Chinese, who account for 95.25% of the city's population.[23] In Zunhua City, there are 3 ethnic townships and ethnic towns.[23] The following table shows the city's ethnic breakdown:
Administration edit
The prefecture-level city of Tangshan administers 14 county-level divisions including 7 districts, 4 counties and 3 county-level cities.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 2 1. (Hangu AZ) 2. (Lutai EDZ) | ||||||
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 census)[24] | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | Seat |
| Lubei District | 路北区 | Lùběi Qū | 743,504 | 112 | 6,638 | Qiaotun Subdistrict |
| Lunan District | 路南区 | Lùnán Qū | 311,076 | 355 | 876 | South Xueyuan Road Subdistrict |
| ↳Hangu Administration Zone* | 汉沽管理区 | Hàngū Guǎnlǐqū | ||||
| ↳Lutai Economic Development Zone* | 芦台经济技术开发区 | Lútái Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū | ||||
| Guye District | 古冶区 | Gǔyě Qū | 358,461 | 253 | 1,417 | Jinghua Subdistrict |
| Kaiping District | 开平区 | Kāipíng Qū | 262,571 | 252 | 1,042 | Kaiping Subdistrict |
| Fengrun District | 丰润区 | Fēngrùn Qū | 916,092 | 1,334 | 687 | Taiping Road Subdistrict |
| Fengnan District | 丰南区 | Fēngnán Qū | 595,467 | 1,568 | 380 | Qingnian Road Subdistrict |
| Built-up area | 3,187,171 | 3,874 | 823 | |||
| Caofeidian District | 曹妃甸区 | Cáofēidiān Qū | 184,931 | 700 | 264 | Tanghai Town |
| Zunhua City | 遵化市 | Zūnhuà Shì | 737,011 | 1,521 | 485 | Wenhua Road Subdistrict |
| Qian'an City | 迁安市 | Qiān'ān Shì | 728,160 | 1,208 | 603 | Yongshun Subdistrict |
| Luanzhou City | 滦州市 | Luánzhōu Shì | 554,315 | 999 | 555 | Luanhe Subdistrict |
| Luannan County | 滦南县 | Luánnán Xiàn | 584,518 | 1,270 | 460 | Youyilu Subdistrict |
| Laoting County | 乐亭县 | Làotíng Xiàn | 526,222 | 1,308 | 402 | Lean Subdistrict |
| Qianxi County | 迁西县 | Qiānxī Xiàn | 390,128 | 1,439 | 271 | Lixiang Subdistrict |
| Yutian County | 玉田县 | Yùtián Xiàn | 684,833 | 1,165 | 588 | Wuzhong Subdistrict |
| *Hangu Administration Zone and Lutai Economic Development Zone is subordinate to Lunan District but formally part of Binhai New Area or Ninghe District in Tianjin. | ||||||
Education edit
Universities and colleges edit
- North China University of Science and Technology (formerly named Hebei United University), which was co-established by Hebei Polytechnic University and North China Coal Medical College in May 2010 [25]
- Tangshan Normal University
- Tangshan College
- Hebei University of Science and Technology Tangshan Branch
High schools edit
- Tangshan No.1 high school (founded 1902), one of the most famous high schools in China
- Hebei Tangshan Foreign Language School
Culture edit
Specialty edit
- Diet
- Wanlixiang roast rhicken (萬里香燒雞)
- Chessboard pancake (棋子燒餠)
- Honey sugar candy (蜂蜜麻糖)
- Peanut crisp (花生酥糖)
- Big gezhe (大格摺)
- Small gezhe (小格摺)
- Dried fruits
- Chinese chestnut (板栗)
- Walnut
Traditional arts edit
- Ping opera, or Pingju, one of the most popular operas in China
- Tangshan Shadow Play (唐山皮影)
- Laoting drums (樂亭大鼓)
Tourism edit
- Eastern Qing tombs
- Anti-Seismic Monument, located in Anti-Seismic Square
- Tangshan Nanhu Park (Lunan District)
- Kailuan National Mine Park (Lunan District)
- Tangshan science and Technology Museum (Lubei District)
Religion edit
- Datang Xingguo Chan Temple (大唐興國禪寺), a Buddhist temple
- Jingzhong Mountain, a joint religious shrine for the believers of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, respectively.
- Two Christian churches.
Transport edit
As of 2017, Tangshan has 18,000 kilometers of roads, of which, 16,000 were in rural areas.[26] The city's roads served 410 million tons of freight, and the city's port served 570 million tons.[26] As of 2023, Tangshan is the largest city in China without an operating or planned metro system.
Air edit
- Tangshan Sannühe Airport, 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the city center, in Fengrun District
Rail edit
- Beijing–Harbin Railway
- Tianjin–Shanhaiguan Railway
- Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway
- Tianjin-Shanxi Railway
Roads edit
- China National Highway 102, in the south of Fengrun District
- China National Highway 112, ring road encircling Beijing, traversing the west side of Tangshan's urban area
- China National Highway 205, which runs along the eastern and southern front of the urban area
- G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway, on the northern side of the urban area
- G25 Changchun–Shenzhen Expressway, on the western side of the urban area
Notable people edit
- Li Dazhao - early founder and leader of Chinese Communist Party
- Jiang Wen - a contemporary director and actor
- Cao Xueqin - author of Dream of the Red Chamber
- Liu Wenjin - classical Chinese music composer
- Zhang Tielin - Chinese-born British actor
- Zhao Lijian - Chinese spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Gao Yuanyuan - Chinese actress and model
- Tseng Cheng - businessman and philanthropist
- Wu Guiying - Chinese Communist Party Secretary of Changsha
- Zhang Xudong - General of the PLA and former commander of the Western Theater Command
- Fu Zhenghua - Former politician and Minister of Justice
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "China: Hébĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
- ^ 河北省统计局、国家统计局河北调查总队. 《河北经济年鉴－2018》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5356-7824-9. from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
- ^ Xiangming Pan (2009). 唐胥铁路史实考辨. Jianghai Academic Journal (4): 185～191.
- ^ . www.tangshan.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ^ . www.kailuanpark.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
- ^ Lei Yang. . Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
- ^ 国务院关于印发"十三五"现代综合交通运输体系发展规划的通知_政府信息公开专栏. www.gov.cn. from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
- ^ "Top 10 ports in China". www.china.org.cn. China Org. from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^ The guide to port entry (21 ed.). London: IHS Fairplay guides. 1 January 2017.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ 唐山 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ Bildner, Eli (February 27, 2013). . Global Voices China. newsmotion.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ Ellsworth C.Carlson, The Kaiping Mines, 1877-1912 2d ed (Cambridge, Massachusetts: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1971.
- ^ "Commodities: Steel chrysanthemums: A China-driven rally in metals prices may be as fleeting as spring". The Economist. 12 March 2016. from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ 筑巢引凤，"北方瓷都"再次腾飞发展. from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
- ^ Huenemann, Ralph Wm. Harvard East Asian Monographs, No. 109. The Dragon and the Iron Horse: the Economics of Railroads in China, 1876−1937 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, p. 254. Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1984. ISBN 0-674-21535-4. Accessed 12 October 2011.
- ^ a b 中国 | 国内生产总值:河北:唐山 | 经济指标. www.ceicdata.com. from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ 最新中国城市GDP排名出炉 唐山位列第26位！. hebei.sina.com.cn. from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ 中国 | 出口:河北:唐山 | 经济指标. www.ceicdata.com. from the original on 2023-07-28. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ 唐山市2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报_中国统计信息网. www.cnstats.org. from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ a b 唐山市2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报_中国统计信息网. www.cnstats.org. from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ a b c . Tangshan People's Government. 2019-07-28. Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ "China: Hébĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-09-10.
- ^ a b 唐山市2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报_中国统计信息网. www.cnstats.org. from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
External links edit
- Official website of Tangshan Government 2009-04-17 at the Wayback Machine