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Podolia

January 09, 2023

Podolia or Podilia (Ukrainian: Поділля, romanized: Podillia, IPA: [poˈd⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːɐ]; Russian: Подолье, romanized: Podolye; Romanian: Podolia; Polish: Podole; German: Podolien; Belarusian: Падолле, romanized: Padollie; Lithuanian: Podolė; Yiddish: פאדאליע, romanized: Podolie), is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-central and south-western parts of Ukraine and in northeastern Moldova (i.e. northern Transnistria). The name derives from Old Slavic po, meaning "by/next to/along" and dol, "valley" (see dale).

Podilia
Поділля
Podolia
Historical Region
Medieval fortress in Kamianets-Podilskyi
Coat of arms
Podolia (yellow) in modern Ukraine
CountryUkraine, Moldova
RegionWest Ukraine, Central Ukraine
PartsTernopil Oblast, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Vinnytsia Oblast, Odesa Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast
Maps title reads Podolian Voivodeship, part of Ukraine

Geography

The area is part of the vast East European Plain, confined by the Dniester River and the Carpathian arc in the southwest. It comprises an area of about 40,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi), extending for 320 km (200 mi) from northwest to southeast on the left bank of the Dniester. In the same direction run two ranges of relatively low hills separated by the Southern Bug, ramifications of the Avratynsk heights. The Podolian Upland, an elongated, up to 472 ft (144 m) high plateau stretches from the Western and Southern Bug rivers to the Dniester, and includes hill countries and mountainous regions with canyon-like fluvial valleys.

Podolia lies east of historic Red Ruthenia, i.e. the eastern half of Galicia, beyond the Seret River, a tributary of the Dniester. In the northwest it borders on Volhynia. It is made up of the present-day Ukrainian Vinnytsia Oblast and southern and central Khmelnytskyi Oblast. The Podolian lands further include parts of adjacent Ternopil Oblast in the west and Kyiv Oblast in the northeast. In the east it consists of the neighbouring parts of Cherkasy, Kirovohrad and Odessa Oblasts, as well as the northern half of Transnistria.

Two large rivers, with numerous tributaries, drain the region: the Dniester, which forms its boundary with Moldova and is navigable throughout its length, and the Southern Bug, which flows almost parallel to the former in a higher, sometimes swampy, valley, interrupted in several places by rapids. The Dniester forms an important channel for trade in the areas of Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Zhvanets and other Podolian river-ports.

In Podolia, "black earth" (chernozem) soil predominates, making it a very fertile agricultural area. Marshes occur only beside the Bug. A moderate climate predominates, with average temperatures at Kamianets-Podilskyi of 9 °C (−4 °C in January, 20 °C in July).

Russian-ruled Podolia in 1906 had an estimated population of 3,543,700, consisting chiefly of Ukrainians. Significant minorities included Poles and Jews, as well as 50,000 Romanians, some Germans, and some Armenians.

The chief towns include Kamianets-Podilskyi, the traditional capital, Balta, Bar, Bratslav, Haisyn, Khmelnytskyi, Letychiv, Lityn, Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Nova Ushytsia, Olhopil, Skala-Podilska, Vinnytsia, and Yampil. In Moldova, the major Podolian cities are Camenca and Rîbnița.

Podolia is known for its cherries, mulberries, melons, gourds, and cucumbers.

History

The country has had human inhabitants since at least the beginning of the Neolithic period. Herodotus mentions it as the seat of the Graeco-Scythian Alazones and possibly Scythian Neuri. Subsequently, the Dacians and the Getae arrived. The Romans left traces of their rule in Trajan's Wall, which stretches through the modern districts of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Nova Ushytsia and Khmelnytskyi.

During the Great Migration Period, many nationalities passed through this territory or settled within it for some time, leaving numerous traces in archaeological remains. Nestor in the Primary Chronicle mentions four apparently Slavic tribes: the Buzhans and Dulebes along the Southern Bug River, and the Tivertsi and Ulichs along the Dniester. The Avars invaded in the 7th century. Later the Bolokhoveni occupied the same territory in the 13th-century.

Kingdom of Ruthenia and Polish Crown

Prince Oleg of Novgorod extended his rule over this territory known as the Ponizie, or "lowlands." These lowlands later became a part of the Rus' principalities of Volhynia, Kyiv, and Galicia. In the 13th century, Bakota served as its political and administrative centre. During that time, the Mongols plundered Ponizie; Algirdas (Olgierd), prince of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, freed it from their rule following his victory against the Golden Horde in the Battle of Blue Waters of 1362, annexing it to his own territories under the name of Podolia, which has the same meaning as Ponizie. Polish colonisation began in the 14th century.

 
Podolia (French: Podolie) in yellow on a map by French cartographer Henri Chatelain in 1712. White Ruthenia in white, Black Ruthenia in black, and Volhynia in red.

After the death of the Lithuanian prince Vytautas (Vitovt) in 1430, Podolia was incorporated into Podolian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown, with the exception of its eastern part, the Province of Bratslav, which remained with Lithuania until its union with Poland in the Union of Lublin of 1569. From 1672, Podolia became part of the Ottoman Empire, when and where it was known as Podolia Eyalet. During this time, it was a province, with its center being Kamaniçe, and was divided into the sanjaks of Kamaniçe, Bar, Mejibuji and Yazlovets (Yazlofça). It returned to Polish overlordship in 1699. The Poles retained Podolia until the partitions of their country in 1772 and 1793, when the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Imperial Russia annexed the western and eastern parts respectively.

Russian Empire

 
Podolians, before 1878

From 1793 to 1917, part of the region was the Podolia Governorate (Russian: Подольская губерния [Podol’skaja gubernija]; Ukrainian: Подільська губернія [Podil’s’ka hubernija]) in southwestern Russia bordering with Austria across the Zbruch River and with Bessarabia across the Dniester. Its area was 36,910 km2 (14,251 sq mi).

In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Austrian Habsburgs had taken control of a small part of Podolia west of the Zbruch River (sometimes also called "Southern Podolia") around Borschiv, in what is today Ternopil Oblast. At this time, Emperor Joseph II toured the area, was impressed by the fertility of the soil, and was optimistic about its future prospects. Poland disappeared as a state in a third partition in 1795 but the Polish gentry continued to maintain local control in both eastern and western Podolia over a peasant population which was primarily ethnically Ukrainian whose similarity to the other East Slavs already subject to the Habsburg monarchy was showcased in a 1772 book by Adam F. Kollár and was used as an argument in favor of annexation by the Habsburgs.[1] The Ternopil (Tarnopol) region of western Podolia was briefly taken by Russia in 1809 but reverted to Austrian rule in 1815. Within the Austrian Empire, western Podolia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria which, in 1867 with the formation of Austria-Hungary, became an ethnic Pole-administered autonomous unit under the Austrian crown. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Austrian Podolia witnessed a large scale emigration of its peasant population to western Canada.

As to the Jewish community in Podolia, the Haskalah or Jewish Englightenment reached it in the 19th century, introduced by Jews from Western Europe. Says I A. Bar-Levy (Weissman), author of the "Yizkor Book" for Podolia: "It brought an end to the cultural separation of Jews from the surrounding world. Jews began to learn modern sciences and languages, read world literature and participate in the cultural life of the nations among whom they lived."[2] Just as was the case in other areas of former Poland, Jews started to learn the language of the country they lived in and to write about secular subjects. The writers of the Haskalah in Podolia included: the forerunner Isaac Satanow (1733–1805), Menachim Mendel Lapin, author and translator, Ben-Ami (Mordecai Rabinowitz), who wrote in Russian, and many others.[2]

Between Poland and the Soviet Union

With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, western Podolia was included in the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but came under Polish control in 1919 which was confirmed in the Poland–Ukrainian People's Republic agreement in April 1920. Podolia was briefly occupied in 1920 by Soviets during the course of the Polish–Soviet War. At same war, Poland briefly occupied eastern Podolia in 1919 and again in 1920. After the Peace of Riga the Polish control of western Podolia was recognized by the USSR. USSR retained eastern Podalia. There were pogroms during this period.

In Poland from 1921 to 1939, western Podolia was part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship. Eastern Podolia remained in the Ukrainian SSR and between 1922 and 1940, in the southwestern part, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created.

In 1927 there was a massive uprising of peasants and factory workers in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tiraspol and other cities of southern Ukrainian SSR against Soviet authorities. Troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing around 4000 deaths, according to US correspondents sent to report about the insurrection, which was at the time completely denied by the Kremlin official press.[3]

In 1939 after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the area became part of Soviet Ukraine. Many local inhabitants were deported to labour camps.[citation needed] Following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, most of Podolia was occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The area of Podolia between the Southern Bug below Vinnytsia and the Dniester was occupied by Axis Romania as part of Transnistria.

Starting in July 1941, the Jewish inhabitants were subjected to mass extermination by shooting in a German campaign carried out by four Einsatzgruppen ("operational groups") specially organized for the purpose. Reliable estimates including German, Soviet, and local records indicate that upwards of 1.6 million, perhaps as many as 2 million, Jews were murdered in this fashion. Most were buried in mass graves,[citation needed] but there were also instances of communities being forced en masse into community buildings or synagogues that were then burnt,[citation needed] or herded into local mines that were subsequently dynamited.[citation needed]

In 1944 the Soviets regained Podolia and in 1945, when Poland's eastern border was formally realigned along the Curzon line, the whole of Podolia remained in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Most remaining Poles and Jews fled or were expelled to the People's Republic of Poland.

Culture

The Podillia's folk icon-painting tradition is well known in Ukraine. Its manifestation are long home iconostases painted on canvas in the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Red, green and yellow colours prevail, the faces of the saints are a little bit long, their eyes almond-like. On these iconostases, the most venerated family saints were painted. The collections of Podillya's folk iconostases are possessed by Vinnytsya Art Museum and The Museum of Ukrainian Home Icons in the Radomysl Castle.[4]

Notable people

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Joachim Bahlcke, Ungarischer Episkopat und österreichische Monarchie: Von einer Partnerschaft zur Konfrontation (1686–1790). 2005.
  2. ^ a b Bar-Levy, I. A. (1966). Blatman, Leon S. (ed.). 'Kamenetz-Podolsk': A Memorial to a Jewish Community Annihilated by the Nazis in 1941. New York: The Sponsors of the Kamenetz-Podolsk Memorial Book. p. 14 – via Princeton University Press.
  3. ^ , Time, December 12, 1927
  4. ^ Богомолець. О. "Замок-музей Радомисль на Шляху Королів Via Regia". — Київ, 2013
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Podolia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 875.
  • The Road From Letichev, Chapin & Weinstock, Writers' Showcase 2000

External links

  • Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ihor Stebelsky, Mykhailo Zhdan, Podilia in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 4 (1993). It was slightly updated in 2010.
  • The Official Site of the Radomysl Castle 2020-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • (in Russian) Petrov N. (1891) Podolia. A Historical Description (Подолия. Историческое описание) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats

January 09, 2023
podolia, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, april, 2016, podilia, ukrainian, Поділля, romanized, podillia, poˈd, ilʲːɐ, russian, Под. This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article April 2016 Podolia or Podilia Ukrainian Podillya romanized Podillia IPA poˈd ʲ ilʲːɐ Russian Podole romanized Podolye Romanian Podolia Polish Podole German Podolien Belarusian Padolle romanized Padollie Lithuanian Podole Yiddish פאדאליע romanized Podolie is a historic region in Eastern Europe located in the west central and south western parts of Ukraine and in northeastern Moldova i e northern Transnistria The name derives from Old Slavic po meaning by next to along and dol valley see dale Podilia PodillyaPodoliaHistorical RegionMedieval fortress in Kamianets PodilskyiCoat of armsPodolia yellow in modern UkraineCountryUkraine MoldovaRegionWest Ukraine Central UkrainePartsTernopil Oblast Khmelnytskyi Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast Odesa Oblast Cherkasy OblastMaps title reads Podolian Voivodeship part of Ukraine Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2 1 Kingdom of Ruthenia and Polish Crown 2 2 Russian Empire 2 3 Between Poland and the Soviet Union 3 Culture 4 Notable people 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External linksGeography EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The area is part of the vast East European Plain confined by the Dniester River and the Carpathian arc in the southwest It comprises an area of about 40 000 km2 15 000 sq mi extending for 320 km 200 mi from northwest to southeast on the left bank of the Dniester In the same direction run two ranges of relatively low hills separated by the Southern Bug ramifications of the Avratynsk heights The Podolian Upland an elongated up to 472 ft 144 m high plateau stretches from the Western and Southern Bug rivers to the Dniester and includes hill countries and mountainous regions with canyon like fluvial valleys Podolia lies east of historic Red Ruthenia i e the eastern half of Galicia beyond the Seret River a tributary of the Dniester In the northwest it borders on Volhynia It is made up of the present day Ukrainian Vinnytsia Oblast and southern and central Khmelnytskyi Oblast The Podolian lands further include parts of adjacent Ternopil Oblast in the west and Kyiv Oblast in the northeast In the east it consists of the neighbouring parts of Cherkasy Kirovohrad and Odessa Oblasts as well as the northern half of Transnistria Two large rivers with numerous tributaries drain the region the Dniester which forms its boundary with Moldova and is navigable throughout its length and the Southern Bug which flows almost parallel to the former in a higher sometimes swampy valley interrupted in several places by rapids The Dniester forms an important channel for trade in the areas of Mohyliv Podilskyi Zhvanets and other Podolian river ports In Podolia black earth chernozem soil predominates making it a very fertile agricultural area Marshes occur only beside the Bug A moderate climate predominates with average temperatures at Kamianets Podilskyi of 9 C 4 C in January 20 C in July Russian ruled Podolia in 1906 had an estimated population of 3 543 700 consisting chiefly of Ukrainians Significant minorities included Poles and Jews as well as 50 000 Romanians some Germans and some Armenians The chief towns include Kamianets Podilskyi the traditional capital Balta Bar Bratslav Haisyn Khmelnytskyi Letychiv Lityn Mohyliv Podilskyi Nova Ushytsia Olhopil Skala Podilska Vinnytsia and Yampil In Moldova the major Podolian cities are Camenca and Ribnița Podolia is known for its cherries mulberries melons gourds and cucumbers History EditThe country has had human inhabitants since at least the beginning of the Neolithic period Herodotus mentions it as the seat of the Graeco Scythian Alazones and possibly Scythian Neuri Subsequently the Dacians and the Getae arrived The Romans left traces of their rule in Trajan s Wall which stretches through the modern districts of Kamianets Podilskyi Nova Ushytsia and Khmelnytskyi During the Great Migration Period many nationalities passed through this territory or settled within it for some time leaving numerous traces in archaeological remains Nestor in the Primary Chronicle mentions four apparently Slavic tribes the Buzhans and Dulebes along the Southern Bug River and the Tivertsi and Ulichs along the Dniester The Avars invaded in the 7th century Later the Bolokhoveni occupied the same territory in the 13th century Kingdom of Ruthenia and Polish Crown Edit Prince Oleg of Novgorod extended his rule over this territory known as the Ponizie or lowlands These lowlands later became a part of the Rus principalities of Volhynia Kyiv and Galicia In the 13th century Bakota served as its political and administrative centre During that time the Mongols plundered Ponizie Algirdas Olgierd prince of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania freed it from their rule following his victory against the Golden Horde in the Battle of Blue Waters of 1362 annexing it to his own territories under the name of Podolia which has the same meaning as Ponizie Polish colonisation began in the 14th century Podolia French Podolie in yellow on a map by French cartographer Henri Chatelain in 1712 White Ruthenia in white Black Ruthenia in black and Volhynia in red After the death of the Lithuanian prince Vytautas Vitovt in 1430 Podolia was incorporated into Podolian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown with the exception of its eastern part the Province of Bratslav which remained with Lithuania until its union with Poland in the Union of Lublin of 1569 From 1672 Podolia became part of the Ottoman Empire when and where it was known as Podolia Eyalet During this time it was a province with its center being Kamanice and was divided into the sanjaks of Kamanice Bar Mejibuji and Yazlovets Yazlofca It returned to Polish overlordship in 1699 The Poles retained Podolia until the partitions of their country in 1772 and 1793 when the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Imperial Russia annexed the western and eastern parts respectively Russian Empire Edit Podolians before 1878 From 1793 to 1917 part of the region was the Podolia Governorate Russian Podolskaya guberniya Podol skaja gubernija Ukrainian Podilska guberniya Podil s ka hubernija in southwestern Russia bordering with Austria across the Zbruch River and with Bessarabia across the Dniester Its area was 36 910 km2 14 251 sq mi In the 1772 First Partition of Poland the Austrian Habsburgs had taken control of a small part of Podolia west of the Zbruch River sometimes also called Southern Podolia around Borschiv in what is today Ternopil Oblast At this time Emperor Joseph II toured the area was impressed by the fertility of the soil and was optimistic about its future prospects Poland disappeared as a state in a third partition in 1795 but the Polish gentry continued to maintain local control in both eastern and western Podolia over a peasant population which was primarily ethnically Ukrainian whose similarity to the other East Slavs already subject to the Habsburg monarchy was showcased in a 1772 book by Adam F Kollar and was used as an argument in favor of annexation by the Habsburgs 1 The Ternopil Tarnopol region of western Podolia was briefly taken by Russia in 1809 but reverted to Austrian rule in 1815 Within the Austrian Empire western Podolia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria which in 1867 with the formation of Austria Hungary became an ethnic Pole administered autonomous unit under the Austrian crown At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth Austrian Podolia witnessed a large scale emigration of its peasant population to western Canada Medieval fortress in Letychiv As to the Jewish community in Podolia the Haskalah or Jewish Englightenment reached it in the 19th century introduced by Jews from Western Europe Says I A Bar Levy Weissman author of the Yizkor Book for Podolia It brought an end to the cultural separation of Jews from the surrounding world Jews began to learn modern sciences and languages read world literature and participate in the cultural life of the nations among whom they lived 2 Just as was the case in other areas of former Poland Jews started to learn the language of the country they lived in and to write about secular subjects The writers of the Haskalah in Podolia included the forerunner Isaac Satanow 1733 1805 Menachim Mendel Lapin author and translator Ben Ami Mordecai Rabinowitz who wrote in Russian and many others 2 Between Poland and the Soviet Union Edit With the collapse of Austria Hungary following World War I in November 1918 western Podolia was included in the West Ukrainian People s Republic but came under Polish control in 1919 which was confirmed in the Poland Ukrainian People s Republic agreement in April 1920 Podolia was briefly occupied in 1920 by Soviets during the course of the Polish Soviet War At same war Poland briefly occupied eastern Podolia in 1919 and again in 1920 After the Peace of Riga the Polish control of western Podolia was recognized by the USSR USSR retained eastern Podalia There were pogroms during this period In Poland from 1921 to 1939 western Podolia was part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship Eastern Podolia remained in the Ukrainian SSR and between 1922 and 1940 in the southwestern part the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created In 1927 there was a massive uprising of peasants and factory workers in Mohyliv Podilskyi Kamianets Podilskyi Tiraspol and other cities of southern Ukrainian SSR against Soviet authorities Troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest causing around 4000 deaths according to US correspondents sent to report about the insurrection which was at the time completely denied by the Kremlin official press 3 In 1939 after the signing of the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17 1939 the area became part of Soviet Ukraine Many local inhabitants were deported to labour camps citation needed Following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 most of Podolia was occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine The area of Podolia between the Southern Bug below Vinnytsia and the Dniester was occupied by Axis Romania as part of Transnistria Starting in July 1941 the Jewish inhabitants were subjected to mass extermination by shooting in a German campaign carried out by four Einsatzgruppen operational groups specially organized for the purpose Reliable estimates including German Soviet and local records indicate that upwards of 1 6 million perhaps as many as 2 million Jews were murdered in this fashion Most were buried in mass graves citation needed but there were also instances of communities being forced en masse into community buildings or synagogues that were then burnt citation needed or herded into local mines that were subsequently dynamited citation needed In 1944 the Soviets regained Podolia and in 1945 when Poland s eastern border was formally realigned along the Curzon line the whole of Podolia remained in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Most remaining Poles and Jews fled or were expelled to the People s Republic of Poland Culture EditThe Podillia s folk icon painting tradition is well known in Ukraine Its manifestation are long home iconostases painted on canvas in the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries Red green and yellow colours prevail the faces of the saints are a little bit long their eyes almond like On these iconostases the most venerated family saints were painted The collections of Podillya s folk iconostases are possessed by Vinnytsya Art Museum and The Museum of Ukrainian Home Icons in the Radomysl Castle 4 Notable people EditWawrzyniec Dayczak 1882 1968 architect and activistGallery Edit Vinnytsia Khmelnytskyi The fortress of Kamianets Podilskyi The main building of Uman National University of Horticulture Pervomaisk city council Ribnița as seen from across the Dniester river Emblem Kamianets Podilskyi City Hall at night A nice park with a fountain near the Kamianets Podilskyi s old town quarter An old street in Kamianets Podilskyi s old town quarter Recently restorational works are being conducted in the city Arch of triumph in Kamianets Podilskyi ZalishchykyReferences Edit Joachim Bahlcke Ungarischer Episkopat und osterreichische Monarchie Von einer Partnerschaft zur Konfrontation 1686 1790 2005 a b Bar Levy I A 1966 Blatman Leon S ed Kamenetz Podolsk A Memorial to a Jewish Community Annihilated by the Nazis in 1941 New York The Sponsors of the Kamenetz Podolsk Memorial Book p 14 via Princeton University Press Disorder in the Ukraine Time December 12 1927 Bogomolec O Zamok muzej Radomisl na Shlyahu Koroliv Via Regia Kiyiv 2013 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Kropotkin Peter Alexeivitch Bealby John Thomas 1911 Podolia In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 875 The Road From Letichev Chapin amp Weinstock Writers Showcase 2000External links EditVolodymyr Kubijovyc Ihor Stebelsky Mykhailo Zhdan Podilia in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine vol 4 1993 It was slightly updated in 2010 Map of Podolia 1882 The Official Site of the Radomysl Castle Archived 2020 08 14 at the Wayback Machine in Russian Petrov N 1891 Podolia A Historical Description Podoliya Istoricheskoe opisanie at Runivers ru in DjVu and PDF formats Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Podolia amp oldid 1132161897, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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