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Vox (political party)

August 28, 2023

For other uses, see Vox (disambiguation).

Vox[a] (often stylized in all caps; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈboks]) is a national conservative[18] political party in Spain. Founded in 2013, it is currently led by party president Santiago Abascal, vice presidents Jorge Buxadé, Javier Ortega Smith, Reyes Romero, assisted by secretary general Ignacio Garriga.[19] Vox identifies itself as right-wing, though has been described as far-right by academics and journalists.[12]

Vox
PresidentSantiago Abascal
Secretary-GeneralIgnacio Garriga
Vice presidents
Spokesman in CongressPepa Millán
Founded17 December 2013
Split fromPeople's Party
HeadquartersC / Bambú 12 28036 Madrid
Membership (2021) 63,468[1]
Ideology
Political positionFar-right[A][13]
ReligionRoman Catholicism
European affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists[14]
Colours  Green
Congress of Deputies
33 / 350
Senate
3 / 265
European Parliament
4 / 59
Regional parliaments
114 / 1,268
Mayors in Spain
33 / 8,122
Town councillors
1,695 / 67,121
Party flag
Website
www.voxespana.es
^ A: Vox is considered part of the radical right, a subset of the far-right that does not oppose democracy.[4][15][16][17]

The party entered the Spanish parliament for the first time after winning seats in the April 2019 general election. Later that year, it received 3.6 million votes in the November 2019 general election, winning 52 seats and becoming the third-largest party in the Congress of Deputies. Their public support reached its peak within the next few years, according to the results of subsequent regional elections and opinion polling, but in 2023 Spanish general election they showed worse results, losing 19 seats in parliament, albeit remaining the third-largest political force in Spain with about 3 million votes. In the European Parliament Vox is part of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, along with Brothers of Italy and Law and Justice, declining to join the Identity and Democracy group (which includes such far-right parties as National Rally, League, and Alternative for Germany).

History Edit

Origins Edit

 
Javier Ortega Smith giving a speech in 2018

Vox was founded on 17 December 2013, and publicly launched at a press conference in Madrid on 16 January 2014, as a split from the People's Party (PP).[20][21][22] This schism was interpreted as an offshoot of "neoconservative"[23] or "social conservative"[24] PP party members.[b] The party platform called for the rewriting of the Spanish constitution so as to curb regional autonomy and abolish regional parliaments.[22] Several founding members of the party (for example, Alejo Vidal-Quadras, José Antonio Ortega Lara, and Santiago Abascal) had been members of the platform "reconversion.es",[c] which had issued a manifesto in 2012 calling for a recentralization of the State.[26] Vidal-Quadras was proclaimed as the first chairman in March 2014.[27][d]

Their initial funding, totalling nearly 972,000 euros, came in the form of individual donations from supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and of People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK), thanks to their "personal relationship" with Vidal-Quadras, who had supported the NCRI during his stint in the EU Parliament. There is no evidence that Vox has broken Spanish or EU funding rules accepting these donations.[26][29]

The 2014 European elections marked the first time the newly formed Vox fielded a candidate, with Vidal-Quadras running under its banner, though he narrowly failed to retain his seat in the European Parliament.[30]

In September 2014, the party elected Santiago Abascal, one of the founders, as its President, and Iván Espinosa de los Monteros, also a founder, as General Secretary. Eleven members of the National Executive Committee were also elected.

The party participated in the 2015 and the 2016 elections, but did not do well, scoring 0.23% and 0.20% of votes respectively.

Amidst the Spanish constitutional crisis precipitated by the Catalan referendum, Vox opted to not participate in the Catalan regional elections of 2017.[31] After the Catalan declaration of independence, the party sued the Parliament of Catalonia and several independentist politicians.[32] Its membership grew by 20% in the span of forty days immediately following this action.[33]

Entrance into institutions and opposition to COVID-19 measures Edit

On 10 September 2018, Vox enlisted Juan Antonio Morales, an independent legislator in the regional parliament of Extremadura (who had dropped out of the PP parliamentary group) as party member.[34] On 2 December 2018, they won 12 parliamentary seats in the Andalusian regional election,[35] [36] entering a regional parliament for the first time. It supported the coalition regional government by Ciudadanos and the Popular Party. With this result, Vox was also given a first seat in the Senate, which was taken by Francisco José Alcaraz.[37]

The party obtained 10.26% of votes in the April 2019 general election, electing 24 Deputies and entering the Congress of Deputies for the first time.[38] Later, the party entered the European Parliament for the first time with 6.2% of the votes and three Eurodeputies, which after Brexit became four. After this election, the party joined the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe.[14] Vox has declined the invitation to join the Identity and Democracy group (which includes such far-right parties as National Rally, League, and Alternative for Germany).[39] In the second general election of the year in November, Vox came third and increased its number of deputies from 24 to 52.[40] It was the most-voted party in the Region of Murcia and the autonomous city of Ceuta.[41]

At the beginning of 2020, during the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic, Vox called for travel restrictions between China and Spain, and later between Italy and Spain, to safeguard against the "Chinese virus".[42] At that time the epidemic was already in full swing in those countries, but it was prior to any COVID cases being officially confirmed within Spain in significant numbers. That position found no support among other parties, and it was criticized as xenophobic rhetoric.[43][44] The party claims that serious counter-COVID measures were deliberately delayed in Spain by the government, which hid the information and downplayed known risks to allow for mass public events on International Women's Day (8 March) to take place, as these events were important for the left wing agenda of the newly formed coalition government of PSOE and UP.[45] At the same time, Vox went forward with their own global party conference on 8 March in Vistalegre, where party supporters from all parts of Spain were invited. The conference resulted in numerous cases of COVID infection, including confirmed cases of COVID transmission between members of Vox leadership.[46][47] This fact was often brought up by Vox opponents to criticize Vox attitude towards COVID situation in Spain.[48]

During the anti-COVID lockdown and follow-up restrictions, Vox routinely criticized government measures as inefficient, partisan, and partially unconstitutional.[49] In April 2020 the party appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain against the first State of Alarm (15 March – 21 June) declared by the government.[50] In October 2020, Vox's parliamentary group at the Congress of Deputies tabled a motion of no confidence against the current Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, bringing Santiago Abascal as alternative candidate.[51] The motion failed to gain any support among the other parliamentary groups, gathering 52 'yes' votes (those of Vox legislators) and 298 'no' votes (the rest of the chamber).[52] In November 2020 Vox appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain against the second State of Alarm (October 25, 2020 – May 9, 2021) declared by the government.[53]

In the face of the 2020 United States presidential election, Vox was fully supportive of President Donald Trump's candidacy,[54] even tweeting from its official account that Joe Biden was the preferred candidate of "El País, Podemos, Otegi, Maduro, China, Iran and pedophiles", which according to the international news agency EFE was echoing QAnon conspiracy theories.[55] Vox took part in the 2021 CPAC conference and refused to acknowledge Biden's victory.[56]

 
Santiago Abascal during a rally in 2021

At the beginning of 2021, Vox's abstention was instrumental in securing European COVID-recovery funds on Socialist terms,[57] criticized by independent experts for allowing the government inefficient partisan spending without any effective independent control.[citation needed] Many Vox supporters considered this as the "largest error in Vox's history",[58] leading to party leaders admitting it as a mistake and apologizing.[citation needed]

During 2020 and 2021 electoral campaigns for regional elections in the Basque Country,[59] Catalonia,[60] and the Community of Madrid[61] multiple legal electoral events of Vox were physically attacked by radical political opponents on the premises of "Vox's legitimate electoral events in some regions being provocative acts". The view of the events as provocations was endorsed by high ranking UP members, including their speaker Pablo Echenique, and their leader, the Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain at the time, Pablo Iglesias.[62]

On 14 July 2021, in response to the Vox's appeal the previous year, the Constitutional Court of Spain declared by a narrow majority (6 votes in support vs. 5 votes against) that the first anti-COVID State of Alarm was unconstitutional in the part of suppressing the freedom of movement established by the Article 19 of the Constitution.[63] In October 2021 the Constitutional Court of Spain supported two other appeals by Vox, and declared unconstitutional the closing down of Spanish Parliament and Senate in the beginning of pandemic, and the second State of Alarm.[64][65] As reported on 22 October 2021, the Government of Spain ordered all fines collected in relation to the first State of Alarm to be returned to citizens.[66]

Entering autonomous governments Edit

On 13 February 2022 Vox came third in the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, raising its representation from 1 up to 13 seats, and becoming the key player for the rival People's Party (PP), who won the elections, to form a government.[67][68] Following this election result, and an unfolding leadership crisis in PP,[69] Vox for the first time was recognized as the Spain's second political force, according to some opinion polls for the next general elections.[70] In March 2022, it was announced that Vox would form government with the PP in Castile and León, taking three of ten ministerial positions including vice president for regional leader Juan García-Gallardo.[71] Vox member Carlos Pollán was elected President of the Cortes of Castile and León, the position of speaker.[72] This represents the first participation of Vox in any regional government.

On 19 June 2022 Vox came third in the 2022 Andalusian regional elections. With Macarena Olona as the leading candidate, the party improved over the previous regional elections, gaining about 100k more votes, and two more seats in the Parliament of Andalusia, but failed short of the expectations to achieve significantly better results and become the key to the new regional government.[73] In the aftermath of elections, despite initial promises to stay and lead Vox's opposition group in Andalusia, on 29 July 2022 Olona announced her decision to resign and left politics due to unnamed "medical reasons".[74][75]

In March 2023 Vox, for the second time, tabled a motion of no confidence against the government of Pedro Sánchez, with Ramón Tamames as alternative, independent candidate. The motion failed with 53 votes in favour, 201 votes against, 91 abstentions, and 4 absentees.[76]

In May 2023, local and regional elections were held in Spain. Vox, as the minor partner, formed the government with the PP in the Valencian Community, though the PP ordered that Vox's lead candidate Carlos Flores would not take part in the government, due to his 2002 conviction for harassment of his ex-wife.[77] After protracted negotiations, Vox also joined PP governments in Extremadura and Aragon.[78] Despite not forming the government, Vox was awarded the speaker's role in the Parliament of the Balearic Islands in exchange for abstaining on the vote and thereby allowing a PP government.[79] Again as the smaller of the two parties, Vox formed local governments with the PP in cities such as Elche, Toledo, Valladolid, Guadalajara and Burgos.[80]

A general election took place in July 2023, for which the PP was widely forecast to win and obtain a majority with support from Vox.[81][82][83] In what BBC News called a surprise result, Vox fell from 52 seats to 33, losing half a million votes; the PP took the most seats but fell short of a majority even with Vox's support. Vox's reduced presence in the Congress meant that it lost its ability to appeal the government's legislature to the Supreme Court; it had previously used this right to challenge Sánchez's legislation on transgender issues, euthanasia and the COVID-19 pandemic.[84]

Ideology Edit

The party identifies itself as a more right-wing alternative to the centre-right People's Party, from which it split in 2013. In November 2018, during a party event in Murcia, the party leader Santiago Abascal defined his party as "antifascist, anti-Nazi and anticommunist".[85] El Español simply described Vox as right-wing,[86] though journalists and academics routinely describe the party as being far-right.[87][88][89][90][15] Adding to the confusion is the exact understanding of the "far-right" term by different sources. While some of scholars cited below, who qualify Vox as a far-right or radical right party, make a clear fundamental distinction between "far-right", "radical right", and "extreme right", other sources and laymen often treat these terms as equivalent. As a young party, Vox somewhat lacks a well-elaborated ideology basis, and might still be considered as "a party under construction", subject to day-to-day ideology adjustments, further complicating its analysis.[91][needs update]

According to the book by Rama, Zanotti, Turnbull-Dugarte, and Santana, Vox is a populist radical right party, in contrast to an extreme right. They consider the party to be ideologically radical, but not extreme, since discursively it does not go against the central tenets of democracy. They write that "however, belonging to the populist radical right family means that the party communicates and advocates for policies that are somewhat at odds with some of the core principles of liberal democracy such as the rule of law, individual liberties or the rights of minorities." According to their analysis, the positions that are central to Vox's ideology are: (i) a strong anti-immigration stance, and advocacy for stricter law and order policies; (ii) a strong defence of the unity of Spain against all who allegedly want to break or undermine it; (iii) an opposition to what it labels as the "progressive dictatorship", and strong defence of the Catholic religion and traditional moral values.[92]

Carles Ferreira Torres, in his analysis, comes to the conclusion that Vox is a far-right organization, as it fits the characteristics of the radical right party family. He sums up: "Vox's ideology is based on a combination of nationalism and xenophobia (nativism) and an authoritarian view of society, attached to the values of law and order. This authoritarianism, however, represents neither the willingness to establish an autocratic regime nor the use of violence to reach political goals." According to Ferreira, nationalism, nativism, authoritarianism, and traditionalism are central to Vox's ideology; neoliberalism is present but not central; populism is indicated, but not explicit; and there are no antidemocratic views in the party's ideology.[16]

According to Xavier Casals, the unifying part of Vox's ideology up to this point[until when?] is a warlike ultranationalism,[93] that is identified by the party with a palingenetic and biological vision of the country, the so-called España Viva, but also with a Catholic-inspired culture.[3] He says that ideological roots of the party's ultranationalism lie in the incondicionalismo, 'unconditionalism', the nationalist discourse based on the "fear of amputation of the homeland" coined in the 19th century in Colonial Cuba against Cuban separatism and also autonomist concessions (replicated in Catalonia in the 1910s).[94] Casals writes that their specific brand of Spanish nationalism is linked to the unconditional support to the State Security Forces and Corps,[95] and the party's discourse has also revived the myth of the Antiespaña ("Anti-Spain"), an umbrella term created in the 1930s by the domestic ultranationalist forces to designate the (inner) "Enemies of Spain",[5][96] creating a simplistic España viva/Antiespaña duality that comes handy for the communication in brief messages characteristic of social media.[95] Casals notes regarding the external projection of their discourse that the party has reanimated the concept of "Hispanidad"; party leader Abascal has stated that an immigrant coming from a "brotherly Hispanic-American country" is not comparable to the immigration coming from "Islamic countries".[97]

According to Guillermo Fernández Vázquez, Vox's positions, which he described as "economically anti-statist and neoliberal" as well as "morally authoritarian", is similar to positions held by Jörg Haider's FPÖ or Jean Marie Le Pen's National Front from the 1980s, thus likening the emergence of the party to an archaic stage of current radical right parties, more worried about the need to modernize their image than Vox; the latter's approach to cultural issues would be in line with old school Spanish nationalist parties, restricting the scope of "culture" to "language and tradition".[98][99]

Vox supports the State of Israel within the context of Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[100] On the other hand, the party has appealed to conspiracy theories invoking the figure of George Soros as a mastermind behind Catalan separatism and the alleged "Islamization" of Europe.[101] Support of anti-Soros conspiracy theories is widely considered as a sign of antisemitism,[102] though leading figures of Vox never brought up the roots of Soros in their anti-Soros discourse.[citation needed] Vox used to include some former neo-Nazis in party cadres and lists;[103][104] Vox has since expelled some of them from the party, while others have resigned.[105][106]

During his participation in the April 2019 general election debate, Santiago Abascal used a phrase used by Ramiro Ledesma, founder of the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS) fascist party: "only the rich can afford the luxury of not having a homeland".[107]

Internal politics Edit

Vox supports the constitutional monarchy,[108] advocates for the recentralization[109][110][111] of Spain by abolishing Spain's autonomous communities,[110][112] and strongly opposes separatist movements in the country, in particular the Catalan independence movement and Basque nationalism. Fighting the latter is also a personal question for multiple founding members, including the current president Santiago Abascal, whose family was threatened by the terrorist group ETA during his youth in the Basque country;[113] José Antonio Ortega Lara, who was kidnapped by ETA and kept hostage for 532 days; and María Teresa López Álvarez, whose father survived an assassination attempt by ETA.[114][115] Vox promotes the illegalization of separatist parties in Spain,[116] e.g. EH Bildu, ERC, etc., and opposed the pardoning of Catalan independence activists convicted for organizing an independence referendum. The party's centralist discourse incorporates economic arguments, claiming that current structure of autonomous and local governments in Spain are responsible for significant superfluous budget spending.

Vox publicly criticised and opposed the exhumation of Francisco Franco.[117]

Vox calls for Spain to regain sovereignty over Gibraltar,[118] and extra efforts for safeguarding Spanish control of Ceuta and Melilla.[119]

Social issues Edit

Vox is considered anti-feminist by some,[who?][120] and wants to repeal the gender violence law,[121] which they see as "discriminatory against one of the sexes", and replace it with a "family violence law that will afford the same protection to the elderly, men, women and children who suffer from abuse".[122] Left-leaning critics believe Vox undermines the importance of feminist struggle in the advancement of women's liberties by means of linking the latter to a culture with "Christian foundations".[123]

Vox is opposed to abortion rights.[124][125] The party advocates for life sentences for sex offenders and abusers.[126][127]

Vox opposes the legalization of euthanasia.[125] The party supports bullfighting, which it considers an important element of Spanish culture that should be defended.[128]

Islam Edit

While Vox's official platform only contains proposals against Islamic fundamentalism, public statements made by party figures constitute Islamophobia, helping to underpin, according to Casals, their discourse against Maghrebi immigration, and in favour of the development of a closer bond to Catholicism.[123] The party advocates for the closure of fundamentalist mosques as well as the arrest and expulsion of extremist imams.[122] Vox has openly called for the deportation of tens of thousands of Muslims from Spain.[129] In 2019, the party's leader demanded a Reconquista, 'reconquest' of Spain,[130] explicitly referencing a new round of expulsions of Muslim immigrants from the country.[131]

LGBT rights Edit

Vox opposes same-sex marriage[132] while supporting same-sex civil unions.[133] The party has been accused of homophobia[134][135] which the party denies.[132][136][137] Party leader Santiago Abascal has denied allegations of homophobia, stating in an interview that Vox is in no way a homophobic party and that it merely opposes "LGBT ideology", going on to say that party membership includes many homosexuals, and that he personally has friends who are gay.[136][137] José María Marco, Spanish essayist, liberal-conservative opinion journalist, and an open gay conservative, contested the April 2019 Senate election in Madrid as the candidate from Vox, and also ran second in the party list for the 2019 Madrilenian regional election.[132][138]

In some discourses, party leaders have suggested that their opposition to mass immigration from Islamic countries effectively protects the LGBT community, as homosexuality is largely prosecuted in Islamic cultures, and that most immigrants do not alter their attitude upon arrival to Spain.[139][137]

Vox opposes the Ley Trans, developed by Irene Montero and the Ministry of Equality, and approved by Spanish government in June 2021.[137][140] According to Vox, the law as proposed "attacks the rights of women, children, biology, and common sense".[141]

Vox congratulated the Hungarian parliament for passing legislation[142] that would ban media and educational content which may be seen by underage persons from depicting LGBT individuals or addressing LGBT issues.[143]

 
Ahead of the 2019 elections, Vox published a tweet calling for a "battle" against several symbols, including a ghost with the LGBT flag. This ghost was re-appropriated by the LGBT community which gave it the name Gaysper and used it as a symbol against homophobia.

During the April 2019 general election, Vox shared a controversial tweet in which it invited its supporters to vote through the claim "Let the battle begin!". The message was accompanied by a photomontage of Aragorn, a protagonist of the Lord of the Rings saga, in which he appeared facing a crowd of orcs, whose figure had been modified and replaced with symbols contrary to the party's ideology: the feminist symbol, the hammer and sickle, the flag of the Second Spanish Republic and the Catalan independence senyera, several logos of media outlets such as El País or Cadena SER, the symbol of the raised fist, the symbol of the anti-fascist movement and, among them, a modified version of the ghost emoji (👻) of the Android 5.0 version with the colors of the LGBT flag.[144]

The use of the ghost in the tweet met with an initial negative reaction from the LGBT community on Twitter. However, it would later end up using it for the creation of memes, and finally as a symbol of the collective in a phenomenon of reappropriation. The icon would end up being known as Gaysper, in a portmanteau of the word gay and Casper the Friendly Ghost; and subsequently spread in press and television.[145][146] Two PSOE deputies would later attend a parliamentary session in Congress wearing a T-shirt bearing the icon.[147][148]

Multiple Vox politicians have made allegedly disparaging statements about homosexuals.[135][137] Thus, Fernando Paz Cristóbal [ca] (ex-leader of Vox in Albacete, who left the party in 2019) told in 2013: "If I had a gay son I would help him, there are therapies to correct such psychology".[135][149] Francisco Serrano Castro (ex-leader of Vox in Andalusia, who left the party in 2020) tweeted in 2017: "Homosexuals have penises and lesbians have vulvas, and don't be fooled, nobody cares about it".[135] Juan E. Pflüger (director of communications of Vox in 2019) tweeted in 2013: "Why do gays celebrate Saint Valentine's day, if their thing is not love, it's just vice".[135]

Arms Edit

Vox has proposed that citizens should be allowed to keep arms at home, and supports the castle doctrine,[136][150] but does not support the right to carry arms or the free sale of firearms.[150] Current party leaders, Santiago Abascal and Javier Ortega, are both licensed to carry handguns for self-defence due to recurrent threats to their lives for their political activities.[151][152] Under strict Spanish gun laws, such licenses are rarely granted to civilians, only when authorities consider proven a real high risk of an individual being attacked (about 0.02% of the Spanish population holds such licenses).[153]

Economy Edit

Vox's economic position is often described as economically liberal[154][155][156] or neo-liberal.[157] The party defends liberalization of Spanish labor laws, lower taxation, and support for self-employed workers.[122] At the same time, Vox's discourse includes protectionist ideas for national companies, and criticism of globalization, and large multinational corporations, which can be viewed as anti-liberal.[158][159]

The party's economic rhetoric includes elements aimed to attract the working class electorate, traditionally supportive of left-oriented parties, like PSOE. In 2020, Vox declared the launch of its own workers union named Solidaridad[160] (Solidarity, the name reminiscent of numerous historic organizations in Spain, e.g. Solidaridad Española; and other countries, e.g. Polish Solidarity, UK Solidarity, etc.). According to some declarations, the union is just endorsed, but independent from Vox party.[citation needed]

Vox's discourse includes calls to cut inefficient and superfluous government spending.[122] In particular, the costs associated with the administration of autonomous communities and local governments (which also should be downscaled according to the views of the party on internal politics), and "ideological chiringuitos", the party's label for various organizations, recipients of public funds, considered by Vox as just promoters of government agenda.[citation needed]

In their program for 2023 Spanish General Elections Vox proposed an overhaul of Spanish fiscal system, with radical reduction of income tax down to two levels of 15% and 25%, reduction of added-value taxes, and abolishing or reduction of other state taxes.[161]

Immigration Edit

According to the party's platform, and numerous interviews of its leaders, Vox positions itself strongly against illegal immigration, which is a significant contributor to crime in Spain (in 2021, according to INE data,[162] 25% of convicts in Spain were foreign nationals, 17% of convicts were non-European nationals; there is no official statistics on immigration status of foreign convicts). Vox calls for unconditional deportation of illegal immigrants; tightening of Spanish immigration laws; legal and police actions against non-profits (e.g. Proactiva Open Arms) and organized crime facilitating illegal immigration; and the militarization of problematic frontiers. The party emphasizes its support for legal immigration complied with the Spanish law. At the same time, they promote stricter regulation of immigration according to the needs of national economy; with preference for immigration from Hispanic cultures, on the premises of easier integration of such immigrants into Spanish society, compared to immigrants from Islamic countries.[163][164][165][119][166]

In 2020, Vox deputy Rocío de Meer described neighborhoods such as Molenbeek in Brussels or Barbès in París as "multicultural dung heaps".[167] Other party deputies have used the same term, such as party leader Santiago Abascal during a failed motion of censure of deputy Ignacio Garriga.[168]

In the elections to the Assembly of Madrid of 2021 held on May 4, Vox used a very controversial poster in which appeared the faces of a young masked man with pixelated eyes and an old woman with the sign between the two: "A mena [unaccompanied minor] 4700 euros per month. Your grandmother 426 euros pension / month". These numbers were debunked by the Department of Social Policies, Families, Equality and Birth of the Community of Madrid.[169] The poster was denounced in court for inciting hatred towards this group, but the court and the appeal ruling did not consider it a crime.[170][171]

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Vox supported the accommodation of Ukrainian refugees in Europe. According to Abascal "these are real war refugees, women, children, and elderly people", unlike "young Muslim males of military age invading Europe frontiers with intentions to destabilize and colonize it".[172]

Opponents of Vox describe and criticize the party's position as xenophobic, anti-immigrant and Islamophobic. With especially strong criticism of Vox's harsh position against vulnerable immigrant groups, such as unaccompanied minors, refugees or victims of crime in their country of origin.[173][174]

The party is critical of multiculturalism[175][176][166] and demographic transition,[177][178][179] supporting natalist politics and opposing replacement migration.[178][179]

There are persons of non-European descent among Vox members and supporters. Notable figures of African descent associated with the party include Ignacio Garriga and Bertrand Ndongo.[180]

Environment Edit

The party's discourse about the environment has evolved over time, going from climate change denial to a conservationist approach.[181] However, the party still opposes the mainstream environmental views, labelling them as "Green religion", and as recent as April 2021 voted against the Law for Climate Change and Energy Transition, which was adopted anyway.[182]

Education Edit

Vox promotes the "pin parental" policy: changes in laws aimed to guarantee the rights of parents to control public education of their children, and veto their children from obligatory attendance to classes contradicting values of parents.[183] Party representatives claim that Spanish national and regional authorities abuse the control of the public education system to impose their political and ideological agenda on children.[183]

Foreign policy and international relations Edit

Europe Edit

 
Abascal and Chega leader André Ventura in Lisbon, 2021

Since its formation, Vox was close to Matteo Salvini's Lega Nord party in Italy. In March 2021, Salvini said there were no longer any links between the two parties, with Vox growing closer to Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy party instead.[184] A member of the European Conservatives and Reformists, Vox shares group with parties such as Polish Law and Justice, Brothers of Italy, Dutch JA21 or the Sweden Democrats.[185] In October 2021, Abascal said that Vox has an "unbreakable" alliance with Portuguese party Chega, which belongs to the Identity and Democracy Party.[186]

Vox holds a Eurosceptic view of the European Union,[10][187] arguing that Spain should make no sovereignty concessions to the EU, because according to the Constitution of Spain national sovereignty is vested in the Spanish people, from whom emanate the powers of the State. The party's leadership is strongly opposed to the EU becoming a federal superstate and instead argues for a Europe of "strong and sovereign states" that "defends its borders and its Christian roots and opposes multiculturalism and mass immigration."[188][189][190] Political science professor Andrés Santana and Lisa Zanotti noted that out of all the parties in Spain, Vox's voters and grassroots activists were the most likely to oppose Spain's membership of the EU.[191]

In July 2021, party leader Abascal signed a statement about Europe's future that opposed the EU's "federalist drift" with Viktor Orbán (Prime Minister of Hungary and president of Fidesz), Marine Le Pen (President of the National Rally), Jarosław Kaczyński (leader of PiS and ex-Prime Minister of Poland), Giorgia Meloni, among others.[192]

Following the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Vox took a strong pro-Ukrainian stance, announcing its support to "all measures" to defend Ukraine, including shipments of armaments to Ukraine.[193]

Americas Edit

Vox was supportive of Donald Trump and his political ideals during his presidency[54][56] and met with his government in February 2019 to present the Madrid Charter; the document divided political groups in the Americas into the two sides of Western democracies and "criminal" left-wing groups that were "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".[194][195][196] The Madrid Charter called for scholars and the media to adopt and disseminate the ideas of the document.[197] In September 2021, 15 senators and three deputies from the National Action Party of Mexico met Abascal to sign the charter.[198] The charter was primarily signed by Venezuelan opposition members, Cuban dissidents and Fujimorists from Peru,[195][199][200] with El País writing that Vox gathered groups of Evangelicals, Catholics, neoconservatives, right-wing populists and individuals "nostalgic for military dictatorships" to sign the document.[194]

Voter profile Edit

A 2020 study based on a statistical analysis of April 2019 general election results found that Vox's support is stronger among middle-aged, urban population with higher secondary education and at the higher end of income distribution. Authors say that such voter profile is in direct contrast with that of a typical supporter of radical right parties in other European states, expected to be a man from a rural area with low education and low income. Vox's support is stronger among electorate dissatisfied with the current political situation in Spain, and voters who identify themselves as Spaniards.[201]

A 2021 study of the influence of Spanish party leaders on Twitter during the April 2019 general election campaign[202] found that the messages tweeted during the electoral campaign by Santiago Abascal (Vox) reached the highest diffusion and viralization capacity compared to Twitter messages by leaders of Cs, PSOE, PP and UP. The main focus of Abascal's tweets, according to the authors, was Spanish territorial model (27.2%), government and parties (19.3%) and economy (14.5%).

Electoral performance Edit

Cortes Generales Edit

Cortes Generales
Election Leading candidate Congress Senate Government
Votes % Seats +/– Seats +/–
2015 Santiago Abascal 58,114 0.23 (#15)
0 / 350
  0
0 / 208
  0 Extra-parliamentary
2016 47,182 0.20 (#13)
0 / 350
  0
0 / 208
  0 Extra-parliamentary
Apr. 2019 2,688,092 10.26 (#5)
24 / 350
  24
0 / 208
  0 Snap election
Nov. 2019 3,656,979 15.08 (#3)
52 / 350
  28
2 / 208
  2 Opposition
2023 3,033,744 12.39 (#3)
33 / 350
  19
0 / 208
  2 TBD

European Parliament Edit

European Parliament
Election Leading candidate Votes % Seats +/–
2014 Alejo Vidal-Quadras 246,833 1.57 (#11)
0 / 54
  0
2019 Jorge Buxadé 1,393,684 6.21 (#5)
4 / 59
  4

Regional parliaments Edit

Region Election Votes % Seats +/– Government
Andalusia 2022 496,618 13.5 (#3)
14 / 109
  2 Opposition
Aragon 2023 75,349 11.3 (#3)
7 / 67
  4 Coalition
Asturias 2023 TBD 10.1 (#3)
4 / 45
  2 Opposition
Balearic Islands 2023 62,637 13.9 (#3)
8 / 59
  5 Opposition
Basque Country 2020 17,569 1.9 (#6)
1 / 75
  1 Opposition
Canary Islands 2023 TBD 7.9 (#5)
4 / 70
  4 Opposition
Cantabria 2023 35,982 11.1 (#4)
4 / 35
  2 Opposition
Castile and León 2022 212,605 17.6 (#3)
13 / 81
  12 Coalition
Castilla–La Mancha 2023 139,607 12.8 (#3)
4 / 33
  4 Opposition
Catalonia 2021 218,364 7.7 (#4)
11 / 135
  11 Opposition
Ceuta 2023 TBD 20.6 (#3)
5 / 25
  1 Opposition
Extremadura 2023 49,798 8.1 (#3)
5 / 65
  5 Coalition
Galicia 2020 26,485 2.0 (#5)
0 / 75
  0 No seats
La Rioja 2023 12,773 7.6 (#3)
2 / 33
  2 Opposition
Madrid 2023 248,379 7.3 (#4)
10 / 135
  3 Opposition
Melilla 2023 TBD 9.9 (#4)
2 / 25
  0 Opposition
Murcia 2023 TBD 17.7 (#3)
9 / 45
  5 TBD
Navarre 2023 TBD 4.3 (#7)
2 / 50
  2 TBD
Valencian Community 2023 310,184 12.4 (#4)
13 / 99
  13 Coalition

Results timeline Edit

Year  
ES 		 
EU 		 
AN 		 
AR 		 
AS 		 
CN 		 
CB 		 
CM 		 
CL 		 
CT 		 
CE 		 
EX 		 
GL 		 
IB 		 
RI 		 
MD 		 
ML 		 
MC 		 
NC 		 
PV 		 
CV
2014 N/A 1.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2015 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.8 0.4
2016   0.2 0.1
2017
2018   11.0
2019   10.3   6.2 6.1   6.4   2.5   5.1   7.0   5.5   22.4   4.7 8.1 3.9   8.9 7.8   9.5 1.3   10.6
  15.1
   
2020 2.0   1.9
2021 7.7   9.1
2022   13.5   17.6
2023  12.4   11.3
   		  10.1   7.9   11.1   12.8      20.6   8.1
   		  13.9   7.6   7.3   9.9   17.7   4.3   12.4
  
Year  
ES 		 
EU 		 
AN 		 
AR 		 
AS 		 
CN 		 
CB 		 
CM 		 
CL 		 
CT 		 
CE 		 
EX 		 
GL 		 
IB 		 
RI 		 
MD 		 
ML 		 
MC 		 
NC 		 
PV 		 
CV

Bold indicates best result to date.
  To be decided
  Present in legislature (in opposition)
  Junior coalition partner
  Senior coalition partner

Party membership Edit

According to the party's annual reports.

Year Joined Left Num. of members at 31 December
2016   3,496 [203]
2017 2,045 569   4,792 [203]
2018 20,153 1,102   23,843 [204]
2019 29,927 1,363   52,407 [204]
2020 17,253 7,286   62,374 [205]
2021 11,118 10,024   63,468 [1]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Latin: vox, lit. 'voice'
  2. ^ Pablo Carmona suggests Vox can be indeed adequately interpreted as a sort of evolution of the People's Party from the last years of the leadership of José María Aznar.[25]
  3. ^ Spanish: reconversión, lit. 'reconversion; restructuring'
  4. ^ Vidal Quadras later left the party after the political failure at the European election and his inability to impose his stances in the party. He would argue in 2018 that the party shifted from a "liberal conservative, Europeanist, and reformist" proposal (represented by himself), to a "Nationalist, revisionist, eurosceptic and confessional" one.[28]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b "Partido politico Vox. Cuentas anuales del ejercicio 2021, junto con el informe de auditoria" (PDF). Vox España.
  2. ^ Fredrik Engelstad; Trygve Gulbrandsen (7 October 2019). Elites and People: Challenges to Democracy. Comparative Social Research. p. 199. ISBN 978-1838679156.
  3. ^ a b Casals, Xavier (19 January 2019). "Vox habla sobre Vox. Tres libros para conocer el partido". Agenda Pública. Su ideario parece hallarse aún en construcción y tiene como eje vertebrador un ultranacionalismo bélico asociado a la "Reconquista" o a una "Covadonga 2.0", El partido lo identifica con una visión biológica y palingenética de la patria, la "España viva", pero también con una cultura de inspiración católica.
  4. ^ a b Acha, Beatriz (6 January 2019). "No, no es un partido (neo)fascista". Agenda Pública.
  5. ^ a b Antón-Mellón, Joan (29 April 2019). . Agenda Pública. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  6. ^ [2][3][4][5]
  7. ^ Rama, José; J. Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart; Santana, Andrés (30 July 2020). "Who are Vox, and who are their voters?". The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  8. ^ Guy Hedgecoe (11 November 2019). "Spanish elections: How the far-right Vox party found its footing". BBC News.
  9. ^ "Spanish election: victory for Socialists as VOX surge fragments right-wing vote". Yahoo News. 29 April 2019.
  10. ^ a b "Factbox: The rise of Spain's far-right - Vox becomes third-biggest party". Reuters. 10 November 2019.
  11. ^ "Far-right claims first victories in Spain since Franco era". Axios. 5 December 2018.
  12. ^ a b
    • Arroyo Menéndez 2020: "To the extent that VOX fits with the concepts and theoretical explanations about radical right-wing parties and authoritarian populists, we would have a prior set of variables and factors that could explain the vote for this party."
    • Cabezas, Marta (1 January 2022). "Silencing Feminism? Gender and the Rise of the Nationalist Far Right in Spain". Signs. Chicago. 47 (2): 319–345. doi:10.1086/716858. S2CID 244923080. the nationalist far-right party Vox
    • García Rada, Aser (15 January 2021). "Spain will become the sixth country worldwide to allow euthanasia and assisted suicide". British Medical Journal. 372. the far right Vox opposed the law
    • Wheeler, Duncan (2020). "Vox in the Age of COVID-19: The Populist Protest Turn in Spanish Politics". Journal of International Affairs. New York City. 73 (2): 173–184. This provided an opportunity for Vox, a far-right populist party
    • Mudde, Cas (2019). The Far Right Today. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40, 41, 174. ISBN 978-1-5095-3685-6.
    • Ferreira 2019, p. 73
    • Mudde, Cas (12 November 2019). "Nativism is driving the far-right surge in Europe – and it is here to stay". The Guardian.
    • Gould, Robert (2019). "Vox España and Alternative für Deutschland: Propagating the Crisis of National Identity". Genealogy. 3 (4): 64. doi:10.3390/genealogy3040064.
    • Ribera Payá, Pablo; Díaz Martínez, José Ignacio (16 July 2020). "The end of the Spanish exception: the far right in the Spanish Parliament". European Politics and Society. 22 (3): 410–434. doi:10.1080/23745118.2020.1793513. S2CID 225618005.
  13. ^ [9][10][11][12]
  14. ^ a b Press, Europa (13 June 2019). "Vox compartirá grupo en la Eurocámara con el partido que apoyó a Puigdemont". elperiodico.
  15. ^ a b Turnbull-Dugarte 2019.
  16. ^ a b Ferreira 2019.
  17. ^ Mendes, Mariana S.; Dennison, James (19 June 2020). "Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal: salience, stigma and supply". West European Politics. 44 (4): 752–775. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1777504. S2CID 225650718.
  18. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  19. ^ "Comité Ejecutivo Nacional". Vox España. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  20. ^ . voxespana.es/aviso-legal (in Spanish). Aviso Legal. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014.
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  22. ^ a b O'Leary, Elisabeth (16 January 2014). "Spanish ruling party rebels launch new conservative party". Reuters. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  23. ^ Fernández, Guillermo (10 October 2018). "Vox abre la puerta". ctxt.es. Vistalegre dibuja a Vox como la expresión de que una parte de la derecha "neocon" española se ha desgajado de la nave nodriza del Partido Popular
  24. ^ Hennig, Anja; Meyer-Resende, Madalena (2016). Bedingungen der Aktivierung von moralpolitischen Konflikten. In: Ines-Jacqueline Werkner y Oliver Hidalgo (Eds.). Springer. pp. 304–305. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-11793-1. ISBN 978-3-658-11792-4.
  25. ^ Carmona Pascual 2020, p. 161.
  26. ^ a b Casals, Xavier (1 April 2019). "Catalunya i 'la España viva' de Vox". Política & Prosa (5).
  27. ^ "Vox elige a Vidal-Quadras como su primer presidente". Crónica Global. 8 March 2014.
  28. ^ "Las caras y los apoyos de Vox". El Periódico. 1 November 2018.
  29. ^ Jannessari, Sohail; Loucaides, Darren (27 April 2019). "Spain's Vox Party Hates Muslims—Except the Ones Who Fund It". Foreign Policy.
  30. ^ "Tristeza y decepción en Vox tras los resultados de las Elecciones Europeas". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 26 May 2014.
  31. ^ Paradinas, Marcos (3 November 2017). "VOX: "El 21D es fruto de un pacto oculto entre Rajoy y los golpistas"". elplural.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  32. ^ García, Jesús (11 October 2017). "El TSJ catalán admite la querella de Vox por rebelión contra Puigdemont". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  33. ^ "La afiliación al partido ultraderechista VOX aumenta un 20% en 40 días". Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  34. ^ "Los ex 'populares' Juan Antonio Morales y Antonio Pozo se incorporan a Vox". Región Digital (in Spanish). 10 September 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  35. ^ Turnbull-Dugarte 2019, pp. 1–2.
  36. ^ . BBC News. 3 December 2018. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018.
  37. ^ "¿Quién es Francisco José Alcaraz, el primer senador de Vox?". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). 19 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  38. ^ Vox enters Congress for the first time but falls short of expectations in elpais.com
  39. ^ Acha Ugarte, Beatriz (2021). Analizar el auge de la ultraderecha. Presentación de Cristina Monge y Jorge Urdánoz (págs. 9-13). Barcelona: Gedisa.
  40. ^ Jones, Sam (11 November 2019). "Spain election: grand coalition ruled out as far-right Vox surges". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  41. ^ "Vox gana las elecciones en Murcia y Ceuta". El Plural (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  42. ^ Ortega, Esther (24 February 2020). "Vox pide que los extranjeros que hayan visitado China no entren en España". Redaccion Medica.
  43. ^ Vilasero, Manuel (10 March 2020). "España descarta restringir los vuelos o el comercio con China por el coronavirus". El Periodico.
  44. ^ "La embajada china critica por racista a Ortega Smith tras hablar de "malditos virus chinos"". La Vanguardia. 14 March 2020.
  45. ^ "Vox pide declarar el 8 de marzo Día Nacional de las Víctimas de Coronavirus". Europa Press. 22 February 2021.
  46. ^ "Los besos y apretones de manos de Ortega Smith en Vistalegre: su baño de masas con el coronavirus". El Espanol. 10 March 2020.
  47. ^ "Vox confirma que Ortega Smith tiene coronavirus y pide perdón por su mitin del domingo". El Pais. 10 March 2020.
  48. ^ "8 de marzo de 2020: las marchas más criticadas". Agencia EFE. 4 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Vox convoca una manifestación para el 12-O contra el estado de alarma decretado por Sánchez en Madrid". Libertad Digital. 9 October 2020.
  50. ^ "Vox lleva al Tribunal Constitucional el estado de alarma de Sánchez por "abusivo"". El Confidencial. 27 April 2020.
  51. ^ Hermida, Xosé (21 October 2020). "Vox's motion of no confidence against the government: what you need to know about the two-day debate". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  52. ^ "La moción de censura de Vox fracasa con 298 'no', 52 'sí' y un Gobierno respaldado por la mayoría". La Sexta. 22 October 2020.
  53. ^ "VOX recurre ante el TC el estado de alarma". Confilegal. 6 November 2020.
  54. ^ a b "Vox se entrega al trumpismo". ABC. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  55. ^ Labrados, Fernando (23 November 2020). "¿Qué es QAnon?". EFE. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  56. ^ a b "Vox se niega a reconocer la derrota de Trump y aún no considera vencedor a Biden". 20 Minutos. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  57. ^ "Vox salva con su abstención el decreto del Gobierno sobre los fondos europeos". ABC.
  58. ^ "Sectores de Vox consideran "el mayor error de su historia" la abstención en los fondos europeos". ABC.
  59. ^ "Vox arranca la campaña en Euskadi con mítines blindados entre piedras y botellas". El Independiente. 26 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Lanzan piedras a Abascal en un acto de Vox en Girona". Huffington Post. 30 January 2021.
  61. ^ "Vox sufre un nuevo ataque en un mitin y Abascal amenaza con responder si la Policía no les protege". El Mundo. 21 April 2021.
  62. ^ "Podemos justifica la violencia contra Vox en Vallecas: "Son unos pijos que han ido a provocar"". ABC. 9 April 2021.
  63. ^ "Un Constitucional dividido anula el confinamiento domiciliario impuesto en el primer estado de alarma". El Mundo. 14 July 2021.
  64. ^ "El Constitucional falla que la restricción de la actividad del Parlamento en la pandemia vulneró los derechos de los diputados". El Pais. 5 October 2021.
  65. ^ "El Constitucional anula el segundo decreto del estado de alarma contra la pandemia". El Pais. 27 October 2021.
  66. ^ "El Gobierno ordena devolver todas las multas del primer estado de alarma por el Covid-19 al ser declarado inconstitucional". ABC. 22 October 2021.
  67. ^ "Resultados provisionales. Castilla y León". Junta of Castile and León.[permanent dead link]
  68. ^ "Spanish regional elections leads far-right party to record results". euractiv.com. 14 February 2022.
  69. ^ "DIRECTO | Última hora de la crisis en el Partido Popular". El Diario. 18 February 2022.
  70. ^ "ElectoPanel 22F". ElectoMania. 22 February 2022.
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  73. ^ "Vox no logra su objetivo de ser llave para entrar en la Junta de Andalucía". ABC. 20 June 2022.
  74. ^ "Macarena Olona deja la política por "razones médicas"". ABC. 29 July 2022.
  75. ^ "Macarena Olona deja la política "por razones médicas"". El Pais. 29 July 2022.
  76. ^ "Rechazada la moción de censura de Tamames con la abstención del PP y los síes de Vox y un ex de CS". ABC. 22 March 2023.
  77. ^ Martínez, Laura (13 June 2023). "PP y Vox acuerdan gobernar juntos en la Comunitat Valenciana". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  78. ^ Roces, Pablo R. (5 August 2023). "Vox capitaliza en Aragón su cuarto acuerdo de gobierno ante un PP diluido". El Mundo. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
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  89. ^ García Rada 2021.
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  95. ^ a b Casals 2020, p. 30.
  96. ^ Segovia Vara, Marina; Fernández Pasalodos, Arnau (18 April 2019). "Ha vuelto la Antiespaña. Vox y su violencia discursiva". El Salto.
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  98. ^ Lenore, Víctor (24 April 2019). "Morante, Calamaro y Abascal: ¿son los toros el nuevo rock and roll?". Voz Pópuli.
  99. ^ Fernández Vázquez, Guillermo (24 April 2019). "Vox, la extrema derecha de siempre". CTXT. A tenor de lo que muestra el programa, cultura es para Vox lengua y tradición, siguiendo el viejo lema de los partidos nacionalistas.
  100. ^ Rubio, Ricardo (17 May 2021). "Vox muestra su apoyo a Israel y condena el "ataque del terrorismo yihadista" a un país que defiende "sus fronteras"". Europa Press.
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  102. ^ Wilson, Jason (25 October 2018). "'Dripping with poison of antisemitism': the demonization of George Soros". The Guardian.
  103. ^ Maestre, Antonio (2 May 2015), "Un histórico ultra condenado a prisión por el asalto a Blanquerna, en Vox", La Sexta
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  106. ^ Redacción (13 April 2019). "Vox expulsa al abogado José María Ruiz Puerta por haber presidido la asociación CEDADE". Alerta Nacional. Tanto a Ortega Smith como a Rocío Monasterio les ha faltado tiempo para desvincularse de Ruiz Puerta. Sostienen que nunca ha militado ni pertenecido a Vox, lo que desdice lo que él mismo ha publicado en redes sociales y también lo que manifestó en "Alt News". En el espacio radial dirigido y conducido por Santiago Fontenla sostuvo que él tenía "acceso directo" a Abascal y daba por consumada su incorporación a ese proyecto político.
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  109. ^ Lebourg & Camus 2020, p. 275: "A la cuestión táctica se agrega un problema de concepción de la nación que muestra lo difícil que resulta unir al total de los nacionalistas, porque, así como Marine Le Pen intentó seducir a los diputados de VOX, estos, que son partidarios del centralismo nacional, prefirieron la coherencia ideológica cuando decidieron no adherirse a un grupo que incluye a los Vlaams Belang"
  110. ^ a b "El programa de Vox para "reconquistar" España". RTVE (in Spanish). 3 December 2018.
  111. ^ Remírez de Ganuza, Carmen (17 January 2014). "Nace Vox pidiendo la eliminación de los parlamentos regionales". El Mundo.
  112. ^ Cañizares, María Jesús (17 December 2018). "Vox: ¿fenómeno mediático o real?". Crónica Global.
  113. ^ "Abascal revive sus dos dramas con ETA: el ataque familiar y el asesinato de su amigo cartero". El Español. 9 November 2020.
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  115. ^ "Teresa López and Juan Ros, the only Vox Ceuta candidates for 10 N". 7 October 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
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  117. ^ "Franco's shadow: reburial battle sees Spain confront its darkest days". the Guardian. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
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  120. ^ Jones, Sam (9 December 2018). "Far right victories in Andalucía send shockwave through Spanish politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  121. ^ Álvarez, Pilar; Valdés, Isabel (3 December 2018). "Derogar la ley de violencia de género y otros planes de Vox contra el feminismo". El Pais. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  122. ^ a b c d Arroyo, Jorge Rodriguez (3 December 2018). "Far-right Spanish political party Vox: What are its policies?". El Pais.
  123. ^ a b Casals 2020, pp. 30–31.
  124. ^ Diego, Sara (25 December 2019). "Vox coge la bandera contra el aborto proponiendo una baja escolar para madres adolescentes". El Español.
  125. ^ a b "Far right Vox commits to blocking access to abortion and euthanasia in Madrid". El Pais. 29 April 2021.
  126. ^ "Vox apuesta por la cadena perpetua tanto si el maltratador agrede o insulta como si asesina". El Español. 26 November 2019.
  127. ^ "PSOE, PP, Cs y Podemos reclaman la reforma de los delitos sexuales mientras Vox pide cadena perpetua para violadores". Heraldo. 8 November 2019.
  128. ^ Madueno, Juan Diego (2 June 2020). "Los políticos que han defendido la tauromaquia: "Está ineludiblemente unida a nuestras raíces"". El Mundo.
  129. ^ "As Spain elects its first far-right MPs since Franco, the party's leader invokes the Inquisition years". The Jewish Chronicle. 2 May 2019.
  130. ^ "Spain's far-right makes election gains using anti-Muslim sentiment". The National (Abu Dhabi). 29 April 2019.
  131. ^ Bryan, Kenza (9 December 2018). "Spain's far right eyes role as kingmaker in April elections". The Times.
  132. ^ a b c "José María Marco, candidato de Vox: "El matrimonio homosexual es cuestión de dignidad"". El Mundo. 30 March 2019.
  133. ^ "Abascal, sobre el matrimonio gay: "Es una unión civil como la que podrían tener dos hermanas viudas"". Antena3 (in Spanish). 8 April 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2021. El líder de Vox afirma que su partido defiende que las personas del mismo sexo puedan tener una unión civil, pero no de matrimonio.
  134. ^ Alberto Suárez (30 October 2019). "Vox considera que la homosexualidad no debe hacerse pública". Cadena SER (in Spanish).
  135. ^ a b c d e "Hablamos con cuatro votantes gais de Vox: "Es el único partido que da prioridad a la familia"". El Pais. 28 June 2019.
  136. ^ a b c "Santiago Abascal: "En Vox no hay homofobia, estamos contra la ideología LGTB"". Marca. 8 April 2019.
  137. ^ a b c d e "¿Es Vox un partido homófobo?". ctxt. 21 September 2021.
  138. ^ "Vox presenta a Monasterio y Ortega Smith para Madrid". El Pais. 19 April 2019.
  139. ^ "Vox importa el 'homonacionalismo' de la ultraderecha europea señalando a los migrantes como amenaza LGTBI". InfoLibre. 19 September 2021.
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Bibliography Edit

  • Arroyo Menéndez, Millán (2020). "Las causas del apoyo electoral a VOX en españa". Política y Sociedad. Madrid. 57 (3): 693–717. doi:10.5209/poso.69206. S2CID 241063503.
  • Carmona Pascual, Pablo (2020). "Vox y el dilema de las derechas". Familia, raza y nación en tiempos de posfascismo (PDF). Traficantes de Sueños. pp. 161–186. ISBN 978-84-121259-4-8.
  • Casals, Xavier (2020). "El ultranacionalismo de Vox. Cinco claves para comprender 'la España viva'". Grand Place. Pensamiento y Cultura. Zarautz: Mario Onaindia Fundazioa. 13: 27–35. ISSN 2386-429X.
  • Ferreira, Carles (2019). "Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología" [Vox as Representative of the Radical Right in Spain: A study of its Ideology]. Revista Española de Ciencia Política (in Spanish). 51 (51): 73–98. doi:10.21308/recp.51.03. ISSN 2173-9870.
  • Mendes, Mariana; Dennison, James (2021). "Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal: Salience, Stigma and Supply". West European Politics. 44 (4): 752–775. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1777504.
  • Lebourg, Nicolas; Camus, Jean-Yves (2020). Las extremas derechas en Europa. Editorial Clave Intelectual. 344. ISBN 978-84-122800-2-9.
  • Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart J. (2019). "Explaining the end of Spanish exceptionalism and electoral support for Vox". Research & Politics. SAGE. 6 (2). doi:10.1177/2053168019851680.
  • Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart; Rama, José; Santana, Andrés (2020). "The Baskerville's dog suddenly started barking: voting for VOX in the 2019 Spanish general elections". Political Research Exchange. 2 (1). doi:10.1080/2474736X.2020.1781543.

External links Edit

 
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  • Official site

August 28, 2023
political, party, other, uses, disambiguation, often, stylized, caps, spanish, pronunciation, ˈboks, national, conservative, political, party, spain, founded, 2013, currently, party, president, santiago, abascal, vice, presidents, jorge, buxadé, javier, ortega. For other uses see Vox disambiguation Vox a often stylized in all caps Spanish pronunciation ˈboks is a national conservative 18 political party in Spain Founded in 2013 it is currently led by party president Santiago Abascal vice presidents Jorge Buxade Javier Ortega Smith Reyes Romero assisted by secretary general Ignacio Garriga 19 Vox identifies itself as right wing though has been described as far right by academics and journalists 12 VoxPresidentSantiago AbascalSecretary GeneralIgnacio GarrigaVice presidentsJorge BuxadeJavier Ortega SmithReyes RomeroSpokesman in CongressPepa MillanFounded17 December 2013Split fromPeople s PartyHeadquartersC Bambu 12 28036 MadridMembership 2021 63 468 1 IdeologySpanish nationalism 6 Right wing populism 7 8 Political positionFar right A 13 ReligionRoman CatholicismEuropean affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists PartyEuropean Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists 14 Colours GreenCongress of Deputies33 350Senate3 265European Parliament4 59Regional parliaments114 1 268Mayors in Spain33 8 122Town councillors1 695 67 121Party flagWebsitewww wbr voxespana wbr esPolitics of SpainPolitical partiesElections A Vox is considered part of the radical right a subset of the far right that does not oppose democracy 4 15 16 17 The party entered the Spanish parliament for the first time after winning seats in the April 2019 general election Later that year it received 3 6 million votes in the November 2019 general election winning 52 seats and becoming the third largest party in the Congress of Deputies Their public support reached its peak within the next few years according to the results of subsequent regional elections and opinion polling but in 2023 Spanish general election they showed worse results losing 19 seats in parliament albeit remaining the third largest political force in Spain with about 3 million votes In the European Parliament Vox is part of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party along with Brothers of Italy and Law and Justice declining to join the Identity and Democracy group which includes such far right parties as National Rally League and Alternative for Germany Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Entrance into institutions and opposition to COVID 19 measures 1 3 Entering autonomous governments 2 Ideology 2 1 Internal politics 2 2 Social issues 2 2 1 Islam 2 2 2 LGBT rights 2 2 3 Arms 2 3 Economy 2 4 Immigration 2 5 Environment 2 6 Education 2 7 Foreign policy and international relations 2 7 1 Europe 2 7 2 Americas 2 8 Voter profile 3 Electoral performance 3 1 Cortes Generales 3 2 European Parliament 3 3 Regional parliaments 3 4 Results timeline 4 Party membership 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit Javier Ortega Smith giving a speech in 2018Vox was founded on 17 December 2013 and publicly launched at a press conference in Madrid on 16 January 2014 as a split from the People s Party PP 20 21 22 This schism was interpreted as an offshoot of neoconservative 23 or social conservative 24 PP party members b The party platform called for the rewriting of the Spanish constitution so as to curb regional autonomy and abolish regional parliaments 22 Several founding members of the party for example Alejo Vidal Quadras Jose Antonio Ortega Lara and Santiago Abascal had been members of the platform reconversion es c which had issued a manifesto in 2012 calling for a recentralization of the State 26 Vidal Quadras was proclaimed as the first chairman in March 2014 27 d Their initial funding totalling nearly 972 000 euros came in the form of individual donations from supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran NCRI and of People s Mujahedin of Iran MEK thanks to their personal relationship with Vidal Quadras who had supported the NCRI during his stint in the EU Parliament There is no evidence that Vox has broken Spanish or EU funding rules accepting these donations 26 29 The 2014 European elections marked the first time the newly formed Vox fielded a candidate with Vidal Quadras running under its banner though he narrowly failed to retain his seat in the European Parliament 30 In September 2014 the party elected Santiago Abascal one of the founders as its President and Ivan Espinosa de los Monteros also a founder as General Secretary Eleven members of the National Executive Committee were also elected The party participated in the 2015 and the 2016 elections but did not do well scoring 0 23 and 0 20 of votes respectively Amidst the Spanish constitutional crisis precipitated by the Catalan referendum Vox opted to not participate in the Catalan regional elections of 2017 31 After the Catalan declaration of independence the party sued the Parliament of Catalonia and several independentist politicians 32 Its membership grew by 20 in the span of forty days immediately following this action 33 Entrance into institutions and opposition to COVID 19 measures Edit On 10 September 2018 Vox enlisted Juan Antonio Morales an independent legislator in the regional parliament of Extremadura who had dropped out of the PP parliamentary group as party member 34 On 2 December 2018 they won 12 parliamentary seats in the Andalusian regional election 35 36 entering a regional parliament for the first time It supported the coalition regional government by Ciudadanos and the Popular Party With this result Vox was also given a first seat in the Senate which was taken by Francisco Jose Alcaraz 37 The party obtained 10 26 of votes in the April 2019 general election electing 24 Deputies and entering the Congress of Deputies for the first time 38 Later the party entered the European Parliament for the first time with 6 2 of the votes and three Eurodeputies which after Brexit became four After this election the party joined the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe 14 Vox has declined the invitation to join the Identity and Democracy group which includes such far right parties as National Rally League and Alternative for Germany 39 In the second general election of the year in November Vox came third and increased its number of deputies from 24 to 52 40 It was the most voted party in the Region of Murcia and the autonomous city of Ceuta 41 At the beginning of 2020 during the onset of the global COVID 19 pandemic Vox called for travel restrictions between China and Spain and later between Italy and Spain to safeguard against the Chinese virus 42 At that time the epidemic was already in full swing in those countries but it was prior to any COVID cases being officially confirmed within Spain in significant numbers That position found no support among other parties and it was criticized as xenophobic rhetoric 43 44 The party claims that serious counter COVID measures were deliberately delayed in Spain by the government which hid the information and downplayed known risks to allow for mass public events on International Women s Day 8 March to take place as these events were important for the left wing agenda of the newly formed coalition government of PSOE and UP 45 At the same time Vox went forward with their own global party conference on 8 March in Vistalegre where party supporters from all parts of Spain were invited The conference resulted in numerous cases of COVID infection including confirmed cases of COVID transmission between members of Vox leadership 46 47 This fact was often brought up by Vox opponents to criticize Vox attitude towards COVID situation in Spain 48 During the anti COVID lockdown and follow up restrictions Vox routinely criticized government measures as inefficient partisan and partially unconstitutional 49 In April 2020 the party appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain against the first State of Alarm 15 March 21 June declared by the government 50 In October 2020 Vox s parliamentary group at the Congress of Deputies tabled a motion of no confidence against the current Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez bringing Santiago Abascal as alternative candidate 51 The motion failed to gain any support among the other parliamentary groups gathering 52 yes votes those of Vox legislators and 298 no votes the rest of the chamber 52 In November 2020 Vox appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain against the second State of Alarm October 25 2020 May 9 2021 declared by the government 53 In the face of the 2020 United States presidential election Vox was fully supportive of President Donald Trump s candidacy 54 even tweeting from its official account that Joe Biden was the preferred candidate of El Pais Podemos Otegi Maduro China Iran and pedophiles which according to the international news agency EFE was echoing QAnon conspiracy theories 55 Vox took part in the 2021 CPAC conference and refused to acknowledge Biden s victory 56 Santiago Abascal during a rally in 2021At the beginning of 2021 Vox s abstention was instrumental in securing European COVID recovery funds on Socialist terms 57 criticized by independent experts for allowing the government inefficient partisan spending without any effective independent control citation needed Many Vox supporters considered this as the largest error in Vox s history 58 leading to party leaders admitting it as a mistake and apologizing citation needed During 2020 and 2021 electoral campaigns for regional elections in the Basque Country 59 Catalonia 60 and the Community of Madrid 61 multiple legal electoral events of Vox were physically attacked by radical political opponents on the premises of Vox s legitimate electoral events in some regions being provocative acts The view of the events as provocations was endorsed by high ranking UP members including their speaker Pablo Echenique and their leader the Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain at the time Pablo Iglesias 62 On 14 July 2021 in response to the Vox s appeal the previous year the Constitutional Court of Spain declared by a narrow majority 6 votes in support vs 5 votes against that the first anti COVID State of Alarm was unconstitutional in the part of suppressing the freedom of movement established by the Article 19 of the Constitution 63 In October 2021 the Constitutional Court of Spain supported two other appeals by Vox and declared unconstitutional the closing down of Spanish Parliament and Senate in the beginning of pandemic and the second State of Alarm 64 65 As reported on 22 October 2021 the Government of Spain ordered all fines collected in relation to the first State of Alarm to be returned to citizens 66 Entering autonomous governments Edit On 13 February 2022 Vox came third in the 2022 Castilian Leonese regional election raising its representation from 1 up to 13 seats and becoming the key player for the rival People s Party PP who won the elections to form a government 67 68 Following this election result and an unfolding leadership crisis in PP 69 Vox for the first time was recognized as the Spain s second political force according to some opinion polls for the next general elections 70 In March 2022 it was announced that Vox would form government with the PP in Castile and Leon taking three of ten ministerial positions including vice president for regional leader Juan Garcia Gallardo 71 Vox member Carlos Pollan was elected President of the Cortes of Castile and Leon the position of speaker 72 This represents the first participation of Vox in any regional government On 19 June 2022 Vox came third in the 2022 Andalusian regional elections With Macarena Olona as the leading candidate the party improved over the previous regional elections gaining about 100k more votes and two more seats in the Parliament of Andalusia but failed short of the expectations to achieve significantly better results and become the key to the new regional government 73 In the aftermath of elections despite initial promises to stay and lead Vox s opposition group in Andalusia on 29 July 2022 Olona announced her decision to resign and left politics due to unnamed medical reasons 74 75 In March 2023 Vox for the second time tabled a motion of no confidence against the government of Pedro Sanchez with Ramon Tamames as alternative independent candidate The motion failed with 53 votes in favour 201 votes against 91 abstentions and 4 absentees 76 In May 2023 local and regional elections were held in Spain Vox as the minor partner formed the government with the PP in the Valencian Community though the PP ordered that Vox s lead candidate Carlos Flores would not take part in the government due to his 2002 conviction for harassment of his ex wife 77 After protracted negotiations Vox also joined PP governments in Extremadura and Aragon 78 Despite not forming the government Vox was awarded the speaker s role in the Parliament of the Balearic Islands in exchange for abstaining on the vote and thereby allowing a PP government 79 Again as the smaller of the two parties Vox formed local governments with the PP in cities such as Elche Toledo Valladolid Guadalajara and Burgos 80 A general election took place in July 2023 for which the PP was widely forecast to win and obtain a majority with support from Vox 81 82 83 In what BBC News called a surprise result Vox fell from 52 seats to 33 losing half a million votes the PP took the most seats but fell short of a majority even with Vox s support Vox s reduced presence in the Congress meant that it lost its ability to appeal the government s legislature to the Supreme Court it had previously used this right to challenge Sanchez s legislation on transgender issues euthanasia and the COVID 19 pandemic 84 Ideology EditThis section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page July 2023 The party identifies itself as a more right wing alternative to the centre right People s Party from which it split in 2013 In November 2018 during a party event in Murcia the party leader Santiago Abascal defined his party as antifascist anti Nazi and anticommunist 85 El Espanol simply described Vox as right wing 86 though journalists and academics routinely describe the party as being far right 87 88 89 90 15 Adding to the confusion is the exact understanding of the far right term by different sources While some of scholars cited below who qualify Vox as a far right or radical right party make a clear fundamental distinction between far right radical right and extreme right other sources and laymen often treat these terms as equivalent As a young party Vox somewhat lacks a well elaborated ideology basis and might still be considered as a party under construction subject to day to day ideology adjustments further complicating its analysis 91 needs update According to the book by Rama Zanotti Turnbull Dugarte and Santana Vox is a populist radical right party in contrast to an extreme right They consider the party to be ideologically radical but not extreme since discursively it does not go against the central tenets of democracy They write that however belonging to the populist radical right family means that the party communicates and advocates for policies that are somewhat at odds with some of the core principles of liberal democracy such as the rule of law individual liberties or the rights of minorities According to their analysis the positions that are central to Vox s ideology are i a strong anti immigration stance and advocacy for stricter law and order policies ii a strong defence of the unity of Spain against all who allegedly want to break or undermine it iii an opposition to what it labels as the progressive dictatorship and strong defence of the Catholic religion and traditional moral values 92 Carles Ferreira Torres in his analysis comes to the conclusion that Vox is a far right organization as it fits the characteristics of the radical right party family He sums up Vox s ideology is based on a combination of nationalism and xenophobia nativism and an authoritarian view of society attached to the values of law and order This authoritarianism however represents neither the willingness to establish an autocratic regime nor the use of violence to reach political goals According to Ferreira nationalism nativism authoritarianism and traditionalism are central to Vox s ideology neoliberalism is present but not central populism is indicated but not explicit and there are no antidemocratic views in the party s ideology 16 According to Xavier Casals the unifying part of Vox s ideology up to this point until when is a warlike ultranationalism 93 that is identified by the party with a palingenetic and biological vision of the country the so called Espana Viva but also with a Catholic inspired culture 3 He says that ideological roots of the party s ultranationalism lie in the incondicionalismo unconditionalism the nationalist discourse based on the fear of amputation of the homeland coined in the 19th century in Colonial Cuba against Cuban separatism and also autonomist concessions replicated in Catalonia in the 1910s 94 Casals writes that their specific brand of Spanish nationalism is linked to the unconditional support to the State Security Forces and Corps 95 and the party s discourse has also revived the myth of the Antiespana Anti Spain an umbrella term created in the 1930s by the domestic ultranationalist forces to designate the inner Enemies of Spain 5 96 creating a simplistic Espana viva Antiespana duality that comes handy for the communication in brief messages characteristic of social media 95 Casals notes regarding the external projection of their discourse that the party has reanimated the concept of Hispanidad party leader Abascal has stated that an immigrant coming from a brotherly Hispanic American country is not comparable to the immigration coming from Islamic countries 97 According to Guillermo Fernandez Vazquez Vox s positions which he described as economically anti statist and neoliberal as well as morally authoritarian is similar to positions held by Jorg Haider s FPO or Jean Marie Le Pen s National Front from the 1980s thus likening the emergence of the party to an archaic stage of current radical right parties more worried about the need to modernize their image than Vox the latter s approach to cultural issues would be in line with old school Spanish nationalist parties restricting the scope of culture to language and tradition 98 99 Vox supports the State of Israel within the context of Israeli Palestinian conflict 100 On the other hand the party has appealed to conspiracy theories invoking the figure of George Soros as a mastermind behind Catalan separatism and the alleged Islamization of Europe 101 Support of anti Soros conspiracy theories is widely considered as a sign of antisemitism 102 though leading figures of Vox never brought up the roots of Soros in their anti Soros discourse citation needed Vox used to include some former neo Nazis in party cadres and lists 103 104 Vox has since expelled some of them from the party while others have resigned 105 106 During his participation in the April 2019 general election debate Santiago Abascal used a phrase used by Ramiro Ledesma founder of the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista JONS fascist party only the rich can afford the luxury of not having a homeland 107 Internal politics Edit Vox supports the constitutional monarchy 108 advocates for the recentralization 109 110 111 of Spain by abolishing Spain s autonomous communities 110 112 and strongly opposes separatist movements in the country in particular the Catalan independence movement and Basque nationalism Fighting the latter is also a personal question for multiple founding members including the current president Santiago Abascal whose family was threatened by the terrorist group ETA during his youth in the Basque country 113 Jose Antonio Ortega Lara who was kidnapped by ETA and kept hostage for 532 days and Maria Teresa Lopez Alvarez whose father survived an assassination attempt by ETA 114 115 Vox promotes the illegalization of separatist parties in Spain 116 e g EH Bildu ERC etc and opposed the pardoning of Catalan independence activists convicted for organizing an independence referendum The party s centralist discourse incorporates economic arguments claiming that current structure of autonomous and local governments in Spain are responsible for significant superfluous budget spending Vox publicly criticised and opposed the exhumation of Francisco Franco 117 Vox calls for Spain to regain sovereignty over Gibraltar 118 and extra efforts for safeguarding Spanish control of Ceuta and Melilla 119 Social issues Edit Vox is considered anti feminist by some who 120 and wants to repeal the gender violence law 121 which they see as discriminatory against one of the sexes and replace it with a family violence law that will afford the same protection to the elderly men women and children who suffer from abuse 122 Left leaning critics believe Vox undermines the importance of feminist struggle in the advancement of women s liberties by means of linking the latter to a culture with Christian foundations 123 Vox is opposed to abortion rights 124 125 The party advocates for life sentences for sex offenders and abusers 126 127 Vox opposes the legalization of euthanasia 125 The party supports bullfighting which it considers an important element of Spanish culture that should be defended 128 Islam Edit While Vox s official platform only contains proposals against Islamic fundamentalism public statements made by party figures constitute Islamophobia helping to underpin according to Casals their discourse against Maghrebi immigration and in favour of the development of a closer bond to Catholicism 123 The party advocates for the closure of fundamentalist mosques as well as the arrest and expulsion of extremist imams 122 Vox has openly called for the deportation of tens of thousands of Muslims from Spain 129 In 2019 the party s leader demanded a Reconquista reconquest of Spain 130 explicitly referencing a new round of expulsions of Muslim immigrants from the country 131 LGBT rights Edit Vox opposes same sex marriage 132 while supporting same sex civil unions 133 The party has been accused of homophobia 134 135 which the party denies 132 136 137 Party leader Santiago Abascal has denied allegations of homophobia stating in an interview that Vox is in no way a homophobic party and that it merely opposes LGBT ideology going on to say that party membership includes many homosexuals and that he personally has friends who are gay 136 137 Jose Maria Marco Spanish essayist liberal conservative opinion journalist and an open gay conservative contested the April 2019 Senate election in Madrid as the candidate from Vox and also ran second in the party list for the 2019 Madrilenian regional election 132 138 In some discourses party leaders have suggested that their opposition to mass immigration from Islamic countries effectively protects the LGBT community as homosexuality is largely prosecuted in Islamic cultures and that most immigrants do not alter their attitude upon arrival to Spain 139 137 Vox opposes the Ley Trans developed by Irene Montero and the Ministry of Equality and approved by Spanish government in June 2021 137 140 According to Vox the law as proposed attacks the rights of women children biology and common sense 141 Vox congratulated the Hungarian parliament for passing legislation 142 that would ban media and educational content which may be seen by underage persons from depicting LGBT individuals or addressing LGBT issues 143 Ahead of the 2019 elections Vox published a tweet calling for a battle against several symbols including a ghost with the LGBT flag This ghost was re appropriated by the LGBT community which gave it the name Gaysper and used it as a symbol against homophobia During the April 2019 general election Vox shared a controversial tweet in which it invited its supporters to vote through the claim Let the battle begin The message was accompanied by a photomontage of Aragorn a protagonist of the Lord of the Rings saga in which he appeared facing a crowd of orcs whose figure had been modified and replaced with symbols contrary to the party s ideology the feminist symbol the hammer and sickle the flag of the Second Spanish Republic and the Catalan independence senyera several logos of media outlets such as El Pais or Cadena SER the symbol of the raised fist the symbol of the anti fascist movement and among them a modified version of the ghost emoji of the Android 5 0 version with the colors of the LGBT flag 144 The use of the ghost in the tweet met with an initial negative reaction from the LGBT community on Twitter However it would later end up using it for the creation of memes and finally as a symbol of the collective in a phenomenon of reappropriation The icon would end up being known as Gaysper in a portmanteau of the word gay and Casper the Friendly Ghost and subsequently spread in press and television 145 146 Two PSOE deputies would later attend a parliamentary session in Congress wearing a T shirt bearing the icon 147 148 Multiple Vox politicians have made allegedly disparaging statements about homosexuals 135 137 Thus Fernando Paz Cristobal ca ex leader of Vox in Albacete who left the party in 2019 told in 2013 If I had a gay son I would help him there are therapies to correct such psychology 135 149 Francisco Serrano Castro ex leader of Vox in Andalusia who left the party in 2020 tweeted in 2017 Homosexuals have penises and lesbians have vulvas and don t be fooled nobody cares about it 135 Juan E Pfluger director of communications of Vox in 2019 tweeted in 2013 Why do gays celebrate Saint Valentine s day if their thing is not love it s just vice 135 Arms Edit Vox has proposed that citizens should be allowed to keep arms at home and supports the castle doctrine 136 150 but does not support the right to carry arms or the free sale of firearms 150 Current party leaders Santiago Abascal and Javier Ortega are both licensed to carry handguns for self defence due to recurrent threats to their lives for their political activities 151 152 Under strict Spanish gun laws such licenses are rarely granted to civilians only when authorities consider proven a real high risk of an individual being attacked about 0 02 of the Spanish population holds such licenses 153 Economy Edit Vox s economic position is often described as economically liberal 154 155 156 or neo liberal 157 The party defends liberalization of Spanish labor laws lower taxation and support for self employed workers 122 At the same time Vox s discourse includes protectionist ideas for national companies and criticism of globalization and large multinational corporations which can be viewed as anti liberal 158 159 The party s economic rhetoric includes elements aimed to attract the working class electorate traditionally supportive of left oriented parties like PSOE In 2020 Vox declared the launch of its own workers union named Solidaridad 160 Solidarity the name reminiscent of numerous historic organizations in Spain e g Solidaridad Espanola and other countries e g Polish Solidarity UK Solidarity etc According to some declarations the union is just endorsed but independent from Vox party citation needed Vox s discourse includes calls to cut inefficient and superfluous government spending 122 In particular the costs associated with the administration of autonomous communities and local governments which also should be downscaled according to the views of the party on internal politics and ideological chiringuitos the party s label for various organizations recipients of public funds considered by Vox as just promoters of government agenda citation needed In their program for 2023 Spanish General Elections Vox proposed an overhaul of Spanish fiscal system with radical reduction of income tax down to two levels of 15 and 25 reduction of added value taxes and abolishing or reduction of other state taxes 161 Immigration Edit According to the party s platform and numerous interviews of its leaders Vox positions itself strongly against illegal immigration which is a significant contributor to crime in Spain in 2021 according to INE data 162 25 of convicts in Spain were foreign nationals 17 of convicts were non European nationals there is no official statistics on immigration status of foreign convicts Vox calls for unconditional deportation of illegal immigrants tightening of Spanish immigration laws legal and police actions against non profits e g Proactiva Open Arms and organized crime facilitating illegal immigration and the militarization of problematic frontiers The party emphasizes its support for legal immigration complied with the Spanish law At the same time they promote stricter regulation of immigration according to the needs of national economy with preference for immigration from Hispanic cultures on the premises of easier integration of such immigrants into Spanish society compared to immigrants from Islamic countries 163 164 165 119 166 In 2020 Vox deputy Rocio de Meer described neighborhoods such as Molenbeek in Brussels or Barbes in Paris as multicultural dung heaps 167 Other party deputies have used the same term such as party leader Santiago Abascal during a failed motion of censure of deputy Ignacio Garriga 168 In the elections to the Assembly of Madrid of 2021 held on May 4 Vox used a very controversial poster in which appeared the faces of a young masked man with pixelated eyes and an old woman with the sign between the two A mena unaccompanied minor 4700 euros per month Your grandmother 426 euros pension month These numbers were debunked by the Department of Social Policies Families Equality and Birth of the Community of Madrid 169 The poster was denounced in court for inciting hatred towards this group but the court and the appeal ruling did not consider it a crime 170 171 During the Russian invasion of Ukraine Vox supported the accommodation of Ukrainian refugees in Europe According to Abascal these are real war refugees women children and elderly people unlike young Muslim males of military age invading Europe frontiers with intentions to destabilize and colonize it 172 Opponents of Vox describe and criticize the party s position as xenophobic anti immigrant and Islamophobic With especially strong criticism of Vox s harsh position against vulnerable immigrant groups such as unaccompanied minors refugees or victims of crime in their country of origin 173 174 The party is critical of multiculturalism 175 176 166 and demographic transition 177 178 179 supporting natalist politics and opposing replacement migration 178 179 There are persons of non European descent among Vox members and supporters Notable figures of African descent associated with the party include Ignacio Garriga and Bertrand Ndongo 180 Environment Edit The party s discourse about the environment has evolved over time going from climate change denial to a conservationist approach 181 However the party still opposes the mainstream environmental views labelling them as Green religion and as recent as April 2021 voted against the Law for Climate Change and Energy Transition which was adopted anyway 182 Education Edit Vox promotes the pin parental policy changes in laws aimed to guarantee the rights of parents to control public education of their children and veto their children from obligatory attendance to classes contradicting values of parents 183 Party representatives claim that Spanish national and regional authorities abuse the control of the public education system to impose their political and ideological agenda on children 183 Foreign policy and international relations Edit Europe Edit Abascal and Chega leader Andre Ventura in Lisbon 2021Since its formation Vox was close to Matteo Salvini s Lega Nord party in Italy In March 2021 Salvini said there were no longer any links between the two parties with Vox growing closer to Giorgia Meloni s Brothers of Italy party instead 184 A member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Vox shares group with parties such as Polish Law and Justice Brothers of Italy Dutch JA21 or the Sweden Democrats 185 In October 2021 Abascal said that Vox has an unbreakable alliance with Portuguese party Chega which belongs to the Identity and Democracy Party 186 Vox holds a Eurosceptic view of the European Union 10 187 arguing that Spain should make no sovereignty concessions to the EU because according to the Constitution of Spain national sovereignty is vested in the Spanish people from whom emanate the powers of the State The party s leadership is strongly opposed to the EU becoming a federal superstate and instead argues for a Europe of strong and sovereign states that defends its borders and its Christian roots and opposes multiculturalism and mass immigration 188 189 190 Political science professor Andres Santana and Lisa Zanotti noted that out of all the parties in Spain Vox s voters and grassroots activists were the most likely to oppose Spain s membership of the EU 191 In July 2021 party leader Abascal signed a statement about Europe s future that opposed the EU s federalist drift with Viktor Orban Prime Minister of Hungary and president of Fidesz Marine Le Pen President of the National Rally Jaroslaw Kaczynski leader of PiS and ex Prime Minister of Poland Giorgia Meloni among others 192 Following the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Vox took a strong pro Ukrainian stance announcing its support to all measures to defend Ukraine including shipments of armaments to Ukraine 193 Americas Edit Vox was supportive of Donald Trump and his political ideals during his presidency 54 56 and met with his government in February 2019 to present the Madrid Charter the document divided political groups in the Americas into the two sides of Western democracies and criminal left wing groups that were under the umbrella of the Cuban regime 194 195 196 The Madrid Charter called for scholars and the media to adopt and disseminate the ideas of the document 197 In September 2021 15 senators and three deputies from the National Action Party of Mexico met Abascal to sign the charter 198 The charter was primarily signed by Venezuelan opposition members Cuban dissidents and Fujimorists from Peru 195 199 200 with El Pais writing that Vox gathered groups of Evangelicals Catholics neoconservatives right wing populists and individuals nostalgic for military dictatorships to sign the document 194 Voter profile Edit A 2020 study based on a statistical analysis of April 2019 general election results found that Vox s support is stronger among middle aged urban population with higher secondary education and at the higher end of income distribution Authors say that such voter profile is in direct contrast with that of a typical supporter of radical right parties in other European states expected to be a man from a rural area with low education and low income Vox s support is stronger among electorate dissatisfied with the current political situation in Spain and voters who identify themselves as Spaniards 201 A 2021 study of the influence of Spanish party leaders on Twitter during the April 2019 general election campaign 202 found that the messages tweeted during the electoral campaign by Santiago Abascal Vox reached the highest diffusion and viralization capacity compared to Twitter messages by leaders of Cs PSOE PP and UP The main focus of Abascal s tweets according to the authors was Spanish territorial model 27 2 government and parties 19 3 and economy 14 5 Electoral performance EditCortes Generales Edit Cortes GeneralesElection Leading candidate Congress Senate GovernmentVotes Seats Seats 2015 Santiago Abascal 58 114 0 23 15 0 350 0 0 208 0 Extra parliamentary2016 47 182 0 20 13 0 350 0 0 208 0 Extra parliamentaryApr 2019 2 688 092 10 26 5 24 350 24 0 208 0 Snap electionNov 2019 3 656 979 15 08 3 52 350 28 2 208 2 Opposition2023 3 033 744 12 39 3 33 350 19 0 208 2 TBDEuropean Parliament Edit European ParliamentElection Leading candidate Votes Seats 2014 Alejo Vidal Quadras 246 833 1 57 11 0 54 02019 Jorge Buxade 1 393 684 6 21 5 4 59 4Regional parliaments Edit Region Election Votes Seats GovernmentAndalusia 2022 496 618 13 5 3 14 109 2 OppositionAragon 2023 75 349 11 3 3 7 67 4 CoalitionAsturias 2023 TBD 10 1 3 4 45 2 OppositionBalearic Islands 2023 62 637 13 9 3 8 59 5 OppositionBasque Country 2020 17 569 1 9 6 1 75 1 OppositionCanary Islands 2023 TBD 7 9 5 4 70 4 OppositionCantabria 2023 35 982 11 1 4 4 35 2 OppositionCastile and Leon 2022 212 605 17 6 3 13 81 12 CoalitionCastilla La Mancha 2023 139 607 12 8 3 4 33 4 OppositionCatalonia 2021 218 364 7 7 4 11 135 11 OppositionCeuta 2023 TBD 20 6 3 5 25 1 OppositionExtremadura 2023 49 798 8 1 3 5 65 5 CoalitionGalicia 2020 26 485 2 0 5 0 75 0 No seatsLa Rioja 2023 12 773 7 6 3 2 33 2 OppositionMadrid 2023 248 379 7 3 4 10 135 3 OppositionMelilla 2023 TBD 9 9 4 2 25 0 OppositionMurcia 2023 TBD 17 7 3 9 45 5 TBDNavarre 2023 TBD 4 3 7 2 50 2 TBDValencian Community 2023 310 184 12 4 4 13 99 13 CoalitionResults timeline Edit Year ES EU AN AR AS CN CB CM CL CT CE EX GL IB RI MD ML MC NC PV CV2014 N A 1 6 N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A2015 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 7 1 2 0 3 1 2 0 8 0 42016 0 2 0 120172018 11 02019 10 3 6 2 6 1 6 4 2 5 5 1 7 0 5 5 22 4 4 7 8 1 3 9 8 9 7 8 9 5 1 3 10 6 15 1 2020 2 0 1 92021 7 7 9 12022 13 5 17 62023 12 4 11 3 10 1 7 9 11 1 12 8 20 6 8 1 13 9 7 6 7 3 9 9 17 7 4 3 12 4 Year ES EU AN AR AS CN CB CM CL CT CE EX GL IB RI MD ML MC NC PV CVBold indicates best result to date To be decided Present in legislature in opposition Junior coalition partner Senior coalition partnerParty membership EditAccording to the party s annual reports Year Joined Left Num of members at 31 December2016 3 496 203 2017 2 045 569 4 792 203 2018 20 153 1 102 23 843 204 2019 29 927 1 363 52 407 204 2020 17 253 7 286 62 374 205 2021 11 118 10 024 63 468 1 See also EditA list of notable Vox politicians History of the far right in SpainNotes Edit Latin vox lit voice Pablo Carmona suggests Vox can be indeed adequately interpreted as a sort of evolution of the People s Party from the last years of the leadership of Jose Maria Aznar 25 Spanish reconversion lit reconversion restructuring Vidal Quadras later left the party after the political failure at the European election and his inability to impose his stances in the party He would argue in 2018 that the party shifted from a liberal conservative Europeanist and reformist proposal represented by himself to a Nationalist revisionist eurosceptic and confessional one 28 References Edit a b Partido politico Vox Cuentas anuales del ejercicio 2021 junto con el informe de auditoria PDF Vox Espana Fredrik Engelstad Trygve Gulbrandsen 7 October 2019 Elites and People Challenges to Democracy Comparative Social Research p 199 ISBN 978 1838679156 a b Casals Xavier 19 January 2019 Vox habla sobre Vox Tres libros para conocer el partido Agenda Publica Su ideario parece hallarse aun en construccion y tiene como eje vertebrador un ultranacionalismo belico asociado a la Reconquista o a una Covadonga 2 0 El partido lo identifica con una vision biologica y palingenetica de la patria la Espana viva pero tambien con una cultura de inspiracion catolica a b Acha Beatriz 6 January 2019 No no es un partido neo fascista Agenda Publica a b Anton Mellon Joan 29 April 2019 Vox Del nacional catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal Agenda Publica Archived from the original on 3 May 2019 Retrieved 29 April 2019 2 3 4 5 Rama Jose J Turnbull Dugarte Stuart Santana Andres 30 July 2020 Who are Vox and who are their voters The London School of Economics and Political Science Retrieved 23 October 2020 Guy Hedgecoe 11 November 2019 Spanish elections How the far right Vox party found its footing BBC News Spanish election victory for Socialists as VOX surge fragments right wing vote Yahoo News 29 April 2019 a b Factbox The rise of Spain s far right Vox becomes third biggest party Reuters 10 November 2019 Far right claims first victories in Spain since Franco era Axios 5 December 2018 a b Arroyo Menendez 2020 To the extent that VOX fits with the concepts and theoretical explanations about radical right wing parties and authoritarian populists we would have a prior set of variables and factors that could explain the vote for this party Cabezas Marta 1 January 2022 Silencing Feminism Gender and the Rise of the Nationalist Far Right in Spain Signs Chicago 47 2 319 345 doi 10 1086 716858 S2CID 244923080 the nationalist far right party Vox Garcia Rada Aser 15 January 2021 Spain will become the sixth country worldwide to allow euthanasia and assisted suicide British Medical Journal 372 the far right Vox opposed the law Wheeler Duncan 2020 Vox in the Age of COVID 19 The Populist Protest Turn in Spanish Politics Journal of International Affairs New York City 73 2 173 184 This provided an opportunity for Vox a far right populist party Mudde Cas 2019 The Far Right Today John Wiley amp Sons pp 40 41 174 ISBN 978 1 5095 3685 6 Ferreira 2019 p 73 Mudde Cas 12 November 2019 Nativism is driving the far right surge in Europe and it is here to stay The Guardian Gould Robert 2019 Vox Espana and Alternative fur Deutschland Propagating the Crisis of National Identity Genealogy 3 4 64 doi 10 3390 genealogy3040064 Ribera Paya Pablo Diaz Martinez Jose Ignacio 16 July 2020 The end of the Spanish exception the far right in the Spanish Parliament European Politics and Society 22 3 410 434 doi 10 1080 23745118 2020 1793513 S2CID 225618005 9 10 11 12 a b Press Europa 13 June 2019 Vox compartira grupo en la Eurocamara con el partido que apoyo a Puigdemont elperiodico a b Turnbull Dugarte 2019 a b Ferreira 2019 Mendes Mariana S Dennison James 19 June 2020 Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal salience stigma and supply West European Politics 44 4 752 775 doi 10 1080 01402382 2020 1777504 S2CID 225650718 Nordsieck Wolfram 2019 Spain Parties and Elections in Europe Comite Ejecutivo Nacional Vox Espana Retrieved 6 October 2022 Politica de privacidad de VOX Espana voxespana es aviso legal in Spanish Aviso Legal Archived from the original on 17 July 2014 Quintero L F Alonsof Mariano 14 January 2014 Nace Vox el partido politico de Santiago Abascal y Ortega Lara Libertad Digital Retrieved 16 March 2014 a b O Leary Elisabeth 16 January 2014 Spanish ruling party rebels launch new conservative party Reuters Retrieved 18 April 2018 Fernandez Guillermo 10 October 2018 Vox abre la puerta ctxt es Vistalegre dibuja a Vox como la expresion de que una parte de la derecha neocon espanola se ha desgajado de la nave nodriza del Partido Popular Hennig Anja Meyer Resende Madalena 2016 Bedingungen der Aktivierung von moralpolitischen Konflikten In Ines Jacqueline Werkner y Oliver Hidalgo Eds Springer pp 304 305 doi 10 1007 978 3 658 11793 1 ISBN 978 3 658 11792 4 Carmona Pascual 2020 p 161 a b Casals Xavier 1 April 2019 Catalunya i la Espana viva de Vox Politica amp Prosa 5 Vox elige a Vidal Quadras como su primer presidente Cronica Global 8 March 2014 Las caras y los apoyos de Vox El Periodico 1 November 2018 Jannessari Sohail Loucaides Darren 27 April 2019 Spain s Vox Party Hates Muslims Except the Ones Who Fund It Foreign Policy Tristeza y decepcion en Vox tras los resultados de las Elecciones Europeas Libertad Digital in Spanish 26 May 2014 Paradinas Marcos 3 November 2017 VOX El 21D es fruto de un pacto oculto entre Rajoy y los golpistas elplural com in Spanish Retrieved 18 April 2018 Garcia Jesus 11 October 2017 El TSJ catalan admite la querella de Vox por rebelion contra Puigdemont El Pais in Spanish Retrieved 30 August 2018 La afiliacion al partido ultraderechista VOX aumenta un 20 en 40 dias Publico in Spanish Retrieved 18 April 2018 Los ex populares Juan Antonio Morales y Antonio Pozo se incorporan a Vox Region Digital in Spanish 10 September 2018 Retrieved 19 November 2018 Turnbull Dugarte 2019 pp 1 2 Spain far right Vox party gains foothold in Andalusia election BBC News 3 December 2018 Archived from the original on 3 December 2018 Quien es Francisco Jose Alcaraz el primer senador de Vox 20 Minutos in Spanish 19 February 2019 Retrieved 21 February 2019 Vox enters Congress for the first time but falls short of expectations in elpais com Acha Ugarte Beatriz 2021 Analizar el auge de la ultraderecha Presentacion de Cristina Monge y Jorge Urdanoz pags 9 13 Barcelona Gedisa Jones Sam 11 November 2019 Spain election grand coalition ruled out as far right Vox surges The Guardian Retrieved 11 November 2019 Vox gana las elecciones en Murcia y Ceuta El Plural in Spanish 10 November 2019 Retrieved 14 December 2019 Ortega Esther 24 February 2020 Vox pide que los extranjeros que hayan visitado China no entren en Espana Redaccion Medica Vilasero Manuel 10 March 2020 Espana descarta restringir los vuelos o el comercio con China por el coronavirus El Periodico La embajada china critica por racista a Ortega Smith tras hablar de malditos virus chinos La Vanguardia 14 March 2020 Vox pide declarar el 8 de marzo Dia Nacional de las Victimas de Coronavirus Europa Press 22 February 2021 Los besos y apretones de manos de Ortega Smith en Vistalegre su bano de masas con el coronavirus El Espanol 10 March 2020 Vox confirma que Ortega Smith tiene coronavirus y pide perdon por su mitin del domingo El Pais 10 March 2020 8 de marzo de 2020 las marchas mas criticadas Agencia EFE 4 March 2021 Vox convoca una manifestacion para el 12 O contra el estado de alarma decretado por Sanchez en Madrid Libertad Digital 9 October 2020 Vox lleva al Tribunal Constitucional el estado de alarma de Sanchez por abusivo El Confidencial 27 April 2020 Hermida Xose 21 October 2020 Vox s motion of no confidence against the government what you need to know about the two day debate EL PAIS Retrieved 22 October 2020 La mocion de censura de Vox fracasa con 298 no 52 si y un Gobierno respaldado por la mayoria La Sexta 22 October 2020 VOX recurre ante el TC el estado de alarma Confilegal 6 November 2020 a b Vox se entrega al trumpismo ABC Retrieved 14 December 2020 Labrados Fernando 23 November 2020 Que es QAnon EFE Retrieved 14 December 2020 a b Vox se niega a reconocer la derrota de Trump y aun no considera vencedor a Biden 20 Minutos Retrieved 14 December 2020 Vox salva con su abstencion el decreto del Gobierno sobre los fondos europeos ABC Sectores de Vox consideran el mayor error de su historia la abstencion en los fondos europeos ABC Vox arranca la campana en Euskadi con mitines blindados entre piedras y botellas El Independiente 26 June 2020 Lanzan piedras a Abascal en un acto de Vox en Girona Huffington Post 30 January 2021 Vox sufre un nuevo ataque en un mitin y Abascal amenaza con responder si la Policia no les protege El Mundo 21 April 2021 Podemos justifica la violencia contra Vox en Vallecas Son unos pijos que han ido a provocar ABC 9 April 2021 Un Constitucional dividido anula el confinamiento domiciliario impuesto en el primer estado de alarma El Mundo 14 July 2021 El Constitucional falla que la restriccion de la actividad del Parlamento en la pandemia vulnero los derechos de los diputados El Pais 5 October 2021 El Constitucional anula el segundo decreto del estado de alarma contra la pandemia El Pais 27 October 2021 El Gobierno ordena devolver todas las multas del primer estado de alarma por el Covid 19 al ser declarado inconstitucional ABC 22 October 2021 Resultados provisionales Castilla y Leon Junta of Castile and Leon permanent dead link Spanish regional elections leads far right party to record results euractiv com 14 February 2022 DIRECTO Ultima hora de la crisis en el Partido Popular El Diario 18 February 2022 ElectoPanel 22F ElectoMania 22 February 2022 Far right gains first share of power in Spain since Franco Reuters 10 March 2022 Retrieved 10 March 2022 Vox speaker in Spain s Castilla y Leon regional parliament ANSA 10 March 2022 Retrieved 10 March 2022 Vox no logra su objetivo de ser llave para entrar en la Junta de Andalucia ABC 20 June 2022 Macarena Olona deja la politica por razones medicas ABC 29 July 2022 Macarena Olona deja la politica por razones medicas El Pais 29 July 2022 Rechazada la mocion de censura de Tamames con la abstencion del PP y los sies de Vox y un ex de CS ABC 22 March 2023 Martinez Laura 13 June 2023 PP y Vox acuerdan gobernar juntos en la Comunitat Valenciana elDiario es in Spanish Retrieved 19 June 2023 Roces Pablo R 5 August 2023 Vox capitaliza en Aragon su cuarto acuerdo de gobierno ante un PP diluido El Mundo Retrieved 10 August 2023 Ballesteros Esther Galvin Angy 20 June 2023 Vox coloca al xenofobo y negacionista Gabriel Le Senne al frente del Parlament balear gracias a su pacto con el PP elDiario es in Spanish Retrieved 10 August 2023 PP y Vox cierran acuerdos en Toledo Guadalajara Burgos Elche Valladolid y otros nueve ayuntamientos in Spanish RTVE 15 June 2023 Retrieved 19 June 2023 Jopson Barney 19 July 2023 Spain first Vox party on brink of sharing power Financial Times Retrieved 10 August 2023 The hard right Vox could be in Spain s next government The Economist 21 July 2023 Retrieved 10 August 2023 Giles Ciaran 18 July 2023 Spain s early election could put the far right in power for the first time since Franco AP News Retrieved 10 August 2023 Hedgecoe Guy 24 July 2023 Spain election Key takeaways as far right surge fails to materialise BBC News Retrieved 10 August 2023 Gomez David 15 November 2018 Abascal Para callarnos nos tendran que meter en la carcel La Verdad Santiago Abascal definio a su formacion como antifascista antinazi Vox retiene a Salvador Monedero y prescinde de Carmen Lomana El Espanol in Spanish 23 May 2016 Retrieved 25 November 2018 Vox el partido de derechas liderado por Santiago Abascal Arroyo Menendez 2020 Cabezas 2022 p 319 345 Garcia Rada 2021 Wheeler amp 2020 p 173 184 Casals Xavier October 2020 Como definir a Vox Cinco claves interpretativas Barcelona Metropolis VOX The Rise of the Spanish Populist Radical Right Taylor amp Francis Group 2021 pp 139 143 ISBN 9781003049227 Caparros Martin 2019 Vox and the Rise of the Extreme Right in Spain New York Times Casals 2020 p 27 a b Casals 2020 p 30 Segovia Vara Marina Fernandez Pasalodos Arnau 18 April 2019 Ha vuelto la Antiespana Vox y su violencia discursiva El Salto Casals 2020 pp 31 32 Lenore Victor 24 April 2019 Morante Calamaro y Abascal son los toros el nuevo rock and roll Voz Populi Fernandez Vazquez Guillermo 24 April 2019 Vox la extrema derecha de siempre CTXT A tenor de lo que muestra el programa cultura es para Vox lengua y tradicion siguiendo el viejo lema de los partidos nacionalistas Rubio Ricardo 17 May 2021 Vox muestra su apoyo a Israel y condena el ataque del terrorismo yihadista a un pais que defiende sus fronteras Europa Press Baer Alejandro 2 May 2019 The Rise of Spain s Pro Israel Far Right Party Tablet Mag Wilson Jason 25 October 2018 Dripping with poison of antisemitism the demonization of George Soros The Guardian Maestre Antonio 2 May 2015 Un historico ultra condenado a prision por el asalto a Blanquerna en Vox La Sexta El pasado nazi de un candidato de Vox en Alcala de Henares ABC 7 May 2015 Perez Sergio 13 April 2019 El numero 7 de Vox en Alcala renuncia por su nexo con una organizacion nazi La Vox de Asturias Segun informa Vox Alcala de Henares en un comunicado Bonito ya ha presentado ante la Junta Electoral de Zona un escrito de renuncia a formar parte de dicha candidatura y a su acta de concejal electo en el caso de que la obtuviera Redaccion 13 April 2019 Vox expulsa al abogado Jose Maria Ruiz Puerta por haber presidido la asociacion CEDADE Alerta Nacional Tanto a Ortega Smith como a Rocio Monasterio les ha faltado tiempo para desvincularse de Ruiz Puerta Sostienen que nunca ha militado ni pertenecido a Vox lo que desdice lo que el mismo ha publicado en redes sociales y tambien lo que manifesto en Alt News En el espacio radial dirigido y conducido por Santiago Fontenla sostuvo que el tenia acceso directo a Abascal y daba por consumada su incorporacion a ese proyecto politico Abascal utiliza argumentario de Falange en el debate Solo los ricos pueden permitirse el lujo de no tener patria La Sexta in Spanish 5 November 2019 Retrieved 19 June 2023 VOX A new political party an offshoot of the PP Spain News in English www typicallyspanish com Retrieved 14 June 2021 Lebourg amp Camus 2020 p 275 A la cuestion tactica se agrega un problema de concepcion de la nacion que muestra lo dificil que resulta unir al total de los nacionalistas porque asi como Marine Le Pen intento seducir a los diputados de VOX estos que son partidarios del centralismo nacional prefirieron la coherencia ideologica cuando decidieron no adherirse a un grupo que incluye a los Vlaams Belang a b El programa de Vox para reconquistar Espana RTVE in Spanish 3 December 2018 Remirez de Ganuza Carmen 17 January 2014 Nace Vox pidiendo la eliminacion de los parlamentos regionales El Mundo Canizares Maria Jesus 17 December 2018 Vox fenomeno mediatico o real Cronica Global Abascal revive sus dos dramas con ETA el ataque familiar y el asesinato de su amigo cartero El Espanol 9 November 2020 Who are the 52 deputies of Vox and where do they come from 12 November 2019 Retrieved 27 April 2022 Teresa Lopez and Juan Ros the only Vox Ceuta candidates for 10 N 7 October 2019 Retrieved 27 April 2022 Vox pide ilegalizar a partidos independentistas en su presentacion en Barcelona La Vanguardia in Spanish 3 June 2018 Retrieved 14 June 2021 Franco s shadow reburial battle sees Spain confront its darkest days the Guardian 23 March 2019 Retrieved 10 September 2022 Spain s Vox party wins seats as far right party surges for first time since Franco CNN 3 December 2018 a b Macias 18 May 2021 Abascal intensifica su discurso anti inmigracion ilegal pide una respuesta de fuerza y bloquear los visados marroquies La Razon Jones Sam 9 December 2018 Far right victories in Andalucia send shockwave through Spanish politics The Guardian Retrieved 9 December 2018 Alvarez Pilar Valdes Isabel 3 December 2018 Derogar la ley de violencia de genero y otros planes de Vox contra el feminismo El Pais Retrieved 9 December 2018 a b c d Arroyo Jorge Rodriguez 3 December 2018 Far right Spanish political party Vox What are its policies El Pais a b Casals 2020 pp 30 31 Diego Sara 25 December 2019 Vox coge la bandera contra el aborto proponiendo una baja escolar para madres adolescentes El Espanol a b Far right Vox commits to blocking access to abortion and euthanasia in Madrid El Pais 29 April 2021 Vox apuesta por la cadena perpetua tanto si el maltratador agrede o insulta como si asesina El Espanol 26 November 2019 PSOE PP Cs y Podemos reclaman la reforma de los delitos sexuales mientras Vox pide cadena perpetua para violadores Heraldo 8 November 2019 Madueno Juan Diego 2 June 2020 Los politicos que han defendido la tauromaquia Esta ineludiblemente unida a nuestras raices El Mundo As Spain elects its first far right MPs since Franco the party s leader invokes the Inquisition years The Jewish Chronicle 2 May 2019 Spain s far right makes election gains using anti Muslim sentiment The National Abu Dhabi 29 April 2019 Bryan Kenza 9 December 2018 Spain s far right eyes role as kingmaker in April elections The Times a b c Jose Maria Marco candidato de Vox El matrimonio homosexual es cuestion de dignidad El Mundo 30 March 2019 Abascal sobre el matrimonio gay Es una union civil como la que podrian tener dos hermanas viudas Antena3 in Spanish 8 April 2019 Retrieved 26 June 2021 El lider de Vox afirma que su partido defiende que las personas del mismo sexo puedan tener una union civil pero no de matrimonio Alberto Suarez 30 October 2019 Vox considera que la homosexualidad no debe hacerse publica Cadena SER in Spanish a b c d e Hablamos con cuatro votantes gais de Vox Es el unico partido que da prioridad a la familia El Pais 28 June 2019 a b c Santiago Abascal En Vox no hay homofobia estamos contra la ideologia LGTB Marca 8 April 2019 a b c d e Es Vox un partido homofobo ctxt 21 September 2021 Vox presenta a Monasterio y Ortega Smith para Madrid El Pais 19 April 2019 Vox importa el homonacionalismo de la ultraderecha europea senalando a los migrantes como amenaza LGTBI InfoLibre 19 September 2021 El Gobierno aprueba la ley trans que contempla la autodeterminacion de genero El Diario 29 June 2021 La Ley Trans una amenaza para mujeres y ninos Vox Espana 2 July 2021 Una divulgadora cientifica lleva mas de 5 000 me gusta con su implacable replica a este tuit de Vox El HuffPost in Spanish 25 June 2021 Retrieved 25 June 2021 Hungary passes law banning LGBT content in schools or kids TV the Guardian 15 June 2021 Retrieved 25 June 2021 Vox 28 April 2019 Que comience la batalla PorEspana tuit Twitter in Spanish Archived from the original on 10 May 2019 Retrieved 24 May 2021 Canto Pablo 29 April 2019 Como el fantasma LGTB que asusta a Vox se ha convertido en un icono gay in Spanish El Pais Verne Retrieved 24 May 2021 Justo David 30 April 2019 La historia de Gaysper el fantasma utilizado por Vox que se ha convertido en icono LGTBI in Spanish Cadena SER Retrieved 24 May 2021 La question LGBT en Espagne Major Prepa in French 6 December 2021 Retrieved 4 June 2022 Avec ce petit fantome des deputes espagnols ont pris les homophobes a leur propre jeu in French Huffpost 21 May 2019 Retrieved 24 May 2021 Vox quiere llevar al Congreso a un seudohistoriador negacionista y homofobo El Pais 19 March 2019 a b Press Europa 20 March 2019 Vox explica que su propuesta sobre armas no esta pensada para llevarlas por la calle y venderlas en supermercados www europapress es Retrieved 27 June 2021 El permiso tipo B que tiene Abascal que armas permite llevar que requisitos tiene y como se concede 20 Minutos 18 June 2020 Javier Ortega Smith el francotirador de Vox El Pais 1 February 2020 Who are Spain s gun owners El Pais 25 October 2016 Vox es mas ultraderecha clasica que populismo contemporaneo letraslibres com in Spanish su nacionalismo se conjuga con un discurso economico liberal Vox es mas ultraderecha clasica que populismo contemporaneo Letras Libres in Spanish Retrieved 29 June 2021 En Espana el partido mas liberal en materia economica es VOX PanAm Podcast PanAm Post in Spanish 6 December 2018 Retrieved 29 June 2021 Vox del nacional catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal Agenda Publica 3 May 2019 Archived from the original on 3 May 2019 Retrieved 29 June 2021 El programa economico de Vox y su lio con el liberalismo economico bajadas de impuestos pero proteccionista frente a la globalizacion www elblogsalmon com in Spanish 26 February 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2022 Asi seria una Espana con Abascal como presidente proteccionista xenofoba centralista y policial El Espanol in Spanish 30 July 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2022 Press Europa 1 May 2021 Vox presenta su sindicato anticomunista Solidaridad frente al sindicalismo corrompido de UGT y CCOO www europapress es Retrieved 29 June 2021 Vox Un programa para lo que importa Programa electoral para las Elecciones Generales de 23J de 2023 PDF pp 74 85 Condenados segun sexo nacionalidad y numero de delitos Resultados nacionales Fernandez Miranda Juan 21 December 2020 Casado dio una patada a la esperanza de una alternativa a Sanchez ABC Espinosa de los Monteros 14 June 2019 Deberiamos elegir que inmigrantes queremos por razon de origen y de cualificacion ABC Buxade Jorge 25 September 2020 Entrevista a Jorge Buxade VOX El mensaje de Bruselas es que aqui damos paguitas a quienes entren ilegalmente Periodista Digital a b Saleem Aasim 9 May 2019 Vox party Rise of the far right in Spain and what it means for vulnerable communities Info Migrants Rocio de Meer Vox incendia las redes al referirse a los barrios multiculturales como estercoleros 20minutos es in Spanish 27 August 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2023 Galaup Laura 11 April 2021 Cuando Vox definia como estercoleros multiculturales los barrios que ahora visita en campana elDiario es in Spanish Retrieved 19 June 2023 Madrid desmiente las cifras de Vox sobre los menas El coste no depende de la nacionalidad abc in Spanish 20 April 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2022 La justicia avala el cartel de Vox contra los menas El Periodico 5 July 2021 Guindal Carlota 19 July 2021 La Audiencia de Madrid da carpetazo definitivo a la investigacion a Vox por el cartel de los menas La Vanguardia in Spanish Retrieved 22 July 2021 Abascal apoya acoger a ucranianos Estos si son refugiados no la invasion de jovenes de origen musulman 20 minutos in Spanish 2 March 2022 Retrieved 10 March 2022 Llaneras Kiko 19 February 2019 Spain s far right party Vox takes its anti immigration message to Madrid El Pais Vox party puts menace of migrant children at centre of election drive The Guardian 10 November 2019 Casals Xavier 21 April 2015 Vox y su campana contra la inmigracion masiva ElManifiesto com Digital Confidencial 29 October 2020 Vox condena el terror multicultural en Francia El fundamentalismo islamico ha declarado la guerra Confidencial Digital in Spanish Retrieved 14 June 2021 Spain First The Return of the Falange Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right Retrieved 3 July 2021 a b EFE Agencia 18 February 2020 Congreso rechaza propuesta de Vox para fomentar natalidad y proteger familia COPE in Spanish Retrieved 3 July 2021 a b H Creada 18 February 2020 19 41 H Ultima actualizacion 18 February 2020 20 44 18 February 2020 Vox acusa al Gobierno de Sanchez de invertir 34 millones en abortos La Razon in Spanish Retrieved 3 July 2021 Abascal Luis 19 February 2020 Bertrand Ndongo asesor de Vox en Madrid rompe su silencio tras la decision de Twitter de cerrar su cuenta por incitacion al odio El Plural Alias Marina 4 July 2021 Del camelo climatico al conservacionismo el giro de Vox frente al ecologismo urbanita www vozpopuli com in Spanish Retrieved 4 July 2021 Un diputado de Vox Que se caliente un poquito el planeta evitara muertes por frio La Vanguardia 8 April 2021 a b Que es lo que Vox llama pin parental El Pais in Spanish 21 January 2020 ISSN 1134 6582 Retrieved 14 June 2021 Salvini dice que ya no tiene relacion con Vox porque esta a favor de los derechos y libertad El Confidencial in Spanish 30 March 2021 Retrieved 31 May 2021 Who we are ECR Group ECR Group Retrieved 3 July 2021 Vox quis dizer que Portugal e Espanha sao mais fortes quando estao juntos Diario de Noticias in Portuguese 14 October 2021 Retrieved 10 August 2023 Castelli Francesco 9 December 2019 EU related discussions in 2019 Spanish general elections a Twitter study euvisions eu Archived from the original on 6 February 2020 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Vox holds positions of soft euroscepticism arguing that Spain should make no sovereignty concessions to the EU and its presence on the national stage pushed expectations towards an increased politicization of the debate around the European Union Macias C S 1 March 2019 El discurso de Vox en Europa La Razon in Spanish Retrieved 11 November 2019 Abascal Santiago 8 November 2015 Cadiz Covadonga y Bruselas Libertad Digital in Spanish Retrieved 21 July 2018 Porque estamos convencidos de que nacion y soberania son conceptos intimamente relacionados Si somos soberanos es porque somos una Nacion y no tenemos derecho a entregar lo que hemos recibido de nuestros mayores Espana debe estar en Europa pero sin complejos reivindicando el papel historico industrial y agricola que merecemos No debemos ser vasallos de Merkel ni de Tsipras Ni camareros de Merkel ni paganos de las propinas de Tsipras Las Cortes de Cadiz proclamaron que la Nacion espanola era libre e independiente y que no podia ser patrimonio de ninguna familia o persona Proclamaron asimismo que la soberania reside esencialmente en la Nacion que es la unica que tiene derecho a establecer sus leyes fundamentales Esta declaracion de soberania ha sido una constante en toda nuestra historia constitucional The Spanish Constitution PDF The radical right populist Vox and the end of Spain s exceptionalism Abascal firma una declaracion sobre el Futuro de Europa con Orban Marine Le Pen Georgia Meloni y Salvini ELMUNDO in Spanish 2 July 2021 Retrieved 3 July 2021 Vox apoyara cualquier medida para defender a Ucrania incluido el envio de armas Europa Press 28 February 2022 a b Gonzalez Miguel Galarraga Gortazar Naiara Rivas Molina Federico 18 October 2021 Vox teje una alianza anticomunista en America Latina El Pais in Spanish Retrieved 7 December 2021 a b Carvajal Alvaro 27 December 2020 Vox abre otro frente de disputa con el PP en Latinoamerica El Mundo in Spanish p 14 Retrieved 7 December 2021 Teruggi Marco 20 October 2021 La derecha dura espanola descubrio America El grupo Vox busca crear una internacional en la iberoesfera Pagina 12 Retrieved 7 December 2021 Carta de Madrid Fundacion Disenso in Spanish Retrieved 7 December 2021 PAN se adhiere a Vox para frenar el avance del comunismo in Spanish EFE 3 September 2021 Retrieved 19 February 2022 Abascal promueve una carta con politicos americanos contra el comunismo EFE in European Spanish 26 October 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2021 Vox estrecha lazos con derecha peruana y suma firmas a su pacto anticomunista EFE in Spanish Retrieved 7 December 2021 Turnbull Dugarte Stuart 18 June 2020 The Baskerville s dog suddenly started barking voting for VOX in the 2019 Spanish general elections Political Research Exchange 2 doi 10 1080 2474736X 2020 1781543 S2CID 221707202 Perez Curiel Concha Jimenez Marin Gloria Pulido Polo Marta 7 January 2021 Corrupcion politica liderazgo e influencia en Twitter Un analisis sobre la transparencia publica en el marco de las elecciones del 28 de abril en Espana PDF Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion 12 2 209 226 doi 10 14198 MEDCOM000029 hdl 10045 116063 S2CID 242355292 a b Cuentas ejercicio 2018 PDF a b Cuentas anuales VOX 2019 VOX in Spanish 11 June 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2021 Cuentas anuales ejercicio 2020 PDF Retrieved 8 April 2021 Bibliography EditArroyo Menendez Millan 2020 Las causas del apoyo electoral a VOX en espana Politica y Sociedad Madrid 57 3 693 717 doi 10 5209 poso 69206 S2CID 241063503 Carmona Pascual Pablo 2020 Vox y el dilema de las derechas Familia raza y nacion en tiempos de posfascismo PDF Traficantes de Suenos pp 161 186 ISBN 978 84 121259 4 8 Casals Xavier 2020 El ultranacionalismo de Vox Cinco claves para comprender la Espana viva Grand Place Pensamiento y Cultura Zarautz Mario Onaindia Fundazioa 13 27 35 ISSN 2386 429X Ferreira Carles 2019 Vox como representante de la derecha radical en Espana un estudio sobre su ideologia Vox as Representative of the Radical Right in Spain A study of its Ideology Revista Espanola de Ciencia Politica in Spanish 51 51 73 98 doi 10 21308 recp 51 03 ISSN 2173 9870 Mendes Mariana Dennison James 2021 Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal Salience Stigma and Supply West European Politics 44 4 752 775 doi 10 1080 01402382 2020 1777504 Lebourg Nicolas Camus Jean Yves 2020 Las extremas derechas en Europa Editorial Clave Intelectual 344 ISBN 978 84 122800 2 9 Turnbull Dugarte Stuart J 2019 Explaining the end of Spanish exceptionalism and electoral support for Vox Research amp Politics SAGE 6 2 doi 10 1177 2053168019851680 Turnbull Dugarte Stuart Rama Jose Santana Andres 2020 The Baskerville s dog suddenly started barking voting for VOX in the 2019 Spanish general elections Political Research Exchange 2 1 doi 10 1080 2474736X 2020 1781543 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vox Official site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org 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