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Kgalagadi language

Kgalagadi is a Bantu language spoken in Botswana, along the South African border. It is spoken by about 40,000 people.[3] In the language, it is known as Shekgalagari.

Kgalagadi
Kalahari
'SheKgalagadi
Native toBotswana
EthnicityKgalagadi
Native speakers
65,400 (2015)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xkv
Glottologkgal1244
S.311 (ex-S.31d)[2]
ELPKgalagadi
Linguasphere99-AUT-eh incl. varieties 99-AUT-eha to 99-AUT-ehc

Classification edit

Kgalagadi (also rendered Kgalagari, Kgalagarhi, Kgalagari, Khalagari, Khalakadi, Kxhalaxadi, Qhalaxarzi, Shekgalagadi, Shekgalagari, Kqalaqadi) is most closely related to Tswana, and until recently was classified as a dialect of Tswana.[2]

Dialects include Shengologa, Sheshaga, Shebolaongwe, Shelala, Shekhena, Sheritjhauba and Shekgwatheng.

Phonology edit

Vowels edit

  • Close-mid vowels /e, o/ are frequently heard as near-close sounds [ɪ, ʊ] among speakers in free variation.

Consonants edit

  • Click sounds /ʘ, ǀŋ, ǃŋ/ are also said to occur, but mostly in rare cases.[4]
  • A voicelss trill [r̥] may also occur phonemically among dialects, and may also be pronounced as breathy [r̤] in intervocalic positions.
  • /r/ may also be heard as a flap [ɾ].
  • /qʰ/ may also be heard as [q͡χʰ] in free variation.
  • Sounds /z, ʒ/ can be pronounced in free variation as affricates [d͡z, d͡ʒ] in the Bolaongwe dialect
  • /h/ is can be heard as voiced [ɦ] when in intervocalic positions.[5]

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ "Kgalagadi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
  3. ^ Kgalagadi language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  4. ^ Solé, Maria-Josep; Hyman, Larry M.; Monaka, Kemmonye C. (2009). More on Post-nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 5. pp. 299–320.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Dickens, Patrick J. (1986). Qhalaxarzi phonology. University of the Witwatersrand.


kgalagadi, language, kgalagadi, bantu, language, spoken, botswana, along, south, african, border, spoken, about, people, language, known, shekgalagari, kgalagadikalahari, shekgalagadinative, tobotswanaethnicitykgalagadinative, speakers65, 2015, language, famil. Kgalagadi is a Bantu language spoken in Botswana along the South African border It is spoken by about 40 000 people 3 In the language it is known as Shekgalagari KgalagadiKalahari SheKgalagadiNative toBotswanaEthnicityKgalagadiNative speakers65 400 2015 1 Language familyNiger Congo Atlantic CongoVolta CongoBenue CongoBantoidSouthern BantoidBantuSouthern BantuSotho TswanaKgalagadiLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xkv class extiw title iso639 3 xkv xkv a Glottologkgal1244Guthrie codeS 311 ex S 31d 2 ELPKgalagadiLinguasphere99 AUT eh incl varieties 99 AUT eha to 99 AUT ehc Contents 1 Classification 2 Phonology 2 1 Vowels 2 2 Consonants 3 Notes and referencesClassification editKgalagadi also rendered Kgalagari Kgalagarhi Kgalagari Khalagari Khalakadi Kxhalaxadi Qhalaxarzi Shekgalagadi Shekgalagari Kqalaqadi is most closely related to Tswana and until recently was classified as a dialect of Tswana 2 Dialects include Shengologa Sheshaga Shebolaongwe Shelala Shekhena Sheritjhauba and Shekgwatheng Phonology editVowels edit Front Central BackClose i uClose mid e ɪ o ʊOpen mid ɛ ɔOpen aClose mid vowels e o are frequently heard as near close sounds ɪ ʊ among speakers in free variation Consonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottalplain lab plain lab plain lab Stop voiceless p t c cʷ k qaspirated pʰ t ʰ cʰ cʰʷ kʰ qʰvoiced b d ɟ gAffricate voiceless t s t sʷ t ʃ t ʃʷaspirated t sʰ t sʰʷ t ʃʰ t ʃʰʷvoiced d z d ʒFricative voiceless s ʃ ʃʷ x hvoiced z ʒ ʒʷ ɦ Nasal m n ɲ ŋTrill rApproximant l j wClick sounds ʘ ǀŋ ǃŋ are also said to occur but mostly in rare cases 4 A voicelss trill r may also occur phonemically among dialects and may also be pronounced as breathy r in intervocalic positions r may also be heard as a flap ɾ qʰ may also be heard as q xʰ in free variation Sounds z ʒ can be pronounced in free variation as affricates d z d ʒ in the Bolaongwe dialect h is can be heard as voiced ɦ when in intervocalic positions 5 Notes and references edit Kgalagadi Ethnologue Retrieved 14 August 2018 a b Jouni Filip Maho 2009 New Updated Guthrie List Online Kgalagadi language at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Sole Maria Josep Hyman Larry M Monaka Kemmonye C 2009 More on Post nasal Devoicing The Case of Shekgalagari UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report 5 pp 299 320 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link CS1 maint location missing publisher link Dickens Patrick J 1986 Qhalaxarzi phonology University of the Witwatersrand nbsp Kgalagadi language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator nbsp This Bantu language related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Botswana related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kgalagadi language amp oldid 1212706724, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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