fbpx
Wikipedia

Internet meme

March 14, 2023

An Internet meme, commonly known simply as a meme (/miːm/, MEEM), is a cultural item (such as an idea, behaviour, or style) that is spread via the Internet, often through social media platforms. Inspired by the concept of memes proposed by Richard Dawkins in 1972, Internet memes can take various forms, such as images, videos, GIFs, and various other viral sensations. Characteristics of memes include their susceptibility to parody, their use of intertextuality, their propagation in a viral pattern, and their evolution over time.

The term "Internet meme" was formally proposed by Mike Godwin in 1993, with early memes including images and GIFs spread via messageboards, Usenet groups, and email. With the rise of social media platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook, memes have become more diverse and can spread quickly. More recent genres include "dank" and surrealist memes, as well as short-form videos such as those uploaded on Vine and TikTok.

Memes are considered an important part of Internet culture. They appear in a range of contexts (such as marketing, finance, politics, social movements, religion, and healthcare), and use of media from various sources can sometimes lead to issues with copyright.

Characteristics

Internet memes sprout from the original concept of memes as an element of culture passed on from person to person; for the former, this spread occurs through online mediums such as social media.[1] Though the terms are related, Internet memes differ in that they are often short-lasting fads, while traditional memes have their success determined by longevity. Internet memes are also seen as less conceptually abstract compared to their traditional counterpart.[2] There is no single format that memes must follow, and they can have various purposes. For example, they often serve as simply light entertainment, but can also be powerful tools for self-expression, connection, social influence, and political subversion.[3]

Two central attributes of Internet memes are creative reproduction and intertextuality.[4] The former refers to the tendency of a popular meme to become subject to parody and imitation, which may occur by mimicry or remix. Mimicry refers to reproduction of a meme in a different setting to the original, for example. imitation of the "Charlie Bit My Finger" viral video by various individuals. Remix uses the original material of the meme, but alters it in some way using technology-based manipulation (such as Photoshop).[4]

Intertextuality may be demonstrated through memes that combine different subjects or aspects of culture. For example, a meme may combine United States politician Mitt Romney's assertion of the phrase "binders full of women" from a 2012 US presidential debate with the Korean pop song "Gangnam Style" by overlaying the text "my binders full of women exploded" onto a frame from Psy's music video where paper blows around him. This gives new meaning to the scene from the music video and blends political and cultural aspects of two different nations.[4]

Memes can involve in-jokes within online communities, which communicate exclusive cultural knowledge unbeknown to general users; through this, a collective group identity can be built.[5] Other memes, in contrast, have broader cultural relevance and can be understood even by those outside the subculture one would associate with the meme.[3][6]

A study by Michele Knobel and Colin Lankshear explored three characteristics of successful memes identified by Richard Dawkins (fidelity, fecundity, and longevity) in relation to Internet memes. It was found that the fidelity of internet memes was better understood as replicability, as memes, though preserving their essence, are often not transmitted entirely "intact" (due to remixing of some sort). Fecundity was postulated to be determined by three main characteristics: humour (e.g. the comically translated video game line "All your base are belong to us"), intertextuality (e.g. the various pop culture-referencing renditions of the Star Wars Kid viral video), and anomalous juxtaposition (e.g. the Bert is Evil phenomenon). Lastly, a meme's longevity was found to be sustained by the Internet itself.[7]

Evolution and propagation

 
Internet memes propagate in a similar pattern to infectious disease, as shown by this SIR model. The pattern, as depicted in red, shows an initial spike in popularity followed by a gradual taper to obscurity.

Internet memes may stay the same or evolve over time. They can "mutate" in their meaning but maintain their structure, or vice versa, such mutation occurring by chance or by deliberate means such as parody.[8] A study by Miltner explored the LOLcats meme and its evolution over time from an in-joke within computer and gaming communities on 4chan to a source of emotional support and humour for a broader audience. The shift of the meme to mainstream use caused it to become unfashionable among the original creators. Miltner explained "as content passes through various communities, it is interpreted in new ways and takes on new connotations; these are usually specific to the needs and desires of that community, and quite often divorced from the original intent of the creator".[5] Often, the modifications to a meme can turn it into a phenomenon that transgresses social and cultural boundaries.[9]

Memes propagate in a viral pattern, "infecting" individuals in a pattern reminiscent of the SIR model for spread of disease.[10] Once a meme has been propagated to enough people, continued spread is inevitable.[11] A study by Coscia reached a set of conclusions concerning the success of a meme's propagation and its longevity. It found that while Internet memes compete for viewer attention, resulting in shorter lifespan, they can also collaborate with each other to achieve greater survival. Also, paradoxically, a meme that experiences a popularity peak significantly higher than average is not expected to survive unless it is unique, whereas a meme with no such peak continues to be used with other memes and thus has greater survivability.[12] Writing for The Washington Post in 2013, Dominic Basulto asserted that with the growth of the Internet and the exploitation of memes by the marketing and advertising industries, memes have come to lose their initial worth as valuable cultural snippets intended to last for generations, and transmit banal rather than intelligent ideas.[13]

History

Origins and early memes

 
Image macros were a popular meme format in the 2000s, composed of an image overlaid by large text at the top and bottom.

The word meme was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene as an attempt to explain how aspects of culture replicate, mutate, and evolve (memetics).[14] Emoticons are among the earliest examples of internet memes, specifically the smiley emoticon ":-)" introduced by Scott Fahlman in 1982.[15] The concept of the Internet meme was formally proposed by Mike Godwin in the June 1993 issue of Wired.[16] In 2013, Dawkins characterized an Internet meme as being a meme deliberately altered by human creativity—distinguished from biological genes and his own pre-Internet concept of a meme, which involved mutation by random change and spreading through accurate replication as in Darwinian selection. Dawkins explained that Internet memes are thus a "hijacking of the original idea", evolving the very concept of a meme in this new direction.[17] Furthermore, Internet memes carry an additional property that ordinary memes do not: internet memes leave a footprint in the media through which they propagate (for example, social networks) that renders them traceable and analyzable.[12]

 
A lolcat image macro, a meme style popular in the mid-2000s

Internet memes grew as a concept in the mid-late 1990s; examples from this period include the Dancing Baby and Hampster Dance.[18] Memes of this time were primarily spread via messageboards, Usenet groups, and email, and generally lasted for a longer time than modern memes.[19] As the Internet evolved, so did memes. Lolcats originated from imageboard website 4chan (such as lolcats), becoming the prototype of the "image macro" format (an image overlaid by large text).[19] Other early forms of image-based memes included demotivators (parodized motivational posters), photoshopped images, and comics (such as rage comics).[20][21] After the release of YouTube in 2005, video-based memes such as rickrolling and viral videos such as "Gangnam Style" and the Harlem shake emerged.[19][22] The appearance of social media websites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, provided additional vessels for the spread of memes, particularly reaction GIFs,[23] and the creation of meme-generating websites made their production more accessible.[19]

Modern memes

 
Example of a "deep-fried" meme, featuring distortion and saturated colours.

"Dank memes" are a more recent phenomenon, referring to deliberately zany or odd memes with features such as oversaturated colours, compression artifacts, crude humour, and overly loud sounds (termed "ear rape").[24][25] The term "dank", which refers to cold, damp places, has been adapted as a way to describe memes as "new" or "cool".[24][26] The term may also be used to describe memes that have become overused and stale to the point of paradoxically becoming humorous again.[27] The phenomenon of dank memes sprouted a subculture called the "meme market", satirising Wall Street and applying the associated jargon (such as "stocks") to internet memes. Originally started on Reddit as /r/MemeEconomy, users jokingly "buy" or "sell" shares in a meme reflecting opinion on its potential popularity.[28]

"Deep-fried" memes refer to those that have been distorted and run through several filters and/or layers of lossy compression.[29][30] An example of these is the "E" meme, a picture of YouTuber Markiplier photoshopped onto Lord Farquaad from the film Shrek, photoshopped into a scene from businessman Mark Zuckerberg's hearing in Congress.[31] Elizabeth Bruenig of the Washington Post described this as a "digital update to the surreal and absurd genres of art and literature that characterized the tumultuous early 20th century".[32]

Many modern memes make use of humorously absurd and even surrealist themes. Examples of the former include "they did surgery on a grape", a video depicting a Da Vinci Surgical System performing test surgery on a grape,[33] and the "moth meme", a close-up picture of a moth with captions humorously conveying the insect's love of lamps.[34] Surreal memes incorporate layers of irony to make them unique and nonsensical, often as a means of escapism from mainstream meme culture.[35]

After the success of the application Vine, a format of memes emerged in the form of short videos and scripted sketches. An example is the "What's Nine Plus Ten" meme, a Vine video depicting a child humorously providing the incorrect answer to a maths problem.[36] After the shutdown of Vine in 2016, the de facto replacement became Chinese social network TikTok, which similarly utilises the short video format.[37] The platform has become immensely popular, and is the source of memes such as the "Renegade" dance.[38][39]

By context

Marketing

The practice of using memes to market products or services has been termed "memetic marketing".[40] Internet memes allow brands to circumvent the conception of advertisements as irksome, making them less overt and more tailored to the likes of their target audience. Marketing personnel may choose to utilise an existing meme, or create a new meme from scratch. Fashion house Gucci employed the former strategy, launching a series of Instagram ads that reimagined popular memes featuring its watch collection. The image macro "The Most Interesting Man in the World" is an example of the latter, a meme generated from an advertising campaign for the Dos Equis beer brand.[41] Products may also gain popularity through internet memes without intention by the producer themselves; for instance, the film Snakes on a Plane became a cult classic after creation of the website SnakesOnABlog.com by law student Brian Finkelstein.[42]

Use of memes by brands, while often advantageous, has been subject to criticism for seemingly forced, unoriginal, or unfunny usage of memes, which can negatively impact a brand's image.[43] For example, the fast food company Wendy's began a social media-based approach to marketing that was initially met with success (resulting in an almost 50% profit growth that year), but received criticism after sharing a controversial Pepe meme that was negatively perceived by consumers.[44]

Finance

Further information: Meme stocks

Meme stocks are a phenomenon where stock values for a company rise significantly in a short period due to a surge in interest online and subsequent buying by investors. Video game retailer GameStop is recognised as the first meme stock.[45] /r/WallStreetBets, a subreddit where participants discuss stock trading, and Robinhood Markets, a financial services company, became notable in 2021 for their involvement in the popularisation of meme stocks.[46][47]

Politics

 
Pepe the Frog is a politicized Internet meme that has been used by both the alt-right and Hong Kong protesters.

Internet memes are a medium for fast communication to large online audiences, which has led to their use by those seeking to express a political opinion or actively campaign for (or against) a political entity.[15][48] In some ways, they can be seen as a modern form of the political cartoon, offering a way to democratize political commentary.[49]

Among the earliest political memes were those arising from the viral Dean scream, an excerpt from a speech delivered by Vermont governor Howard Dean.[50] Over time, Internet memes have become an increasingly important element in political campaigns, as online communities contribute to broader discourse through the use of memes.[51] For example, Ted Cruz's 2016 Republican presidential bid was damaged by Internet memes that speculated he was the Zodiac Killer.[52]

Research has shown the use of memes during elections has a role to play in informing the public on political themes. A study explored this in relation to the 2017 UK general election, and concluded that memes acted as a widely shared conduit for basic political information to audiences who would usually not seek it out.[53] They also found that memes may play some role in increasing voter turnout.[53]

Some political campaigns have begun to explicitly taken advantage of the increasing influence of memes; as part of the 2020 US presidential campaign, Michael Bloomberg sponsored a number of Instagram accounts (with over 60 million followers collectively) to post memes related to the Bloomberg campaign.[54] The campaign was faulted for treating memes as a commodity that can be bought.[55]

Beyond their use in elections, Internet memes can become symbols for various political ideologies. A salient example is Pepe the Frog, which has been used as a symbol for the alt-right political movement, as well as for pro-democracy ideologies in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.[56][57]

Social movements

 
A person performing the Ice Bucket Challenge

Internet memes can be powerful tools in social movements, constructing collective identity and providing platform for discourse.[3][58] During the 2010 It Gets Better Project for LGBTQ+ empowerment, memes were used to uplift LGBTQ+ youth while negotiating the community's collective identity.[59] In 2014, the viral Ice Bucket Challenge raised money and awareness for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[60] Furthermore, internet memes proved an important medium in the discourse surrounding the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement. [61]

Religion

Internet memes have also been used in the context of religion.[62] They create a participatory culture that enable individuals to collectively make meaning of religious beliefs, reflecting a form of lived religion.[63] Gabrielle et al. identified six common genres of religious memes: non-religious image macros with religious themes, image macros featuring religious figures, memes reacting to religion-related news, memes deifying non-religious figures such as celebrities, spoofs of religious images, and video-based memes.[63]

Healthcare

Social media platforms can increase the speed of dissemination of evidence-based health practices.[64] A study by Reynolds and Boyd found the majority of participants (who were healthcare staff) felt that memes could be an appropriate means of improving healthcare worker's knowledge of and compliance with infection prevention practices.[65] Internet memes were also used in Nigeria to raise awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic, with healthcare professionals using the medium to disseminate information on the virus and its vaccine.[66]

Copyright

Since many memes are derived from pre-existing works, it has been contended that memes violate the copyright of the original authors. However, some view memes as falling under the ambit of fair use.[67] This dilemma has caused conflict between meme producers and copyright owners, for example Getty Images' demand for payment from the blog Get Digital for publishing the "Socially Awkward Penguin" meme without permission.[68]

United States

Under United States copyright law, copyright protection subsists in “original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device". It is disputed whether the use of memes constitutes copyright infringement.[67]

 
This image macro belongs to the public domain in the United States as the background is taken by the Department of Agriculture.

Fair use is a defence under U.S. copyright law which protects work made using other copyrighted works.[69] Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act outlines four factors for analysis of fair use:

  1. The purpose and character of the use,
  2. The nature of the copyrighted work,
  3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used, and
  4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.[67]

The first factor implies the secondary use of a copyrighted work should be "transformative" (that is, giving novel meaning or expression to the original work); many memes fulfil this criteria, placing pieces of media in a new context to serve a different purpose to that of the original author. The second factor favours copied works drawing from factual sources, which may be problematic for memes derived from fictional works (such as films). Many of these memes, however, only use small portions of such works (such as still images), favouring an argument of fair use per the third factor. With regards to the fourth factor, most memes are non-commercial in nature and thus would not have adverse effects on the potential market for the copyright work.[67] Given these factors, and the overall reliance of memes on appropriation of other sources, it has been argued that they deserve protection from copyright infringement suits.[69]

NFTs

Some individuals who are subjects of memes (and thus the copyright holders) have made money through sale of NFTs in auctions.[70] Ben Lashes, a manager of numerous memes, stated their sales as NFTs made over US$2 million and established memes as serious forms of art.[71] One example is the "Disaster Girl", based on a photo of Zoe Roth at age 4 taken in Mebane, North Carolina in January 2005.[71] After this photo became famous and was used hundreds of times without permission, Roth decided to sell the original copy as an NFT for US$500,000, with agreement for a further 10 per cent share of any future sales.[72]

See also

References

  1. ^ Benveniste, Alexis (January 26, 2022). "The Meaning and History of Memes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  2. ^ Shifman, Limor (April 1, 2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013.
  3. ^ a b c Brown, Helen (September 29, 2022). "The surprising power of internet memes". BBC. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Shifman, Limor (2014). Memes in Digital Culture. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52543-5.
  5. ^ a b Miltner, Kate M. (August 4, 2014). "View of "There's no place for lulz on LOLCats": The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme". First Monday. 19 (9). doi:10.5210/fm.v19i8.5391. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  6. ^ Phillips, Whitney; Milner, Ryan M. (2017), Harrington, Stephen (ed.), "Decoding Memes: Barthes' Punctum, Feminist Standpoint Theory, and the Political Significance of #YesAllWomen", Entertainment Values, Palgrave Entertainment Industries, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 195–211, doi:10.1057/978-1-137-47290-8_13, ISBN 978-1-137-47290-8, retrieved March 28, 2021
  7. ^ Knobel, Michele; Lankshear, Colin (2018) [2007]. "Online memes, affinities, and cultural production.". A New Literacies Sampler. Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 199–227. ISBN 9780820495231.
  8. ^ Castaño Díaz, C. M. (2013). Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme. Ces Psicología, 6(2), 82–104.
  9. ^ Bauckhage, C. (2011, July). Insights into internet memes. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 5, No. 1).
  10. ^ Wang, Lin; Wood, Brendan C. (April 26, 2011). "An epidemiological approach to model the viral propagation of memes". Applied Mathematical Modelling. 35 (11): 5442–5447. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2011.04.035.
  11. ^ Zetter, K. (February 29, 2008). "Humans Are Just Machines for Propagating Memes". Wired. from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  12. ^ a b Coscia, Michele (April 5, 2013). "Competition and Success in the Meme Pool: a Case Study on Quickmeme.com". arXiv:1304.1712 [physics.soc-ph]. Paper explained for laymen by Mims, Christopher (June 28, 2013). . Quartz. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013.
  13. ^ Basulto, Dominic (July 5, 2013). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013.
  14. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1989). The Selfish Gene (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-286092-7. from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  15. ^ a b Kulkarni, Anushka (June 3, 2017). "Internet Meme and Political Discourse: A Study on the Impact of Internet Meme as a Tool in Communicating Political Satire". Journal of Content, Community & Communication. 6. SSRN 3501366.
  16. ^ Godwin, Mike (October 1, 1994). "Meme, Counter-meme". Wired. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  17. ^ Solon, Olivia (June 20, 2013). . Wired UK. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013.
  18. ^ Keep, Lennlee (October 8, 2020). "From Kilroy to Pepe: A Brief History of Memes". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d Watercutter, Angela; Grey Ellisby, Emma (April 1, 2018). "The WIRED Guide to Memes". Wired. from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  20. ^ Boutin, Paul (May 9, 2012). "Put Your Rage Into a Cartoon and Exit Laughing". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  21. ^ Denisova, Anastasia (2020). Internet Memes and Society: Social, Cultural, and Political Contexts. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-46940-4. OCLC 1090540034.
  22. ^ Michaels, Sean (March 19, 2008). "Taking the Rick". The Guardian. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  23. ^ Nieubuurt, Joshua T. (January 15, 2021). "Internet Memes: Leaflet Propaganda of the Digital Age". Frontiers in Communication. 5. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2020.547065. ISSN 2297-900X.
  24. ^ a b Hanlon, Annmarie; Tuten, Tracie L., eds. (2022). The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Marketing. SAGE. ISBN 9781529743784.
  25. ^ "Dank Memes — What does dank meme mean?". Dictionary.com. from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  26. ^ Hoffman, Ashley (February 2, 2018). "Donald Trump Jr. Just Became a Dank Meme, Literally". Time. from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  27. ^ Griffin, Annaliese (March 9, 2018). "What does "dank" mean? A definition of everyone's new favourite adjective". Quartz. from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  28. ^ Plaugic, Lizzie (January 10, 2017). "How a group of Redditors is creating a fake stock market to figure out the value of memes". The Verge. from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  29. ^ Günseli, Yalcinkaya (November 11, 2022). "Deep-fried memes: what are they and why do they matter?". Dazed. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  30. ^ Matsakis, Louise (August 30, 2017). "How to Deep-Fry a Meme". Vice. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  31. ^ Hathaway, Jay (November 5, 2018). . The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  32. ^ Bruenig, Elizabeth (August 11, 2017). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  33. ^ Lee, Bruce Y. (December 2, 2018). "They Did Surgery On A Grape: What Is This New Viral Meme?". Forbes. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  34. ^ Ktena, Natalie (September 28, 2018). "Why does everybody love moth memes?". BBC Three. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  35. ^ Bryan, Chloe (February 6, 2019). . Mashable. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  36. ^ Bain, Ellissa (September 10, 2021). "9/10/21 meme explained: What is happening today?". HITC. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  37. ^ Herrman, John (February 22, 2020). "Vine Changed the Internet Forever. How Much Does the Internet Miss It?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  38. ^ Carman, Ashley (April 29, 2020). "TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads". The Verge. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  39. ^ Jennings, Rebecca (February 4, 2020). "The most popular dances now come from TikTok. What happens to their creators?". Vox. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  40. ^ Flor, Nick (December 11, 2000). "Memetic Marketing". InformIT. from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  41. ^ McCrae, James (May 8, 2017). "Meme Marketing: How Brands Are Speaking A New Consumer Language". Forbes. from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  42. ^ Carr, David (May 29, 2006). "Hollywood bypassing critics and print as digital gets hotter - Business - International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  43. ^ Pegolo, Valentina; Carpenter, Lucie (February 6, 2021). "Why Memes Will Never Be Monetized". Jacobin. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  44. ^ Whitten, Sarah (January 4, 2017). "A Wendy's tweet just went viral for all the wrong reasons". CNBC. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  45. ^ Rossolillo, Nicholas (September 23, 2021). "What Are Meme Stocks?". The Motley Fool. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  46. ^ Phillip, Matt; Marcos, Coral M. (August 4, 2021). "Robinhood's shares jump as much as 65 percent, like the meme stocks it enabled". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
  47. ^ Popper, Nathaniel; Browning, Kellen (January 29, 2021). "The 'Roaring Kitty' Rally: How a Reddit User and His Friends Roiled the Markets". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
  48. ^ Seiffert-Brockmann, Jens; Diehl, Trevor; Dobusch, Leonhard (August 2018). "Memes as games: The evolution of a digital discourse online". New Media & Society. 20 (8): 2862–2879. doi:10.1177/1461444817735334. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 206729243.
  49. ^ Grygiel, Jennifer (May 17, 2019). "Political cartoonists are out of touch – it's time to make way for memes". The Conversation. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  50. ^ Murray, Mark (January 18, 2019). "As the 'Dean scream' turns 15, its impact on American politics lives on". NBC News. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  51. ^ MacLeod, Alan (October 12, 2018). "Book review: Kill all normies: Online culture wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the alt-right". New Media & Society. 21 (2): 535–537. doi:10.1177/1461444818804143. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 67774146.
  52. ^ Stuart, Tessa (February 26, 2016). "Is Ted Cruz the Zodiac Killer? Maybe, Say Florida Voters". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  53. ^ a b McLoughlin, Liam; Southern, Rosalynd (July 14, 2020). "By any memes necessary? Small political acts, incidental exposure and memes during the 2017 UK general election". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 23: 60–84. doi:10.1177/1369148120930594. ISSN 1369-1481.
  54. ^ Lorenz, Taylor (February 13, 2020). "Michael Bloomberg's Campaign Suddenly Drops Memes Everywhere". The New York Times. from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  55. ^ Tiffany, Kaitlyn (February 28, 2020). "You Can't Buy Memes". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  56. ^ Placido, Dani Di (May 9, 2017). "How 'Pepe The Frog' Became A Symbol Of Hatred". Forbes. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  57. ^ Victor, Daniel (August 19, 2019). "Hong Kong Protesters Love Pepe the Frog. No, They're Not Alt-Right". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  58. ^ Harbo, Tenna F. (September 24, 2022). "Internet memes as knowledge practice in social movements: Rethinking Economics' delegitimization of economists". Discourse, Context & Media. 50: 100650. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2022.100650. S2CID 252906293.
  59. ^ Gal, N., Shifman, L., and Kampf, Z. (2015) '"It Gets Better": Internet Memes and the Construction of Collective Identity', New Media & Society, Vol. 18, no.8 pp. 1–17.
  60. ^ Sample, Ian; Woolf, Nicky (July 27, 2016). "How the ice bucket challenge led to an ALS research breakthrough". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  61. ^ Milner, Ryan M. (October 30, 2013). "Pop Polyvocality: Internet Memes, Public Participation, and the Occupy Wall Street Movement". International Journal of Communication. 7: 34. ISSN 1932-8036.
  62. ^ Church, Scott Haden; Feller, Gavin (January 2, 2020). "Synecdoche, Aesthetics, and the Sublime Online: Or, What's a Religious Internet Meme?". Journal of Media and Religion. 19 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1080/15348423.2020.1728188. ISSN 1534-8423. S2CID 213540194.
  63. ^ a b Aguilar, Gabrielle K.; Campbell, Heidi A.; Stanley, Mariah; Taylor, Ellen (October 3, 2017). "Communicating mixed messages about religion through internet memes". Information, Communication & Society. 20 (10): 1498–1520. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1229004. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 151721706.
  64. ^ Cawcutt, Kelly A.; Marcelin, Jasmine R; Silver, Julie K (August 27, 2019). "Using social media to disseminate research in infection prevention, hospital epidemiology, and antimicrobial stewardship". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 40 (11): 969–971. doi:10.1017/ice.2019.231. PMID 31452490. S2CID 201757947.
  65. ^ Reynolds, Staci; Boyd, Shelby (June 29, 2021). "Healthcare worker's perspectives on use of memes as an implementation strategy in infection prevention: An exploratory descriptive analysis". American Journal of Infection Control. 49 (7): 969–971. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.019. PMID 33249101. S2CID 227234896.
  66. ^ Msughter, Aondover E. (2020). "Internet Meme as a Campaign Tool to the Fight against Covid-19 in Nigeria". Global Journal of Human-Social Science. 20 (6): 27–39 – via Researchgate.
  67. ^ a b c d Scialabba, Elena E. "A Copy of a Copy of a Copy: Internet Mimesis and the Copyrightability of Memes". Duke Law & Technology Review. 18 (1): 332–352.
  68. ^ Iyer, Aishwaria S; Mehrotra, Raghav (2016). "A Critical Analysis of Memes and Fair Use" (PDF). Rostrum Law Review.
  69. ^ a b Mielczarek, Natalia; Hopkins, W. Wat (March 2021). "Copyright, Transformativeness, and Protection for Internet Memes". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 98 (1): 37–58. doi:10.1177/1077699020950492. ISSN 1077-6990. S2CID 225023573.
  70. ^ Pritchard, Will (April 16, 2021). "They were ancient internet memes. Now NFTs are making them rich". Wired UK. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  71. ^ a b Fazio, Marie (April 29, 2021). "The World Knows Her as 'Disaster Girl.' She Just Made $500,000 Off the Meme". The New York Times. from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  72. ^ Howard, Jacqueline (April 30, 2021). "'Disaster girl', now aged 21, sells original meme photo as an NFT for an eye-watering $650,000". ABC News. Retrieved February 14, 2023.

Further reading

  • Blackmore, Susan (March 16, 2000). The Meme Machine (Volume 25 of Popular Science Series ed.). Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-19-286212-9. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  • Shifman, Limor (November 8, 2013). Memes in Digital Culture. MIT Press, 2013.
  • Wiggins, Bradley E. (September 22, 2014). How the Russia-Ukraine crisis became a magnet for memes. The Conversation. Theconversation.com
  • Wiggins, Bradley E.; Bowers, G. Bret (2014). "Memes as genre: A Structurational Analysis of the Memescape". New Media & Society. 17 (11): 1886–1906. doi:10.1177/1461444814535194. S2CID 30729349.
  • Distin, Kate (2005). The Selfish Meme: A Critical Reassessment. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge.

External links

  Media related to Internet memes at Wikimedia Commons

March 14, 2023
internet, meme, commonly, known, simply, meme, meem, cultural, item, such, idea, behaviour, style, that, spread, internet, often, through, social, media, platforms, inspired, concept, memes, proposed, richard, dawkins, 1972, take, various, forms, such, images,. An Internet meme commonly known simply as a meme m iː m MEEM is a cultural item such as an idea behaviour or style that is spread via the Internet often through social media platforms Inspired by the concept of memes proposed by Richard Dawkins in 1972 Internet memes can take various forms such as images videos GIFs and various other viral sensations Characteristics of memes include their susceptibility to parody their use of intertextuality their propagation in a viral pattern and their evolution over time The term Internet meme was formally proposed by Mike Godwin in 1993 with early memes including images and GIFs spread via messageboards Usenet groups and email With the rise of social media platforms such as YouTube Twitter and Facebook memes have become more diverse and can spread quickly More recent genres include dank and surrealist memes as well as short form videos such as those uploaded on Vine and TikTok Memes are considered an important part of Internet culture They appear in a range of contexts such as marketing finance politics social movements religion and healthcare and use of media from various sources can sometimes lead to issues with copyright Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Evolution and propagation 3 History 3 1 Origins and early memes 3 2 Modern memes 4 By context 4 1 Marketing 4 2 Finance 4 3 Politics 4 4 Social movements 4 5 Religion 4 6 Healthcare 5 Copyright 5 1 United States 5 1 1 NFTs 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksCharacteristicsInternet memes sprout from the original concept of memes as an element of culture passed on from person to person for the former this spread occurs through online mediums such as social media 1 Though the terms are related Internet memes differ in that they are often short lasting fads while traditional memes have their success determined by longevity Internet memes are also seen as less conceptually abstract compared to their traditional counterpart 2 There is no single format that memes must follow and they can have various purposes For example they often serve as simply light entertainment but can also be powerful tools for self expression connection social influence and political subversion 3 Two central attributes of Internet memes are creative reproduction and intertextuality 4 The former refers to the tendency of a popular meme to become subject to parody and imitation which may occur by mimicry or remix Mimicry refers to reproduction of a meme in a different setting to the original for example imitation of the Charlie Bit My Finger viral video by various individuals Remix uses the original material of the meme but alters it in some way using technology based manipulation such as Photoshop 4 Intertextuality may be demonstrated through memes that combine different subjects or aspects of culture For example a meme may combine United States politician Mitt Romney s assertion of the phrase binders full of women from a 2012 US presidential debate with the Korean pop song Gangnam Style by overlaying the text my binders full of women exploded onto a frame from Psy s music video where paper blows around him This gives new meaning to the scene from the music video and blends political and cultural aspects of two different nations 4 Memes can involve in jokes within online communities which communicate exclusive cultural knowledge unbeknown to general users through this a collective group identity can be built 5 Other memes in contrast have broader cultural relevance and can be understood even by those outside the subculture one would associate with the meme 3 6 A study by Michele Knobel and Colin Lankshear explored three characteristics of successful memes identified by Richard Dawkins fidelity fecundity and longevity in relation to Internet memes It was found that the fidelity of internet memes was better understood as replicability as memes though preserving their essence are often not transmitted entirely intact due to remixing of some sort Fecundity was postulated to be determined by three main characteristics humour e g the comically translated video game line All your base are belong to us intertextuality e g the various pop culture referencing renditions of the Star Wars Kid viral video and anomalous juxtaposition e g the Bert is Evil phenomenon Lastly a meme s longevity was found to be sustained by the Internet itself 7 Evolution and propagation Internet memes propagate in a similar pattern to infectious disease as shown by this SIR model The pattern as depicted in red shows an initial spike in popularity followed by a gradual taper to obscurity Internet memes may stay the same or evolve over time They can mutate in their meaning but maintain their structure or vice versa such mutation occurring by chance or by deliberate means such as parody 8 A study by Miltner explored the LOLcats meme and its evolution over time from an in joke within computer and gaming communities on 4chan to a source of emotional support and humour for a broader audience The shift of the meme to mainstream use caused it to become unfashionable among the original creators Miltner explained as content passes through various communities it is interpreted in new ways and takes on new connotations these are usually specific to the needs and desires of that community and quite often divorced from the original intent of the creator 5 Often the modifications to a meme can turn it into a phenomenon that transgresses social and cultural boundaries 9 Memes propagate in a viral pattern infecting individuals in a pattern reminiscent of the SIR model for spread of disease 10 Once a meme has been propagated to enough people continued spread is inevitable 11 A study by Coscia reached a set of conclusions concerning the success of a meme s propagation and its longevity It found that while Internet memes compete for viewer attention resulting in shorter lifespan they can also collaborate with each other to achieve greater survival Also paradoxically a meme that experiences a popularity peak significantly higher than average is not expected to survive unless it is unique whereas a meme with no such peak continues to be used with other memes and thus has greater survivability 12 Writing for The Washington Post in 2013 Dominic Basulto asserted that with the growth of the Internet and the exploitation of memes by the marketing and advertising industries memes have come to lose their initial worth as valuable cultural snippets intended to last for generations and transmit banal rather than intelligent ideas 13 HistoryOrigins and early memes Image macros were a popular meme format in the 2000s composed of an image overlaid by large text at the top and bottom The word meme was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene as an attempt to explain how aspects of culture replicate mutate and evolve memetics 14 Emoticons are among the earliest examples of internet memes specifically the smiley emoticon introduced by Scott Fahlman in 1982 15 The concept of the Internet meme was formally proposed by Mike Godwin in the June 1993 issue of Wired 16 In 2013 Dawkins characterized an Internet meme as being a meme deliberately altered by human creativity distinguished from biological genes and his own pre Internet concept of a meme which involved mutation by random change and spreading through accurate replication as in Darwinian selection Dawkins explained that Internet memes are thus a hijacking of the original idea evolving the very concept of a meme in this new direction 17 Furthermore Internet memes carry an additional property that ordinary memes do not internet memes leave a footprint in the media through which they propagate for example social networks that renders them traceable and analyzable 12 A lolcat image macro a meme style popular in the mid 2000sInternet memes grew as a concept in the mid late 1990s examples from this period include the Dancing Baby and Hampster Dance 18 Memes of this time were primarily spread via messageboards Usenet groups and email and generally lasted for a longer time than modern memes 19 As the Internet evolved so did memes Lolcats originated from imageboard website 4chan such as lolcats becoming the prototype of the image macro format an image overlaid by large text 19 Other early forms of image based memes included demotivators parodized motivational posters photoshopped images and comics such as rage comics 20 21 After the release of YouTube in 2005 video based memes such as rickrolling and viral videos such as Gangnam Style and the Harlem shake emerged 19 22 The appearance of social media websites such as Twitter Facebook and Instagram provided additional vessels for the spread of memes particularly reaction GIFs 23 and the creation of meme generating websites made their production more accessible 19 Modern memes Example of a deep fried meme featuring distortion and saturated colours Dank memes are a more recent phenomenon referring to deliberately zany or odd memes with features such as oversaturated colours compression artifacts crude humour and overly loud sounds termed ear rape 24 25 The term dank which refers to cold damp places has been adapted as a way to describe memes as new or cool 24 26 The term may also be used to describe memes that have become overused and stale to the point of paradoxically becoming humorous again 27 The phenomenon of dank memes sprouted a subculture called the meme market satirising Wall Street and applying the associated jargon such as stocks to internet memes Originally started on Reddit as r MemeEconomy users jokingly buy or sell shares in a meme reflecting opinion on its potential popularity 28 Deep fried memes refer to those that have been distorted and run through several filters and or layers of lossy compression 29 30 An example of these is the E meme a picture of YouTuber Markiplier photoshopped onto Lord Farquaad from the film Shrek photoshopped into a scene from businessman Mark Zuckerberg s hearing in Congress 31 Elizabeth Bruenig of the Washington Post described this as a digital update to the surreal and absurd genres of art and literature that characterized the tumultuous early 20th century 32 Many modern memes make use of humorously absurd and even surrealist themes Examples of the former include they did surgery on a grape a video depicting a Da Vinci Surgical System performing test surgery on a grape 33 and the moth meme a close up picture of a moth with captions humorously conveying the insect s love of lamps 34 Surreal memes incorporate layers of irony to make them unique and nonsensical often as a means of escapism from mainstream meme culture 35 After the success of the application Vine a format of memes emerged in the form of short videos and scripted sketches An example is the What s Nine Plus Ten meme a Vine video depicting a child humorously providing the incorrect answer to a maths problem 36 After the shutdown of Vine in 2016 the de facto replacement became Chinese social network TikTok which similarly utilises the short video format 37 The platform has become immensely popular and is the source of memes such as the Renegade dance 38 39 By contextMarketing The practice of using memes to market products or services has been termed memetic marketing 40 Internet memes allow brands to circumvent the conception of advertisements as irksome making them less overt and more tailored to the likes of their target audience Marketing personnel may choose to utilise an existing meme or create a new meme from scratch Fashion house Gucci employed the former strategy launching a series of Instagram ads that reimagined popular memes featuring its watch collection The image macro The Most Interesting Man in the World is an example of the latter a meme generated from an advertising campaign for the Dos Equis beer brand 41 Products may also gain popularity through internet memes without intention by the producer themselves for instance the film Snakes on a Plane became a cult classic after creation of the website SnakesOnABlog com by law student Brian Finkelstein 42 Use of memes by brands while often advantageous has been subject to criticism for seemingly forced unoriginal or unfunny usage of memes which can negatively impact a brand s image 43 For example the fast food company Wendy s began a social media based approach to marketing that was initially met with success resulting in an almost 50 profit growth that year but received criticism after sharing a controversial Pepe meme that was negatively perceived by consumers 44 Finance Further information Meme stocks Meme stocks are a phenomenon where stock values for a company rise significantly in a short period due to a surge in interest online and subsequent buying by investors Video game retailer GameStop is recognised as the first meme stock 45 r WallStreetBets a subreddit where participants discuss stock trading and Robinhood Markets a financial services company became notable in 2021 for their involvement in the popularisation of meme stocks 46 47 Politics Pepe the Frog is a politicized Internet meme that has been used by both the alt right and Hong Kong protesters Internet memes are a medium for fast communication to large online audiences which has led to their use by those seeking to express a political opinion or actively campaign for or against a political entity 15 48 In some ways they can be seen as a modern form of the political cartoon offering a way to democratize political commentary 49 Among the earliest political memes were those arising from the viral Dean scream an excerpt from a speech delivered by Vermont governor Howard Dean 50 Over time Internet memes have become an increasingly important element in political campaigns as online communities contribute to broader discourse through the use of memes 51 For example Ted Cruz s 2016 Republican presidential bid was damaged by Internet memes that speculated he was the Zodiac Killer 52 Research has shown the use of memes during elections has a role to play in informing the public on political themes A study explored this in relation to the 2017 UK general election and concluded that memes acted as a widely shared conduit for basic political information to audiences who would usually not seek it out 53 They also found that memes may play some role in increasing voter turnout 53 Some political campaigns have begun to explicitly taken advantage of the increasing influence of memes as part of the 2020 US presidential campaign Michael Bloomberg sponsored a number of Instagram accounts with over 60 million followers collectively to post memes related to the Bloomberg campaign 54 The campaign was faulted for treating memes as a commodity that can be bought 55 Beyond their use in elections Internet memes can become symbols for various political ideologies A salient example is Pepe the Frog which has been used as a symbol for the alt right political movement as well as for pro democracy ideologies in the 2019 2020 Hong Kong protests 56 57 Social movements A person performing the Ice Bucket ChallengeInternet memes can be powerful tools in social movements constructing collective identity and providing platform for discourse 3 58 During the 2010 It Gets Better Project for LGBTQ empowerment memes were used to uplift LGBTQ youth while negotiating the community s collective identity 59 In 2014 the viral Ice Bucket Challenge raised money and awareness for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS 60 Furthermore internet memes proved an important medium in the discourse surrounding the Occupy Wall Street OWS movement 61 Religion Internet memes have also been used in the context of religion 62 They create a participatory culture that enable individuals to collectively make meaning of religious beliefs reflecting a form of lived religion 63 Gabrielle et al identified six common genres of religious memes non religious image macros with religious themes image macros featuring religious figures memes reacting to religion related news memes deifying non religious figures such as celebrities spoofs of religious images and video based memes 63 Healthcare Social media platforms can increase the speed of dissemination of evidence based health practices 64 A study by Reynolds and Boyd found the majority of participants who were healthcare staff felt that memes could be an appropriate means of improving healthcare worker s knowledge of and compliance with infection prevention practices 65 Internet memes were also used in Nigeria to raise awareness of the COVID 19 pandemic with healthcare professionals using the medium to disseminate information on the virus and its vaccine 66 CopyrightSince many memes are derived from pre existing works it has been contended that memes violate the copyright of the original authors However some view memes as falling under the ambit of fair use 67 This dilemma has caused conflict between meme producers and copyright owners for example Getty Images demand for payment from the blog Get Digital for publishing the Socially Awkward Penguin meme without permission 68 United StatesUnder United States copyright law copyright protection subsists in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression now known or later developed from which they can be perceived reproduced or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of a machine or device It is disputed whether the use of memes constitutes copyright infringement 67 This image macro belongs to the public domain in the United States as the background is taken by the Department of Agriculture Fair use is a defence under U S copyright law which protects work made using other copyrighted works 69 Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act outlines four factors for analysis of fair use The purpose and character of the use The nature of the copyrighted work The amount and substantiality of the portion used and The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work 67 The first factor implies the secondary use of a copyrighted work should be transformative that is giving novel meaning or expression to the original work many memes fulfil this criteria placing pieces of media in a new context to serve a different purpose to that of the original author The second factor favours copied works drawing from factual sources which may be problematic for memes derived from fictional works such as films Many of these memes however only use small portions of such works such as still images favouring an argument of fair use per the third factor With regards to the fourth factor most memes are non commercial in nature and thus would not have adverse effects on the potential market for the copyright work 67 Given these factors and the overall reliance of memes on appropriation of other sources it has been argued that they deserve protection from copyright infringement suits 69 NFTs Some individuals who are subjects of memes and thus the copyright holders have made money through sale of NFTs in auctions 70 Ben Lashes a manager of numerous memes stated their sales as NFTs made over US 2 million and established memes as serious forms of art 71 One example is the Disaster Girl based on a photo of Zoe Roth at age 4 taken in Mebane North Carolina in January 2005 71 After this photo became famous and was used hundreds of times without permission Roth decided to sell the original copy as an NFT for US 500 000 with agreement for a further 10 per cent share of any future sales 72 See also Internet portalList of Internet phenomena Remix cultureReferences Benveniste Alexis January 26 2022 The Meaning and History of Memes The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 28 2023 Shifman Limor April 1 2013 Memes in a Digital World Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 18 3 362 377 doi 10 1111 jcc4 12013 a b c Brown Helen September 29 2022 The surprising power of internet memes BBC Retrieved January 28 2023 a b c Shifman Limor 2014 Memes in Digital Culture MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 52543 5 a b Miltner Kate M August 4 2014 View of There s no place for lulz on LOLCats The role of genre gender and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme First Monday 19 9 doi 10 5210 fm v19i8 5391 Retrieved March 28 2021 Phillips Whitney Milner Ryan M 2017 Harrington Stephen ed Decoding Memes Barthes Punctum Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Political Significance of YesAllWomen Entertainment Values Palgrave Entertainment Industries London Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 195 211 doi 10 1057 978 1 137 47290 8 13 ISBN 978 1 137 47290 8 retrieved March 28 2021 Knobel Michele Lankshear Colin 2018 2007 Online memes affinities and cultural production A New Literacies Sampler Peter Lang Publishing pp 199 227 ISBN 9780820495231 Castano Diaz C M 2013 Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme Ces Psicologia 6 2 82 104 Bauckhage C 2011 July Insights into internet memes In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media Vol 5 No 1 Wang Lin Wood Brendan C April 26 2011 An epidemiological approach to model the viral propagation of memes Applied Mathematical Modelling 35 11 5442 5447 doi 10 1016 j apm 2011 04 035 Zetter K February 29 2008 Humans Are Just Machines for Propagating Memes Wired Archived from the original on February 2 2014 Retrieved March 7 2017 a b Coscia Michele April 5 2013 Competition and Success in the Meme Pool a Case Study on Quickmeme com arXiv 1304 1712 physics soc ph Paper explained for laymen by Mims Christopher June 28 2013 Why you ll share this story The new science of memes Quartz Archived from the original on July 3 2013 Basulto Dominic July 5 2013 Have Internet memes lost their meaning The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 5 2013 Dawkins Richard 1989 The Selfish Gene 2 ed Oxford University Press p 192 ISBN 978 0 19 286092 7 Archived from the original on March 16 2015 Retrieved June 16 2015 a b Kulkarni Anushka June 3 2017 Internet Meme and Political Discourse A Study on the Impact of Internet Meme as a Tool in Communicating Political Satire Journal of Content Community amp Communication 6 SSRN 3501366 Godwin Mike October 1 1994 Meme Counter meme Wired Retrieved January 31 2023 Solon Olivia June 20 2013 Richard Dawkins on The Internet s hijacking of the word meme Wired UK Archived from the original on July 9 2013 Keep Lennlee October 8 2020 From Kilroy to Pepe A Brief History of Memes Public Broadcasting Service Retrieved January 31 2023 a b c d Watercutter Angela Grey Ellisby Emma April 1 2018 The WIRED Guide to Memes Wired Archived from the original on February 1 2019 Retrieved November 30 2018 Boutin Paul May 9 2012 Put Your Rage Into a Cartoon and Exit Laughing The New York Times Retrieved November 7 2020 Denisova Anastasia 2020 Internet Memes and Society Social Cultural and Political Contexts New York NY Routledge ISBN 978 0 429 46940 4 OCLC 1090540034 Michaels Sean March 19 2008 Taking the Rick The Guardian Retrieved January 31 2023 Nieubuurt Joshua T January 15 2021 Internet Memes Leaflet Propaganda of the Digital Age Frontiers in Communication 5 doi 10 3389 fcomm 2020 547065 ISSN 2297 900X a b Hanlon Annmarie Tuten Tracie L eds 2022 The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Marketing SAGE ISBN 9781529743784 Dank Memes What does dank meme mean Dictionary com Archived from the original on November 30 2018 Retrieved November 30 2018 Hoffman Ashley February 2 2018 Donald Trump Jr Just Became a Dank Meme Literally Time Archived from the original on May 1 2018 Retrieved May 19 2018 Griffin Annaliese March 9 2018 What does dank mean A definition of everyone s new favourite adjective Quartz Archived from the original on May 19 2018 Retrieved May 19 2018 Plaugic Lizzie January 10 2017 How a group of Redditors is creating a fake stock market to figure out the value of memes The Verge Archived from the original on December 11 2018 Retrieved December 10 2018 Gunseli Yalcinkaya November 11 2022 Deep fried memes what are they and why do they matter Dazed Retrieved February 13 2023 Matsakis Louise August 30 2017 How to Deep Fry a Meme Vice Retrieved February 13 2023 Hathaway Jay November 5 2018 The E meme shows just how weird memes can get The Daily Dot Archived from the original on March 26 2019 Retrieved March 26 2019 Bruenig Elizabeth August 11 2017 Why is millennial humor so weird The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 7 2019 Retrieved March 26 2019 Lee Bruce Y December 2 2018 They Did Surgery On A Grape What Is This New Viral Meme Forbes Retrieved February 1 2023 Ktena Natalie September 28 2018 Why does everybody love moth memes BBC Three Retrieved February 1 2023 Bryan Chloe February 6 2019 Surreal memes deserve their own internet dimension Mashable Archived from the original on March 27 2019 Retrieved March 26 2019 Bain Ellissa September 10 2021 9 10 21 meme explained What is happening today HITC Retrieved February 2 2023 Herrman John February 22 2020 Vine Changed the Internet Forever How Much Does the Internet Miss It The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 2 2023 Carman Ashley April 29 2020 TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads The Verge Retrieved February 2 2023 Jennings Rebecca February 4 2020 The most popular dances now come from TikTok What happens to their creators Vox Retrieved February 2 2023 Flor Nick December 11 2000 Memetic Marketing InformIT Archived from the original on January 14 2012 Retrieved July 29 2011 McCrae James May 8 2017 Meme Marketing How Brands Are Speaking A New Consumer Language Forbes Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved December 10 2018 Carr David May 29 2006 Hollywood bypassing critics and print as digital gets hotter Business International Herald Tribune The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 4 2023 Pegolo Valentina Carpenter Lucie February 6 2021 Why Memes Will Never Be Monetized Jacobin Retrieved February 7 2021 Whitten Sarah January 4 2017 A Wendy s tweet just went viral for all the wrong reasons CNBC Retrieved August 19 2020 Rossolillo Nicholas September 23 2021 What Are Meme Stocks The Motley Fool Retrieved October 8 2021 Phillip Matt Marcos Coral M August 4 2021 Robinhood s shares jump as much as 65 percent like the meme stocks it enabled The New York Times Retrieved February 15 2023 Popper Nathaniel Browning Kellen January 29 2021 The Roaring Kitty Rally How a Reddit User and His Friends Roiled the Markets The New York Times Retrieved February 15 2023 Seiffert Brockmann Jens Diehl Trevor Dobusch Leonhard August 2018 Memes as games The evolution of a digital discourse online New Media amp Society 20 8 2862 2879 doi 10 1177 1461444817735334 ISSN 1461 4448 S2CID 206729243 Grygiel Jennifer May 17 2019 Political cartoonists are out of touch it s time to make way for memes The Conversation Retrieved March 6 2021 Murray Mark January 18 2019 As the Dean scream turns 15 its impact on American politics lives on NBC News Retrieved February 7 2023 MacLeod Alan October 12 2018 Book review Kill all normies Online culture wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the alt right New Media amp Society 21 2 535 537 doi 10 1177 1461444818804143 ISSN 1461 4448 S2CID 67774146 Stuart Tessa February 26 2016 Is Ted Cruz the Zodiac Killer Maybe Say Florida Voters Rolling Stone Retrieved July 22 2020 a b McLoughlin Liam Southern Rosalynd July 14 2020 By any memes necessary Small political acts incidental exposure and memes during the 2017 UK general election The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 23 60 84 doi 10 1177 1369148120930594 ISSN 1369 1481 Lorenz Taylor February 13 2020 Michael Bloomberg s Campaign Suddenly Drops Memes Everywhere The New York Times Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved July 30 2020 Tiffany Kaitlyn February 28 2020 You Can t Buy Memes The Atlantic Retrieved July 30 2020 Placido Dani Di May 9 2017 How Pepe The Frog Became A Symbol Of Hatred Forbes Retrieved February 8 2023 Victor Daniel August 19 2019 Hong Kong Protesters Love Pepe the Frog No They re Not Alt Right The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 8 2023 Harbo Tenna F September 24 2022 Internet memes as knowledge practice in social movements Rethinking Economics delegitimization of economists Discourse Context amp Media 50 100650 doi 10 1016 j dcm 2022 100650 S2CID 252906293 Gal N Shifman L and Kampf Z 2015 It Gets Better Internet Memes and the Construction of Collective Identity New Media amp Society Vol 18 no 8 pp 1 17 Sample Ian Woolf Nicky July 27 2016 How the ice bucket challenge led to an ALS research breakthrough The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved February 11 2023 Milner Ryan M October 30 2013 Pop Polyvocality Internet Memes Public Participation and the Occupy Wall Street Movement International Journal of Communication 7 34 ISSN 1932 8036 Church Scott Haden Feller Gavin January 2 2020 Synecdoche Aesthetics and the Sublime Online Or What s a Religious Internet Meme Journal of Media and Religion 19 1 12 23 doi 10 1080 15348423 2020 1728188 ISSN 1534 8423 S2CID 213540194 a b Aguilar Gabrielle K Campbell Heidi A Stanley Mariah Taylor Ellen October 3 2017 Communicating mixed messages about religion through internet memes Information Communication amp Society 20 10 1498 1520 doi 10 1080 1369118X 2016 1229004 ISSN 1369 118X S2CID 151721706 Cawcutt Kelly A Marcelin Jasmine R Silver Julie K August 27 2019 Using social media to disseminate research in infection prevention hospital epidemiology and antimicrobial stewardship Infection Control amp Hospital Epidemiology 40 11 969 971 doi 10 1017 ice 2019 231 PMID 31452490 S2CID 201757947 Reynolds Staci Boyd Shelby June 29 2021 Healthcare worker s perspectives on use of memes as an implementation strategy in infection prevention An exploratory descriptive analysis American Journal of Infection Control 49 7 969 971 doi 10 1016 j ajic 2020 11 019 PMID 33249101 S2CID 227234896 Msughter Aondover E 2020 Internet Meme as a Campaign Tool to the Fight against Covid 19 in Nigeria Global Journal of Human Social Science 20 6 27 39 via Researchgate a b c d Scialabba Elena E A Copy of a Copy of a Copy Internet Mimesis and the Copyrightability of Memes Duke Law amp Technology Review 18 1 332 352 Iyer Aishwaria S Mehrotra Raghav 2016 A Critical Analysis of Memes and Fair Use PDF Rostrum Law Review a b Mielczarek Natalia Hopkins W Wat March 2021 Copyright Transformativeness and Protection for Internet Memes Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 98 1 37 58 doi 10 1177 1077699020950492 ISSN 1077 6990 S2CID 225023573 Pritchard Will April 16 2021 They were ancient internet memes Now NFTs are making them rich Wired UK Retrieved May 4 2021 a b Fazio Marie April 29 2021 The World Knows Her as Disaster Girl She Just Made 500 000 Off the Meme The New York Times Archived from the original on April 29 2021 Retrieved April 30 2021 Howard Jacqueline April 30 2021 Disaster girl now aged 21 sells original meme photo as an NFT for an eye watering 650 000 ABC News Retrieved February 14 2023 Further readingBlackmore Susan March 16 2000 The Meme Machine Volume 25 of Popular Science Series ed Oxford University Press 2000 p 288 ISBN 978 0 19 286212 9 Retrieved November 30 2012 Shifman Limor November 8 2013 Memes in Digital Culture MIT Press 2013 Wiggins Bradley E September 22 2014 How the Russia Ukraine crisis became a magnet for memes The Conversation Theconversation com Wiggins Bradley E Bowers G Bret 2014 Memes as genre A Structurational Analysis of the Memescape New Media amp Society 17 11 1886 1906 doi 10 1177 1461444814535194 S2CID 30729349 Distin Kate 2005 The Selfish Meme A Critical Reassessment Cambridge U K Cambridge External links Media related to Internet memes at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Internet meme amp oldid 1143888823, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.