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2017 Catalan independence referendum

January 30, 2023

An independence referendum was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya.[2][3][4] The referendum, known in the Spanish media by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October"), was declared unconstitutional[5][6][7] on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution.[8][9][10] Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent the illegal referendum, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation.[11][12][13] Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process as well as to the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.[14][15][16]

2017 Catalan independence referendum
1 October 2017
Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Y Yes 2,044,038 92.01%
N No 177,547 7.99%
Valid votes 2,221,585 97.17%
Invalid or blank votes 64,632 2.83%
Total votes 2,286,217 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 5,313,564 43.03%
Source: Government of Catalonia[1]

The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session in which only nationalist parliamentarians participated on 6 September 2017 along with the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic of Catalonia the following day 7 September, which stated that independence would be binding with a simple majority, without requiring a minimum turnout.[17][18] After being suspended, the law was finally declared void on 17 October,[19] being also unconstitutional according to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which requires a two-thirds majority, 90 seats, in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status.[20][21][22]

The referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". The "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (90.18%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.83%) voting against, on a turnout of 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown,[1][23][24][25] although the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station.[26][27] Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish and Catalan police suppression of the vote.[28][29][30] On the other hand, most voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out,[31] as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in the illegal referendum to avoid "validation"".[32][33] Additionally, numerous cases of voters casting their votes several times or with lack of identification were reported, and the counting process and the revision of the census were not performed with quality standards ensuring impartiality.[34][35]

In the days leading to the referendum, the High Court of Justice of Catalonia ordered police forces to impede the use of public premises for the imminent voting.[36] However, on the day of the referendum, the inaction of part of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, the Mossos d'Esquadra, allowed many polling stations to open. The National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil intervened and raided several polling stations after they opened.[37][38] 893 civilians and 111 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil were reported to have been injured.[38][39][40][41] According to various sources these previously reported figures may have been exaggerated.[42] According to the judge from Barcelona who is currently investigating the accusations of police violence, there were 218 persons injured on that day in the city of Barcelona alone, 20 of whom were agents.[43][44] According to the official final report by the Catalan Health Service (CatSalut) of the Generalitat 1066 civilians, 11 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil and 1 agent of the regional police, the Mossos d'Esquadra, were injured.[45] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, urged the Spanish government to prove all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum.[46][47] The police action also received criticism from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch which defined it as an "excessive and unnecessary use of force".[48][49] Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held.[50][51]

Mossos d'Esquadra are being investigated for disobedience, for allegedly not having complied with the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia.[52] Members of Mossos d'Esquadra are under investigation, including Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez, the Mossos d'Esquadra major, who is being investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court.[53] Mossos d'Esquadra deny those accusations and allege they obeyed the orders but applied the principle of proportionality, which is required by Spanish law in all police operations.[54]

Background

Further information: Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014; Catalan regional election, 2015; and Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia
 
Pro-independence flags in Barcelona

The ballot was initially scheduled for no later than 17 September 2017, a result of an election pledge made by pro-independence parties ahead of the 2015 Catalan election (during the previous legislature, the Catalan government had held a non-binding "citizen participation process" about the question).

The election resulted in a minority government for the Junts pel Sí coalition (JxSí), which had won a plurality of MPs (62 of the 135 seats), plus conditional support from the 10 CUP-CC MPs. Shortly after the government was formed, it resolved to hold a referendum on independence.[55][56][57][58]

On 24 January 2017, the Government of Catalonia held a privately organised conference[59] in one of the rooms of the European Parliament in its Brussels headquarters. The event, entitled "The Catalan Referendum", was promoted by Carles Puigdemont, President, Oriol Junqueras, Vice President, and Raül Romeva. It was attended by 500 people, among whom were MEPs, diplomats and journalists from the international media.[60][61][62][63]

Organisation

 
Catalan president Carles Puigdemont and 700 mayors of Catalonia on the meeting at preparation of referendum, 16 September 2017
 
Final meeting of campaign for referendum in front of Palau Nacional, 29 September 2017

The Catalan government's decree officially calling the referendum was expected to be approved in the second half of August[64] but was approved only on 6 September.[65]

Shortly after the referendum was announced, attention focused on the issue of the ballot boxes, since the government of Spain is in charge of providing them, whereas for this non-state-sanctioned vote, the government of Catalonia would have to put them in place, potentially risking prosecution for the misuse of public funds. It is still unclear who bought them. The Catalan government opened a bidding process to buy them but no offers were presented. Cristóbal Montoro, the Spanish Minister of the Treasury, assured that the ballot boxes were not paid for with public money and some media reported they were finally bought by an individual whose identity remains unknown.[66][67]

Tendering by the Catalan government for materials such as ballot papers and envelopes for a putative regional election in the region were thought by some to be an attempt to covertly organise the referendum.[68][69][70] On 24 March, the Spanish Public Prosecutor's Office in Catalonia had already announced an inquiry to determine whether a referendum is in the planning.[71]

In terms of its organisation, the electoral roll is one of the main points in contention, since this is managed by the National Institute of Statistics, an autonomous organisation placed under the jurisdiction of the government of Spain. To access its data, polls must have been authorised by the Spanish Congress.[72] Without an undisputed access to the electoral roll, the results may be deemed unreliable. Similar difficulties could be met when it comes to the electoral commission to be formed for monitoring the polling and results.[72]

By April 2017, the Catalan government had already received 5 judicial notices warning about the criminal liabilities they were exposed to if they continued the preparation of the referendum, as the constitutional court previously declared illegal any official budget allocation.[73][74]

An official announcement by the government of Catalonia suggested that Catalan residents overseas willing to vote would have to register. By the end of June 2017, out of 285,000 Catalans living abroad and eligible to vote, 5,000 had registered.[75]

Tensions within the Catalan government

Main article: 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis

On 3 July 2017, President Puigdemont sacked his Minister for Enterprise, Jordi Baiget [ca; es], who, in the face of the legal challenges, had just expressed doubts regarding the referendum taking place as envisioned by the Catalan government.[76]

Then, on 14 July, Puigdemont proceeded with a cabinet reshuffle, replacing three additional ministers in his cabinet (the ones responsible for presidency, education, and interior) in a move widely seen as a removal of the remaining hesitant voices within his cabinet in regards to the referendum issue.[77]

On 17 July, the chief of the Catalan police, called Mossos d'Esquadra, resigned without giving any reason. The Catalan police force is seen as key to enforcing any court orders sought by the central government challenging the secession vote.[78]

Additional isolated resignations and dismissals have been noted among some of the high-level civil servants potentially playing a role with the vote's organisation.[79][80][81][82][83]

 
Protests in Barcelona after Spanish police raided Catalan government buildings, 20 September 2017

Scope

When the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the law on the referendum on 7 September 2017, it forbade several Catalan office holders, the Catalan media, as well as the 948 municipalities of Catalonia to participate in the preparation of the referendum.[84] The municipalities were instructed to reply within 48 hours whether they intended to comply or not. Out of 726 municipalities that answered, 682 announced that they would support the referendum anyway, 41 announced they would refuse to support it, and three, including the municipality of Barcelona, answered without making their intentions clear.[85]

Around 150 people chanted slogans in favour of the police operation, the unity of Spain and against holding a referendum vote, 21 September 2017.[86]

Among those that refused to support the referendum, however, there are large population centers,[87] such as the provincial capitals of Lleida (140,000 inhabitants) and Tarragona (130,000 inhabitants) or the cities of Terrassa (215,000 inhabitants) and Hospitalet de Llobregat (250,000 inhabitants) governed by PSC mayors. The mayor of Barcelona, Ada Colau, while refusing to make a statement whether the municipality of Barcelona would provide logistical support to the referendum or not, strongly criticised the "language of testosterone" and the pressure that she said was being exerted on the municipalities. Nevertheless, she announced that she would do anything possible to allow those in Barcelona who wished to vote to do so.[88]

The Catalan government financed advertisement for the referendum in the regional public television and radio, in spite of a legal notice against such actions by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia.[89][90] No campaign for the No-side was organized, as no party opposing independence participated in the referendum nor wanted to legitimize it. In a few locations, fake posters with the logos of the main opposition parties and asking to vote No were reported.[91]

Police operation to stop the referendum

 
The Catalan National Assembly's pro-independence "Sí" flag
Main article: Operation Anubis

On 20 September 2017, following orders of the trial court number 13, the Spanish Civil Guard started Operation Anubis. During the first day, the police officers raided different headquarters of the Government of Catalonia and arrested 14 senior officials involved in the preparation of the referendum.[92] Simultaneously, several printing companies were searched for ballot papers and ballot boxes. Crowds gathered around the regional ministries to support the arrested staff and later on several pro-independence organisations, including the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and Òmnium Cultural.[93] A crowd of more than 40,000 people heeded the call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC and surrounded the Catalan economy department, preventing the exit of the Civil Guard agents.[94][95][96] Demonstrators vandalised three vehicles of the Civil Guard and their occupants were forced to flee into the Economy Department building, a court clerk remained trapped until midnight inside the building and had to flee by the roof, while several agents were trapped throughout the night as demonstrators shouted outside "You won't get out!".[97][98][99][100] The damages in the vehicles (3 Nissan Patrol) accounted for €135,632.[101] The Civil Guard agents cornered into the building made 6 calls for help to the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra, which were ignored. The first request for help was at 9:14 am with the subject: "Urgent – Request for support to Mossos".[95]

Both Mossos d'Esquadra Major Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez and Barcelona Intendant Teresa Laplana Cocera were charged with sedition because of the role played by the regional police.[102] Trapero stated that the mossos weren't warned with enough time and that the demonstration was peaceful.[103] Two Catalan pro-independence leaders Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart (Assemblea Nacional Catalana and Òmnium Cultural, respectively) were sent to prison without bail by Spain's National Court. They are being investigated for alleged crimes of sedition for their role in organising these massive protests aimed at hindering the Civil Guard investigation.[104][105] On 20 September morning, Jordi Sànchez called for "peaceful resistance" to the police operation through social media.[93] The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations"[105] and that Jordi Sànchez, on top of a vehicle, encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night".[106] According to the judge the actions of Sànchez and Cruixat are into the scope of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code:[94][107]

Conviction for sedition shall befall those who, without being included in the felony of rebellion, public and tumultuously rise up to prevent, by force or outside the legal channels, application of the laws, or any authority, official corporation or public officer from lawful exercise of the duties thereof or implementation of the resolutions thereof, or of administrative or judicial resolutions.

— Article 544 of the Spanish Criminal Code.[108]

A video uploaded to Twitter shows Cuixart y Sànchez on top of one of the vandalized Guardia civil cars on that night saying "Above all... We ask that you dissolve this demonstration, as best as you can, very calmly, today, in a few minutes". According to the source this happened around 11:00 pm and would contradict one of the arguments used by the investigating judge.[109] Amnesty International considered "pre-trial detention" excessive in this case and called for "immediate release" of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart.[110]

In the following days, the Spanish Civil Guard and the Spanish National Police were reinforced with police officers from the rest of Spain, which are expected to reach 16,000 police and military police officers distributed in different Catalan cities on 1 October 2017 and would continue to carry out searches in companies that allegedly had referendum ballots or ballot boxes.[111] This would spark multiple protest demonstrations all across Catalonia, including cacerolazos during the night.[failed verification] Demonstrations "in defense of the right to decide of the Catalans" were held in several cities in Spain, though few people attended.[112] On the other hand, demonstrations were held throughout Spain in which thousands of people protested against the referendum[113][114][115] and the agents were acclaimed by the crowds in numerous cities of Spain when they left for Catalonia.[116][117][118]

A conference named Referendum yes or yes that was going to be held in Vitoria-Gasteiz on 15 September was forbidden by the courts after a request from the Spanish government. The speakers, including the pro-independence deputy Anna Gabriel, disobeyed the ruling and tried to hold the conference anyway, but the room where it was taking place was evicted by the police five minutes after starting.[119] One year later, the same court recognized there were no reasons to suspend the conference.[120]

In the days previous to the referendum, the Spanish civil guard shut down more than 140 websites following a court order issued by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia, including the official one from the Catalan government and the main site of the Catalan civil organization ANC.[121] That involved sending requests — and sometimes, directly sending the Guardia Civil — to major Spanish telecom operators offices, domain providers, the dotCat Foundation and Google, in this particular case to remove an app from Google Play that included information on polling stations.[122][123][124] This situation was denounced by Internet-related organizations from around the world including Internet Society, APC, EFF, The Tor Project and Xnet.[122][125][126][127][128]

Administration

 
Ballot paper that the Catalan government intended to use in the referendum, in Catalan, Castilian Spanish and Aranese Occitan, the three official languages of Catalonia

The Catalan Government announced it planned to hold the referendum on 1 October 2017. The Electoral Commission of Catalonia was responsible for overseeing the referendum, but it was dissolved on 22 September 2017 after the Constitutional Court announced that otherwise they would be fined between €6,000 and €12,000 per day.[129] The campaign was planned to last 15 days, spanning from 00:00 on 15 September 2017 to 24:00 on 29 September 2017.[needs update]

According to the Catalan government, the following people were entitled to vote in the referendum:[130]

  • Those who have the political condition of Catalan, are 18 years of age or older on the voting day, are not under any of the situations that legally deprive the right to vote and are on the electoral roll.
  • Those Catalans currently residing abroad and who have their last residence in Catalonia, fulfil all the legal requirements, and have formally applied to take part in the voting process.

Question

The question of the referendum was asked "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?".[130]

Ballot question
English Do you want Catalonia to be an independent state in the form of a republic?
Catalan Voleu que Catalunya sigui un estat independent en forma de república?
Spanish ¿Quiere que Cataluña sea un estado independiente en forma de república?
Occitan Voletz que Catalonha vengue un estat independent en forma de republica?

International observers

 
Sinn Féin representatives meeting Catalan President Carles Puigdemont ahead of the referendum.

The illegal referendum was attended by several international observers who declared that no proper referendum took place in Catalonia. The first accredited international observers, led by The Hague Center for Strategic Studies, were headed by Daan Everts and consisted of 20 observers from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France and Poland, among others. The second international mission, called the International Electoral Expert Research Team, was headed by Helena Catt and consisted of 17 observers from the United Kingdom, France, Ireland and New Zealand, among others. There was also a delegation of 33 parliamentarians and politicians, called the International Parliamentary Delegation on Catalonia's Referendum on Self-Determination 1 October 2017, from political parties in Slovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Republic of Macedonia, Monaco, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

Of these international observers, those summoned by Diplocat are not recognised by the UN as such in not recognising this Diplocat as an international observer.[131]

Due to some irregularities and to the actions taken by the national police and civil guard, the international observers, invited by the Generalitat, declared that the referendum results could not be considered valid as the process failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections. They also criticized the police violence.[14][15][16]

Pre-result responses

 
Demonstration in Bilbao in solidarity with the Catalan referendum, 16 September 2017

Domestic

In Spain, the upcoming illegal referendum gathered overall little voiced support beyond regional organizations of nationalist ideology, including a few nationalist-controlled regional parliaments:

  •   Basque Autonomous Community: The regional parliament of nationalist majority showed its support for the referendum and criticised the Spanish government's stance on the issue.[132] Tens of thousands took to the streets of Bilbao at two different dates in September in support of the referendum, with representatives of the nationalist parties, including the mayors of San Sebastián and Bilbao.[133][134] ETA, classified as a terrorist group by the European Union, issued a statement endorsing the referendum.[135]
  •   Navarre: The parliament of Navarre, with the opposition of the constitution-endorsing parties, denounced the Spanish government's de facto "takeover" of the Catalan devolution and what the parliament referred to as a repressive approach.[136]
  •   Galicia: Over 3,000 people marched through the streets of Santiago in Galicia to show their solidarity with the Catalan vote. The demonstration was attended by representatives of the nationalist parties En Marea and BNG.[137]
  •   Madrid: The organisation in a public venue of a pro-referendum event led to some strifes due among other things to its depiction of the King in advertising posters. The event eventually relocated to private grounds following Spanish Conservatives' complains and the intervention of a judge.[138][139][140]

UN member states

Most official country representatives stated that the referendum was an internal matter of Spain and some called for political dialogue:

  •   Belgium: Belgium's Prime Minister Charles Michel reaffirmed the government's call for political dialogue in Spain, and condemned any form of violence.[141]
  •   Croatia: Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković stated that Croatia considered the referendum an internal issue of Spain, while Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs called for dialogue.[142]
  •   China: In response to a journalist, on 28 September 2017 foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang said that the People's Republic of China believes "the issue of Catalonia belongs to the domestic affairs of Spain. We believe that the Spanish central government can properly handle relevant issues and maintain national solidarity, unity and prosperity".[143]
  •   France: On 16 June, President Emmanuel Macron stated that he considers the question of Catalan independence to be an internal issue of Spain.[144]
  •   Germany: On 8 September, Steffen Seibert, the spokesman for Chancellor Angela Merkel, stated that Germany was interested in stability in Spain and that for this it was necessary that the law, including the Spanish constitution, was respected at all levels.[145]
  •   Hungary: On 18 September, government spokesman Zoltán Kovács announced that they would "respect the will of the people". At the same time, he called the independence issue an "internal issue of Spain and Catalonia".[146][147]
  •   Lithuania: Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė said that the referendum on Catalonia's independence did not comply with the Spanish Constitution, but to use force is a failure of the Spanish authorities, expressing optimism that dialogued solutions would be found.[148] On 28 September, Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius commented that Baltic states' movement to regain independence from the Soviet Union is not comparable with the situation in Catalonia due to Spain being a democracy that follows the rule of law and urged for a constructive dialogue.[149][150]
  •   Portugal: Foreign Minister Augusto Santos Silva declined to comment on the referendum in Catalonia on 27 September, but believed that the Spanish government would be able to resolve the issue, in agreement with the Spanish constitution and law.[151] A manifesto signed by Portuguese personalities, including the former socialist presidential candidate Manuel Alegre and the former leader of the Left Bloc Francisco Louçã, appealed to a "negotiated political solution" to the political situation in Catalonia.[152]
  •   Russian Federation: The head of the international affairs committee at Russia's upper house Konstantin Kosachev called on the Spanish government to lead a dialogue, compared it with the Ukrainian situation and stated "A state should be talking to its citizens, should reach accord. Like we are doing in Russia."[153]
  •   Serbia: Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica Dačić, in an interview with Deutsche Welle, stated that Catalonia wants to repeat the example of Kosovo, by declaring unilateral independence without any agreement from Madrid.[154] He stated that Serbia cannot accept such a model and that it is not a political issue but a problem of international law.[154]
  •   United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary, and future Prime Minister Boris Johnson described the referendum as an internal issue for Spain, saying "Spain is a close ally and a good friend, whose strength and unity matters to the UK", while also insisting rule of law be upheld.[155]
  •   United States: On 13 April, the embassy in Madrid stated that the U.S. sees the question of Catalan independence as an internal issue of Spain.[156] On 26 September, President Donald Trump, during his meeting with Mariano Rajoy, said that "Spain is a great country and it should remain united",[157] and expressed his doubts on whether a referendum would be held.[157] Earlier that month, the State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert also considered the referendum an internal affair of Spain.[158]

Other political parties, groups and sub-national governments

  •   United Kingdom: Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the UK Labour Party, issued a statement condemning the violence in Catalonia and called on the British government to appeal to the Spanish government to find a political solution.[159]
  •   Denmark: A group of 17 Danish MPs from seven parties criticised the growing tensions in the weeks before the referendum and called on the Spanish government to play a constructive role and encourage political dialogue.[163]
  •   European Union Parliament: Gregor Gysi, the chairman of the Party of the European Left, condemned the arrests by the Guardia Civil in the run-up to the referendum and called for a political solution to the problem.[164]
  •   Italy:
    • The Lega Nord leader Matteo Salvini expressed his solidarity to the Catalan people after the arrests of 14 Catalan government officials;[165] however, he also kept distance from the Catalan referendum calling it "a stretch" against the Spanish law.[166][167]
    •   Sardinia: The regional government expressed its support and solidarity to the Catalan community through a specific resolution approved by the regional council, and offered to print ballots for the referendum and to guard them.[168][169][170][171] On 25 October, the Sardinian council issued a new resolution condemning the use of violence and supporting the right to choose any political option, including self-determination.[172]
  •   Belgium: On 20 September, the Minister-President of the Flemish Region Geert Bourgeois urged the Spanish government to go into dialogue with the Catalan government or resort to international mediation.[173]
  •   Switzerland: On 27 September, a group of MPs from all parties of the Council of States sent a letter to the Spanish government supporting the Catalan referendum and condemning the arrests of people and seizure of voting material.[174]
  •   Rojava: On 29 September, TEV-DEM declared their support for the referendum.[175]
  •   Slovenia: Speaker of the National Assembly Milan Brglez stated that the "Catalans have the right to self-determination".[176]

International organizations and institutions

On 14 September, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, said that the EU "would follow and respect the rulings of the Spanish constitutional court and parliament".[178] Further, while the EU would respect the choice if a "yes" for Catalan independence were to come to pass, Juncker stated that Catalonia could not become an EU member the day after the vote.[179]
On 2 October, the European Commission released a statement on its webpage declaring the referendum illegal.[180]

Opinion polls

On 1 October 2017 referendum

 
Queues of voters at polling stations for the referendum
 
A person voting in Guinardó, Barcelona

Pollsters generally started using the proposed referendum question ("Do you want Catalonia to be an independent state in the form of a republic?") after it was revealed in early June 2017.[183]

The Centre for Opinion Studies (Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió, CEO) polled respondents on their intentions rather than asking them the actual referendum question. In its March 2017 poll, aside from asking respondents whether they would want Catalonia to become an independent state, it asked their intents in the event of a referendum on the independence of Catalonia being called and organised by the Government of Catalonia without agreement from the Spanish Government. In a July 2017 poll a similar question was proposed, with the difference that it asked about the actual 1 October referendum.

Total

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Other/
Abst. 		 ? Lead
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 1] 16 Sep 2017 1,000 44.1 38.1 3.9 13.9 6.0
NC Report/La Razón[p 2][p 3] 1–8 Aug 2017 800 41.5 48.6 – 9.9 7.1
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 4] 17–20 Jul 2017 1,000 41.9 37.8 4.2 16.1 4.1
GESOP/CEO[p 5][p 6] 26 Jun–11 Jul 2017 1,500 39.0 23.5 23.0 14.5 15.5
NC Report/La Razón[p 7][p 8] 29 Jun–1 Jul 2017 800 44.0 48.6 – 7.4 4.6
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 9] 23–29 Jun 2017 ? 42.5 37.6 10.2 9.7 4.9
DYM/El Confidencial[p 10] 22–28 Jun 2017 531 47.0 44.4 – 8.6 2.6
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 11] 12–15 Jun 2017 1,000 42.3 38.9 6.0 12.8 3.4
GESOP/CEO[p 12] 6–21 Mar 2017 1,500 43.3 22.2 28.6 5.9 21.1

Certain to vote

(Note: voters who were not willing to vote were primarily those opposed to independence and/or a referendum being held, so support for independence among those who were certain to vote was expected to be high.)[31]

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Turnout Yes No  ? Lead
The National[p 13] 30 Sep 2017 3,300 62 83.0 16.0 2.0 67.0
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 1] 16 Sep 2017 1,000 51.0 69.9 14.3 15.8 55.6
Celeste-Tel/eldiario.es[p 14] 12–15 Sep 2017 800 59.9 59.5 30.7 9.8 28.8
Sociométrica/El Español[p 15] 28 Aug–1 Sep 2017 700 50 72.0 28.0 – 44.0
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 4] 17–20 Jul 2017 1,000 54.9 66.5 18.5 15.0 48.0
GESOP/CEO[p 5] 26 Jun–11 Jul 2017 1,500 67.5 57.8 34.8 7.4 23.0
DYM/El Confidencial[p 10] 22–28 Jun 2017 531 70.1 65.4 28.4 6.2 37.0
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 11] 12–15 Jun 2017 1,000 54.9 67.0 19.0 14.0 48.0

On the independence issue

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Other/
Abst. 		 ? Lead Question
Sociométrica/El Español[p 16] 28 Aug–1 Sep 2017 700 50.1 45.7 – 4.2 4.4 [I]
GESOP/CEO[p 5] 26 Jun–11 Jul 2017 1,500 41.1 49.4 – 9.5 8.3 [II]
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 17] 7–12 Apr 2017 601 41.9 39.7 9.1 9.3 2.2 [III]
GESOP/CEO[p 12] 6–21 Mar 2017 1,500 44.3 48.5 – 7.2 4.2 [II]
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 18] 2–5 Jan 2017 601 42.3 41.9 5.9 9.9 0.4 [III]
NC Report/La Razón[p 19][p 20] 16–23 Dec 2016 1,000 44.8 47.2 – 8.0 2.4 [IV]
DYM/CEO[p 21] 12–17 Dec 2016 1,047 45.3 46.8 – 7.8 1.5 [II]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 22] 12–14 Dec 2016 800 48.9 40.3 2.4 8.5 8.6 [V]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 23] 17 Oct–3 Nov 2016 1,500 44.9 45.1 – 9.9 0.2 [II]
GESOP/ICPS[p 24] 26 Sep–17 Oct 2016 1,200 46.6 33.8 15.0 4.7 10.2 [VI]
NC Report/La Razón[p 25] 2–6 Aug 2016 1,255 41.3 43.2 – 15.5 1.9 [VII]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 26] 28 Jun–13 Jul 2016 1,500 47.7 42.4 – 10.0 5.3 [II]
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 27] 13–16 Jun 2016 800 48.4 35.3 7.7 8.6 13.1 [III]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 28] 22 Feb–8 Mar 2016 1,500 45.3 45.5 – 9.2 0.2 [II]
NC Report/La Razón[p 29][p 30] 28–31 Dec 2015 1,255 44.1 49.7 – 6.2 5.6 [VIII]
DYM/El Confidencial[p 31] 30 Nov–3 Dec 2015 504 37.0 54.0 – 9.0 17.0 [IX]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 32] 20–27 Nov 2015 1,000 45.5 48.7 – 5.2 3.2 [X]
GESOP/CEO[p 33] 16–23 Nov 2015 1,050 46.6 48.2 – 5.2 1.6 [II]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 34] 5–27 Oct 2015 2,000 46.7 47.8 – 5.6 1.1 [II]
2015 Catalan regional election
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 35] 14–17 Sep 2015 1,000 45.2 45.9 – 8.9 0.7 [X]
Metroscopia/El País[p 36] 14–16 Sep 2015 2,000 45.0 46.0 – 9.0 1.0 [XI]
DYM/El Confidencial[p 37] 14–16 Sep 2015 1,157 50.0 42.0 – 8.0 8.0 [IX]
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 38][p 39] 31 Aug–3 Sep 2015 1,400 44.4 46.2 – 9.4 1.8 [XII]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 40] 6–9 Jul 2015 1,000 44.5 48.4 – 7.1 3.9 [XIII]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 41] 2–24 Jun 2015 2,000 42.9 50.0 – 7.1 7.1 [II]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 42] 27–29 Apr 2015 1,000 43.7 47.9 – 8.3 4.2 [XIII]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 43] 9 Feb–2 Mar 2015 2,000 44.1 48.0 – 7.8 3.9 [II]
DYM/CEO[p 44] 9–13 Dec 2014 1,100 44.5 45.3 – 10.3 0.8 [II]
GESOP/ICPS[p 45] 12 Nov–6 Dec 2014 1,200 49.9 27.4 18.8 4.1 22.5 [VI]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 46] 1–4 Dec 2014 1,000 47.4 42.9 – 9.7 4.5 [XIII]
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 47] 17–20 Nov 2014 1,000 35.7 44.7 9.6 10.0 9.0 [II]
2014 Catalan self-determination referendum
GESOP/8tv[p 48] 30 Oct 2014 1,600 46.2 38.0 – 15.8 8.2 [II]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 49] 29 Sep–23 Oct 2014 2,000 49.4 32.3 8.4 10.0 17.1 [II]
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 50] 26–29 Aug 2014 ? 34.0 39.5 – 19.2 5.5 [II]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 51] 30 Apr–8 May 2014 577 43.4 43.5 – 13.4 0.1 [II]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 52] 24 Mar–15 Apr 2014 2,000 47.2 27.9 12.4 12.6 19.3 [II]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 53] 26–28 Feb 2014 800 46.1 36.3 – 17.6 9.8 [II]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 54] 12–13 Dec 2013 800 44.1 36.2 – 19.7 7.9 [II]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 55] 16–19 Nov 2013 1,000 44.9 45.0 – 10.1 0.1 [II]
GESOP/CEO[p 56] 4–14 Nov 2013 2,000 54.7 22.1 17.0 6.3 32.6 [VI]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 57] 16–18 Oct 2013 800 53.3 41.5 – 5.3 11.8 [XIV]
GESOP/ICPS[p 58] 25 Sep–10 Oct 2013 800 48.6 25.2 21.9 4.3 23.4 [VI]
GESOP/CEO[p 59] 31 May–13 Jun 2013 2,000 55.6 23.4 15.9 5.1 32.2 [VI]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 60] 28–31 May 2013 800 57.8 36.0 – 6.3 21.8 [XIV]
GESOP/CEO[p 61] 4–14 Feb 2013 2,000 54.7 20.7 18.1 6.4 34.0 [VI]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 62] 14–16 Jan 2013 800 56.9 35.0 – 8.2 21.9 [XIV]
GESOP/ICPS[p 63] 27 Nov–20 Dec 2012 1,200 49.2 29.2 15.1 6.5 20.0 [VI]
2012 Catalan regional election
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 64] 12–16 Nov 2012 1,000 47.5 40.2 – 10.1 7.3 [XV]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 65] 6–9 Nov 2012 1,000 47.9 39.9 – 10.2 8.0 [XV]
DYM/CEO[p 66] 22–30 Oct 2012 2,500 57.0 20.5 14.9 7.7 36.5 [VI]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 67] 22–26 Oct 2012 1,000 52.8 35.4 – 9.7 17.4 [XV]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 68] 8–11 Oct 2012 1,000 54.3 33.1 – 10.1 21.2 [XV]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 69] 21–27 Sep 2012 1,200 54.8 33.5 – 10.2 21.3 [XV]
DYM/CEO[p 70] 4–18 Jun 2012 2,500 51.1 21.1 22.1 5.8 30.0 [VI]
DYM/CEO[p 71] 6–21 Feb 2012 2,500 44.6 24.7 25.2 5.5 19.9 [VI]
GESOP/ICPS[p 72] 19 Sep–27 Oct 2011 2,000 43.7 25.1 23.2 8.0 18.6 [VI]
GESOP/CEO[p 73] 29 Sep–13 Oct 2011 2,500 45.4 24.7 24.4 5.6 20.7 [VI]
GESOP/CEO[p 74] 2–17 Jun 2011 2,500 42.9 28.2 23.8 5.2 14.7 [VI]
Noxa/La Vanguardia[p 75] 1–2 Sep 2010 800 40.0 45.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 [XVI]
  1. ^ "Would you prefer your community being an independent state?"
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state?"
  3. ^ a b c "If a legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what do you think your vote would be?"
  4. ^ "What would you vote in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia?"
  5. ^ "If you went out to vote, would you vote Yes or No to independence?"
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you do?"
  7. ^ "Do you declare yourself independentist?"
  8. ^ "Do you favour Catalonia's independence?"
  9. ^ a b "Do you think Catalonia should separate from Spain and become an independent state?"
  10. ^ a b "If a legal referendum was held, do you think you would vote For or Against Catalonia becoming an independent state?"
  11. ^ "If a negotiated and fully legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would be your likeliest vote?"
  12. ^ "Do you support Catalonia going independent?"
  13. ^ a b c "If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what do you think your vote would be?"
  14. ^ a b c "Would you agree on Catalonia separating itself from Spain and becoming a new state within the EU?"
  15. ^ a b c d e "If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you vote?"
  16. ^ "If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you vote?"

On whether a referendum should be held

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No  ? Notes
Metroscopia/El País[p 76] 18–21 Sep 2017 2,200 82.0 16.0 2.0 On a legal referendum as the best solution
GESOP/El Periódico[p 77] 19–22 Feb 2017 ? 71.9 26.1 2.0 On the State allowing a referendum
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 18] 13–16 Jun 2016 800 76.6 19.7 3.6
NC Report/La Razón[p 19][p 20] 16–23 Dec 2016 1,000 51.1 40.7 8.2 On holding a 9N-style referendum
GESOP/El Periódico[p 22] 12–14 Dec 2016 800 84.6 13.8 1.6
49.6 48.8 1.6 On holding a not legal referendum
NC Report/La Razón[p 25] 2–6 Aug 2016 1,255 52.0 35.1 12.9 On agreeing a referendum with the State
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 27] 13–16 Jun 2016 800 75.7 20.6 3.7
DYM/El Confidencial[p 31] 30 Nov–3 Dec 2015 504 69.0 26.0 5.0 On the need of holding a referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 32] 20–27 Nov 2015 1,000 78.8 19.9 1.3
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 35] 14–17 Sep 2015 1,000 79.2 18.6 2.2
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 40] 6–9 Jul 2015 1,000 79.8 19.4 0.8
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 42] 27–29 Apr 2015 1,000 79.1 19.4 1.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 46] 1–4 Dec 2014 1,000 83.9 14.5 1.6
NC Report/La Razón[p 78] 13–15 Nov 2014 ? 54.3 39.9 5.8 On holding an agreed referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 51] 30 Apr–8 May 2014 577 74.0 24.6 1.4
GESOP/El Periódico[p 54] 12–13 Dec 2013 800 73.6 20.0 6.4 On the State authorising the 9N referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 55] 16–19 Nov 2013 1,000 73.5 23.6 2.9
GESOP/El Periódico[p 60] 28–31 May 2013 800 75.1 20.8 4.2 On the Government of Spain authorising a referendum
69.6 25.8 2.3 On holding a referendum
GESOP/El Periódico[p 62] 14–16 Jan 2013 800 62.9 30.5 6.6 On holding a referendum even with the State's opposition
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 64] 12–16 Nov 2012 1,000 73.4 24.1 2.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 65] 6–9 Nov 2012 1,000 73.6 24.0 2.4
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 67] 22–26 Oct 2012 1,000 81.5 17.5 1.0
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 68] 8–11 Oct 2012 1,000 81.7 17.6 0.7
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 69] 21–27 Sep 2012 1,200 83.9 14.9 1.2

Results

Overall

Question: "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?"

Referendum results
Choice Votes %
  Yes 2,044,038 90.18
No 177,547 7.83
Valid votes 2,221,585 97.17
Invalid or blank votes 64,632 2.83
Total votes 2,286,217 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 5,313,564 43.03
Source: Government of Catalonia[1]

The Catalan government estimated that polling stations representing up to 770,000 potential voters—14.5% of all registered voters—were closed down by police in raids, with any votes cast in those stations either seized, lost or inaccessible and therefore not counted.[23][24][25][184] Catalan government spokesman Jordi Turull argued that turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish police suppression.[28] Catalan government officials argued that calculation by experts showed that without police pressure and closures, turnout could have reached up to 55%.[29]

Earlier in the day, a universal census was introduced, so any Catalan elector going out to vote could do so at any one of the still functioning polling stations.[26] Notorious examples of this included President Puigdemont himself—who voted in Cornellà del Terri instead of Sant Julià de Ramis where he was registered to vote, foiling a police operation to track him down along the way[185]—or Parliament of Catalonia Speaker Carme Forcadell.[186]

Results by province

Province Electorate Turnout Yes No
Votes % Votes %
Barcelona 3,971,666 41.23 1,438,682 90.71 147,294 9.29
Girona 496,167 53.32 249,483 96.00 10,382 4.00
Lleida 298,140 52.83 146,583 95.14 7,485 4.86
Tarragona 547,591 40.62 205,038 94.33 12,331 5.67
Catalans abroad N/A N/A 4,252 98.72 55 1.28
Total 5,313,564 43.03 2,044,038 90.18 177,547 7.83

Results by vegueries

Vegueria Electorate Turnout Yes No
Votes % Votes %
Alt Pirineu i Aran 53,228 53.91 26,674 95.18 1,350 4.82
Barcelona 3,605,651 39.54 1,239,232 89.93 138,759 10.07
Central Catalonia 374,611 58.15 205,285 95.96 8,638 4.04
Girona 487,217 53.25 244,758 96.02 10,140 3.98
Lleida 245,266 52.12 118,799 94.98 6,274 5.02
Tarragona 420,740 36.82 142,386 94.12 8,897 5.88
The Ebre Lands 126,851 53.24 62,652 94.80 3,434 5.20
Catalans abroad N/A N/A 4,252 98.72 55 1.28
Total 5,313,564 43.03 2,044,038 90.18 177,547 7.83

Irregularities

Due in part to the deactivation and repeated blocking by the police of the computer programs used to implement universal census and result reporting,[187] some irregularities were reported by Spanish media during the celebration of the referendum. Among them, people recorded voting more than once, votes made by non-Catalan people not included in the census or images of people voting several times, including journalists.[188][189] Other media reported the system did not validate the second attempt when voting, but it couldn't be confirmed that this system worked during the whole process.[27][190][191]

The Catalan government was not allowed to use the same ballot boxes used in other elections and referendums because they are owned by the Spanish government, so different ballot boxes were used,[192] those were described as translucent by some media and opaque by some others in contrast to the transparent ballot boxes used in elections.[15][193][194] Ballots and ballot boxes were transported together, which according to Spanish media raised doubts about whether those ballots were removed or not prior to the vote.[195][196] Another controversial footage shows ballot boxes placed in the street, where any person could submit their vote without census control.[197][198] According to a Catalan newspaper, a volunteer declared that it was "a symbolic vote" in Ramon i Cajal school, Barcelona, after Spanish police removed the ballot boxes at another nearby polling station.[196]

There was no electoral board as it dissolved itself on 22 September to avoid being fined by the Constitutional Court and the counting system was blocked by the Guardia civil following orders from the Catalan High Court Justice.[15][129] Guardia Civil also shut down a WordPress.com blog which alleged to be used as a voting system in the referendum, the Catalan government said they didn't know about its existence.[15][199]

The Spanish Government denounced that the rules of the referendum that were changed 45 minutes before opening.[200] The new rules included the universal census according to which any citizen could vote in any voting center even if it was not the one originally assigned. They also accepted the use of non-official ballots printed at home and made optional the requirement of using envelopes.[15]

Controversy over the results

The publication of the results generated controversy both for the lack of basic electoral warranties,[201] as for the lack of coherence between the results that were published after 95% of the votes had been tallied and the official results published five days later.[202][203]

One analyst said that the large pro-independence vote (90% by official estimates) could actually be a sign that many people did not vote at all, and that the referendum lacked the conditions for fairness.[204]

In 71 municipalities the number of "yes" votes tallied were more than the number of registered voters for those municipalities, which could be partly explained by the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowing people to vote in a different poll station than the one they were assigned.[27]

The Civil Guard delivered a report to the Spanish High Court with recordings of conversations that allegedly demonstrate that "the results of the referendum were decided in the days leading up to its holding".[205][206]

In the elections of December 2017 called by Spanish Prime Minister, parties supporting independence got 47.5% of the votes, but due to the high level of participation that was 33,970 more votes than 'Yes' votes were cast during the referendum.[207]

Aftermath

Main article: Reactions to the 2017 Catalan independence referendum
See also: 2017 Catalan general strike
 
2017 Catalan general strike against police brutality

On 3 October 2017, Carles Puigdemont said that his government intends to act on the result of the referendum "at the end of this week or the beginning of next" and declare independence from Spain. Puigdemont would go before the Catalan Parliament to address them on Monday 9 October 2017, pending the agreement of other political parties.[208] The same day, the King of Spain, Felipe VI, condemned the repeated acts of the government of Catalonia against the existing legal framework and appealed to the union Spain, calling the situation "extremely serious".[209]

On 4 October 2017, Mireia Boya, a lawmaker of the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP), announced that a declaration of independence would likely come after the parliamentary session on 9 October.[210]

On 5 October, Banco Sabadell, the second-largest bank based in Catalonia, announced its decision to move its legal headquarters out of the region amid economic uncertainty over the future of Catalonia's political situation ahead of a projected unilateral declaration of independence the ensuing week, which had seen sharp falls in the group's share prices the previous day and rating agencies downgrading the region. Concurrently, CaixaBank, the biggest bank in the region and the third largest in Spain, also announced it was considering redomiciling outside Catalonia.[211][212][213] This sparked a massive business exit in the ensuing hours, with companies such as Abertis, Gas Natural, Grifols, Fersa Energias Renovables, Agbar, Freixenet, Codorníu, Idilia Foods, San Miguel Beer and Planeta Group also announcing or considering their intention to move their HQs out of Catalonia. The Spanish government announced on Friday 6 October that it would issue a decree allowing companies based in Catalonia to move out of the region without holding a shareholders' meeting.[214][215][216][217] On 11 October, Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art announced that it was repatriating its collection of Art & Language works on loan at Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art (MACBA) since 2010.[218][219] Within two weeks, more than 1,000 business and firms would move out of Catalonia.[220]

 
Demonstration against Catalan independence in Barcelona on 8 October 2017

On 7 October, tens of thousands of demonstrators rallied in Madrid and Barcelona dressed in white and without flags with the slogan 'Shall we talk?', asking for a deescalation of the political conflict.[221] On 8 October, the largest demonstration against Catalan independence in recent Spanish history took place in Barcelona, the local police estimating at about 400,000 the number of participants.[222] Former president of the European Parliament Josep Borrell, Nobel Prize winner Mario Vargas Llosa and several representatives of the opposition parties in the Catalan parliament delivered speeches against the independence process.[223]

According to Swiss national radio, the Foreign Ministry of Switzerland has offered to mediate between the two sides in the crisis.[224] However, on 16 October 2017 the Foreign Ministry of Switzerland released a press note declaring that no formal offer was made, also stating that the independent aspirations in Catalonia are an internal affair of Spain and should be resolved within its constitutional order. It also made clear that Switzerland fully respects Spanish Sovereignty and that in any case any facilitation of the process could only take place in case that both sides requested it.[225]

Violence and injuries

Spanish National Police in riot gear pushed by a crowd; a protester is hit in the eye by a rubber ball (1 October 2017, Barcelona)

The Spanish police and Guardia Civil mounted operations to close the polling stations. The security forces met resistance from citizens who obstructed their access to the voting tables; in Sant Julia de Ramis, where Puigdemont was expected to vote, they were joined by Corps of Firefighters of Catalonia members who formed a "human shield" separating the police from civilians to help obstruct their access to the polling station.[226][227] The police used force to try to reach the voting tables,[228] in some cases using batons against firefighters and civilians, and dragged some of them away.[227][229] The police made multiple charges.[230] In some other incidents the security forces were surrounded and driven out by the crowds. According to the Ministry of the Interior, rubber bullets (balls) were only used against demonstrators in one of those incidents in the Barcelona's Eixample district.[231][232] There were incidents at polling stations in Barcelona, Girona and elsewhere; the police forced entry to the premises, ejected the occupants and seized ballot boxes, some of them containing votes.[230]

The Spanish government endorsed the police actions ordered by the regional high court.[233] Carles Puigdemont accused Spanish authorities of "unjustified, disproportionate and irresponsible violence" and showing a "dreadful external image of Spain"[226] while Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch criticized what they called "excessive and unnecessary use of force" by the National Police and the Civil Guard.[48][49] The Spanish Coordinator for Prevention against Torture defined the police action as a "repression laboratory".[234] Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held.[50][51]

According to El País, after the first reports of violence, the government canceled the order given to the security forces, which pulled out early from the polling centers.[228] Catalan Ombudsman Rafael Ribó, said there was evidence Angela Merkel asked Mariano Rajoy to stop police violence.[235]

Various images and reports used to magnify the claims of police violence were circulated but were later found to be inaccurate or photoshopped,[236][237][238][239][240] and reports argued later that such posts, as well as conspiracy theories, had been amplified through the same network of social network profiles that had earlier promoted alt-right and pro-Putin views during earlier elections in Western countries.[241][242] A Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) councillor accused the police of deliberately breaking her fingers one by one and of sexual abuse during a polling station evacuation, but later investigation disproved these statements.[238][243][244] A real picture of an elderly woman bleeding in the head as a consequence of a police charge was chosen as one of the "Bloomberg's 100 photos of the 2017".[245][246] The Spanish Ministry of the Interior instructed the Spanish Attorney General to investigate whether the accusations of police sexual abuse against protesters made by Mayor of Barcelona Ada Colau, who had mentioned the councilor's statements, could be considered a legal offense of slander against Spanish Law enforcement organisations.[247]

 
Spanish National Police storm Institut Pau Claris polling station on 1 October 2017

According to the judge, there were 218 persons injured on that day in the city of Barcelona alone, 20 of whom were agents.[43][44] According to various sources previously reported figures for civilians and police may have been exaggerated.[42] According to the Generalitat de Catalunya, 844 people requested the services of the Catalan emergency health service, this number includes people with irritation by gas and anxiety attacks. Of those injured, most were minor, but four people were hospitalised by the emergency health service and of those, two were in serious condition, one due to impact from a rubber ball in the eye in the protests, the other for unrelated causes.[230][248][249]

There was a police charge near school Ramon Llull. When police officers tried to enter inside the polling station, voters responded with a sit-in protest to block their way in. Few minutes later more anti-riot police was deployed in the zone and they could find the way in after breaking the polling station door. Police officers confiscated the ballot boxes, some of them with votes inside. In their way out, voters blocked the passage of the police cars standing or sitting in front of the police vehicles.[250] Some of them harassing and throwing fences, umbrellas and other objects against the agents, among them the man who was subsequently injured in the eye.[251] The agents responded shooting rubber balls.[252][253][254] The man injured by the rubber ball lost the vision in one eye and he sued 3 members of the Spanish National Police, adducing that one shot him directly to his face.[255][256][257] One witness, the journalist who recorded the images, testified he saw that a police officer pointed and shot horizontally, directly against demonstrators at a distance not exceeding 15 meters, hitting and injuring the man in the eye, which can be seen in the footage; according to four witnesses, there was no unrest at the moment the police charge and shots took place.[258][259][232][255] 13 police officers are being investigated for their actions in that polling station, even though the agent that shot the rubber bullet has not been identified yet.[260]

Initially, the Ministry of the Interior said 431 agents were injured, 39 of them requiring immediate medical treatment and the remaining 392 having injuries from bruises, scrapes, kicks and/or bites.[261][262] After a question from Basque senator Jon Iñarritu some months later, the Spanish Ministry of the Interior recognised that the number was much lower and stated that the number of police officers injured was 111.[40] During the hearings of the trial of Catalonia independence leaders in February 2019, Saenz de Santamaría reduced that figure further to 93, down from the initial 400.[263] In a document given to the judge investigating the police action during the day of the referendum in Barcelona, Spanish police reported around 40 injuries, including officers who acted in Girona and Sabadell, which include a "trauma on a finger", a "twisted foot" and a "nose scratch". The Police didn't provide medical reports for some of them and didn't explain how they were produced.[264]

The Mossos d'Esquadra have been accused of failing to execute the direct order issued by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia and not closing the voting centers before the voting commenced, or not confiscating voting materials on the day of the poll.[265]

According to the final report by the Catalan Health Service (CatSalut) of the Generalitat, there were 1,066 people attended by the Catalan hospitals in connection with the Catalan Referendum: 966 on 1 October 2017 and 75 during 2–4 October. According to the severity, the reports indicates that 886 (=823+63) were categorised as mild, 173 (=163+10) as moderate and 7 (=5+2) as severe. On 20 October 2017, the last injured person left the hospital. Regarding the age distribution: 10,4% of them were elderly people (>65 years old) and 23 of them were over 79 years old. Also, 2.1% were underage, including 2 children under 11 years old. This figures include 12 police officers: 9 Policía Nacional, 2 Guardia Civil and 1 Mossos d'Esquadra.[266][267][268] The Catalan Health Officer is planning to sue the Partido Popular general coordinator, Mr Fernando Martínez-Maillo, for his qualification as a "great farce" of the total number of injured persons.[269]

On 19 February 2018, in the hearing for the injuries in the village of Castellgalí, a Guardia Civil policeman testified before the judge that he only found passive resistance, thus contradicting a Spanish police statement, which claimed that violence, kicks and spitting took place at that location.[270]

According to a 2020 study, the crackdown by the Spanish state on Catalan activists "increased public sympathy for independence for a short period, and heightened animosity towards actors perceived to be associated or complicit with the Spanish state."[271]

Economic effects

As of August 2017 the spread between Spanish 10-year government debt and German bonds was close to its narrowest in seven years; however, since the start of July the yield on the Catalan regional government's bonds had jumped by about 50 basis points,[272] signaling unease among investors in regards to the referendum issue.

Stratfor suggested financial market disruption is due to the political upheaval. Predrag Dukic, senior equity sales trader at CM Capital Markets Bolsa, wrote: "The independence movement seeks to paralyze the region with strikes, disobedience, etc., a nightmare scenario for what until yesterday seemed a strong Spanish economic recovery." Markus Schomer, chief global economist at PineBridge Investments, suggested that the uncertainty both in and outside of Spain has made it hard to price the scenarios into final markets so far. Further he commented a strong approval could result in a euro −0.0255% sell off, just as in the aftermath of the German federal election the previous week. "I don't think there is an immediate change coming from that referendum. It'll take quite a bit longer to assess where this is going and what this will mean, how the EU will react, how the Spanish government will react. So I don't think you'll see people adjusting their portfolios on Monday, but you could get the classic knee-jerk, risk-off reaction."[273]

Political effect

Further information: Catalan declaration of independence and 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis
 
Pro-independence supporters during a rally in Barcelona, 10 October 2017
 
Catalan President Carles Puigdemont gives a speech at the Catalan Parliament in Barcelona on 10 October 2017

On 10 October in a speech in front of the Catalan parliament Puigdemont stated that he considered the referendum results to be valid and in consequence used the following wording: "I assume the mandate of the people for Catalonia to become an independent state in the shape of a republic", before adding that he would "ask Parliament to suspend the effects of the declaration of independence". In response the Central government made a formal request for him to answer before the Monday 16 October 2017 if he declared independence asking specifically for yes or no answer clarifying that any answer different than a "no" would be interpreted as a "yes".[274] Along with the formal request there was also an offer from the central government negotiated with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party to evaluate the situation of Catalonia within Spain and to study possible reforms, if needed, to the Spanish Constitution.[275] On 16 October 2017 Puigdemont gave a response that did not address the issue of whether or not there had been a declaration of independence.[276][277] this triggered a second deadline of 10 am on Thursday 19 October for them to backtrack before direct rule was imposed.[278][279] The Spanish government subsequently offered to abort the suspension of self-rule if the Catalan government called for regional elections.[280] The response from Puigdemont to the second deadline was again not clear. Since he refused to abandon his independence push, on 21 October the Spanish government initiated the implementation of article 155 of the Spanish constitution.[281]

On 27 October 2017, the Parliament of Catalonia unilaterally declared independence from Spain. The proposal presented by the pro-independence political parties Junts pel Sí and Popular Unity Candidacy was approved with 70 votes in favor 10 against and 2 blank votes.[282][283] 55 MPs from the opposition refused to be present during the voting after the legal services of the Catalan Parliament advised that the voting could not take place as the law in which it was based had been suspended by the Constitutional Court.[284] Within hours, the Spanish Senate approved actions proposed by the Spanish government to invoke Article 155 and assume direct control over some of Catalonia's autonomous powers.[285] The measure was passed with 214 votes in favour, 47 against and 1 abstention. The measure is intended to be temporary; its claimed objective being to "re-establish the rule of law" and restore autonomy after new elections.[286][287] The first measures taken by Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy after the approval by the senate was to fire the Catalan President Carles Puigdemont and his cabinet, dissolving the Parliament of Catalonia and scheduling fresh Catalan elections on 21 December 2017.[288]

On 16 January 2018, the Spanish Constitutional Court issued a temporary restraining order regarding the work of the Catalan Government commission that investigates the violation of fundamental rights in Catalonia.[289]

Press coverage and Internet

Different sources describe aspects of the events differently according to their political stance. Notable examples include the coverage of Spanish TV channel TVE (Televisión Española) and Catalan channel TV3. TV3 covered the referendum and the police violence regularly while TVE mainly emphasised the Spanish government's position on its legality.[290] TVE media coverage was criticised by Televisión Española information council, calling for the resignation of the entire direction.[291] TV3 has been criticized both within and outside Catalonia as a mouthpiece for the independence movement.[292]

Various media reported on fake images of police violence against civilians that were posted in social networks.[293] They included images of people injured in other events, including footage from strikes and anti-austerity protests 4–5 years prior, Turkish police charges and protests by miners.[236][237][238] The news sites Okdiario and Periodista Digital were also accused of falsely trying to discredit some of those involved in police violence episodes.[294][295]

Some non-Spanish media outlets have criticized the Mariano Rajoy's government, police violence against civilians or Spain's media coverage, including The Guardian,[296] The Independent,[297] Al-Jazeera,[298] The Daily Telegraph,[299] and The New York Times.[300]

The Spanish newspaper El País argued that "the network of fake-news producers that Russia has employed to weaken the United States and the European Union is now operating at full speed on Catalonia",[301] involving a network of Russian media outlets and social network bots which, according to the argument, aimed to influence local and global discussion of events. Later investigations by Medium-DFRL said it found support for some but not all of the arguments made by Spanish outlets.[302] It is argued that the goal wasn't specifically to support Catalan independence but to "foment divisions to gradually undermine Europe's democracy and institutions"[303] and at discrediting Spanish legal and political authorities,[304] while Russian authorities have denied that Russian actors had any involvement.[304]

In popular culture

 
Katalanisches Tryptichon, painted by Matthias Laurenz Gräff
 
1-O commemorative mural in front of a polling station in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona. Votes: 4009 Yes, 292 No, 123 blank, 28 null

Several documentaries have been made about the day of the referendum, the most known ones being 1-O [ca] produced by Mediapro , El primer dia d'octubre produced by La Directa and released for free in YouTube.[305][306] and L'endemà produced by Massa D’Or produccions. All three were produced by independentist production companies and were criticised for being too propagandistic and biased, the last one even received harsh criticism by independentist politicians and journalists. [307] Another well known documentary about the same topic but with a more unbiased approach was Dos Catalunyas directed by Gerardo Olivares and Álvaro Longoria.

Many books about the topic were published as well, including Operació urnes ("Operation Ballot Boxes"), explaining how the ballot boxes were distributed around Catalonia, and Dies que duraran anys ("Days That Will Last for Years"), a photo book by Jordi Borràs. Those two being the first and the third top-sellers in the category of non-fiction in Catalan language during the Diada de Sant Jordi of 2018.[308]

Several Catalan groups also composed songs specially dedicated to that day, including Agafant l'horitzó (Catching the horizon) by Txarango and Rojos y separatistas (Red and separatists) by Lágrimas de Sangre.[309] Some international groups used images from the police violence during the day of the referendum in their concerts and music videos, including A Sound of Thunder and Steven Patrick Morrissey.[310][311]

On 15 June, the exhibition 55 Ballot Boxes for Freedom opened in Brussels, with artwork inspired by the ballot boxes of the Catalan referendum.[312][313]

Netflix used images from the police action during the day of the referendum to promote Black Mirror series in Spain.[314]

In 2020–2021

In February 2020, the Catalan nationalist-led government and the Spanish left-wing coalition government agreed to start a dialogue on Catalonia's political future. Included in Catalan nationalists' two points was a retroactive legalization of the 2017 independence referendum.[315] The central government's plan aims rather at a negotiation on the region's financial and political autonomy within the current legal framework.[316] Fifteen representatives began talks with a discussion of the history of the Catalan crisis. Despite disagreement on when it began, the two sides concurred that their common political opponent, the People's Party, bore the overall responsibility in its fight against the Statute of Autonomy.[317] It was agreed that negotiations would continue, with plans for monthly meetings and plenary sessions every six months, although this has been followed by a continued internal conflict within the nationalist parties, a fraction of which wishes no dialogue beyond a new legally binding referendum.[318] The COVID-19 pandemic cancelled these plans, which may resume in September 2021.[319]

See also

Opinion poll sources

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January 30, 2023
2017, catalan, independence, referendum, independence, referendum, held, october, 2017, spanish, autonomous, community, catalonia, passed, parliament, catalonia, referendum, self, determination, catalonia, called, generalitat, catalunya, referendum, known, spa. An independence referendum was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya 2 3 4 The referendum known in the Spanish media by the numeronym 1 O for 1 October was declared unconstitutional 5 6 7 on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution 8 9 10 Additionally in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent the illegal referendum including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation 11 12 13 Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process as well as to the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections 14 15 16 2017 Catalan independence referendum1 October 2017Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic ResultsChoice Votes Y Yes 2 044 038 92 01 N No 177 547 7 99 Valid votes 2 221 585 97 17 Invalid or blank votes 64 632 2 83 Total votes 2 286 217 100 00 Registered voters turnout 5 313 564 43 03 Source Government of Catalonia 1 The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session in which only nationalist parliamentarians participated on 6 September 2017 along with the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic of Catalonia the following day 7 September which stated that independence would be binding with a simple majority without requiring a minimum turnout 17 18 After being suspended the law was finally declared void on 17 October 19 being also unconstitutional according to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which requires a two thirds majority 90 seats in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia s status 20 21 22 The referendum question which voters answered with Yes or No was Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic The Yes side won with 2 044 038 90 18 voting for independence and 177 547 7 83 voting against on a turnout of 43 03 The Catalan government estimated that up to 770 000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown 1 23 24 25 although the universal census system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station 26 27 Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish and Catalan police suppression of the vote 28 29 30 On the other hand most voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out 31 as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in the illegal referendum to avoid validation 32 33 Additionally numerous cases of voters casting their votes several times or with lack of identification were reported and the counting process and the revision of the census were not performed with quality standards ensuring impartiality 34 35 In the days leading to the referendum the High Court of Justice of Catalonia ordered police forces to impede the use of public premises for the imminent voting 36 However on the day of the referendum the inaction of part of the autonomous police force of Catalonia the Mossos d Esquadra allowed many polling stations to open The National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil intervened and raided several polling stations after they opened 37 38 893 civilians and 111 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil were reported to have been injured 38 39 40 41 According to various sources these previously reported figures may have been exaggerated 42 According to the judge from Barcelona who is currently investigating the accusations of police violence there were 218 persons injured on that day in the city of Barcelona alone 20 of whom were agents 43 44 According to the official final report by the Catalan Health Service CatSalut of the Generalitat 1066 civilians 11 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil and 1 agent of the regional police the Mossos d Esquadra were injured 45 The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra ad Al Hussein urged the Spanish government to prove all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum 46 47 The police action also received criticism from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch which defined it as an excessive and unnecessary use of force 48 49 Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held 50 51 Mossos d Esquadra are being investigated for disobedience for allegedly not having complied with the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia 52 Members of Mossos d Esquadra are under investigation including Josep Lluis Trapero Alvarez the Mossos d Esquadra major who is being investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court 53 Mossos d Esquadra deny those accusations and allege they obeyed the orders but applied the principle of proportionality which is required by Spanish law in all police operations 54 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Organisation 1 2 Tensions within the Catalan government 1 3 Scope 1 4 Police operation to stop the referendum 2 Administration 2 1 Question 2 2 International observers 3 Pre result responses 3 1 Domestic 3 2 UN member states 3 3 Other political parties groups and sub national governments 3 4 International organizations and institutions 4 Opinion polls 4 1 On 1 October 2017 referendum 4 1 1 Total 4 1 2 Certain to vote 4 2 On the independence issue 4 3 On whether a referendum should be held 5 Results 5 1 Overall 5 2 Results by province 5 3 Results by vegueries 5 4 Irregularities 5 5 Controversy over the results 6 Aftermath 6 1 Violence and injuries 6 2 Economic effects 6 3 Political effect 7 Press coverage and Internet 8 In popular culture 9 In 2020 2021 10 See also 11 Opinion poll sources 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksBackground EditFurther information Catalan self determination referendum 2014 Catalan regional election 2015 and Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia Pro independence flags in Barcelona The ballot was initially scheduled for no later than 17 September 2017 a result of an election pledge made by pro independence parties ahead of the 2015 Catalan election during the previous legislature the Catalan government had held a non binding citizen participation process about the question The election resulted in a minority government for the Junts pel Si coalition JxSi which had won a plurality of MPs 62 of the 135 seats plus conditional support from the 10 CUP CC MPs Shortly after the government was formed it resolved to hold a referendum on independence 55 56 57 58 On 24 January 2017 the Government of Catalonia held a privately organised conference 59 in one of the rooms of the European Parliament in its Brussels headquarters The event entitled The Catalan Referendum was promoted by Carles Puigdemont President Oriol Junqueras Vice President and Raul Romeva It was attended by 500 people among whom were MEPs diplomats and journalists from the international media 60 61 62 63 Organisation Edit Catalan president Carles Puigdemont and 700 mayors of Catalonia on the meeting at preparation of referendum 16 September 2017 Final meeting of campaign for referendum in front of Palau Nacional 29 September 2017 The Catalan government s decree officially calling the referendum was expected to be approved in the second half of August 64 but was approved only on 6 September 65 Shortly after the referendum was announced attention focused on the issue of the ballot boxes since the government of Spain is in charge of providing them whereas for this non state sanctioned vote the government of Catalonia would have to put them in place potentially risking prosecution for the misuse of public funds It is still unclear who bought them The Catalan government opened a bidding process to buy them but no offers were presented Cristobal Montoro the Spanish Minister of the Treasury assured that the ballot boxes were not paid for with public money and some media reported they were finally bought by an individual whose identity remains unknown 66 67 Tendering by the Catalan government for materials such as ballot papers and envelopes for a putative regional election in the region were thought by some to be an attempt to covertly organise the referendum 68 69 70 On 24 March the Spanish Public Prosecutor s Office in Catalonia had already announced an inquiry to determine whether a referendum is in the planning 71 In terms of its organisation the electoral roll is one of the main points in contention since this is managed by the National Institute of Statistics an autonomous organisation placed under the jurisdiction of the government of Spain To access its data polls must have been authorised by the Spanish Congress 72 Without an undisputed access to the electoral roll the results may be deemed unreliable Similar difficulties could be met when it comes to the electoral commission to be formed for monitoring the polling and results 72 By April 2017 the Catalan government had already received 5 judicial notices warning about the criminal liabilities they were exposed to if they continued the preparation of the referendum as the constitutional court previously declared illegal any official budget allocation 73 74 An official announcement by the government of Catalonia suggested that Catalan residents overseas willing to vote would have to register By the end of June 2017 out of 285 000 Catalans living abroad and eligible to vote 5 000 had registered 75 Tensions within the Catalan government Edit Main article 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis On 3 July 2017 President Puigdemont sacked his Minister for Enterprise Jordi Baiget ca es who in the face of the legal challenges had just expressed doubts regarding the referendum taking place as envisioned by the Catalan government 76 Then on 14 July Puigdemont proceeded with a cabinet reshuffle replacing three additional ministers in his cabinet the ones responsible for presidency education and interior in a move widely seen as a removal of the remaining hesitant voices within his cabinet in regards to the referendum issue 77 On 17 July the chief of the Catalan police called Mossos d Esquadra resigned without giving any reason The Catalan police force is seen as key to enforcing any court orders sought by the central government challenging the secession vote 78 Additional isolated resignations and dismissals have been noted among some of the high level civil servants potentially playing a role with the vote s organisation 79 80 81 82 83 Protests in Barcelona after Spanish police raided Catalan government buildings 20 September 2017 Scope Edit When the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the law on the referendum on 7 September 2017 it forbade several Catalan office holders the Catalan media as well as the 948 municipalities of Catalonia to participate in the preparation of the referendum 84 The municipalities were instructed to reply within 48 hours whether they intended to comply or not Out of 726 municipalities that answered 682 announced that they would support the referendum anyway 41 announced they would refuse to support it and three including the municipality of Barcelona answered without making their intentions clear 85 source source source source source source source source source source source source Around 150 people chanted slogans in favour of the police operation the unity of Spain and against holding a referendum vote 21 September 2017 86 Among those that refused to support the referendum however there are large population centers 87 such as the provincial capitals of Lleida 140 000 inhabitants and Tarragona 130 000 inhabitants or the cities of Terrassa 215 000 inhabitants and Hospitalet de Llobregat 250 000 inhabitants governed by PSC mayors The mayor of Barcelona Ada Colau while refusing to make a statement whether the municipality of Barcelona would provide logistical support to the referendum or not strongly criticised the language of testosterone and the pressure that she said was being exerted on the municipalities Nevertheless she announced that she would do anything possible to allow those in Barcelona who wished to vote to do so 88 The Catalan government financed advertisement for the referendum in the regional public television and radio in spite of a legal notice against such actions by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia 89 90 No campaign for the No side was organized as no party opposing independence participated in the referendum nor wanted to legitimize it In a few locations fake posters with the logos of the main opposition parties and asking to vote No were reported 91 Police operation to stop the referendum Edit The Catalan National Assembly s pro independence Si flag Main article Operation Anubis On 20 September 2017 following orders of the trial court number 13 the Spanish Civil Guard started Operation Anubis During the first day the police officers raided different headquarters of the Government of Catalonia and arrested 14 senior officials involved in the preparation of the referendum 92 Simultaneously several printing companies were searched for ballot papers and ballot boxes Crowds gathered around the regional ministries to support the arrested staff and later on several pro independence organisations including the Catalan National Assembly ANC and Omnium Cultural 93 A crowd of more than 40 000 people heeded the call made by Omnium Cultural and ANC and surrounded the Catalan economy department preventing the exit of the Civil Guard agents 94 95 96 Demonstrators vandalised three vehicles of the Civil Guard and their occupants were forced to flee into the Economy Department building a court clerk remained trapped until midnight inside the building and had to flee by the roof while several agents were trapped throughout the night as demonstrators shouted outside You won t get out 97 98 99 100 The damages in the vehicles 3 Nissan Patrol accounted for 135 632 101 The Civil Guard agents cornered into the building made 6 calls for help to the autonomous police force of Catalonia Mossos d Esquadra which were ignored The first request for help was at 9 14 am with the subject Urgent Request for support to Mossos 95 Both Mossos d Esquadra Major Josep Lluis Trapero Alvarez and Barcelona Intendant Teresa Laplana Cocera were charged with sedition because of the role played by the regional police 102 Trapero stated that the mossos weren t warned with enough time and that the demonstration was peaceful 103 Two Catalan pro independence leaders Jordi Sanchez and Jordi Cuixart Assemblea Nacional Catalana and Omnium Cultural respectively were sent to prison without bail by Spain s National Court They are being investigated for alleged crimes of sedition for their role in organising these massive protests aimed at hindering the Civil Guard investigation 104 105 On 20 September morning Jordi Sanchez called for peaceful resistance to the police operation through social media 93 The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through massive citizens mobilisations 105 and that Jordi Sanchez on top of a vehicle encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as no one goes home it will be a long and intense night 106 According to the judge the actions of Sanchez and Cruixat are into the scope of sedition a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code 94 107 Conviction for sedition shall befall those who without being included in the felony of rebellion public and tumultuously rise up to prevent by force or outside the legal channels application of the laws or any authority official corporation or public officer from lawful exercise of the duties thereof or implementation of the resolutions thereof or of administrative or judicial resolutions Article 544 of the Spanish Criminal Code 108 A video uploaded to Twitter shows Cuixart y Sanchez on top of one of the vandalized Guardia civil cars on that night saying Above all We ask that you dissolve this demonstration as best as you can very calmly today in a few minutes According to the source this happened around 11 00 pm and would contradict one of the arguments used by the investigating judge 109 Amnesty International considered pre trial detention excessive in this case and called for immediate release of Jordi Sanchez and Jordi Cuixart 110 In the following days the Spanish Civil Guard and the Spanish National Police were reinforced with police officers from the rest of Spain which are expected to reach 16 000 police and military police officers distributed in different Catalan cities on 1 October 2017 and would continue to carry out searches in companies that allegedly had referendum ballots or ballot boxes 111 This would spark multiple protest demonstrations all across Catalonia including cacerolazos during the night failed verification Demonstrations in defense of the right to decide of the Catalans were held in several cities in Spain though few people attended 112 On the other hand demonstrations were held throughout Spain in which thousands of people protested against the referendum 113 114 115 and the agents were acclaimed by the crowds in numerous cities of Spain when they left for Catalonia 116 117 118 A conference named Referendum yes or yes that was going to be held in Vitoria Gasteiz on 15 September was forbidden by the courts after a request from the Spanish government The speakers including the pro independence deputy Anna Gabriel disobeyed the ruling and tried to hold the conference anyway but the room where it was taking place was evicted by the police five minutes after starting 119 One year later the same court recognized there were no reasons to suspend the conference 120 In the days previous to the referendum the Spanish civil guard shut down more than 140 websites following a court order issued by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia including the official one from the Catalan government and the main site of the Catalan civil organization ANC 121 That involved sending requests and sometimes directly sending the Guardia Civil to major Spanish telecom operators offices domain providers the dotCat Foundation and Google in this particular case to remove an app from Google Play that included information on polling stations 122 123 124 This situation was denounced by Internet related organizations from around the world including Internet Society APC EFF The Tor Project and Xnet 122 125 126 127 128 Administration Edit Ballot paper that the Catalan government intended to use in the referendum in Catalan Castilian Spanish and Aranese Occitan the three official languages of Catalonia The Catalan Government announced it planned to hold the referendum on 1 October 2017 The Electoral Commission of Catalonia was responsible for overseeing the referendum but it was dissolved on 22 September 2017 after the Constitutional Court announced that otherwise they would be fined between 6 000 and 12 000 per day 129 The campaign was planned to last 15 days spanning from 00 00 on 15 September 2017 to 24 00 on 29 September 2017 needs update According to the Catalan government the following people were entitled to vote in the referendum 130 Those who have the political condition of Catalan are 18 years of age or older on the voting day are not under any of the situations that legally deprive the right to vote and are on the electoral roll Those Catalans currently residing abroad and who have their last residence in Catalonia fulfil all the legal requirements and have formally applied to take part in the voting process Question Edit The question of the referendum was asked Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic 130 Ballot question English Do you want Catalonia to be an independent state in the form of a republic Catalan Voleu que Catalunya sigui un estat independent en forma de republica Spanish Quiere que Cataluna sea un estado independiente en forma de republica Occitan Voletz que Catalonha vengue un estat independent en forma de republica International observers Edit Sinn Fein representatives meeting Catalan President Carles Puigdemont ahead of the referendum The illegal referendum was attended by several international observers who declared that no proper referendum took place in Catalonia The first accredited international observers led by The Hague Center for Strategic Studies were headed by Daan Everts and consisted of 20 observers from the United States of America the United Kingdom the Netherlands France and Poland among others The second international mission called the International Electoral Expert Research Team was headed by Helena Catt and consisted of 17 observers from the United Kingdom France Ireland and New Zealand among others There was also a delegation of 33 parliamentarians and politicians called the International Parliamentary Delegation on Catalonia s Referendum on Self Determination 1 October 2017 from political parties in Slovakia Belgium Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Latvia Republic of Macedonia Monaco Spain Sweden and United Kingdom Of these international observers those summoned by Diplocat are not recognised by the UN as such in not recognising this Diplocat as an international observer 131 Due to some irregularities and to the actions taken by the national police and civil guard the international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum results could not be considered valid as the process failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections They also criticized the police violence 14 15 16 Pre result responses Edit Demonstration in Bilbao in solidarity with the Catalan referendum 16 September 2017 Domestic Edit In Spain the upcoming illegal referendum gathered overall little voiced support beyond regional organizations of nationalist ideology including a few nationalist controlled regional parliaments Basque Autonomous Community The regional parliament of nationalist majority showed its support for the referendum and criticised the Spanish government s stance on the issue 132 Tens of thousands took to the streets of Bilbao at two different dates in September in support of the referendum with representatives of the nationalist parties including the mayors of San Sebastian and Bilbao 133 134 ETA classified as a terrorist group by the European Union issued a statement endorsing the referendum 135 Navarre The parliament of Navarre with the opposition of the constitution endorsing parties denounced the Spanish government s de facto takeover of the Catalan devolution and what the parliament referred to as a repressive approach 136 Galicia Over 3 000 people marched through the streets of Santiago in Galicia to show their solidarity with the Catalan vote The demonstration was attended by representatives of the nationalist parties En Marea and BNG 137 Madrid The organisation in a public venue of a pro referendum event led to some strifes due among other things to its depiction of the King in advertising posters The event eventually relocated to private grounds following Spanish Conservatives complains and the intervention of a judge 138 139 140 UN member states Edit Most official country representatives stated that the referendum was an internal matter of Spain and some called for political dialogue Belgium Belgium s Prime Minister Charles Michel reaffirmed the government s call for political dialogue in Spain and condemned any form of violence 141 Croatia Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenkovic stated that Croatia considered the referendum an internal issue of Spain while Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs called for dialogue 142 China In response to a journalist on 28 September 2017 foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang said that the People s Republic of China believes the issue of Catalonia belongs to the domestic affairs of Spain We believe that the Spanish central government can properly handle relevant issues and maintain national solidarity unity and prosperity 143 France On 16 June President Emmanuel Macron stated that he considers the question of Catalan independence to be an internal issue of Spain 144 Germany On 8 September Steffen Seibert the spokesman for Chancellor Angela Merkel stated that Germany was interested in stability in Spain and that for this it was necessary that the law including the Spanish constitution was respected at all levels 145 Hungary On 18 September government spokesman Zoltan Kovacs announced that they would respect the will of the people At the same time he called the independence issue an internal issue of Spain and Catalonia 146 147 Lithuania Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaite said that the referendum on Catalonia s independence did not comply with the Spanish Constitution but to use force is a failure of the Spanish authorities expressing optimism that dialogued solutions would be found 148 On 28 September Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevicius commented that Baltic states movement to regain independence from the Soviet Union is not comparable with the situation in Catalonia due to Spain being a democracy that follows the rule of law and urged for a constructive dialogue 149 150 Portugal Foreign Minister Augusto Santos Silva declined to comment on the referendum in Catalonia on 27 September but believed that the Spanish government would be able to resolve the issue in agreement with the Spanish constitution and law 151 A manifesto signed by Portuguese personalities including the former socialist presidential candidate Manuel Alegre and the former leader of the Left Bloc Francisco Louca appealed to a negotiated political solution to the political situation in Catalonia 152 Russian Federation The head of the international affairs committee at Russia s upper house Konstantin Kosachev called on the Spanish government to lead a dialogue compared it with the Ukrainian situation and stated A state should be talking to its citizens should reach accord Like we are doing in Russia 153 Serbia Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica Dacic in an interview with Deutsche Welle stated that Catalonia wants to repeat the example of Kosovo by declaring unilateral independence without any agreement from Madrid 154 He stated that Serbia cannot accept such a model and that it is not a political issue but a problem of international law 154 United Kingdom Foreign Secretary and future Prime Minister Boris Johnson described the referendum as an internal issue for Spain saying Spain is a close ally and a good friend whose strength and unity matters to the UK while also insisting rule of law be upheld 155 United States On 13 April the embassy in Madrid stated that the U S sees the question of Catalan independence as an internal issue of Spain 156 On 26 September President Donald Trump during his meeting with Mariano Rajoy said that Spain is a great country and it should remain united 157 and expressed his doubts on whether a referendum would be held 157 Earlier that month the State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert also considered the referendum an internal affair of Spain 158 Other political parties groups and sub national governments Edit United Kingdom Jeremy Corbyn leader of the UK Labour Party issued a statement condemning the violence in Catalonia and called on the British government to appeal to the Spanish government to find a political solution 159 Scotland On 16 September Fiona Hyslop the Scottish Government Cabinet Secretary for External Affairs among other things said that all peoples have the right to self determination and to choose the form of government best suited to their needs 160 Wales First Minister Carwyn Jones of Welsh Labour talked of violence replacing democracy and dialogue 161 while leader of Plaid Cymru Leanne Wood criticised this position describing violence as not on both sides 162 Denmark A group of 17 Danish MPs from seven parties criticised the growing tensions in the weeks before the referendum and called on the Spanish government to play a constructive role and encourage political dialogue 163 European Union Parliament Gregor Gysi the chairman of the Party of the European Left condemned the arrests by the Guardia Civil in the run up to the referendum and called for a political solution to the problem 164 Italy The Lega Nord leader Matteo Salvini expressed his solidarity to the Catalan people after the arrests of 14 Catalan government officials 165 however he also kept distance from the Catalan referendum calling it a stretch against the Spanish law 166 167 Sardinia The regional government expressed its support and solidarity to the Catalan community through a specific resolution approved by the regional council and offered to print ballots for the referendum and to guard them 168 169 170 171 On 25 October the Sardinian council issued a new resolution condemning the use of violence and supporting the right to choose any political option including self determination 172 Belgium On 20 September the Minister President of the Flemish Region Geert Bourgeois urged the Spanish government to go into dialogue with the Catalan government or resort to international mediation 173 Switzerland On 27 September a group of MPs from all parties of the Council of States sent a letter to the Spanish government supporting the Catalan referendum and condemning the arrests of people and seizure of voting material 174 Rojava On 29 September TEV DEM declared their support for the referendum 175 Slovenia Speaker of the National Assembly Milan Brglez stated that the Catalans have the right to self determination 176 International organizations and institutions Edit European Union On 7 September Antonio Tajani the President of the European Parliament stated in a letter to Spanish MEP Beatriz Becerra UPyD that the constitutional order of each EU member state needed to be respected at all times He also stated that if a territory would secede from an EU member state it would become a third country with respect to the EU and the EU treaties would no longer apply there 177 On 14 September the President of the European Commission Jean Claude Juncker said that the EU would follow and respect the rulings of the Spanish constitutional court and parliament 178 Further while the EU would respect the choice if a yes for Catalan independence were to come to pass Juncker stated that Catalonia could not become an EU member the day after the vote 179 On 2 October the European Commission released a statement on its webpage declaring the referendum illegal 180 Council of Europe The Council of Europe when consulted by Carles Puigdemont said that any referendum must be carried out in full compliance with the constitution 181 United Nations The UN has refused to participate in the monitoring of the referendum 182 Opinion polls EditOn 1 October 2017 referendum Edit Queues of voters at polling stations for the referendum A person voting in Guinardo Barcelona Pollsters generally started using the proposed referendum question Do you want Catalonia to be an independent state in the form of a republic after it was revealed in early June 2017 183 The Centre for Opinion Studies Centre d Estudis d Opinio CEO polled respondents on their intentions rather than asking them the actual referendum question In its March 2017 poll aside from asking respondents whether they would want Catalonia to become an independent state it asked their intents in the event of a referendum on the independence of Catalonia being called and organised by the Government of Catalonia without agreement from the Spanish Government In a July 2017 poll a similar question was proposed with the difference that it asked about the actual 1 October referendum Total Edit Polling firm Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Other Abst LeadOpinometre Ara p 1 16 Sep 2017 1 000 44 1 38 1 3 9 13 9 6 0NC Report La Razon p 2 p 3 1 8 Aug 2017 800 41 5 48 6 9 9 7 1Opinometre Ara p 4 17 20 Jul 2017 1 000 41 9 37 8 4 2 16 1 4 1GESOP CEO p 5 p 6 26 Jun 11 Jul 2017 1 500 39 0 23 5 23 0 14 5 15 5NC Report La Razon p 7 p 8 29 Jun 1 Jul 2017 800 44 0 48 6 7 4 4 6GAD3 La Vanguardia p 9 23 29 Jun 2017 42 5 37 6 10 2 9 7 4 9DYM El Confidencial p 10 22 28 Jun 2017 531 47 0 44 4 8 6 2 6Opinometre Ara p 11 12 15 Jun 2017 1 000 42 3 38 9 6 0 12 8 3 4GESOP CEO p 12 6 21 Mar 2017 1 500 43 3 22 2 28 6 5 9 21 1Certain to vote Edit Note voters who were not willing to vote were primarily those opposed to independence and or a referendum being held so support for independence among those who were certain to vote was expected to be high 31 Polling firm Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Turnout Yes No LeadThe National p 13 30 Sep 2017 3 300 62 83 0 16 0 2 0 67 0Opinometre Ara p 1 16 Sep 2017 1 000 51 0 69 9 14 3 15 8 55 6Celeste Tel eldiario es p 14 12 15 Sep 2017 800 59 9 59 5 30 7 9 8 28 8Sociometrica El Espanol p 15 28 Aug 1 Sep 2017 700 50 72 0 28 0 44 0Opinometre Ara p 4 17 20 Jul 2017 1 000 54 9 66 5 18 5 15 0 48 0GESOP CEO p 5 26 Jun 11 Jul 2017 1 500 67 5 57 8 34 8 7 4 23 0DYM El Confidencial p 10 22 28 Jun 2017 531 70 1 65 4 28 4 6 2 37 0Opinometre Ara p 11 12 15 Jun 2017 1 000 54 9 67 0 19 0 14 0 48 0On the independence issue Edit Polling firm Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Other Abst Lead QuestionSociometrica El Espanol p 16 28 Aug 1 Sep 2017 700 50 1 45 7 4 2 4 4 I GESOP CEO p 5 26 Jun 11 Jul 2017 1 500 41 1 49 4 9 5 8 3 II GAD3 La Vanguardia p 17 7 12 Apr 2017 601 41 9 39 7 9 1 9 3 2 2 III GESOP CEO p 12 6 21 Mar 2017 1 500 44 3 48 5 7 2 4 2 II GAD3 La Vanguardia p 18 2 5 Jan 2017 601 42 3 41 9 5 9 9 9 0 4 III NC Report La Razon p 19 p 20 16 23 Dec 2016 1 000 44 8 47 2 8 0 2 4 IV DYM CEO p 21 12 17 Dec 2016 1 047 45 3 46 8 7 8 1 5 II GESOP El Periodico p 22 12 14 Dec 2016 800 48 9 40 3 2 4 8 5 8 6 V Opinometre CEO p 23 17 Oct 3 Nov 2016 1 500 44 9 45 1 9 9 0 2 II GESOP ICPS p 24 26 Sep 17 Oct 2016 1 200 46 6 33 8 15 0 4 7 10 2 VI NC Report La Razon p 25 2 6 Aug 2016 1 255 41 3 43 2 15 5 1 9 VII Opinometre CEO p 26 28 Jun 13 Jul 2016 1 500 47 7 42 4 10 0 5 3 II GAD3 La Vanguardia p 27 13 16 Jun 2016 800 48 4 35 3 7 7 8 6 13 1 III Opinometre CEO p 28 22 Feb 8 Mar 2016 1 500 45 3 45 5 9 2 0 2 II NC Report La Razon p 29 p 30 28 31 Dec 2015 1 255 44 1 49 7 6 2 5 6 VIII DYM El Confidencial p 31 30 Nov 3 Dec 2015 504 37 0 54 0 9 0 17 0 IX Feedback La Vanguardia p 32 20 27 Nov 2015 1 000 45 5 48 7 5 2 3 2 X GESOP CEO p 33 16 23 Nov 2015 1 050 46 6 48 2 5 2 1 6 II Opinometre CEO p 34 5 27 Oct 2015 2 000 46 7 47 8 5 6 1 1 II 2015 Catalan regional electionFeedback La Vanguardia p 35 14 17 Sep 2015 1 000 45 2 45 9 8 9 0 7 X Metroscopia El Pais p 36 14 16 Sep 2015 2 000 45 0 46 0 9 0 1 0 XI DYM El Confidencial p 37 14 16 Sep 2015 1 157 50 0 42 0 8 0 8 0 IX Sigma Dos El Mundo p 38 p 39 31 Aug 3 Sep 2015 1 400 44 4 46 2 9 4 1 8 XII Feedback La Vanguardia p 40 6 9 Jul 2015 1 000 44 5 48 4 7 1 3 9 XIII Opinometre CEO p 41 2 24 Jun 2015 2 000 42 9 50 0 7 1 7 1 II Feedback La Vanguardia p 42 27 29 Apr 2015 1 000 43 7 47 9 8 3 4 2 XIII Opinometre CEO p 43 9 Feb 2 Mar 2015 2 000 44 1 48 0 7 8 3 9 II DYM CEO p 44 9 13 Dec 2014 1 100 44 5 45 3 10 3 0 8 II GESOP ICPS p 45 12 Nov 6 Dec 2014 1 200 49 9 27 4 18 8 4 1 22 5 VI Feedback La Vanguardia p 46 1 4 Dec 2014 1 000 47 4 42 9 9 7 4 5 XIII Sigma Dos El Mundo p 47 17 20 Nov 2014 1 000 35 7 44 7 9 6 10 0 9 0 II 2014 Catalan self determination referendumGESOP 8tv p 48 30 Oct 2014 1 600 46 2 38 0 15 8 8 2 II Opinometre CEO p 49 29 Sep 23 Oct 2014 2 000 49 4 32 3 8 4 10 0 17 1 II Sigma Dos El Mundo p 50 26 29 Aug 2014 34 0 39 5 19 2 5 5 II Feedback La Vanguardia p 51 30 Apr 8 May 2014 577 43 4 43 5 13 4 0 1 II Opinometre CEO p 52 24 Mar 15 Apr 2014 2 000 47 2 27 9 12 4 12 6 19 3 II GESOP El Periodico p 53 26 28 Feb 2014 800 46 1 36 3 17 6 9 8 II GESOP El Periodico p 54 12 13 Dec 2013 800 44 1 36 2 19 7 7 9 II Feedback La Vanguardia p 55 16 19 Nov 2013 1 000 44 9 45 0 10 1 0 1 II GESOP CEO p 56 4 14 Nov 2013 2 000 54 7 22 1 17 0 6 3 32 6 VI GESOP El Periodico p 57 16 18 Oct 2013 800 53 3 41 5 5 3 11 8 XIV GESOP ICPS p 58 25 Sep 10 Oct 2013 800 48 6 25 2 21 9 4 3 23 4 VI GESOP CEO p 59 31 May 13 Jun 2013 2 000 55 6 23 4 15 9 5 1 32 2 VI GESOP El Periodico p 60 28 31 May 2013 800 57 8 36 0 6 3 21 8 XIV GESOP CEO p 61 4 14 Feb 2013 2 000 54 7 20 7 18 1 6 4 34 0 VI GESOP El Periodico p 62 14 16 Jan 2013 800 56 9 35 0 8 2 21 9 XIV GESOP ICPS p 63 27 Nov 20 Dec 2012 1 200 49 2 29 2 15 1 6 5 20 0 VI 2012 Catalan regional electionFeedback La Vanguardia p 64 12 16 Nov 2012 1 000 47 5 40 2 10 1 7 3 XV Feedback La Vanguardia p 65 6 9 Nov 2012 1 000 47 9 39 9 10 2 8 0 XV DYM CEO p 66 22 30 Oct 2012 2 500 57 0 20 5 14 9 7 7 36 5 VI Feedback La Vanguardia p 67 22 26 Oct 2012 1 000 52 8 35 4 9 7 17 4 XV Feedback La Vanguardia p 68 8 11 Oct 2012 1 000 54 3 33 1 10 1 21 2 XV Feedback La Vanguardia p 69 21 27 Sep 2012 1 200 54 8 33 5 10 2 21 3 XV DYM CEO p 70 4 18 Jun 2012 2 500 51 1 21 1 22 1 5 8 30 0 VI DYM CEO p 71 6 21 Feb 2012 2 500 44 6 24 7 25 2 5 5 19 9 VI GESOP ICPS p 72 19 Sep 27 Oct 2011 2 000 43 7 25 1 23 2 8 0 18 6 VI GESOP CEO p 73 29 Sep 13 Oct 2011 2 500 45 4 24 7 24 4 5 6 20 7 VI GESOP CEO p 74 2 17 Jun 2011 2 500 42 9 28 2 23 8 5 2 14 7 VI Noxa La Vanguardia p 75 1 2 Sep 2010 800 40 0 45 0 10 0 5 0 5 0 XVI Would you prefer your community being an independent state a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state a b c If a legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held what do you think your vote would be What would you vote in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia If you went out to vote would you vote Yes or No to independence a b c d e f g h i j k l m If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held what would you do Do you declare yourself independentist Do you favour Catalonia s independence a b Do you think Catalonia should separate from Spain and become an independent state a b If a legal referendum was held do you think you would vote For or Against Catalonia becoming an independent state If a negotiated and fully legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held what would be your likeliest vote Do you support Catalonia going independent a b c If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held what do you think your vote would be a b c Would you agree on Catalonia separating itself from Spain and becoming a new state within the EU a b c d e If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held what would you vote If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held what would you vote On whether a referendum should be held Edit Polling firm Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No NotesMetroscopia El Pais p 76 18 21 Sep 2017 2 200 82 0 16 0 2 0 On a legal referendum as the best solutionGESOP El Periodico p 77 19 22 Feb 2017 71 9 26 1 2 0 On the State allowing a referendumGAD3 La Vanguardia p 18 13 16 Jun 2016 800 76 6 19 7 3 6NC Report La Razon p 19 p 20 16 23 Dec 2016 1 000 51 1 40 7 8 2 On holding a 9N style referendumGESOP El Periodico p 22 12 14 Dec 2016 800 84 6 13 8 1 649 6 48 8 1 6 On holding a not legal referendumNC Report La Razon p 25 2 6 Aug 2016 1 255 52 0 35 1 12 9 On agreeing a referendum with the StateGAD3 La Vanguardia p 27 13 16 Jun 2016 800 75 7 20 6 3 7DYM El Confidencial p 31 30 Nov 3 Dec 2015 504 69 0 26 0 5 0 On the need of holding a referendumFeedback La Vanguardia p 32 20 27 Nov 2015 1 000 78 8 19 9 1 3Feedback La Vanguardia p 35 14 17 Sep 2015 1 000 79 2 18 6 2 2Feedback La Vanguardia p 40 6 9 Jul 2015 1 000 79 8 19 4 0 8Feedback La Vanguardia p 42 27 29 Apr 2015 1 000 79 1 19 4 1 5Feedback La Vanguardia p 46 1 4 Dec 2014 1 000 83 9 14 5 1 6NC Report La Razon p 78 13 15 Nov 2014 54 3 39 9 5 8 On holding an agreed referendumFeedback La Vanguardia p 51 30 Apr 8 May 2014 577 74 0 24 6 1 4GESOP El Periodico p 54 12 13 Dec 2013 800 73 6 20 0 6 4 On the State authorising the 9N referendumFeedback La Vanguardia p 55 16 19 Nov 2013 1 000 73 5 23 6 2 9GESOP El Periodico p 60 28 31 May 2013 800 75 1 20 8 4 2 On the Government of Spain authorising a referendum69 6 25 8 2 3 On holding a referendumGESOP El Periodico p 62 14 16 Jan 2013 800 62 9 30 5 6 6 On holding a referendum even with the State s oppositionFeedback La Vanguardia p 64 12 16 Nov 2012 1 000 73 4 24 1 2 5Feedback La Vanguardia p 65 6 9 Nov 2012 1 000 73 6 24 0 2 4Feedback La Vanguardia p 67 22 26 Oct 2012 1 000 81 5 17 5 1 0Feedback La Vanguardia p 68 8 11 Oct 2012 1 000 81 7 17 6 0 7Feedback La Vanguardia p 69 21 27 Sep 2012 1 200 83 9 14 9 1 2Results EditOverall Edit Question Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic Referendum results Choice Votes Yes 2 044 038 90 18No 177 547 7 83Valid votes 2 221 585 97 17Invalid or blank votes 64 632 2 83Total votes 2 286 217 100 00Registered voters turnout 5 313 564 43 03Source Government of Catalonia 1 The Catalan government estimated that polling stations representing up to 770 000 potential voters 14 5 of all registered voters were closed down by police in raids with any votes cast in those stations either seized lost or inaccessible and therefore not counted 23 24 25 184 Catalan government spokesman Jordi Turull argued that turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish police suppression 28 Catalan government officials argued that calculation by experts showed that without police pressure and closures turnout could have reached up to 55 29 Earlier in the day a universal census was introduced so any Catalan elector going out to vote could do so at any one of the still functioning polling stations 26 Notorious examples of this included President Puigdemont himself who voted in Cornella del Terri instead of Sant Julia de Ramis where he was registered to vote foiling a police operation to track him down along the way 185 or Parliament of Catalonia Speaker Carme Forcadell 186 Results by province Edit Province Electorate Turnout Yes NoVotes Votes Barcelona 3 971 666 41 23 1 438 682 90 71 147 294 9 29Girona 496 167 53 32 249 483 96 00 10 382 4 00Lleida 298 140 52 83 146 583 95 14 7 485 4 86Tarragona 547 591 40 62 205 038 94 33 12 331 5 67Catalans abroad N A N A 4 252 98 72 55 1 28Total 5 313 564 43 03 2 044 038 90 18 177 547 7 83Results by vegueries Edit Vegueria Electorate Turnout Yes NoVotes Votes Alt Pirineu i Aran 53 228 53 91 26 674 95 18 1 350 4 82Barcelona 3 605 651 39 54 1 239 232 89 93 138 759 10 07Central Catalonia 374 611 58 15 205 285 95 96 8 638 4 04Girona 487 217 53 25 244 758 96 02 10 140 3 98Lleida 245 266 52 12 118 799 94 98 6 274 5 02Tarragona 420 740 36 82 142 386 94 12 8 897 5 88The Ebre Lands 126 851 53 24 62 652 94 80 3 434 5 20Catalans abroad N A N A 4 252 98 72 55 1 28Total 5 313 564 43 03 2 044 038 90 18 177 547 7 83Irregularities Edit Due in part to the deactivation and repeated blocking by the police of the computer programs used to implement universal census and result reporting 187 some irregularities were reported by Spanish media during the celebration of the referendum Among them people recorded voting more than once votes made by non Catalan people not included in the census or images of people voting several times including journalists 188 189 Other media reported the system did not validate the second attempt when voting but it couldn t be confirmed that this system worked during the whole process 27 190 191 The Catalan government was not allowed to use the same ballot boxes used in other elections and referendums because they are owned by the Spanish government so different ballot boxes were used 192 those were described as translucent by some media and opaque by some others in contrast to the transparent ballot boxes used in elections 15 193 194 Ballots and ballot boxes were transported together which according to Spanish media raised doubts about whether those ballots were removed or not prior to the vote 195 196 Another controversial footage shows ballot boxes placed in the street where any person could submit their vote without census control 197 198 According to a Catalan newspaper a volunteer declared that it was a symbolic vote in Ramon i Cajal school Barcelona after Spanish police removed the ballot boxes at another nearby polling station 196 There was no electoral board as it dissolved itself on 22 September to avoid being fined by the Constitutional Court and the counting system was blocked by the Guardia civil following orders from the Catalan High Court Justice 15 129 Guardia Civil also shut down a WordPress com blog which alleged to be used as a voting system in the referendum the Catalan government said they didn t know about its existence 15 199 The Spanish Government denounced that the rules of the referendum that were changed 45 minutes before opening 200 The new rules included the universal census according to which any citizen could vote in any voting center even if it was not the one originally assigned They also accepted the use of non official ballots printed at home and made optional the requirement of using envelopes 15 Controversy over the results Edit The publication of the results generated controversy both for the lack of basic electoral warranties 201 as for the lack of coherence between the results that were published after 95 of the votes had been tallied and the official results published five days later 202 203 One analyst said that the large pro independence vote 90 by official estimates could actually be a sign that many people did not vote at all and that the referendum lacked the conditions for fairness 204 In 71 municipalities the number of yes votes tallied were more than the number of registered voters for those municipalities which could be partly explained by the universal census system introduced earlier in the day allowing people to vote in a different poll station than the one they were assigned 27 The Civil Guard delivered a report to the Spanish High Court with recordings of conversations that allegedly demonstrate that the results of the referendum were decided in the days leading up to its holding 205 206 In the elections of December 2017 called by Spanish Prime Minister parties supporting independence got 47 5 of the votes but due to the high level of participation that was 33 970 more votes than Yes votes were cast during the referendum 207 Aftermath EditMain article Reactions to the 2017 Catalan independence referendum See also 2017 Catalan general strike 2017 Catalan general strike against police brutality On 3 October 2017 Carles Puigdemont said that his government intends to act on the result of the referendum at the end of this week or the beginning of next and declare independence from Spain Puigdemont would go before the Catalan Parliament to address them on Monday 9 October 2017 pending the agreement of other political parties 208 The same day the King of Spain Felipe VI condemned the repeated acts of the government of Catalonia against the existing legal framework and appealed to the union Spain calling the situation extremely serious 209 On 4 October 2017 Mireia Boya a lawmaker of the Popular Unity Candidacy CUP announced that a declaration of independence would likely come after the parliamentary session on 9 October 210 On 5 October Banco Sabadell the second largest bank based in Catalonia announced its decision to move its legal headquarters out of the region amid economic uncertainty over the future of Catalonia s political situation ahead of a projected unilateral declaration of independence the ensuing week which had seen sharp falls in the group s share prices the previous day and rating agencies downgrading the region Concurrently CaixaBank the biggest bank in the region and the third largest in Spain also announced it was considering redomiciling outside Catalonia 211 212 213 This sparked a massive business exit in the ensuing hours with companies such as Abertis Gas Natural Grifols Fersa Energias Renovables Agbar Freixenet Codorniu Idilia Foods San Miguel Beer and Planeta Group also announcing or considering their intention to move their HQs out of Catalonia The Spanish government announced on Friday 6 October that it would issue a decree allowing companies based in Catalonia to move out of the region without holding a shareholders meeting 214 215 216 217 On 11 October Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of Contemporary Art announced that it was repatriating its collection of Art amp Language works on loan at Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art MACBA since 2010 218 219 Within two weeks more than 1 000 business and firms would move out of Catalonia 220 Demonstration against Catalan independence in Barcelona on 8 October 2017 On 7 October tens of thousands of demonstrators rallied in Madrid and Barcelona dressed in white and without flags with the slogan Shall we talk asking for a deescalation of the political conflict 221 On 8 October the largest demonstration against Catalan independence in recent Spanish history took place in Barcelona the local police estimating at about 400 000 the number of participants 222 Former president of the European Parliament Josep Borrell Nobel Prize winner Mario Vargas Llosa and several representatives of the opposition parties in the Catalan parliament delivered speeches against the independence process 223 According to Swiss national radio the Foreign Ministry of Switzerland has offered to mediate between the two sides in the crisis 224 However on 16 October 2017 the Foreign Ministry of Switzerland released a press note declaring that no formal offer was made also stating that the independent aspirations in Catalonia are an internal affair of Spain and should be resolved within its constitutional order It also made clear that Switzerland fully respects Spanish Sovereignty and that in any case any facilitation of the process could only take place in case that both sides requested it 225 Violence and injuries Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source source source Spanish National Police in riot gear pushed by a crowd a protester is hit in the eye by a rubber ball 1 October 2017 Barcelona The Spanish police and Guardia Civil mounted operations to close the polling stations The security forces met resistance from citizens who obstructed their access to the voting tables in Sant Julia de Ramis where Puigdemont was expected to vote they were joined by Corps of Firefighters of Catalonia members who formed a human shield separating the police from civilians to help obstruct their access to the polling station 226 227 The police used force to try to reach the voting tables 228 in some cases using batons against firefighters and civilians and dragged some of them away 227 229 The police made multiple charges 230 In some other incidents the security forces were surrounded and driven out by the crowds According to the Ministry of the Interior rubber bullets balls were only used against demonstrators in one of those incidents in the Barcelona s Eixample district 231 232 There were incidents at polling stations in Barcelona Girona and elsewhere the police forced entry to the premises ejected the occupants and seized ballot boxes some of them containing votes 230 The Spanish government endorsed the police actions ordered by the regional high court 233 Carles Puigdemont accused Spanish authorities of unjustified disproportionate and irresponsible violence and showing a dreadful external image of Spain 226 while Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch criticized what they called excessive and unnecessary use of force by the National Police and the Civil Guard 48 49 The Spanish Coordinator for Prevention against Torture defined the police action as a repression laboratory 234 Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held 50 51 According to El Pais after the first reports of violence the government canceled the order given to the security forces which pulled out early from the polling centers 228 Catalan Ombudsman Rafael Ribo said there was evidence Angela Merkel asked Mariano Rajoy to stop police violence 235 Various images and reports used to magnify the claims of police violence were circulated but were later found to be inaccurate or photoshopped 236 237 238 239 240 and reports argued later that such posts as well as conspiracy theories had been amplified through the same network of social network profiles that had earlier promoted alt right and pro Putin views during earlier elections in Western countries 241 242 A Republican Left of Catalonia ERC councillor accused the police of deliberately breaking her fingers one by one and of sexual abuse during a polling station evacuation but later investigation disproved these statements 238 243 244 A real picture of an elderly woman bleeding in the head as a consequence of a police charge was chosen as one of the Bloomberg s 100 photos of the 2017 245 246 The Spanish Ministry of the Interior instructed the Spanish Attorney General to investigate whether the accusations of police sexual abuse against protesters made by Mayor of Barcelona Ada Colau who had mentioned the councilor s statements could be considered a legal offense of slander against Spanish Law enforcement organisations 247 Spanish National Police storm Institut Pau Claris polling station on 1 October 2017 According to the judge there were 218 persons injured on that day in the city of Barcelona alone 20 of whom were agents 43 44 According to various sources previously reported figures for civilians and police may have been exaggerated 42 According to the Generalitat de Catalunya 844 people requested the services of the Catalan emergency health service this number includes people with irritation by gas and anxiety attacks Of those injured most were minor but four people were hospitalised by the emergency health service and of those two were in serious condition one due to impact from a rubber ball in the eye in the protests the other for unrelated causes 230 248 249 There was a police charge near school Ramon Llull When police officers tried to enter inside the polling station voters responded with a sit in protest to block their way in Few minutes later more anti riot police was deployed in the zone and they could find the way in after breaking the polling station door Police officers confiscated the ballot boxes some of them with votes inside In their way out voters blocked the passage of the police cars standing or sitting in front of the police vehicles 250 Some of them harassing and throwing fences umbrellas and other objects against the agents among them the man who was subsequently injured in the eye 251 The agents responded shooting rubber balls 252 253 254 The man injured by the rubber ball lost the vision in one eye and he sued 3 members of the Spanish National Police adducing that one shot him directly to his face 255 256 257 One witness the journalist who recorded the images testified he saw that a police officer pointed and shot horizontally directly against demonstrators at a distance not exceeding 15 meters hitting and injuring the man in the eye which can be seen in the footage according to four witnesses there was no unrest at the moment the police charge and shots took place 258 259 232 255 13 police officers are being investigated for their actions in that polling station even though the agent that shot the rubber bullet has not been identified yet 260 Initially the Ministry of the Interior said 431 agents were injured 39 of them requiring immediate medical treatment and the remaining 392 having injuries from bruises scrapes kicks and or bites 261 262 After a question from Basque senator Jon Inarritu some months later the Spanish Ministry of the Interior recognised that the number was much lower and stated that the number of police officers injured was 111 40 During the hearings of the trial of Catalonia independence leaders in February 2019 Saenz de Santamaria reduced that figure further to 93 down from the initial 400 263 In a document given to the judge investigating the police action during the day of the referendum in Barcelona Spanish police reported around 40 injuries including officers who acted in Girona and Sabadell which include a trauma on a finger a twisted foot and a nose scratch The Police didn t provide medical reports for some of them and didn t explain how they were produced 264 The Mossos d Esquadra have been accused of failing to execute the direct order issued by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia and not closing the voting centers before the voting commenced or not confiscating voting materials on the day of the poll 265 According to the final report by the Catalan Health Service CatSalut of the Generalitat there were 1 066 people attended by the Catalan hospitals in connection with the Catalan Referendum 966 on 1 October 2017 and 75 during 2 4 October According to the severity the reports indicates that 886 823 63 were categorised as mild 173 163 10 as moderate and 7 5 2 as severe On 20 October 2017 the last injured person left the hospital Regarding the age distribution 10 4 of them were elderly people gt 65 years old and 23 of them were over 79 years old Also 2 1 were underage including 2 children under 11 years old This figures include 12 police officers 9 Policia Nacional 2 Guardia Civil and 1 Mossos d Esquadra 266 267 268 The Catalan Health Officer is planning to sue the Partido Popular general coordinator Mr Fernando Martinez Maillo for his qualification as a great farce of the total number of injured persons 269 On 19 February 2018 in the hearing for the injuries in the village of Castellgali a Guardia Civil policeman testified before the judge that he only found passive resistance thus contradicting a Spanish police statement which claimed that violence kicks and spitting took place at that location 270 According to a 2020 study the crackdown by the Spanish state on Catalan activists increased public sympathy for independence for a short period and heightened animosity towards actors perceived to be associated or complicit with the Spanish state 271 Economic effects Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2017 As of August 2017 the spread between Spanish 10 year government debt and German bonds was close to its narrowest in seven years however since the start of July the yield on the Catalan regional government s bonds had jumped by about 50 basis points 272 signaling unease among investors in regards to the referendum issue Stratfor suggested financial market disruption is due to the political upheaval Predrag Dukic senior equity sales trader at CM Capital Markets Bolsa wrote The independence movement seeks to paralyze the region with strikes disobedience etc a nightmare scenario for what until yesterday seemed a strong Spanish economic recovery Markus Schomer chief global economist at PineBridge Investments suggested that the uncertainty both in and outside of Spain has made it hard to price the scenarios into final markets so far Further he commented a strong approval could result in a euro 0 0255 sell off just as in the aftermath of the German federal election the previous week I don t think there is an immediate change coming from that referendum It ll take quite a bit longer to assess where this is going and what this will mean how the EU will react how the Spanish government will react So I don t think you ll see people adjusting their portfolios on Monday but you could get the classic knee jerk risk off reaction 273 Political effect Edit Further information Catalan declaration of independence and 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis Pro independence supporters during a rally in Barcelona 10 October 2017 Catalan President Carles Puigdemont gives a speech at the Catalan Parliament in Barcelona on 10 October 2017 On 10 October in a speech in front of the Catalan parliament Puigdemont stated that he considered the referendum results to be valid and in consequence used the following wording I assume the mandate of the people for Catalonia to become an independent state in the shape of a republic before adding that he would ask Parliament to suspend the effects of the declaration of independence In response the Central government made a formal request for him to answer before the Monday 16 October 2017 if he declared independence asking specifically for yes or no answer clarifying that any answer different than a no would be interpreted as a yes 274 Along with the formal request there was also an offer from the central government negotiated with the Spanish Socialist Workers Party to evaluate the situation of Catalonia within Spain and to study possible reforms if needed to the Spanish Constitution 275 On 16 October 2017 Puigdemont gave a response that did not address the issue of whether or not there had been a declaration of independence 276 277 this triggered a second deadline of 10 am on Thursday 19 October for them to backtrack before direct rule was imposed 278 279 The Spanish government subsequently offered to abort the suspension of self rule if the Catalan government called for regional elections 280 The response from Puigdemont to the second deadline was again not clear Since he refused to abandon his independence push on 21 October the Spanish government initiated the implementation of article 155 of the Spanish constitution 281 On 27 October 2017 the Parliament of Catalonia unilaterally declared independence from Spain The proposal presented by the pro independence political parties Junts pel Si and Popular Unity Candidacy was approved with 70 votes in favor 10 against and 2 blank votes 282 283 55 MPs from the opposition refused to be present during the voting after the legal services of the Catalan Parliament advised that the voting could not take place as the law in which it was based had been suspended by the Constitutional Court 284 Within hours the Spanish Senate approved actions proposed by the Spanish government to invoke Article 155 and assume direct control over some of Catalonia s autonomous powers 285 The measure was passed with 214 votes in favour 47 against and 1 abstention The measure is intended to be temporary its claimed objective being to re establish the rule of law and restore autonomy after new elections 286 287 The first measures taken by Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy after the approval by the senate was to fire the Catalan President Carles Puigdemont and his cabinet dissolving the Parliament of Catalonia and scheduling fresh Catalan elections on 21 December 2017 288 On 16 January 2018 the Spanish Constitutional Court issued a temporary restraining order regarding the work of the Catalan Government commission that investigates the violation of fundamental rights in Catalonia 289 Press coverage and Internet EditDifferent sources describe aspects of the events differently according to their political stance Notable examples include the coverage of Spanish TV channel TVE Television Espanola and Catalan channel TV3 TV3 covered the referendum and the police violence regularly while TVE mainly emphasised the Spanish government s position on its legality 290 TVE media coverage was criticised by Television Espanola information council calling for the resignation of the entire direction 291 TV3 has been criticized both within and outside Catalonia as a mouthpiece for the independence movement 292 Various media reported on fake images of police violence against civilians that were posted in social networks 293 They included images of people injured in other events including footage from strikes and anti austerity protests 4 5 years prior Turkish police charges and protests by miners 236 237 238 The news sites Okdiario and Periodista Digital were also accused of falsely trying to discredit some of those involved in police violence episodes 294 295 Some non Spanish media outlets have criticized the Mariano Rajoy s government police violence against civilians or Spain s media coverage including The Guardian 296 The Independent 297 Al Jazeera 298 The Daily Telegraph 299 and The New York Times 300 The Spanish newspaper El Pais argued that the network of fake news producers that Russia has employed to weaken the United States and the European Union is now operating at full speed on Catalonia 301 involving a network of Russian media outlets and social network bots which according to the argument aimed to influence local and global discussion of events Later investigations by Medium DFRL said it found support for some but not all of the arguments made by Spanish outlets 302 It is argued that the goal wasn t specifically to support Catalan independence but to foment divisions to gradually undermine Europe s democracy and institutions 303 and at discrediting Spanish legal and political authorities 304 while Russian authorities have denied that Russian actors had any involvement 304 In popular culture Edit Katalanisches Tryptichon painted by Matthias Laurenz Graff 1 O commemorative mural in front of a polling station in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona Votes 4009 Yes 292 No 123 blank 28 null Several documentaries have been made about the day of the referendum the most known ones being 1 O ca produced by Mediapro El primer dia d octubre produced by La Directa and released for free in YouTube 305 306 and L endema produced by Massa D Or produccions All three were produced by independentist production companies and were criticised for being too propagandistic and biased the last one even received harsh criticism by independentist politicians and journalists 307 Another well known documentary about the same topic but with a more unbiased approach was Dos Catalunyas directed by Gerardo Olivares and Alvaro Longoria Many books about the topic were published as well including Operacio urnes Operation Ballot Boxes explaining how the ballot boxes were distributed around Catalonia and Dies que duraran anys Days That Will Last for Years a photo book by Jordi Borras Those two being the first and the third top sellers in the category of non fiction in Catalan language during the Diada de Sant Jordi of 2018 308 Several Catalan groups also composed songs specially dedicated to that day including Agafant l horitzo Catching the horizon by Txarango and Rojos y separatistas Red and separatists by Lagrimas de Sangre 309 Some international groups used images from the police violence during the day of the referendum in their concerts and music videos including A Sound of Thunder and Steven Patrick Morrissey 310 311 On 15 June the exhibition 55 Ballot Boxes for Freedom opened in Brussels with artwork inspired by the ballot boxes of the Catalan referendum 312 313 Netflix used images from the police action during the day of the referendum to promote Black Mirror series in Spain 314 In 2020 2021 EditIn February 2020 the Catalan nationalist led government and the Spanish left wing coalition government agreed to start a dialogue on Catalonia s political future Included in Catalan nationalists two points was a retroactive legalization of the 2017 independence referendum 315 The central government s plan aims rather at a negotiation on the region s financial and political autonomy within the current legal framework 316 Fifteen representatives began talks with a discussion of the history of the Catalan crisis Despite disagreement on when it began the two sides concurred that their common political opponent the People s Party bore the overall responsibility in its fight against the Statute of Autonomy 317 It was agreed that negotiations would continue with plans for monthly meetings and plenary sessions every six months although this has been followed by a continued internal conflict within the nationalist parties a fraction of which wishes no dialogue beyond a new legally binding referendum 318 The COVID 19 pandemic cancelled these plans which may resume in September 2021 319 See also Edit2014 Scottish independence referendum 2017 Catalan regional election 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum 2018 New Caledonian independence referendum Catalan general strike Catalan independence Catalan nationalism Catalan Republic Declaration of Independence of Catalonia History of Catalonia Politics of Catalonia Catalan RevoltOpinion poll sources Edit a b Participacio del 60 i mes avantatge del si l 1 O Ara in Catalan 16 September 2017 La mayoria de los catalanes cree que el referendum no se celebrara La Razon in Spanish 16 August 2017 Encuesta NC Report La Razon in Spanish 16 August 2017 Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 Retrieved 16 August 2017 a b La pressio de l Estat no fa perdre suports a l 1 O ni a la independencia Ara in Catalan 24 July 2017 a b c Barometre d Opinio Politica 2a onada 2017 PDF CEO in Catalan 21 July 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 21 July 2017 Barometre d Opinio Politica 2a onada 2017 REO 857 Political Opinion Barometer 2nd wave 2017 REO 857 CEO in Catalan Spanish and English 21 July 2017 Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 Retrieved 21 July 2017 Referendum La mayoria dice no a la republica catalana La Razon in Spanish 3 July 2017 Encuesta NC Report La Razon in Spanish 3 July 2017 Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 3 July 2017 El 54 de los catalanes esta dispuesto a participar en una consulta unilateral La Vanguardia in Spanish 2 July 2017 a b El 65 4 de los catalanes que han decidido ir a las urnas el 1 O votara si a la independencia El Confidencial in Spanish 3 July 2017 a b Primera encuesta sobre el referendum catalan participacion del 64 y ventaja para el si Ara in Spanish 18 June 2017 a b Barometre d Opinio Politica 1a onada 2017 PDF CEO in Catalan 30 March 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 7 April 2017 Retrieved 12 April 2017 Huge upsurge in support for independence is revealed in world exclusive final Catalan poll The National 3 September 2017 El 60 de los catalanes quiere participar en el referendum del 1 O eldiario es in Spanish 17 September 2017 El si ganara con un 72 y un 50 de participacion si se celebra el referendum El Espanol in Spanish 5 September 2017 El 50 1 de los catalanes esta a favor de la independencia el 45 7 en contra El Espanol in Spanish 3 September 2017 El referendum unilateral pierde apoyos frente a la consulta acordada La Vanguardia in Spanish 17 April 2017 a b La mayoria quiere un referendum pactado y descarta la unilateralidad La Vanguardia in Spanish 9 January 2017 a b El 82 2 aprueba la oferta de dialogo del Gobierno a la Generalitat La Razon in Spanish 27 December 2016 a b Apoyo a mas financiacion y mayor autogobierno PDF La Razon in Spanish 27 December 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 28 March 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Enquesta sobre context politic a Catalunya 2016 PDF CEO in Catalan 29 December 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 30 December 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2017 a b El referendum unilateral de independencia divide a los catalanes El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 17 December 2016 Barometre d Opinio Politica 39 3a onada 2016 PDF CEO in Catalan 18 November 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Sondeig d opinio Catalunya 2016 PDF ICPS in Catalan 17 October 2016 a b La mitad de los catalanes cree que el Parlament se sometera al TC La Razon in Spanish 12 August 2016 Barometre d Opinio Politica 38 2a onada 2016 PDF CEO in Catalan 22 July 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 7 August 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2017 a b La mayoria apuesta por mejorar el autogobierno y aparcar la separacion La Vanguardia in Spanish 19 June 2016 Barometre d Opinio Politica 37 1a onada 2016 PDF CEO in Catalan 18 March 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 2 October 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 La gran mayoria de los catalanes pide no apoyar a Mas La Razon in Spanish 3 January 2016 Cree que se deberian repetir las elecciones al Parlament de Cataluna PDF La Razon in Spanish 3 January 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 13 March 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 a b Ciudadanos disputaria la victoria a ERC si se adelantan las elecciones en Cataluna El Confidencial in Spanish 6 December 2015 a b El no a la independencia vuelve a cobrar ventaja La Vanguardia in Spanish 29 November 2015 Enquesta sobre context politic a Catalunya 2015 PDF CEO in Catalan 2 December 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Barometre d Opinio Politica 36 3a onada 2015 PDF CEO in Catalan 13 November 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 28 March 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 a b Empate tecnico entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia La Vanguardia in Spanish 20 September 2015 Intencion de voto en Cataluna El Pais in Spanish 18 September 2015 Solo un 16 de catalanes cree que una declaracion de independencia es la solucion El Confidencial in Spanish 19 September 2015 Un 46 de los catalanes en contra de la independencia El Mundo in Spanish 7 September 2015 La cuestion independentista El Mundo in Spanish 7 September 2015 a b Casi el 40 apoya reformar la Constitucion como salida La Vanguardia in Spanish 12 July 2015 Barometre d Opinio Politica 35 2a onada 2015 PDF CEO in Catalan 3 July 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 4 July 2015 a b Los catalanes exigen una mayoria muy reforzada para la independencia La Vanguardia in Spanish 2 May 2015 Barometre d Opinio Politica 34 1a onada 2015 PDF CEO in Catalan 13 March 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Enquesta sobre context politic a Catalunya 2014 PDF CEO in Catalan 19 December 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 19 December 2014 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Sondeig d opinio Catalunya 2014 PDF ICPS in Catalan 6 December 2014 a b La mayoria ve el plan independentista de Mas perjudicial para la economia La Vanguardia in Spanish 8 December 2014 Barometre d Opinio Politica 39 3a onada 2016 El Mundo in Spanish 24 November 2014 EXCLUSIVA enquesta Gesop el 46 2 dels catalans votarien avui a favor de la independencia CEO in Catalan 30 October 2014 Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2017 Barometre d Opinio Politica 33 2a onada 2014 PDF CEO in Catalan 31 October 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 31 October 2014 Retrieved 28 March 2017 La secesion divide a los catalanes El Mundo in Spanish 1 September 2014 a b Empate entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia La Vanguardia in Spanish 12 May 2014 Barometre d Opinio Politica 32 1a onada 2014 PDF CEO in Catalan 30 April 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 La mayoria de catalanes creen que no habra referendo el 9 N El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 9 March 2014 a b El 74 de los catalanes reclaman a Rajoy que autorice la consulta El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 15 December 2013 a b Empate entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia La Vanguardia in Spanish 22 December 2013 Barometre d Opinio Politica 31 3a onada 2013 PDF CEO in Catalan 22 November 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 La opcion mas autogobierno iguala en apoyo a la independencia El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 28 October 2013 Sondeig d opinio Catalunya 2013 PDF ICPS in Catalan 10 October 2013 Barometre d Opinio Politica 30 2a onada 2013 PDF CEO in Catalan 20 June 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 a b Barometre politic de Catalunya Maig 2013 PDF El Periodico de Catalunya in Catalan 8 June 2013 Barometre d Opinio Politica 29 1a onada 2013 PDF CEO in Catalan 21 February 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 a b La mayoria de los catalanes estan a favor de la consulta El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 20 January 2013 Sondeig d opinio Catalunya 2012 PDF ICPS in Catalan 20 December 2012 a b El pacto fiscal sigue imponiendose a la independencia que se estanca La Vanguardia in Spanish 18 November 2012 a b El pacto fiscal se impone a la independencia que pierde apoyo La Vanguardia in Spanish 11 November 2012 Barometre d Opinio Politica 28 3a onada 2012 PDF CEO in Catalan 8 November 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2017 a b El pacto fiscal neutralizaria la mayoria independentista La Vanguardia in Spanish 28 October 2012 a b El 65 ve viable la independencia pero entiende el temor empresarial La Vanguardia in Spanish 14 October 2012 a b El 84 de los catalanes apoya una consulta y el 55 la independencia La Vanguardia in Spanish 30 September 2012 Barometre d Opinio Politica 27 2a onada 2012 PDF CEO in Catalan 27 June 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 13 September 2012 Retrieved 28 March 2017 Barometre d Opinio Politica 26 1a onada 2012 PDF CEO in Catalan 2 March 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 4 October 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2017 Sondeig d opinio Catalunya 2011 PDF ICPS in Catalan 27 October 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 16 July 2015 Barometre d Opinio Politica 25 3a onada 2011 PDF CEO in Catalan 25 October 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2017 Barometre d Opinio Politica 24 2a onada 2011 PDF CEO in Catalan 29 June 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 15 September 2011 Retrieved 28 March 2017 El apoyo a la independencia remite y cae al 40 frente al 45 en contra La Vanguardia in Spanish 7 September 2010 Sondeo sobre el referendum en Cataluna El Pais in Spanish 22 September 2017 Referendum apoyo del 71 9 en Catalunya y rechazo del 61 5 en el resto de Espana El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 25 February 2017 El 76 3 de los que no votaron el 9 N no quiere la independencia La Razon in Spanish 16 November 2014 References Edit a b c Catalan referendum results Government of Catalonia 2 October 2017 Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 Giles Ciaran Parra Aritz 17 October 2017 Spain Top court officially rules Catalan referendum illegal Chicago Tribune Retrieved 20 October 2017 El gobierno de Cataluna convoco para el 1 de octubre el referendum de autodeterminacion Infobae in Spanish 6 September 2017 Retrieved 20 October 2017 Jones Sam 6 September 2017 Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid The Guardian Retrieved 16 October 2017 Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal The Economist 26 September 2017 How to Stage an Illegal Referendum Bloomberg L P 20 September 2017 Alandete David 10 October 2017 Independence in Catalonia now what El Pais Spain Catalonia Court blocks independence referendum BBC News 8 September 2017 Retrieved 18 October 2017 Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n º 4334 2017 contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluna 19 2017 de 6 de septiembre del Referendum de Autodeterminacion PDF in Spanish Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado 6 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Duarte Esteban 11 September 2017 Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid Bloomberg Retrieved 13 September 2017 Carranco Rebeca Garcia Jesus 21 September 2017 La justicia desmonta la organizacion del referendum ilegal de Cataluna El Pais in Spanish Una juez ordena a Google eliminar la aplicacion sobre el referendum catalan Reuters in Spanish Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 Catalonia s Superior Court also orders Catalan Police to close off planned polling stations El Nacional a b Colome Jordi Perez 3 October 2017 La mision de observadores concluye que el referendum no cumple los estandares internacionales El Pais in Spanish La Mision debe concluir que el referendum tal y como se hizo no puede cumplir con los estandares internacionales The Mission must conclude that the referendum as it was done can not meet international standards a b c d e f Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations El Pais 3 October 2017 a b Gallego Diaz Soledad 5 October 2017 Mediaciones e instituciones Hoy por hoy in European Spanish Cadena SER Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid The Guardian 6 September 2017 Retrieved 20 October 2017 The Catalan government has not set a threshold for minimum turnout arguing the vote will be binding regardless of the level of participation Jones Sam 10 September 2017 Catalans to celebrate their national day with independence protests The Guardian Retrieved 18 September 2017 Spain just declared Catalan referendum law void The Independent 17 October 2017 Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Catalonia plans an independence vote whether Spain lets it or not The Economist Catalan independence referendum The Daily Star 10 October 2017 Rios Pere 6 September 2017 Las diez claves de la ley del referendum de Cataluna El Pais Retrieved 30 September 2017 a b El Govern anuncia un 90 de sies entre las 2 262 424 papeletas contadas y asegura haber escrutado el 100 88 de votos El Mundo in Spanish 2 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 a b Catalan independence referendum Region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Spain The Independent 2 October 2017 Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 a b Clarke Hilary Soares Isa Cotovio Vasco 2 October 2017 Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis CNN Retrieved 4 October 2017 a b El independentismo en numerus clausus in Spanish El Periodico de Catalunya 3 October 2017 Retrieved 4 October 2017 a b c El si obtuvo mas votos que personas censadas en 71 municipios El Pais in Spanish 3 October 2017 a b Clarke Hilary Soares Isa Cotovio Vasco 2 October 2017 Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis CNN Retrieved 4 October 2017 Turnout was about 42 of the 5 3 million eligible voters Turull said more people would have voted had it not been for Spanish police suppression Up to 770 000 votes were lost as a result of the crackdowns at police stations the Catalan government estimated a b Pruina Gerard 2 October 2017 El si a la independencia s imposa amb 2 020 144 vots el 90 Ara Cat Retrieved 4 October 2017 Els encarregats de donar els resultats des del Centre Internacional de Premsa el vicepresident Oriol Junqueras el conseller de la Presidencia Jordi Turull i el conseller d Exteriors Raul Romeva han remarcat continuament que tot i que els 2 248 000 vots no suposen per se el 50 del cens els calculs dels experts apunten que sense pressio policial i tancament de col legis s hauria pogut arribar al 55 de participacio Los Mossos cerraron mas colegios el 1 O La Vanguardia 6 October 2017 Retrieved 13 February 2019 a b Erickson Amanda 30 September 2017 Catalonia independence vote What you need to know The Washington Post Retrieved 2 October 2017 Iceta pide a los catalanes que no acudan a votar para no dar valor al referendum ABC in European Spanish Molpeceres Diego Referendum en Cataluna Un referendum sin campana por el no a la independencia Vozpopuli in Spanish Baquero Camilo S 2 October 2017 Un 90 de sies con 2 2 millones de votos y una participacion del 42 segun el Govern El Pais Garea Fernando 17 September 2017 El referendum inviable sin censo garantias internacionales ni proteccion de datos elconfidencial com El TSJC ordena impedir el uso de locales publicos para el referendum del 1 O in Spanish 27 September 2017 1 O La pasividad de los Mossos y las posteriores cargas policiales marcan un dia de tension con votaciones sin garantias in Spanish Eldiario es 1 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 a b Policias y guardias realizan cargas ante la pasividad de los Mossos y dejan mas de 893 heridos el 1 O El Mundo in Spanish 2 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 Giles Aritz Parra and Ciaran 2 October 2017 Catalonia urges mediation with Spain in secession dispute The Washington Post Associated Press Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 a b Serra Ot 20 April 2018 El govern espanyol va quadruplicar la xifra d agents ferits l 1 O Ara in Catalan Retrieved 26 April 2018 RESPUESTA D EL GOBIERNO 684 37958 Report in Spanish Senado 22 March 2018 Retrieved 20 April 2018 En relacion con la pregunta de referencia se informa que 111 miembros de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado fueron contusionados a b Iglesias Leyre 9 October 2017 Contamos como agresiones hasta las ansiedades por ver las cargas por television El Mundo in Spanish Retrieved 11 October 2017 a b Juez contabiliza 218 heridos en las cargas policiales en Barcelona el 1 O La Vanguardia EFE 10 October 2017 Retrieved 11 October 2017 a b Requeijo Alejandro 6 October 2017 El juez que investiga las cargas policiales No era ilegal votar el 1 O El Espanol in Spanish Retrieved 11 October 2017 Report on the incidents that took place from the 1st to the 4th of October 2017 PDF Catalan Health Service Generalitat de Catalunya 20 October 2017 UN human rights chief urges probe into violence during referendum in Catalonia United Nations 2 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 The Latest UN chief hopes sides will solve Catalan crisis CNBC 2 October 2017 Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 a b Spain Excessive use of force by National Police and Civil Guard in Catalonia Amnesty International 3 October 2017 Retrieved 10 October 2017 a b Spain Police Used Excessive Force in Catalonia Human Rights Watch 12 October 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2018 a b La euroorden senala que Puigdemont obvio los avisos de que el 1 O provocaria una escalada de violencia ABC 30 March 2018 a b El juez Llarena recalca en la orden de detencion que Puigdemont ignoro los avisos de escalada de violencia El Mundo 30 March 2018 Siete jueces investigan a los Mossos por desobediencia al no frenar el 1 O in Spanish El Periodico de Catalunya 2 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 Spanish judge calls on Catalan police chief to testify in sedition probe EFE 4 October 2017 Retrieved 4 October 2017 Presno Linera Miguel Angel 3 October 2018 La proporcionalidad policial el 1 O Agenda Publica in Spanish Retrieved 20 June 2018 Catalan Parliament Votes Yes to Independence Referendum Next September 6 October 2016 Retrieved 30 March 2017 Prim Sara 28 September 2016 Puigdemont to call a referendum next September if Spain doesn t allow Catalans to vote Catalan News Agency Retrieved 2 October 2016 Parliament approves calling a referendum with or without Spain s consent Catalan News Agency 7 October 2016 Retrieved 8 October 2016 Calvo Amanda 6 October 2016 Catalan parliament votes yes to independence referendum next September Reuters Retrieved 8 October 2016 Barcelona Europa Press Puigdemont y Junqueras viajan a Bruselas este martes para defender un referendum pactado heraldo es Retrieved 23 June 2017 Puigdemont Europe cannot look the other way Catalan News Agency 25 January 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2017 Puigdemont on the referendum Europe cannot look the other way and should be part of the solution VilaWeb 25 January 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2017 MEPs from fourteen countries and all political groups attend hearing with Puigdemont Junqueras and Romeva in Brussels VilaWeb 25 January 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2017 The Catalan Referendum conference 10 February 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 via YouTube Casqueiro Javier 9 June 2017 Catalan independence referendum to be held on October 1 regional premier El Pais Retrieved 29 June 2017 Catalan parliament paves the way for independence vote ABC News Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Bustos Jorge 16 April 2018 Cristobal Montoro Acepto que al PP le pasa algo pero su problema no es Rajoy El Mundo in European Spanish Madrid Retrieved 16 April 2018 Orriols Nuria 7 October 2017 Les urnes quatre mesos de viatge fins a l 1 O Diari Ara in Catalan Barcelona Retrieved 11 April 2018 G Sastre Daniel 22 March 2017 El Parlament aprueba los Presupuestos del referendum al borde del motin El Mundo in Spanish Barcelona Retrieved 30 March 2017 Cordero Dani 23 March 2017 Puigdemont prepara la maquinaria electoral para unas autonomicas El Pais in Spanish Barcelona Retrieved 27 March 2017 Barrena Xabi Masreal Fidel 23 March 2017 El Govern activa los tramites para poder hacer el referendum El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish Barcelona Retrieved 27 March 2017 Barrena Xabi Albalat J G 24 March 2017 La fiscalia investiga si el Govern esta preparando el referendum El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish Barcelona Retrieved 30 March 2017 a b Aroca Jaume 26 June 2017 Se buscan los datos de 5 5 millones de catalanes para el Referendum La Vanguardia in Spanish Retrieved 30 June 2017 El Govern catalan mantiene el referendum tras recibir la quinta notificacion judicial 11 April 2017 Puigdemont reitera su determinacion en el referendum tras la quinta notificacion judicial 11 April 2017 Casqueiro Javier Cordero Dani 26 June 2017 Catalan government fails to mobilize region s expats in run up to referendum El Pais Retrieved 29 June 2017 Cordero Dani Rios Pere Puigdemont cessa Baiget pels seus dubtes sobre el referendum El Pais in Catalan Retrieved 4 July 2017 Pinol Angels Junqueras liderara el referendum despres d imposar un Govern de fidels El Pais in Catalan Retrieved 14 July 2017 Duarte Esteban Catalan Police Chief Resigns as Referendum on Secession Looms Bloomberg L P Retrieved 17 July 2017 El director del 112 Fede Adan tambien dimite tras la renuncia de Jane y Batlle La Vanguardia in Spanish Retrieved 21 July 2017 La numero dos de Ensenanza dimite a una semana del relevo de la consellera El Mundo in Spanish Spain Retrieved 21 July 2017 Masreal Fidel Tercera baja en la Conselleria d Ensenyament por el Referendum del 1 O elperiodico com in Spanish Retrieved 21 July 2017 Referendum Dimite Angel Xifre el primer alto cargo de ERC La Vanguardia in Spanish Retrieved 26 July 2017 permanent dead link Blanchar Clara El Govern cesa al presidente del Consorcio de Educacion de Barcelona en plena busqueda de locales El Pais in Spanish Retrieved 13 September 2017 El Constitucional suspende de urgencia la ley del referendum El Pais in Spanish 8 September 2017 Retrieved 12 September 2017 Mas de 700 ayuntamientos confirman que colaboraran en el 1 O a la espera de Barcelona La Vanguardia in Spanish 9 September 2017 Retrieved 12 September 2017 ACN ed 21 September 2017 Mes de 150 persones es manifesten a favor de la Guardia Civil a la caserna de Travessera de Gracia More than 150 people demonstrate in favour of the Spanish Civil Guard in the headquarters in Gracia El Mon in Catalan Barcelona Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Penty Charles Catalonia Secessionists Fail to Win Allies in Referendum Battle Bloomberg Retrieved 9 September 2017 Colau y Domenech advierten a JxSi de que no aceptaran mas lecciones de desobediencia La Vanguardia in Spanish 11 September 2017 Retrieved 12 September 2017 La Generalitat lanza en TV3 su primer anuncio oficial sobre el referendum El Pais 4 September 2017 TV3 y Catalunya Radio difunde otro anuncio de la Generalitat sobre el referendum 15 September 2017 Aparecen carteles falsos de Cs PSC y PP a favor del no en el referendum para incentivar la participacion 19 September 2017 Jones Sam Burgen Stephen 21 September 2017 Spain crisis stop this radicalism and disobedience PM tells Catalan leaders The Guardian Madrid Barcelona Retrieved 22 September 2017 a b Stone Jon 20 September 2017 Spanish police storm Catalan government buildings to stop independence referendum Independent Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 22 September 2017 a b The Jordis are not political prisoners here s why El Pais 18 October 2017 Retrieved 22 October 2017 a b Desvelan las 6 llamadas de auxilio de la Guardia Civil a los Mossos Antena 3 in Spanish 6 October 2017 Retrieved 10 October 2017 Mowat Laura 21 September 2017 Spain in Crisis Troops sent in as 40 000 protest over War on Catalan independence vote Express newspaper Retrieved 22 September 2017 Badcock James 4 October 2017 Catalonia s police chief faces sedition charge for allegedly failing to follow orders ahead of referendum The Telegraph Retrieved 10 October 2017 Peral Maria 15 October 2017 El testimonio que puede llevar a prision a Trapero Senti terror y humillacion El Espanol in Spanish Retrieved 1 November 2020 Pinheiro Marcos 17 October 2017 Las claves del auto de Sanchez y Cuixart actuaron contra la Guardia Civil para proteger a altos cargos eldiario es in Spanish La Fiscalia pedira investigar por sedicion los disturbios en Cataluna eldiario es in Spanish 22 September 2017 Retrieved 20 October 2017 Reparar los vehiculos de la Guardia Civil destrozados en Barcelona costo 135 632 euros Heraldo es 10 October 2017 La jueza deja en libertad al mayor Trapero pero le impone medidas cautelares Cadena Ser 16 October 2017 Trapero defensa que els Mossos no van ser avisats del dispositiu amb prou temps Diari de Girona in Catalan 7 October 2017 Retrieved 11 April 2018 Catalonia Spanish judge jails two independence leaders for possible sedition Independent 16 October 2017 Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 20 October 2017 a b Strange Hannah 16 October 2017 Two Catalan independence leaders taken into custody by Spanish national court The Telegraph Retrieved 20 October 2017 Lucas Torres Carmen Requeijo Alejandro Peral Maria Montero Daniel 16 October 2017 Los Jordis a prision por alentar a la masa contra la Guardia Civil el 20 S El Espanol in Spanish Retrieved 21 October 2017 Que es el delito de sedicion Asi lo regula el Codigo Penal El Periodico in Spanish 17 October 2017 Retrieved 27 October 2017 Criminal Code Organic Law of 1995 Organic Law No 10 of 23 November 1995 Official State Gazette in Spanish Retrieved 28 October 2017 Un video muestra como Cuixart y Sanchez intentaron disolver la manifestacion de Economia La Vanguardia Retrieved 18 October 2017 Spain charges for sedition and pre trial detention against Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sanchez are excessive Amnesty International Retrieved 18 October 2017 Penty Charles 21 September 2017 Spain Hires Cruise Liner to House Police in Rebel Catalonia Bloomberg News Barcelona Retrieved 22 September 2017 Mapa convocatorias protesta contra la detencion de los 14 cargos de la Generalitat El publico Retrieved 23 September 2017 Miles de personas se manifiestan por toda Espana contra el referendum del 1 O El Confidencial in Spanish 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Protestas en toda Espana contra el referendum del 1 O in Spanish Levante EMV 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Miles de personas se manifiestan por la unidad de Espana en Barcelona Cadena SER in Spanish 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Vitores en la salida de los guardia civiles a Cataluna in Spanish La Verdad Murcia 27 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Miembros de la Guardia Civil vitoreados en su salida hacia Catalunya La Vanguardia in Spanish 25 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Banderas de Espana y gritos de apoyo para despedir a los guardias civiles de Castellon enviados a Cataluna El Mundo in Spanish 26 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 VIDEO La policia local de Vitoria desallotja un acte de la CUP sobre el referendum Nacio Digital in Catalan 15 September 2017 Retrieved 14 September 2018 El jutge sentencia que Anna Gabriel tenia dret a fer una conferencia a Vitoria fa un any Nacio Digital in Catalan 14 September 2018 Retrieved 14 September 2018 Sole Alba 25 September 2017 La Guardia Civil tanca el web de l ANC i 140 mes sobre l 1 O El Nacional Retrieved 17 April 2018 a b Internet Society statement on Internet blocking measures in Catalonia Spain Internet Society 21 September 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 La Guardia Civil ordeno a CDMON sobre las 17 horas cerrar la web del 1 O in European Spanish Europa Press 13 September 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 El TSJC ordena a Google retirar la app que informa sobre como y donde votar el 1 O difundida por Puigdemont La Vanguardia in European Spanish 30 September 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 APC calls for an end to restrictions on freedom of expression in Catalonia Association for Progressive Communications September 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 No Justification for Spanish Internet Censorship During Catalonian Referendum Electronic Frontier Foundation 2 October 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Evidence of Internet Censorship during Catalonia s Independence Referendum The Tor Project Inc 3 October 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Digital repression and resistance during the CatalanReferendum Xnet 4 October 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2018 a b Jones Sam 24 September 2017 Catalan campaigners hand out a million referendum ballots The Guardian a b La guia per a votar al referendum del primer d octubre in Catalan VilaWeb 1 October 2017 Retrieved 11 April 2018 Gonzalez Miguel 26 July 2017 La ONU frena el intento de dar aval internacional al referendum catalan El Pais in Spanish Retrieved 30 September 2017 El Parlamento Vasco muestra su apoyo al referendum catalan EITB 28 September 2017 Retrieved 1 October 2017 PNV y Bildu defienden en una manifestacion en Bilbao el referendum catalan El Confidencial 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Espaldarazo al referendum catalan en Bilbao EITB 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 The communique published in Gara read that the Spanish state is a prison for the people and this is shown by denying the national identity of the Catalan countries The Spanish state has also become a prison for democracy since it has trampled on the rights of the Catalans see Basque terrorist group ETA slams Madrid s opposition to Catalan independence vote The Local Spain 27 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 El Parlamento Vasco muestra su apoyo al referendum catalan EITB 21 September 2017 Retrieved 1 October 2017 Miles de personas se manifestan en Santiago en solidaridad con el referendum catalan EITB 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Europa Press 4 September 2017 El PP exige a Carmena que prohiba el acto de apoyo al referendum catalan por incluir una corona del reves en el cartel El Diario Retrieved 7 October 2017 Europa Press 15 September 2017 El acto en Madrid pro referendum se celebrara en un teatro privado El Diario Retrieved 7 October 2017 El acto a favor de la consulta clama por el 1 O arropado por ERC la CUP y Podemos El Confidencial 17 September 2017 Retrieved 7 October 2017 Prime Minister of Belgium reacts on October 1 2017 1 October 2017 Retrieved 1 October 2017 non primary source needed Vijesti najnovije vijesti iz Hrvatske i svijeta Hrvatska radiotelevizija Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang s Regular Press Conference on September 28 2017 Ministry of Foreign Affairs People s Republic of China Retrieved 1 October 2017 Salvado Nico 16 June 2017 Emmanuel Macron s exprime au sujet de l independance de la Catalogne in French Equinox Retrieved 20 September 2017 Sanchez Rosalia 8 September 2017 Alemania reclama respeto a la Constitucion en Cataluna ABC in Spanish Retrieved 20 September 2017 Barigazzi Jacopo 18 September 2017 Hungary to respect will of people in Catalonia vote Politico Retrieved 20 September 2017 Brussels MUST NOT ignore will of the people with Catalan independence vote warns Hungary Daily Express 18 September 2017 Retrieved 20 September 2017 Gudavicius Stasys Prezidente referendumas Katalonijoje nekonstitucinis bet Comparison of Catalonian Baltic independence ideas wrong Lithuanian Foreign Minister Baltic Times 29 September 2017 Retrieved 1 October 2017 L Linkevicius lyginti Katalonijos ir Baltijos saliu nepriklausomybes idejas butu nekorektiska DELFI in Lithuanian BNS 28 September 2017 Retrieved 1 October 2017 Ministro acredita que Espanha sabera resolver questao do referendo na Catalunha SIC 27 September 2017 Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 Retrieved 28 September 2017 Personalidades portuguesas lancam manifesto por uma solucao politica negociada Diario de Noticias 3 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 Spanish authorities should begin dialogue with Catalans Russian senator TASS 1 October 2017 a b Serbia Foreign Minister Ivica Dacic I hope the EU will survive until we re ready to join Ministry of Foreign Affairs Serbia 7 September 2017 Archived from the original on 1 October 2017 Retrieved 30 September 2017 Johnson Boris 1 October 2017 twitter com BorisJohnson Retrieved 1 October 2017 The Catalonian referendum is a matter for the Spanish govt amp people Imp that Spanish constitution respected amp the rule of law upheld 1 2 non primary source needed Pinol Angels 13 April 2017 US snubs Catalan independence drive in latest setback for separatists El Pais Retrieved 20 September 2017 a b Rajoy wins Trump support over Catalonia euronews 26 September 2017 Retrieved 27 September 2017 Gearan Anne 26 September 2017 Trump says U S opposes independence bid in Spain s Catalonia region The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 27 September 2017 Mortimer Caroline Catalan referendum Jeremy Corbyn urges Theresa May to intervene to find political solution to the crisis The Independent Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 1 October 2017 Scottish Government release statement on Catalonia referendum The Scotsman 16 September 2017 Retrieved 20 September 2017 1 Jones Carwyn 1 October 2017 twitter com fmwales Retrieved 1 October 2017 Horrific scenes on the streets of Catalonia today When violence replaces democracy and dialogue there are no winners non primary source needed LeanneWood 1 October 2017 Distancing myself from comments by WelshGovernment amp Rhondda s MP on Catalonia today There s no equivalence violence not on both sides LeanneWood Retrieved 1 October 2017 non primary source needed 17 folketingsmedlemmer gar i forbon for Catalonien in Danish Berlingske 15 September 2017 Retrieved 21 September 2017 Heine Hannes 20 September 2017 Europaische Linke verurteilt Verhaftungen in Katalonien Der Tagesspiegel in German Retrieved 21 September 2017 Catalogna Salvini Fanno come contro la Lega e una vergogna Tgcom24 Retrieved 30 September 2017 Referendum Catalogna e una forzatura Salvini rinnega il passato della Lega Nord Non ci sono nostalgie per la Padania Il Fatto Quotidiano 4 October 2017 Salvini a Barcellona le urne una forzatura Nessuno ha nostalgia della Padania 3 October 2017 El Gobierno sardo se ofrece a imprimir y custodiar papeletas naiz eus 22 September 2017 Retrieved 26 September 2017 Diputats sards demanen al seu govern que imprimeixi i guardi les butlletes pel referendum catala VilaWeb cat Arresti contro il referendum popolare la Sardegna si schiera con la Catalogna Regione la Nuova Sardegna 21 September 2017 La Sardegna sostiene la Catalogna Il voto popolare non deve mai fare paura Cronaca L Unione Sarda it 22 September 2017 Catalogna odg Consiglio contro violenze Ansa it 17 October 2017 Retrieved 29 October 2017 Bourgeois oppert internationale bemiddeling in Catalaanse onafhankelijkheidskwestie 20 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Des parlementaires suisses envoient une lettre sur la Catalogne a Madrid rts ch Suisse amp rts ch in French Retrieved 29 September 2017 TEV DEM تعلن تضامنها مع كتالونيا وتدعمها في استفتاءها ANHA hawarnews com Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 Retrieved 30 September 2017 Romero Nazaret 30 September 2017 Catalans have the right to self determination says speaker of the Slovenian Parliament catalannews com Retrieved 30 September 2017 beatrizbecerrab 7 September 2017 Esta es la carta en la que Tajani me responde sobre el golpe en Cataluna Mi carta era del 19 de junio la respuesta ha llegado hoy Tweet via Twitter EU Commission 14 September 2017 JunckerEU sur la Catalogne la Commission respectera les arrets de la Cour constitutionnelle espagnole amp du Parlement espagnol AskJuncker Tweet, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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