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List of active separatist movements in Europe
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
Criteria edit
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Azerbaijan edit
Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[5] or independence.[6]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[7]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[5] or independence.[6]
- Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: Autonomy for Lezgistan
- Political organisation: Sadval movement,[8][9] Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
Belgium edit
| Flemish and French Community |
- Autonomist movements
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders[10]
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders[10]
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[11]
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[11]
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the Netherlands[12][13][14]
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost[better source needed]
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the Netherlands[12][13][14]
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Unification with France[15][16][12]
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state: Unification with France[15][16][12]
Bosnia and Herzegovina edit
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: independence or unification with Serbia[17][18]
- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[19]
- Proposed: independence or unification with Serbia[17][18]
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina[20]
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina[21]
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina[20]
Bulgaria edit
- People: Macedonians
- Proposed: Blagoevgrad becoming a part of North Macedonia
- Political party: OMO Ilinden-Pirin (EFA member)
- Proposed: Blagoevgrad becoming a part of North Macedonia
Croatia edit
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for Istria within Croatia[24]
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[25][26]
- Proposed: Autonomy for Istria within Croatia[24]
Cyprus edit
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state: Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: re-unification with Cyprus,[27] unification with Turkey[28] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[29]
- Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- De facto state: Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
Czechia edit
Denmark edit
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state: Faroe Islands[33][31] or autonomy[34]
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state: Faroe Islands[33][31] or autonomy[34]
Minor Movements
- Proposed state: Bornholm[35]
- Proposed autonomous area: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party
Finland edit
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state: Åland[36]
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state: Åland[36]
France edit
- Secessionist movements
French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria[37][38][39] as an independent state or autonomy.[40]
Euskal Herria Bai- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria[37][38][39] as an independent state or autonomy.[40]
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and Loire-Atlantique
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany[35]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[41]
- Political parties: Breton Democratic Union, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state: Brittany[35]
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state: Corsica[42][35]
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state: Corsica[42][35]
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or Belgium (autonomist)[43][44]
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or Belgium (autonomist)[43][44]
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state: Provence or autonomy
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença[45]
- Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun[46]
- Proposed state: Provence or autonomy
Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state: Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries (Spain)
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[47] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist),[48] Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[49] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[50]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[51]
- Proposed state: Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries (Spain)
- Proposed: "Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Piedmont into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[52]
- Political parties: Piemonte Stato[52]
- Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
- Political party: Etat Pied-Noir[53][54][55][56]
- Status: Active (Established in 2016)
- Proposed state: The federation of the two shores^
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace[57][58][59]
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace[57][58][59]
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany[59][35]
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany[59][35]
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica[35][42]
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica[35][42]
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy[63][64][65]
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy[63][64][65]
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan[66] (EFA member), Assemblada Occitana,[67][68] Libertat
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Proposed autonomous area: Franche Comté[69][70]
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
- militant organization: Franche-Comtât Abada!
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
Georgia edit
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state: Abkhazia[71] (recognized by 6 UN members)
- Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state: South Ossetia[72] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[73][74][75][76]
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region Javakhk (Javakheti)
- Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[77][78][79]
Germany edit
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[80][81][82]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Free State of Bavaria
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxons[83][84][85]
- Proposed autonomous area: East Frisia
- Ethnic group: Frisians
- Political party: Die Friesen (former EFA member)[89][90][91]
- Proposed autonomous region: Franconia[92]
- Political party: Party for Franconia[93]
Greece edit
- Proposition: Creation of Republic of Chameria[94][95][96]
- Ethnic group: Cham Albanians
- Advocacy group: Democratic Foundation of Chameria (Activity[citation needed])
- Militant organization: Liberation Army of Chameria (Activity[citation needed])
Hungary edit
Italy edit
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state: Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[100] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[101]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy[101]
- Political parties:
- Proposed state: Friuli
- Proposed state: Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[102]
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[103][104]
- Proposed state: Padania[105]
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North[106][107]
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly),[106] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state: Mezzogiorno,[108][109] Magna Graecia or Due Sicilie[110] [111]
- Political parties (secessionist and autonomist):[112] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy[113] Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South, Lega Sud Ausonia[114]
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state: Sicily[115][105]
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy[113]
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[116][117]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[118] Sicilia Nazione,[119] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[120]
- Proposed state: Sicily[115][105]
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria[121][122]
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua[123] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[52]
- Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato[52]
- Groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa[124][125]
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for Tuscany
- Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato[126][127][128]
- Proposed state: Republic of Venice or autonomy[129][130][131]
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy[132]
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
- youth organization: Independentist Youth
- Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
- Political party: Valdostan Union[136][137][138]
- Ethnic group: Sardinian people
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for Sardinia.[139][140]
- Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo[141]
- Political parties: Sardinian Action Party
- Ethnic group: people from Romagna[142]
- Proposal: splitting of the Romagna from Emilia-Romagna
- Political party: Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna, Lega Romagna
Kosovo edit
- People: Kosovo Serbs
- Proposed state: Community of Serb Municipalities within Kosovo[143] or unification with Serbia
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List[144]
- Proposed state: Community of Serb Municipalities within Kosovo[143] or unification with Serbia
Lithuania edit
- Ethnic group: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous region: Samogitia[145]
- Political party: Samogitian Party
- Proposed autonomous region: Samogitia[145]
Malta edit
- People: Gozitan
- Proposed autonomous area: Gozo[146]
- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta),[147] Gozo Party (Defunct)
- Proposed autonomous area: Gozo[146]
Moldova edit
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Proposed state: Transnistria [148] or unification with Russia[148]
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Proposed state: Transnistria [148] or unification with Russia[148]
- De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- People: Gagauz people
- Proposed State: Gagauz Republic
Netherlands edit
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for West Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy)[151][152]
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for West Frisia
Poland edit
- People: Kashubians
Portugal edit
Romania edit
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[160]
- Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party[161]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[162] Provincia,[162] Autonomy for Transylvania[163] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[164][165][166] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[167][168] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[169][170]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[160]
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Székely Land
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[171] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[172] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[173] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[174]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[175]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Székely Land
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[176]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia edit
NOTE: Only movements created prior to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine are represented here, due to the fact that most of the new movements function as online organizations and have little to no political or cultural influence.
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)
- Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine
- Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement[177]
- People: Circassians
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Circassia
- Advocacy groups: Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (former member of UNPO)
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Circassia
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state: Ingushetia, unification with Chechnya or Georgia
- Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee
- Proposed state: Ingushetia, unification with Chechnya or Georgia
- People: Russian
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Baltic Republic/Königsberg
- Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement[181]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Baltic Republic/Königsberg
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Ingria
- Militant organization: Ingrian Battalion (part of the Siberian Battalion of the Civic Council)[183]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Ingria
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state: Karelia
- Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement[186]
- Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Proposed state: Karelia
Republic of Kalmykia[187][188][189]
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed federal subject or state: Kalmykia, unification with Astrakhan Oblast[190]
- Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed federal subject or state: Kalmykia, unification with Astrakhan Oblast[190]
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed federal subject or nation: Bashkortostan[191]
- Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[192] Bashkir Company[193]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center of Lithuania[194]
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed federal subject or state: Chuvashia or Volga Bulgaria[195][196]
- Advocacy Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
- Proposed federal subject or state: Chuvashia or Volga Bulgaria[195][196]
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[197]
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
- People: Mari
- Proposed federal subject or state: Mari El
- Advocacy groups: Mari Ushem
- Proposed federal subject or state: Mari El
- People: Erzyas, Mokshas
- Proposed state: Erzyan Mastor[198]
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[186]
- Proposed state: Erzyan Mastor[198]
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state: Tatarstan
- Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile[199]
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center, Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
Serbia edit
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
- Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy[200] in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province: Sandžak
- Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[201]
- Separatist movements
- ethnic group: Albanians in Serbia
- proposal: Independence or autonomy for the Preševo Valley[202] or unification with Kosovo[citation needed]
- political party: Association of Albanian Municipalities,[203] Party for Democratic Action
- political party (autonomist): Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed: Republic of Kosovo
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
Slovakia edit
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[204] or unification with Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[205] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[206]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[204] or unification with Hungary
Spain edit
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[37]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[37]
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp, Popular Unity Candidacy
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state: Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state: Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[209][210]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Student movement: AGIR
- Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- ethnic group: Aragonese people
- Proposed state: Aragon
- political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
- political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida, Aragonese Workers' Union
- coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- movement: Independentismo aragonés
- Proposed state: Aragon
- ethnic group: Catalan people
- proposed: Independence for the Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
- political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- political party (pro catalan):Popular Unity Candidacy
- political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands
- proposed: Independence for the Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
- ethnic group: Andalusian people
- proposed state: Andalusia
- political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
- political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
- political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
- proposed state: Andalusia
- ethnic group: Asturians
- proposed state: Asturias
- political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
- political party (nationalist): Andecha Astur, Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
- political party (regionalist):Asturian Renewal Union
- proposed state: Asturias
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for Cartagena within Region of Murcia
- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[215]
- Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
- proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
- political party: Juntos por Granada[217]
Sweden edit
- People: Swedes
- Proposed State: Scania
- Political Party: Scania Party
Switzerland edit
- The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
- The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[218] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[219]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
Ukraine edit
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[220]
- Political organisation: State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol
- De facto entity: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[220]
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence[221] within unitary Ukraine[222]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence[221] within unitary Ukraine[222]
Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine
- De facto entity: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[223]
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states:
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast- Proposed: unification with Russia[224]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- De facto states:
Carpathian Ruthenia[225][226][227][228]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine, Rusyns[229]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[230][231]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Volodymyr Saldo Bloc", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[232]", "Opposition Bloc", "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations.[233][234][235][236][237][238] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [239][240][241][242]
United Kingdom edit
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[243] English Constitution Party[244][245]
- Proposed state: England
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with Ireland or independence[246][247]
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[248] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[249][250] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[251]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with Ireland or independence[246][247]
- People: Scots
- Proposed state: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,[252] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[253] Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party
- Advocacy groups: Yes Scotland (defunct), Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Proposed state: Scotland
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state: Wales
- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru
- Proposed state: Wales
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state: Cornwall
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party
- Proposed state: Cornwall
- People: Northerners
- Proposed state: Northumbria or greater autonomy within the UK.
- Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max)[255][256]
- Political parties: Northern Independence Party[257][258][259]
- Proposed state: Northumbria or greater autonomy within the UK.
- People: Midlanders
- Proposed state: Mercia
- Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia
- Proposed state: Mercia
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[264][265][266]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[267] UKIP[268]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[269]
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Independent Alliance for Reform
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- Political parties: The Cynon Valley Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Gwynedd
- Political parties: Llais Gwynedd
- Proposed autonomous area: Gwynedd
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[270] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[271][272]
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Wessex Constitutional Convention[273]
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- People: People from the Isle of Wight (Vectians)
- Proposed autonomous area: Isle of Wight
- Political parties: Vectis National Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Isle of Wight
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area: Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Green Party[274]
- Proposed autonomous area: Shetland
- People: People of Yorkshire
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Political parties: North East Party[281]
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[282][283][284][285]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- People: Orkney islanders
- Proposed: Autonomy within the UK[286] or self governance under Norway[287][288]
- Advocacy group: Orkney Council
- Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement
- Proposed: Autonomy within the UK[286] or self governance under Norway[287][288]
- Separatist movements of dependent territories
- Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
- Ethnic group: Manx people
- Proposed state: Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Proposed state: Isle of Man
See also edit
References edit
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- ^ Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
- ^ "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
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list, active, separatist, movements, europe, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, ver. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of active separatist movements in Europe news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe Separatism often refers to full political secession 1 2 3 though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority 4 Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019 Contents 1 Criteria 2 Azerbaijan 3 Belgium 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 Bulgaria 6 Croatia 7 Cyprus 8 Czechia 9 Denmark 10 Finland 11 France 12 Georgia 13 Germany 14 Greece 15 Hungary 16 Italy 17 Kosovo 18 Lithuania 19 Malta 20 Moldova 21 Netherlands 22 Poland 23 Portugal 24 Romania 25 Russia 26 Serbia 27 Slovakia 28 Spain 29 Sweden 30 Switzerland 31 Ukraine 32 United Kingdom 33 See also 34 References 35 External linksCriteria editWhat is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious Entries on this list must meet three criteria They are active movements with active members They are seeking greater autonomy or self determination for a geographic region as opposed to personal autonomy They are citizens people of the conflict area and do not come from another country Under each region listed is one or more of the following De facto state de facto entity for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy Proposed state proposed name for a seceding sovereign state Proposed autonomous area for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession De facto autonomous government for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region Government in exile for a government based outside of the region in question with or without control Political party or parties for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession Militant organisation s for armed organisations Advocacy group s for non belligerent non politically participatory entities Ethnic ethno religious racial regional religious group s Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence In the European Union EU several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance EFA In some cases the group seeks to unify into a different state in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity this is considered to be irredentism Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements Azerbaijan edit nbsp Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh Mughan Autonomous RepublicTerritory of the short lived nbsp Talysh Mughan Autonomous Republic People Talysh people Proposed Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan 5 or independence 6 Political organisation Talysh National Movement Government in exile nbsp Talysh Mughan Autonomous Republic 7 Lezgistan Ethnic group Lezgins Proposed Autonomy for nbsp Lezgistan Political organisation nbsp Sadval movement 8 9 Federal Lezgian National and Cultural AutonomyBelgium edit nbsp Communities Flemish Community Flemish and French Community French Community German speaking CommunityMain article Partition of Belgium Autonomist movements nbsp Flanders People Flemish Autonomous area Flanders 10 Movements Flemish Movement nbsp Wallonia People Walloons Autonomous area Wallonia 11 Movements Walloon MovementSecessionist movementsFurther information Partition of Belgium nbsp Flanders or Flemish Community the latter includes nbsp Brussels Capital Region Main articles Flemish Movement and Greater Netherlands People Flemish Proposed state nbsp Flanders unification with the nbsp Netherlands 12 13 14 Political parties New Flemish Alliance member of the European Free Alliance Libertair Direct Democratisch Vlaams Belang and Flemish Socialist Movement Movements Vlaamse Volksbeweging VVB Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen nl Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost better source needed nbsp Wallonia or French Community of Belgium the latter includes nbsp Brussels Capital Region Main articles Walloon Movement and Rattachism People Walloons Proposed state Unification with nbsp France 15 16 12 Political parties Walloon Rally Rassemblement Wallonie FranceBosnia and Herzegovina editMain article Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina Secessionist movements nbsp Republika Srpska Main article Proposed secession of Republika Srpska People Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Proposed independence or unification with nbsp Serbia 17 18 Political organisation National Assembly of Republika Srpska Government of Republika Srpska Political parties Alliance of Independent Social Democrats Serbian Democratic Party 19 Autonomist movements nbsp Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Main article Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina People Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina Proposed state nbsp Croatian Republic of Herzeg Bosnia as a refounded third entity of Bosnia Herzegovina 20 Political organisation Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina 21 Political parties Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian Democratic Union 1990 Croatian Christian Democratic UnionBulgaria edit nbsp Blagoevgrad Oblast Pirin Macedonia Pirin Macedonia 22 People Macedonians Proposed Blagoevgrad becoming a part of North Macedonia Political party OMO Ilinden Pirin EFA member Croatia edit nbsp The Istria County in Croatia Autonomist movements nbsp Istria County 23 Main article Istrianism People Istrians Croats Istrian Italians Istro Romanians and Istriot speakers Proposed Autonomy for nbsp Istria within Croatia 24 Political party Istrian Democratic Assembly factions not officially 25 26 Cyprus edit nbsp The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish CypriotsMain article Cyprus dispute See also Turkish invasion of Cyprus The northeastern 1 3 territory of island of Cyprus People Turkish Cypriots De facto state nbsp Northern Cyprus recognized only by Turkey Proposed re unification with nbsp Cyprus 27 unification with nbsp Turkey 28 or recognition of Northern Cyprus 29 Political organisation Government of Northern Cyprus Militant organisation Security Forces CommandCzechia edit nbsp Moravia Proposition Greater autonomy for Moravia People Moravians Political party Moravane 30 31 32 Moravian Land MovementDenmark edit nbsp Faroe IslandsFor movements in Greenland see List of active separatist movements in North America nbsp Faroe Islands Main article Faroese independence movement People Faroese Proposed state nbsp Faroe Islands 33 31 or autonomy 34 Political parties Republican Party Progress People s Party Centre Party Self Government PartyMinor Movements nbsp Bornholm Proposed state nbsp Bornholm 35 Proposed autonomous area Bornholm Political party Bornholm s Self Government PartyFinland edit nbsp Aland nbsp Aland People Aland Swedes Proposed state nbsp Aland 36 Political party Future of Aland EFA member France editSee also List of active separatist movements in North America France List of active separatist movements in South America France List of active separatist movements in Africa France and List of active separatist movements in Oceania France Secessionist movements nbsp Location of the Basque Country nbsp French Basque Country nbsp Pyrenees Atlantiques Main articles Basque nationalism and Basque Country independence People Basque Proposed state unification with the nbsp Basque Country and nbsp Navarre Euskal Herria 37 38 39 as an independent state or autonomy 40 Euskal Herria Bai Political parties Abertzaleen Batasuna AB Eusko Alkartasuna EFA member Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea Basque Nationalist Party Trade unions Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Youth advocacy groups Gazte Abertzaleak Segi Militant organisations Irrintzi nbsp Location of Brittany nbsp Historic Brittany comprising Brittany administrative region and Loire Atlantique Main articles Breton nationalism and Reunification of Brittany People Bretons Proposed state nbsp Brittany 35 Advocacy groups Celtic League 41 Political parties Breton Democratic Union Adsav Strollad Breizh Emgann Militant organisation Talbenn Dieubin Breizh Breton Revolutionary Army ARB nbsp Location of Corsica nbsp Corsica Main articles Corsican nationalism and corsican autonomy See also Italian irredentism in Corsica People Corsicans Proposed state nbsp Corsica 42 35 Political party Corsica Libera Pe a Corsica Militant group National Liberation Front of Corsica nbsp The Dutch language Taalgebied Sprachraum including northern French Flanders nbsp French Flanders Main article Flemish nationalism People Flemings Proposed state nbsp French Flanders Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re unification with West Flanders East Flanders Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state unification with the nbsp Netherlands separatist or nbsp Belgium autonomist 43 44 Political party Flemish movement nbsp Location of Provence nbsp Provence People Provencals Occitans Proposed state nbsp Provence or autonomy Militant group Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provenca 45 Political party Prouvenco Nacioun 46 nbsp Northern Catalonia Pyrenees Orientales People Northern Catalans Proposed state nbsp Catalonia or unification with nbsp Catalan Countries Spain Political parties Esquerra Republicana Catalunya del Nord 47 Oui au Pays Catalan autonomist 48 Popular Unity Candidacy Advocacy organisations Catalunya Nord per la independencia 49 Omnium Catalunya Nord 50 Youth organisations Joventuts d Esquerra Republicana Catalunya Nord 51 nbsp Savoy Proposed Proposed Federating of Nice Savoy Valle d Aosta Liguria and Piedmont into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model 52 Political parties Piemonte Stato 52 nbsp Etat Pied Noir Ethnic group Pieds Noirs Political party Etat Pied Noir 53 54 55 56 Status Active Established in 2016 Proposed state The federation of the two shores Autonomist movements nbsp Location of Normandy nbsp Alsace Main article Alsace independence movement People Alsatians Allemanics Proposed autonomous area nbsp Alsace 57 58 59 Political parties Elsass Zuerst Nationalforum Elsass Lothringen fr Unser Land EFA member nbsp Brittany Main article Reunification of Brittany People Bretons Proposed autonomous area nbsp Brittany 59 35 Political party Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh EFA member nbsp Corsica Main article Corsican autonomy People Corsicans Proposed autonomous area nbsp Corsica 35 42 Political party Partitu di a Nazione Corsa EFA member nbsp Normandy People Normans Proposed autonomous area nbsp Normandy Political party Mouvement Normand 60 61 62 nbsp Savoy People Savoyans Proposed autonomous area nbsp Savoy 63 64 65 Political party Movement Region Savoue EFA member nbsp Occitania People Occitans Proposed autonomous area nbsp Occitania Political parties Partit Occitan 66 EFA member Assemblada Occitana 67 68 Libertat nbsp Franche Comte Further information in French Nationalisme franc comtois fr Proposed autonomous area nbsp Franche Comte 69 70 Political party Mouvement Franche Comte fr Yes Franche Comte militant organization Franche Comtat Abada Georgia edit nbsp Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink Main article Russo Georgian War Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia Main article Abkhaz Georgian conflict People Abkhazians De facto state nbsp Abkhazia 71 recognized by 6 UN members Proposition Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state Political organisation Government of Abkhazia Militant organisation Abkhazian Armed ForcesTerritory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast Main article Ossetian Georgian conflict People Ossetians De facto state nbsp South Ossetia 72 recognized by 5 UN members Proposition Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia 73 74 75 76 Political organisation Government of South Ossetia Militant organisation Armed Forces of South OssetiaJavakheti Ethnic group Armenians in Samtskhe Javakheti Proposed Autonomy for the region nbsp Javakhk Javakheti Political party United Javakhk Democratic Alliance 77 78 79 Germany edit nbsp Bavaria nbsp Saxony nbsp nbsp Bavaria Main article Bavarian nationalism People Bavarians Franconians Swabians Proposed state or autonomous area nbsp nbsp Free State of Bavaria Political party Bavaria Party EFA member 80 81 82 nbsp Saxony Proposed state or autonomous area nbsp Saxony Political party nbsp Free Saxons 83 84 85 nbsp Lusatia nbsp Lusatia People Sorbs Proposed autonomous area nbsp Lusatia Political party Lusatian Alliance 86 87 88 East Frisia Proposed autonomous area East Frisia Ethnic group Frisians Political party Die Friesen former EFA member 89 90 91 nbsp Franconia Proposed autonomous region nbsp Franconia 92 Political party Party for Franconia 93 Greece editChameria Proposition Creation of Republic of Chameria 94 95 96 Ethnic group Cham Albanians Advocacy group Democratic Foundation of Chameria Activity citation needed Militant organization Liberation Army of Chameria Activity citation needed Hungary editRomani people in Hungary ethnic group Romani people in Hungary proposed creation of a autonomous nbsp Roma province in northern Hungary 97 98 99 political party Opre Roma Democratic People s PartyItaly editFurther information Italian unification nbsp Friuli Venezia Giulia nbsp Lombardy nbsp Sardinia nbsp Sicily nbsp South Tyrol nbsp Friuli Venezia Giulia Main article Friulian Front People Friulians Proposed state nbsp Friuli Political parties Secessionist parties Res Publica Furlane Parlament Furlan 100 Patrie Furlane Friulian Front 101 Autonomist parties Pact for Autonomy 101 nbsp Lombardy Main article Lombard nationalism Proposed state nbsp Republic of Lombardy or autonomy Political parties autonomist Lega per l Autonomia Alleanza Lombarda 102 Political parties secessionist Pro Lombardy Independence Lega Lombarda 103 104 Northern Italy Main article Padanian nationalism Proposed state nbsp Padania 105 Political parties autonomist Lega Nord Great North 106 107 Political parties secessionist Lega Nord formerly 106 Lega Padana Padanian Union Alpine Padanian UnionSouthern Italy Proposed state nbsp Mezzogiorno 108 109 Magna Graecia or Due Sicilie 110 111 Political parties secessionist and autonomist 112 We the South Great South Movement for Autonomy 113 Autonomy South Force of the South and I the South Lega Sud Ausonia 114 nbsp Sicily Main article Sicilian nationalism People Sicilians Proposed state nbsp Sicily 115 105 Political parties autonomist Sicilian Socialist Party Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy 113 Political parties secessionist Free Sicilians 116 117 Groups Sicilian National Front 118 Sicilia Nazione 119 Sicilian National Liberation Movement 120 nbsp South Tyrol Main article South Tyrolean secessionist movement Proposed Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria 121 122 Political parties Die Freiheitlichen independence South Tyrolean Freedom unification nbsp Savoy Proposed state Proposed Federating of Nice Savoy Valle d Aosta Piedmont Lomellina and Oltrepo Pavese the old Province of Bobbio Oneglia and Dolceacqua 123 into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model 52 Political parties Etat de Savoie Piemonte Stato 52 Groups Gioventura Piemonteisa 124 125 nbsp Tuscany Ethnic group Tuscans Proposed independence or greater autonomy for nbsp Tuscany Political party Tuscan Autonomist Movement Toscano Stato 126 127 128 nbsp Veneto Main article Venetian nationalism Proposed state nbsp Republic of Venice or autonomy 129 130 131 Political parties autonomist Liga Veneta Veneto for Autonomy 132 Political parties secessionist Party of Venetians Venetian Independence We Are Veneto Liga Veneta Repubblica Venetian People s Unity Venetian Left youth organization Independentist Youth nbsp Trieste Proposed state Free Territory of Trieste Advocacy group Free Territory of Trieste movement 133 134 135 Aosta Proposition Greater autonomy for Aosta Political party Valdostan Union 136 137 138 nbsp Sardinia Ethnic group Sardinian people Proposition Greater autonomy or independence for nbsp Sardinia 139 140 Advocacy groups Canton Marittimo 141 Political parties Sardinian Action Party nbsp Romagna Ethnic group people from Romagna 142 Proposal splitting of the nbsp Romagna from Emilia Romagna Political party Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna Lega RomagnaKosovo edit nbsp North KosovoFurther information Community of Serb Municipalities and International recognition of Kosovo North Kosovo Ibar Kolasin People Kosovo Serbs Proposed state nbsp Community of Serb Municipalities within nbsp Kosovo 143 or unification with nbsp Serbia Political organisations Assembly of the Community of Municipalities status unknown Serb List 144 Lithuania edit nbsp Samogitia Ethnic group Samogitians Proposed autonomous region nbsp Samogitia 145 Political party Samogitian PartyMalta edit nbsp Gozo People Gozitan Proposed autonomous area nbsp Gozo 146 Political organisation People s Party Malta 147 Gozo Party Defunct Moldova edit nbsp TransnistriaBreakaway state nbsp Transnistria Main article Transnistria War People Equal proportions of Russians Ukrainians and Moldovans De facto state nbsp Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic Proposed state nbsp Transnistria 148 or unification with nbsp Russia 148 Political organisation Government of Transnistria Militant organisation Army of Transnistria nbsp Gagauzia People Gagauz people Proposed State Gagauz Republic Political organisation Peoples of Union of Gagauzia 149 150 Netherlands edit nbsp nbsp Location of Friesland left and Groningen right See also List of active separatist movements in North America Netherlands and List of active separatist movements in South America Netherlands nbsp Frisia and nbsp Groningen People Frisians West Frisians Proposition Greater autonomy for nbsp West Frisia Political party Frisian National Party EFA member Greater autonomy 151 152 Poland edit nbsp Silesia on map of Poland Germany and Czech Republic nbsp Map of Danzig in 1939See also Free City of Danzig Government in Exile nbsp Silesia People Silesians Proposed autonomous area or State nbsp Silesia Political party Silesian Autonomy Movement 153 154 First Self Governance League Silesian Regional Party Silesian Separatist Movement Silesians Together nbsp Kashubia and Pomerania People Kashubians Proposition nbsp Creation of an autonomous Region of Pomerania 155 156 Political party Kashubian Association greater Kashubian rights Member of the EFA 157 Advocacy groups Kashubian Unity Association creation of an autonomous Pomerania region 156 Portugal edit nbsp Azores 158 ethnic group Azoreans proposed state nbsp AzoresRomania edit nbsp Transylvania and nbsp Banat 159 nbsp nbsp Location of Transylvania left and Banat right People Romanians Hungarians Transylvanian Saxons Proposed autonomous area or state Transylvania or Banat 160 Political party Christian Democratic National Peasants Party 161 Advocacy organisations Liga Pro Europa 162 Provincia 162 Autonomy for Transylvania 163 Szekely Hungarian National Guard 164 165 166 Democratic League of Transylvania Liga Transilvania Democrată 167 168 League of Banat Liga Bănățeană 169 170 nbsp Szekely Land nbsp The historical Szekely seats on the map of present day RomaniaMain article Szekely autonomy movement People Szekelys Proposed autonomous area or state nbsp Szekely Land Political organisations Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993 171 Hungarian Civic Party they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy 172 Hungarian People s Party of Transylvania PPMT the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Szekely autonomy in Szekely Land 173 It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium 174 Advocacy organisations Szekler National Council 175 nbsp Partium People Hungarians Proposed autonomous area Partium Advocacy organisations Hungarian National Council of Transylvania 176 Russia editMain article Separatism in Russia See also List of active separatist movements in Asia Russia Free Nations of Post Russia Forum and World Congress of Finno Ugric PeoplesNOTE Only movements created prior to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine are represented here due to the fact that most of the new movements function as online organizations and have little to no political or cultural influence nbsp Chechnya People Chechens Proposed state nbsp Chechen Republic of Ichkeria government in exile Government in exile Ichkerian government in exile Proposed to be recognized by UN member Ukraine Militant organisation Chechen separatists Ajnad al Kavkaz Chechen volunteers in Ukraine Advocacy group Adat People s Movement 177 nbsp Circassia 178 People Circassians Proposed autonomous area or state nbsp Circassia Advocacy groups Circassian Congress Circassian Youth Initiative Adyge Djegi Adyghe Khase International Circassian Association former member of UNPO nbsp Ingushetia 179 People Ingush Proposed state nbsp Ingushetia unification with nbsp Chechnya or nbsp Georgia Militant organisation Ingush Liberation Army Advocacy group Ingush Independence Committee nbsp Kaliningrad Oblast 180 People Russian Proposed autonomous area or state nbsp nbsp nbsp Baltic Republic Konigsberg Advocacy groups Kaliningrad Public Movement Respublika Movement 181 nbsp Leningrad Oblast 182 People Russians Izhorians Ingrians Votes Proposed state or autonomous area nbsp Ingria Militant organization Ingrian Battalion part of the Siberian Battalion of the Civic Council 183 Advocacy groups Free Ingria Ingria Without Borders 184 Ingermanland National Cultural Autonomy 182 nbsp Republic of Karelia 185 People Karelians Vepsians Russians Finns Pomors Proposed state nbsp nbsp Karelia Militant organisation Karelian National Battalion Advocacy groups Karelian National Movement 186 nbsp Republic of Kalmykia 187 188 189 People Kalmyks Proposed federal subject or state nbsp Kalmykia unification with nbsp Astrakhan Oblast 190 Advocacy group Oirat Kalmyk People s Congress nbsp Bashkortostan People Bashkirs Proposed federal subject or nation nbsp nbsp nbsp Bashkortostan 191 Militant organisation Committee of Bashkir Resistance 192 Bashkir Company 193 Advocacy groups Bashkort movement Bashkir National Political Center of Lithuania 194 nbsp Chuvashia People Chuvash Proposed federal subject or state nbsp nbsp Chuvashia or Volga Bulgaria 195 196 Advocacy Movements Chuvash National Movement Chuvash Republican Youth nbsp Idel Ural People Bashkirs Chuvash Erzya Mari Mokshas Russians Tatars Udmurts Proposed state nbsp Idel Ural Republic Advocacy group Free Idel Ural 197 nbsp Mari El People Mari Proposed federal subject or state nbsp nbsp Mari El Advocacy groups Mari Ushem nbsp Mordovia People Erzyas Mokshas Proposed state nbsp Erzyan Mastor 198 Advocacy group Free Idel Ural 186 nbsp Tatarstan 182 People Tatars Proposed state nbsp nbsp Tatarstan Government in exile Tatarstan government in exile 199 Militant organisation All Tatar Public Center Advocacy groups The Union of Tatar Youth Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda Tatar Social Center Ittifaq Party Free Idel uralSerbia edit nbsp Republic of VojvodinaImage Note Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 the map also includes an autonomous Sandzak Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well Autonomist movements nbsp Vojvodina Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy 200 in the northern part of Vojvodina People Hungarians of Vojvodina Political parties Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians nbsp Sandzak People Bosniaks of Serbia Proposed autonomous province nbsp Sandzak Advocacy groups autonomist Party of Democratic Action of Sandzak Islamic Community in Serbia 201 Separatist movementsPresevo Valley ethnic group Albanians in Serbia proposal Independence or autonomy for the Presevo Valley 202 or unification with nbsp Kosovo citation needed political party Association of Albanian Municipalities 203 Party for Democratic Action political party autonomist Albanian Coalition of Presevo Valley nbsp Kosovo People Albanians in Kosovo Proposed nbsp Republic of Kosovo De facto state nbsp Republic of Kosovo recognised by 52 of UN member states Political organisation Government of Kosovo Movement Albanian nationalism in KosovoSlovakia edit nbsp Linguistic makeup of Slovakia according to Census 2011Autonomist movementsSouthern Slovakia People Hungarians Proposed autonomous area Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence 204 or unification with nbsp Hungary Political parties autonomist Party of the Hungarian Community 205 In 2010 the party renewed their demand for autonomy 206 Spain editFurther information National and regional identity in Spain See also List of active separatist movements in Africa Spain nbsp Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements nbsp proposed extent of the Catalan countrySecessionist movements nbsp Basque Country autonomous community and nbsp Navarre Main articles Basque nationalism and Basque independence People Basques Proposed state nbsp Basque Country greater region Euskal Herria 37 Political parties Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea Basque Nationalist Party member of the European Democratic Party Eusko Alkartasuna EFA member Bildu Eusko Abertzale Ekintza Basque Nationalist Action Alternatiba Trade union Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Youth advocacy groups EGI Gazte Abertzaleak Haika illegalised Segi Ikasle Abertzaleak nbsp Catalonia 207 Main articles Catalan nationalism Catalan independence Catalan independence referendum 2017 and Catalan declaration of independence People Catalans Proposal state nbsp Catalan Republic nbsp Catalan Countries i e including other Catalan speaking areas Political parties independentist Republican Left of Catalonia 33 135 Together for Catalonia 32 135 Popular Unity Candidacy 9 135 supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corrop Popular Unity Candidacy Political parties autonomist Catalunya en Comu Podem 8 135 Civil organisations Assemblea Nacional Catalana Omnium Cultural Association of Municipalities for Independence Proces Constituent Catalunya Accio Sobirania i Progres Committees for the Defense of the Republic Negres Tempestes Trade unions Intersindical CSC Coordinadora Obrera Sindical Youth advocacy groups Arran La Forja Jovent Republica Joves d Esquerra Verda Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya Joventut Comunista de Catalunya nbsp Galicia 208 Main articles Galicianism Galician nationalism and Galician independence People Galicians Proposed state nbsp Galiza possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and Leon Political party Galician Nationalist Bloc sovereigntist EFA member Anova Nationalist Brotherhood independentist includes the Galician Popular Front Compromiso por Galicia centrist federalist Terra Galega Centrist autonomist Galician Coalition Centrist nationalist Party Abrente Galician Democratic Left Accion Galega Renewal Nationalist Brotherhood Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista Unions Confederacion Intersindical Galega CIG and Central Unitaria de Traballadores CUT Youth advocacy groups Galiza Nova Xeira BRIGA and Erguer Estudantes da Galiza students Militant organisation Resistencia Galega nbsp Valencia Main articles Valencianism Valencian nationalism and Catalan nationalism People Valencians Catalanics those with Catalan ancestry Proposed state nbsp Valencian Country or unification with nbsp Catalan Countries Political parties Valencian Nationalist Bloc Initiative of the Valencian People Popular Unity Candidates Republican Left of the Valencian Country Valencian State Valencian Nationalist Left Valencian Left political party Pro Catalan Popular Unity Candidacy Advocacy groups Pro Catalan Valencianists who defend Pan Catalanism and Fuster s theories propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan speaking areas Only a minor tendency within anti Catalan Valencianism Blaverism proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain 209 210 Youth advocacy groups Arran Student movement AGIR nbsp Aragon 211 ethnic group Aragonese people Proposed state nbsp nbsp Aragon political parties regionalist and Nationalist Chunta Aragonesista Puyalon de Cuchas Aragonese Party Estado Aragones political parties separatist Puyalon de Cuchas A Enrestida es Aragonese Workers Union es coalition Bloque Independentista de Cuchas es movement Independentismo aragones es nbsp Balearic Islands 212 ethnic group Catalan people proposed Independence for the nbsp Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries political parties Balearic Anticolonialist Group Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears es political party pro catalan Popular Unity Candidacy political parties regionalist People s Party of the Balearic Islands nbsp Andalusia 213 Main article Andalusian nationalism ethnic group Andalusian people proposed state nbsp Andalusia political parties regionalist Adelante Andalucia 2021 political party separatist Andalusian Nation political party self governing Unitarian Candidacy of Workers nbsp Asturias 214 ethnic group Asturians proposed state nbsp Asturias political party autonomist Asturias Forum political party nationalist Andecha Astur Asturian Left Compromisu por Asturies Conceyu Abiertu Partiu Asturianista Unida Bloc for Asturias Conceyu Abiertu political party regionalist Asturian Renewal UnionAutonomist movementsCartagena Proposed extended autonomy for nbsp Cartagena within Region of Murcia Political party Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena nbsp Leon People Leonese Proposed autonomous area nbsp Leonese region Political parties Union del Pueblo Leones UPL Youth movements RUCHAR Moceda Llionesa 215 Province of Granada 216 proposed Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community political party Juntos por Granada 217 Sweden edit nbsp nbsp Scania People Swedes Proposed State nbsp Scania Political Party Scania PartySwitzerland editMain article Languages of Switzerland nbsp The seven Jura districts in Switzerland nbsp The French speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this mapAutonomist movements nbsp Jura region See also Jura separatism People Jurassien French speaking Proposed autonomous area unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the nbsp Canton of Jura Militant organisations Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien Jurassian Autonomist Movement 218 Groupe Belier Youth activists movement 219 Ukraine edit nbsp Russian occupied territories of UkraineMain articles Russo Ukrainian War and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine nbsp Autonomous Republic of Crimea and nbsp Sevastopol Main article Political status of Crimea People Russians in Ukraine De facto entity nbsp Republic of Crimea and nbsp Sevastopol within the nbsp Russian Federation 220 Political organisation State Council of Crimea Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol People Crimean Tatars Proposed nbsp Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence 221 within unitary nbsp Ukraine 222 Political organisations Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People nbsp Donetsk Oblast nbsp Luhansk Oblast People Russians in Ukraine De facto entity nbsp Donetsk People s Republic nbsp Luhansk People s Republic Annexed by Russia in 2022 Political organisations People s Council of the Donetsk People s Republic People s Council of the Luhansk People s Republic paramilitary organisation Russian people s militias in Ukraine nbsp Russian occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast nbsp Russian occupied Kherson Oblast nbsp Russian occupied Kharkiv Oblast 223 People Russians in Ukraine De facto states nbsp Russian occupied Kherson Oblast nbsp Russian occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast nbsp Russian occupied Kharkiv Oblast Proposed unification with nbsp Russia 224 Political organisations Volodymyr Saldo Bloc Derzhava Opposition Bloc Military organisation Russian Ground ForcesMain articles Regionalism in Ukraine and Rusyns Autonomist and separatist movement nbsp Carpathian Ruthenia 225 226 227 228 People Russians in Ukraine Hungarians in Ukraine nbsp Rusyns 229 Proposed autonomy or independence within unitary nbsp Ukraine or unification with nbsp Hungary 230 231 Political organisations Subcarpathian republican party Volodymyr Saldo Bloc Derzhava World Congress of Rusyns 232 Opposition Bloc Russkiy dom Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement Russkiy Mir Foundation Association of Zakarpattia democrats and other pro Russian organizations 233 234 235 236 237 238 Rusyn separatist movement led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor now Archbishop of Uzhorod in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate 239 240 241 242 United Kingdom editMain articles Separatism in the United Kingdom Federalism in the United Kingdom Countries of the United Kingdom and Potential breakup of the United Kingdom See also Devolution in the United Kingdom and List of active separatist movements in Africa United Kingdom nbsp Countries of the United Kingdom nbsp Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom nbsp Cornwall nbsp Northern England nbsp North East England nbsp Yorkshire nbsp The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100 nbsp Isle of ManMajor movements nbsp England Main article English independence See also English nationalism and English independence People English Proposed state nbsp England Political parties English Democrats 243 English Constitution Party 244 245 Northern Ireland Main article Ulster nationalism See also Irish nationalism Irish republicanism United Ireland Ulster Independence Movement The Troubles and Dissident Irish Republican campaign People Irish Northern Irish Nationalists Proposed state Re unification with nbsp Ireland or independence 246 247 Political parties Sinn Fein 248 Fianna Fail Eirigi Social Democratic and Labour Party Aontu 249 250 People Before Profit Communist Party of Ireland Irish Republican Socialist Party Republican Network for Unity Socialist Workers Network Workers Party of Ireland Militant organisations RIRA CIRA 251 nbsp Scotland See also Scottish nationalism Scottish independence Scottish independence referendum 2014 and Proposed second Scottish independence referendum People Scots Proposed state nbsp Scotland Political parties Scottish National Party EFA member Scottish Greens Scottish Socialist Party Alba Red Party of Scotland 252 Scotland s Independence Referendum Party 253 Independence for Scotland Party Scottish Libertarian Party Advocacy groups Yes Scotland defunct Scottish Independence Convention Common Weal People s Voice Scottish CND Voice for Scotland Women for Independence Labour for Independence Siol nan Gaidheal nbsp Wales See also Welsh nationalism and Welsh independence People Welsh Proposed state nbsp Wales Political parties Gwlad Plaid Cymru Propel Plaid Glyndŵr Wales Green Party Advocacy groups YesCymruMinor movements nbsp Cornwall 254 See also Cornish nationalism and Cornish devolution People Cornish Proposed state nbsp Cornwall Advocacy groups Cornish Constitutional Convention Cornwall 2000 Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament Political parties Mebyon Kernow Cornish Nationalist PartyNorthern England See also Devolution to the North of England and North South divide in the United Kingdom People Northerners Proposed state nbsp Northumbria or greater autonomy within the UK Advocacy group Campaign for the North Devo Max 255 256 Political parties Northern Independence Party 257 258 259 Midlands People Midlanders Proposed state nbsp Mercia Advocacy groups Acting Witan of Mercia Sovereign MerciaLondon Main article London independence People Londoners Proposed state London Political party Londonpendence Party 260 261 262 263 Autonomist movementsCanvey Island People Canvey Islanders Proposed autonomous area Canvey Island Political Parties Canvey Island Independent Party 264 265 266 nbsp England See also Devolved English parliament and English nationalism People English Proposed autonomous area nbsp England Political parties English Democrats 267 UKIP 268 Advocacy groups Campaign for an English Parliament nbsp Scotland See also Devolution in Scotland and Scottish nationalism People Scots Proposed autonomous area nbsp Scotland Political parties Scottish National Party EFA member 269 nbsp Wales See also Welsh nationalism People Welsh Proposed autonomous area nbsp Wales Political parties Plaid Cymru Independent Alliance for ReformCynon Valley dubious discuss People Welsh Proposed autonomous area Cynon Valley Political parties The Cynon Valley PartyGwynedd People Welsh Proposed autonomous area nbsp Gwynedd Political parties Llais Gwynedd nbsp Cornwall possibly including the Isles of Scilly See also Cornish nationalism Constitutional status of Cornwall and Cornish Assembly People Cornish Proposed autonomous area nbsp Cornwall Political parties Green Party of England and Wales 270 Mebyon Kernow EFA member Cornish Nationalist Party Liberal Democrats 271 272 Advocacy groups Cornish Constitutional Convention Cornwall 2000 Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament Wessex Constitutional Convention 273 nbsp Isle of Wight People People from the Isle of Wight Vectians Proposed autonomous area nbsp Isle of Wight Political parties Vectis National Party nbsp Shetland People People of Shetland Proposed autonomous area nbsp Shetland Advocacy group Wir Shetland Political Parties Shetland Movement Orkney and Shetland Movement Scottish Green Party 274 nbsp Yorkshire People People of Yorkshire Proposed autonomous area nbsp Yorkshire 275 276 277 278 Political parties Yorkshire Party Advocacy group Yorkshire Devolution Movement 279 280 nbsp North East England People People of North East England Proposed autonomous area North East England Political parties North East Party 281 nbsp Wessex People People of Wessex Proposed autonomy for Wessex Political party Wessex Regionalists Advocacy group Wessex Constitutional Convention 282 283 284 285 nbsp Orkney Islands People Orkney islanders Proposed Autonomy within the UK 286 or self governance under Norway 287 288 Advocacy group Orkney Council Political Parties Orkney and Shetland MovementSeparatist movements of dependent territories nbsp Gibraltar Ethnic group Gibraltarians Proposed state nbsp Gibraltar Political party Liberal Party of Gibraltar 289 290 Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party 291 292 nbsp Isle of Man 293 Main article Manx nationalism Ethnic group Manx people Proposed state nbsp Isle of Man Political party Mec VanninSee also edit nbsp Europe portal nbsp Politics portalLists of active separatist movements List of historical separatist movements Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization List of micro regional organizations List of states with limited recognition Independence referendumReferences edit Separatism Free Dictionary Merriam Webster Separatism Dictionary Separatism The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English Encyclopedia 2008 Harris Jerry 2009 The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation Brill p 320 ISBN 978 90 04 17690 4 UNPO Talysh unpo org Retrieved 29 November 2020 Azerbaijan authorities must release Talysh activists Amnesty International 9 June 2020 Archived from the original on 9 June 2020 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan Vluchtelingen Dag krant Netherlands 20 06 2019 P 4 Demirdjian Z S Andrew 25 May 2021 Lezgistan Lurking threat to Azerbaijan Keghart Retrieved 11 October 2022 Lezgin Leader Assassinated in Dagestan Jamestown Retrieved 14 June 2023 Times The Brussels Bart De Wever wants more autonomy in Flanders www brusselstimes com Times The Brussels Walloons are for greater autonomy but against separation www brusselstimes com a b Times The Brussels Nearly 40 of Flemish would vote for independence www brusselstimes com Times The Brussels Reunify Flanders and the Netherlands argues Bart De Wever www brusselstimes com Retrieved 15 June 2023 Tom van Grieken over het herenigen van De Nederlanden retrieved 15 June 2023 What if Wallonia became French in 2024 Le Monde fr 10 May 2022 Kwast Ricus van der 18 May 2023 Le Wallon peut il etre heureux sans identite propre Slate fr in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Srna 11 August 2015 Anketa Vise od polovine ispitanika za samostalnost RS vole Dodika a vjeruju crkvi Nezavisne novine in Serbian Retrieved 15 June 2023 Service RFE RL s Balkan Dodik Says He Wants Bosnian Serb Entity To Unite With Serbia RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Retrieved 15 June 2023 Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia Diane 2004 p 122 ISBN 978 1 4289 1020 1 Zdeb Aleksandra 2016 The Need to Have Something Of Their Own Croat Parallel Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Swiss Political Science Review 22 4 545 564 doi 10 1111 spsr 12231 Rose Eleanor 30 January 2017 Bosniaks Slap Down Calls for Bosnian Croat Entity Balkan Insight Retrieved 15 June 2023 OMO Ilinden Pirin Istarska autonomija i zagrebacki histericni centralizam Sostaric Tomislav Istarska autonomija i zagrebacki histericni centralizam balkans aljazeera net Boban Valecic Iva 27 October 2017 Autonomija Istre kakvu zaziva Jakovcic je neustavna Vecernji list in Croatian IDS ov zastupnik Emil Daus AUTONOMIJA ISTRE RIJESILA BI VECINU PROBLEMA NASIH GRAĐANA Glas Istre in Croatian 23 September 2019 Ankara slams Turkish Cypriot leader for remarks Akinci backs his words Turkiye News Hurriyet Daily News 10 February 2020 Turkiye halkina gore Kibris sorunun cozumu KKTC nin Turkiye ye baglanmasi Kibris Postasi 17 June 2020 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Erdogan visits Northern Cyprus calls for two state solution for island Reuters 15 November 2020 In Moravia Bohemians are warned to Czech their privilege euronews 2 February 2022 Retrieved 15 June 2023 a b Henley Jon Sheehy Finbarr Swann Glenn Fenn Chris Beyond Catalonia pro independence movements in Europe The Guardian Retrieved 15 June 2023 From the Czech Republic to Czechia Shaping Modern Identity European Futures www europeanfutures ed ac uk 26 April 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2023 The Faroe Islands Independence dreams globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule Sorens Jason 13 February 2012 Secessionism Identity Interest and Strategy McGill Queen s Press MQUP ISBN 978 0 7735 8751 9 a b c d e Beyond Catalonia pro independence movements in Europe TheGuardian com Grasten Hanna 12 June 2018 Ahvenanmaan itsenaisyytta ajavan puolueen johtaja Suomesta tulossa yha enemman yksikielinen Pienilla askelilla ruotsi suljetaan pois Iltalehti in Finnish Retrieved 19 October 2019 a b Zubiaga M et al Towards a Basque State Nation building and institutions Bilbo UEU 2012 ISBN 978 84 8438 421 2 Mateos T et al Towards a Basque State Citizenship and culture Bilbo UEU 2012 ISBN 978 84 8438 422 9 Antiguedad I et al Towards a Basque State Territory and socioeconomics Bilbo UEU 2012 ISBN 978 84 8438 423 6 Haute Emilie van Close Caroline 12 February 2019 Liberal Parties in Europe Routledge ISBN 978 1 351 24549 4 Current Campaigns Celtic League Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 Retrieved 7 April 2015 a b Territoriales les resultats definitifs du second tour France 3 Corse ViaStella in French 13 December 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Saberan Haydee 7 July 2008 Le college change de nom le principal est menace par les extremistes flamands Liberation Societe Alors que la Catalogne s embrase la Flandre francaise s interroge sur elle meme Flandre Presse 8 May 2020 Archived from the original on 8 May 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2023 Independance de la Catalogne que sait on sur le Front de liberation nationale de Provence Nice Matin in French 27 October 2017 Retrieved 17 June 2023 mars 2022 Provenco 26 3 December 2020 Prouvenco Nacioun ou le reve d une Provence autonome Buzzles in French Retrieved 17 June 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Catalunya del Nord locals esquerra cat Retrieved 8 February 2020 El nou partit Oui au Pays Catalan opta pel regionalisme i la renuncia a la llengua catalana VilaWeb in Catalan Retrieved 8 February 2020 Catalunya Nord per la independencia Assemblea Nacional Catalana in Catalan Retrieved 8 February 2020 Catalunya Nord Omnium Cultural in Catalan Retrieved 8 February 2020 Joventuts d Esquerra Republicana joventrepublica cat Retrieved 8 February 2020 a b c d Ieri a Torino indipendentisti italiani e francesi han manifestato per un moderno stato di Savoia Corsica Oggi in Italian 12 September 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2023 Pourquoi un Etat Pied Noir Federation des Deux Rives Etat Pied NoirFederation des Deux Rives Etat Pied Noir La Paix pour seul combat Albert Camus 5 March 2021 Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2023 Et voici le gouvernement pied noir en exil L Express in French 2 February 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2023 France Le Chef de l Etat Pied Noir ecrit au President de la Republique francaise www infosplusgabon com Retrieved 17 June 2023 Les Territoires Federation des Deux Rives Etat Pied NoirFederation des Deux Rives Etat Pied Noir 11 July 2021 Archived from the original on 11 July 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2023 Alsace poll 68 demand independence from Grand Est seek to regain separate region Nationalia in Catalan 16 June 2023 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Alsace fights back a French David vs Goliath story openDemocracy Retrieved 16 June 2023 a b Fighting for Brittany autonomy in a centralised state openDemocracy Retrieved 16 June 2023 Grande Normandie pour Didier Patte president du Mouvement Normand tout commence maintenant www lecourriercauchois fr Retrieved 17 June 2023 Didier Patte fondateur du Mouvement normand s en est alle www breizh info com in French 6 February 2023 Retrieved 17 June 2023 Cross flags in Normandy France www fotw info Retrieved 17 June 2023 UNPO Savoy unpo org Retrieved 17 June 2023 UNPO Savoy s Long Ignored Struggle for Self Determination Finally Makes the Headlines But at What Cost unpo org Retrieved 17 June 2023 UNPO Brittany and Savoy French Minority Groups Claim Rights at 9th OHCHR Forum on Minority Issues unpo org Retrieved 17 June 2023 Zappi Timothee 20 May 2022 Legislatives dans les Landes le Partit occitan investit trois candidats in French ISSN 1760 6454 Retrieved 17 June 2023 Vaiani Mauro 2 April 2023 Assemblada Occitana Valadas Autonomie e Ambiente in Italian Retrieved 17 June 2023 cuneocronaca Assemblada Occitana Valades L orgoglio per la nostra terra con le bandiere dai balconi Cuneocronaca it www cuneocronaca it in Italian Retrieved 17 June 2023 60 des Francs Comtois souhaitent que la Franche Comte se separe de la Bourgogne sondage Opinion Way macommune info www macommune info REGIONALES Le Mouvement Franche Comte demande aux Republicains et au Rassemblement National de mettre dans 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Bundeslandervergleich Jeder dritte Bayer fur Unabhangigkeit von Deutschland YouGov yougov de in German Retrieved 18 June 2023 News Article css ethz ch Retrieved 18 June 2023 Startseite Freie Sachsen Die politische Bewegung fur Sachsen haitblog 2 March 2022 Free Saxons A new far right protest party on the rise Denken ohne Gelander in German Retrieved 19 June 2023 Lasch Hendrik Unter dem Konigswappen fur den Saxit nd aktuell de in German Retrieved 19 June 2023 We want to have a self determined democratically legitimated Sorbian Parliament 26 June 2023 Sorben und Wenden Eine Minderheit grundet ein Parlament in der Lausitz chrismon evangelisch de in German Retrieved 19 June 2023 Brandenburg Sorben wahlen ein eigenes Parlament Der Tagesspiegel Online in German ISSN 1865 2263 Retrieved 19 June 2023 The European Free Alliance gives green light to EU internal enlargement Nationalia in Catalan 19 June 2023 Retrieved 19 June 2023 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,