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Radical centrism

February 27, 2023

Radical centrism (also called the radical center, the radical centre or the radical middle) is a concept that arose in Western nations in the late 20th century.

The radical in the term refers to a willingness on the part of most radical centrists to call for fundamental reform of institutions.[1] The centrism refers to a belief that genuine solutions require realism and pragmatism, not just idealism and emotion.[2] One radical centrist text defines radical centrism as "idealism without illusions",[3] a phrase originally from John F. Kennedy.[4] This approach typically leads to endorsing evidence, rather than ideology, as the guiding principle.

Radical centrists borrow ideas from the left and the right, often melding them together.[5] Most support market-based solutions to social problems, with strong governmental oversight in the public interest.[6] There is support for increased global engagement and the growth of an empowered middle class in developing countries.[7] In the US, many radical centrists work within the major political parties, but they also support independent or third-party initiatives and candidacies.[8]

One common criticism of radical centrism is that its policies are only marginally different from conventional centrist policies.[9] Some observers see radical centrism as primarily a process of catalyzing dialogue and fresh thinking among polarized people and groups.[10]

Influences and precursors

Some influences on radical centrist political philosophy are not directly political. Robert C. Solomon, a philosopher with radical-centrist interests,[11] identifies a number of philosophical concepts supporting balance, reconciliation or synthesis, including Confucius' concept of ren, Aristotle's concept of the mean, Desiderius Erasmus's and Michel de Montaigne's humanism, Giambattista Vico's evolutionary vision of history, William James' and John Dewey's pragmatism,[nb 1] and Aurobindo Ghose's integration of opposites.[13][nb 2]

 
Urban theorist and activist Jane Jacobs (1916–2006), who has been described as "proto-radical middle"[15]

However, most commonly cited influences and precursors are from the political realm. For example, British radical-centrist politician Nick Clegg considers himself an heir to political theorist John Stuart Mill, former Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George, economist John Maynard Keynes, social reformer William Beveridge and former Liberal Party leader Jo Grimond.[16] In his book Independent Nation (2004), John Avlon discusses precursors of 21st-century U.S. political centrism, including President Theodore Roosevelt, Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Margaret Chase Smith, and Senator Edward Brooke.[17] Radical centrist writer Mark Satin points to political influences from outside the electoral arena, including communitarian thinker Amitai Etzioni, magazine publisher Charles Peters, management theorist Peter Drucker, city planning theorist Jane Jacobs and futurists Heidi and Alvin Toffler.[18][nb 3] Satin calls Benjamin Franklin the radical middle's favorite Founding Father since he was "extraordinarily practical", "extraordinarily creative" and managed to "get the warring factions and wounded egos to transcend their differences".[21]

Late 20th-century groundwork

Initial definitions

According to journalist William Safire, the phrase "radical middle" was coined by Renata Adler,[22] a staff writer for The New Yorker. In the introduction to her second collection of essays, Toward a Radical Middle (1969), she presented it as a healing radicalism.[23] Adler said it rejected the violent posturing and rhetoric of the 1960s in favor of such "corny" values as "reason, decency, prosperity, human dignity [and human] contact".[24] She called for the "reconciliation" of the white working class and African-Americans.[24]

In the 1970s, sociologist Donald I. Warren described the radical center as consisting of those "middle American radicals" who were suspicious of big government, the national media and academics, as well as rich people and predatory corporations. Although they might vote for Democrats or Republicans, or for populists like George Wallace, they felt politically homeless and were looking for leaders who would address their concerns.[25][nb 4]

 
Joe Klein, who wrote the Newsweek cover story "Stalking the Radical Middle"

In the 1980s and 1990s, several authors contributed their understandings to the concept of the radical center. For example, futurist Marilyn Ferguson added a holistic dimension to the concept when she said: "[The] Radical Center ... is not neutral, not middle-of-the-road, but a view of the whole road".[28][nb 5] Sociologist Alan Wolfe located the creative part of the political spectrum at the center: "The extremes of right and left know where they stand, while the center furnishes what is original and unexpected".[30] African-American theorist Stanley Crouch upset many political thinkers when he pronounced himself a "radical pragmatist".[31] Crouch explained: "I affirm whatever I think has the best chance of working, of being both inspirational and unsentimental, of reasoning across the categories of false division and beyond the decoy of race".[32]

In his influential[33] 1995 Newsweek cover story "Stalking the Radical Middle", journalist Joe Klein described radical centrists as angrier and more frustrated than conventional Democrats and Republicans. Klein said they share four broad goals: getting money out of politics, balancing the budget, restoring civility and figuring out how to run government better. He also said their concerns were fueling "what is becoming a significant intellectual movement, nothing less than an attempt to replace the traditional notions of liberalism and conservatism".[34][nb 6][nb 7]

Relations to the Third Way

In 1998, British sociologist Anthony Giddens claimed that the radical center is synonymous with the Third Way.[39] For Giddens, an advisor to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and for many other European political actors, the Third Way is a reconstituted form of social democracy.[40][41]

Some radical centrist thinkers do not equate radical centrism with the Third Way. In Britain, many do not see themselves as social democrats. Most prominently, British radical-centrist politician Nick Clegg has made it clear he does not consider himself an heir to Tony Blair[16] and Richard Reeves, Clegg's longtime advisor, emphatically rejects social democracy.[42]

In the United States, the situation is different because the term Third Way was adopted by the Democratic Leadership Council and other moderate Democrats.[43] However, most U.S. radical centrists also avoid the term. Ted Halstead and Michael Lind's introduction to radical centrist politics fails to mention it[44] and Lind subsequently accused the organized moderate Democrats of siding with the "center-right" and Wall Street.[27] Radical centrists have expressed dismay with what they see as "split[ting] the difference",[34] "triangulation"[27][45] and other supposed practices of what some of them call the "mushy middle".[46][47][nb 8]

21st-century overviews

 
Michael Lind, co-author of The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics

The first years of the 21st century saw publication of four introductions to radical centrist politics: Ted Halstead and Michael Lind's The Radical Center (2001), Matthew Miller's The Two Percent Solution (2003), John Avlon's Independent Nation (2004) and Mark Satin's Radical Middle (2004).[48][49] These books attempted to take the concept of radical centrism beyond the stage of "cautious gestures"[50] and journalistic observation and define it as a political philosophy.[5][26]

The authors came to their task from diverse political backgrounds: Avlon had been a speechwriter for New York Republican Mayor Rudolph Giuliani;[51] Miller had been a business consultant before serving in President Bill Clinton's budget office;[52] Lind had been an exponent of Harry Truman-style "national liberalism";[53] Halstead had run a think tank called Redefining Progress;[54] and Satin had co-drafted the U.S. Green Party's foundational political statement, "Ten Key Values".[55] However, there is a generational bond: all these authors were between 31 and 41 years of age when their books were published (except for Satin, who was nearing 60).

While the four books do not speak with one voice, among them they express assumptions, analyses, policies and strategies that helped set the parameters for radical centrism as a 21st-century political philosophy:

Assumptions

 
 
Former Green activist Mark Satin (left) and former Republican activist John Avlon (right), two early 21st-century radical centrist authors
  • Our problems cannot be solved by twiddling the dials; substantial reforms are needed in many areas.[56][57]
  • Solving our problems will not require massive infusions of new money.[58][59]
  • However, solving our problems will require drawing on the best ideas from left and right and wherever else they may be found.[2][60]
  • It will also require creative and original ideas – thinking outside the box.[61][62][63]
  • Such thinking cannot be divorced from the world as it is, or from tempered understandings of human nature. A mixture of idealism and realism is needed.[64] "Idealism without realism is impotent", says John Avlon. "Realism without idealism is empty".[2]

Analysis

  • North America and Western Europe have entered an Information Age economy, with new possibilities that are barely being tapped.[65][66]
  • In this new age, a plurality of people is neither liberal nor conservative, but independent[67] and looking to move in a more appropriate direction.[68]
  • Nevertheless, the major political parties are committed to ideas developed in, and for, a different era; and are unwilling or unable to realistically address the future.[69][70]
  • Most people in the Information Age want to maximize the amount of choice they have in their lives.[71][72]
  • In addition, people are insisting that they be given a fair opportunity to succeed in the new world they are entering.[72][73]

General policies

Strategy

  • A new political majority can be built, whether it be seen to consist largely of Avlon's political independents,[88] Satin's "caring persons",[89] Miller's balanced and pragmatic individuals,[60] or Halstead and Lind's triad of disaffected voters, enlightened business leaders, and young people.[90]
  • National political leadership is important; local and nonprofit activism is not enough.[91][92]
  • Political process reform is also important – for example, implementing rank-order voting in elections and providing free media time to candidates.[93][94]
  • A radical centrist party should be created, assuming one of the major parties cannot simply be won over by radical centrist thinkers and activists.[70][nb 9]
  • In the meantime, particular independent, major-party or third-party candidacies should be supported.[8][96]

Idea creation and dissemination

Along with publication of the four overviews of radical centrist politics, the first part of the 21st century saw a rise in the creation and dissemination of radical centrist policy ideas.[5][26]

Think tanks and mass media

 
2015 panel discussion at the New America think tank in Washington, D.C.

Several think tanks are developing radical centrist ideas more thoroughly than was done in the overview books. By the early 2000s, these included Demos in Britain; the Cape York Institute for Policy and Leadership in Australia; and New America (formerly the New America Foundation) in the United States. New America was started by authors Ted Halstead and Michael Lind, as well as two others, to bring radical centrist ideas to Washington, D.C. journalists and policy researchers.[54][nb 10]

In the 2010s, new think tanks began promoting radical centrist ideas. "Radix: Think Tank for the Radical Centre" was established in London in 2016; its initial board of trustees included former Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg.[98] Writing in The Guardian, Radix policy director David Boyle called for "big, radical ideas" that could break with both trickle-down conservatism and backward-looking socialism.[99] In 2018, a policy document released by the then four-year-old Niskanen Center of Washington, D.C. was characterized as a "manifesto for radical centrism" by Big Think writer Paul Ratner.[100] According to Ratner, the document – signed by some of Niskanen's executives and policy analysts – is an attempt to "incorporate rival ideological positions into a way forward" for America.[100]

A radical centrist perspective can also be found in major periodicals. In the United States, for example, The Washington Monthly was started by early radical centrist thinker Charles Peters[101][102][nb 11] and many large-circulation magazines publish articles by New America fellows.[104] Columnists who have written from a radical centrist perspective include John Avlon,[105] Thomas Friedman,[106] Joe Klein,[107] and Matthew Miller.[108] Prominent journalists James Fallows and Fareed Zakaria have been identified as radical centrists.[5]

In Britain, the news magazine The Economist positions itself as radical centrist. An editorial ("leader") in 2012 declared in bolded type: "A new form of radical centrist politics is needed to tackle inequality without hurting economic growth".[109] An essay on The Economist's website the following year, introduced by the editor, argues that the magazine had always "com[e] ... from what we like to call the radical centre".[110]

Books on specific topics

 
Parag Khanna speaks on his book How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance[111]

Many books are offering radical centrist perspectives and policy proposals on specific topics. Some examples include foreign policy, environmentalism, food and agriculture, underachievement among minorities, women and men, bureaucracy and overregulation, economics, international relations, political dialogue, political organization and what one person can do.

  • In Ethical Realism (2006), British liberal Anatol Lieven and U.S. conservative John Hulsman advocate a foreign policy based on modesty, principle and seeing ourselves as others see us.[112]
  • In Break Through (2007), environmental strategists Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger of the Breakthrough Institute call on activists to become more comfortable with pragmatism, high-technology and aspirations for human greatness.[113]
  • In Food from the Radical Center (2018), ecologist Gary Paul Nabhan proposes agricultural policies intended to unite left and right as well as improve the food supply.[114]
  • In Winning the Race (2005), linguist John McWhorter says that many African Americans are negatively affected by a cultural phenomenon he calls "therapeutic alienation".[115]
  • In Unfinished Business (2016), Anne-Marie Slaughter of New America rethinks feminist assumptions and presents new visions of how women and men can flourish.[116]
  • In Try Common Sense (2019), attorney Philip K. Howard urges the national government to set broad goals and standards, and leave interpretation to those closest to the ground.[117][nb 12]
  • In The Origin of Wealth (2006), Eric Beinhocker of the Institute for New Economic Thinking portrays the economy as a dynamic but imperfectly self-regulating evolutionary system and suggests policies that could support benign socio-economic evolution.[119]
  • In How to Run the World (2011), scholar Parag Khanna argues that the emerging world order should not be run from the top down, but by a galaxy of nonprofit, nation-state, corporate and individual actors cooperating for their mutual benefit.[111]
  • In The Righteous Mind (2012), social psychologist Jonathan Haidt says we can conduct useful political dialogue only after acknowledging the strengths in our opponents' ways of thinking.[120]
  • In Voice of the People (2008), conservative activist Lawrence Chickering and liberal attorney James Turner attempt to lay the groundwork for a grassroots "transpartisan" movement across the U.S.[121]
  • In his memoir Radical Middle: Confessions of an Accidental Revolutionary (2010), South African journalist Denis Beckett tries to show that one person can make a difference in a situation many might regard as hopeless.[122]

Radical centrist political action

 
 
Australia's Noel Pearson[123] (right) and Brazil's Marina Silva[124] (left), who have been identified as two radical centrist actors in the 2010s

Radical centrists have been and continue to be engaged in a variety of political activities.

Australia

In Australia, Aboriginal lawyer Noel Pearson is building an explicitly radical centrist movement among Aboriginal people.[125] The movement is seeking more assistance from the Australian state, but is also seeking to convince individual Aboriginal people to take more responsibility for their lives.[126][127] To political philosopher Katherine Curchin, writing in the Australian Journal of Political Science, Pearson is attempting something unusual and worthwhile: casting public debate on indigenous issues in terms of a search for a radical centre.[123] She says Pearson's methods have much in common with those of deliberative democracy.[123]

While not using the term formally, the political party Science Party is founded on principles that are typical of the radical centre.[128]

Brazil

In the late 2010s, Brazil's Marina Silva was identified by The Economist as an emerging radical-centrist leader. Formerly a member of the left-wing Workers' Party, by 2017 she had organized a new party whose watchwords included environmentalism, liberalism, and "clean politics".[124] She had already served six years as Minister of the Environment, and in 2010 she was the Green Party candidate for President of Brazil, finishing third with 20% of the vote.[129]

The Social Democratic Party, a breakaway of Democratas founded in 2011, is a self-described radical centrist party.[130]

Britain

 
Nick Clegg speaking at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, 2011

Following the 2010 election, Nick Clegg, then leader of the Liberal Democrats (Britain's third-largest party at the time), had his party enter into a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement to form a majority government.[131] In a speech to party members in the spring of 2011, Clegg declared that he considers himself and his party to be radical centrist:

For the left, an obsession with the state. For the right, a worship of the market. But as liberals, we place our faith in people. People with power and opportunity in their hands. Our opponents try to divide us with their outdated labels of left and right. But we are not on the left and we are not on the right. We have our own label: Liberal. We are liberals and we own the freehold to the centre ground of British politics. Our politics is the politics of the radical centre.[132]

In the autumn of 2012, Clegg's longtime policy advisor elaborated on the differences between Clegg's identity as a "radical liberal" and traditional social democracy. He stated that Clegg's conception of liberalism rejected "statism, paternalism, insularity and narrow egalitarianism".[42]

Canada

 
Justin Trudeau campaigning at a 2015 LGBTQ pride in Vancouver

In the late 1970s, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the "radical centre".[133][134] One thing this means, Trudeau said, is that "sometimes we have to fight against the state".[133] Paul Hellyer, who served in Trudeau's first cabinet and spent over half a century in Canadian political life,[135] [nb 13] said in 2010, "I have been branded as everything from far left to far right. I put myself in the radical centre – one who seeks solutions to problems based on first principles without regard to ideology. I believe that it is the kind of solution the world desperately needs at a time when niggling change or fine tuning is not good enough".[136]

Justin Trudeau, elected Prime Minister of Canada in 2015, has been characterized as radical centrist by Stuart Trew of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.[137] Trew argues that both Justin Trudeau and his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron are optimists, moderate redistributionists, internationalists, feminists and good listeners. According to Trew, consultation is key.[137]

Chile

In 2017, The Economist described Chile's Andrés Velasco as a rising radical-centrist politician.[124] A former finance minister in Michelle Bachelet's first government, he later unsuccessfully ran against her for the presidential nomination and then helped establish a new political party.[124] According to The Economist, Velasco and his colleagues say they support a political philosophy that is both liberal and egalitarian.[124] Like Amartya Sen, they see freedom not just as freedom-from, but as the absence of domination and the opportunity to fulfill one's potential.[124] Like John Rawls, they reject the far left's emphasis on state redistribution in favor of an emphasis on equal treatment for all with special vigilance against class- and race-based discrimination.[124]

Finland

Finland's Centre Party has been generally viewed as a radical centrist party, with wide-ranging views from the left and right-wing political spectrums, such as supporting lower taxes for businesses and lowering the capital gains tax, while also encompassing strong welfare and environmental policies and legislation. The Centre Party's former chairmen and Finland's former Prime Ministers, Juha Sipilä and Matti Vanhanen as well as former President Urho Kekkonen have been viewed as radical centrists.[138]

France

 
Emmanuel Macron speaking at a high-tech conference in 2014

Several observers have identified Emmanuel Macron, elected President of France in 2017, as a radical centrist.[137] Anne Applebaum of The Washington Post says Macron "represents the brand-new radical center", as does his political movement, En Marche!, which Applebaum translates as "forward".[139] She notes a number of politically bridging ideas Macron holds – for example, "He embraces markets, but says he believes in 'collective solidarity'".[139] A professor of history, Robert Zaretsky, writing in Foreign Policy, argues that Macron's radical centrism is "the embodiment of a particularly French kind of center – the extreme center".[140] He points to Macron's declaration that he is "neither left nor right", and to his support for policies, such as public-sector austerity and major environmental investments[citation needed], that traditional political parties might find contradictory.[140]

U.S. politician Dave Andersion, writing in The Hill newspaper, says that Macron's election victory points the way for those "who wish to transcend their polarized politics of [the present] in the name of a new center, not a moderate center associated with United States and United Kingdom 'Third Way' politics but what has been described as Macron's 'radical center' point of view. … [It] transcends left and right but takes important elements of both sides".[141]

Germany

 
Annalena Baerbock became co-leader of the increasingly pragmatic Alliance 90/The Greens in 2018

Writing at The Dahrendorf Forum, a joint project of the Hertie School of Governance (Berlin) and the London School of Economics, Forum fellow Alexandru Filip put the German Green party of 2018 in the same camp as Emmanuel Macron's French party (see above) and Albert Rivera's Spanish one (see below). His article "On New and Radical Centrism" argued that the Greens did relatively well in the 2017 German federal election not only because of their stance against the "system" but also as a result of "a more centrist, socio-liberal, pro-European constituency that felt alienated by the power-sharing cartel" of the larger parties.[142]

Following the 2017 federal election, Deutsche Welle correspondent Rina Goldenberg traced the evolution of the German Greens from the idealism of the 1980s to a more pragmatic but still principled stance.[143] She wrote, in pertinent part:

The internal make-up of the Greens has evolved as the first generation has grown older. Many have changed their priorities, morphing from former hippies to urban professionals. Green supporters are generally well-educated, high-earning urbanites with a strong belief in the benefits of a multicultural society. No other party fields more candidates with an immigrant background than the Greens.[144]

Traditionally, the German Greens elect co-leaders of their party – one male and one female; one from the party's leftist wing and one from its pragmatic, centrist wing.[143][145] In 2018 the party broke with tradition by electing both co-leaders from its moderate wing, federal MP Annalena Baerbock and northern-state politician Robert Habeck.[145]

Israel

 
Yair Lapid addressing supporters on election night in 2013

In an article for Israel Hayom in 2012, conservative Knesset member Tzipi Hotovely named Israeli politician Yair Lapid and his Yesh Atid (There Is a Future) party as examples of "the radical center" in Israel, which she warned her readers against.[146] In 2013, Yossi Klein Halevi – author of books addressing Israelis and Palestinians alike[147][148] – explained why he voted for Lapid, saying, in part:

He emerged as the voice of middle class disaffection, yet included in his [party] list two Ethiopians, representatives of one of the country's poorest constituencies. ... Yair has sought dialogue. ... Some see Yair's Israeli eclecticism as an expression of ideological immaturity, of indecisiveness. In fact it reflects his ability – alone among today's leaders – to define the Israeli center. ... These voters agree with the left about the dangers of occupation and with the right about the dangers of a delusional peace.[149]

In 2017, Lapid and his party were surging in the polls.[150] In May 2020, following three elections, Lapid was named leader of the opposition in Israel.[151][152] A month prior, Lapid had written an essay in which he described his version of centrism as "the politics of the broad consensus that empowers us all. Together, we are creating something new".[153]

Italy

According to journalist Angelo Persichilli, Italian Christian Democratic Party leader Aldo Moro's call for a "parallel convergence" prefigured today's calls for radical centrism.[154] Until being killed by the Red Brigades in the late 1970s, Moro had been promoting a political alliance between Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party.[154] Moro acknowledged that the two parties were so different that they ran on parallel tracks and he did not want them to lose their identities, but he emphasized that in the end their interests were convergent—hence the phrase "parallel convergence", which he popularized.[154]

In the 2010s, Spanish radical centrist Albert Rivera reportedly cited Italian politician Matteo Renzi as a soulmate.[155]

Netherlands

According to the Dutch opinion magazine HP/De Tijd, the Dutch political party D66 can be seen as radical centrist.[156] Radical centrism is a possibility in another Dutch party as well. In a report presented in 2012 to the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party, CDA member and former minister of social affairs Aart Jan de Geus recommends that the CDA develop itself into a radical centrist ("radicale midden") party.[157] The D66 has been seen as the more progressive and individualistic of the two parties, and the CDA as the more conservative and personalistic / communitarian.[156]

New Zealand

The Opportunities Party (TOP abbreviated), founded by economist Gareth Morgan, identifies itself as radical centrist.[158] TOP advocates for evidence-based policy on a universal basic income,[159] legalised cannabis,[160] and putting a stop to the New Zealand housing crisis.

South Korea

In South Korea, the term Jungdogaehyeok (Korean: 중도개혁; Hanja: 中道改革; lit. centrist reformism) bears resemblance to the term radical centrism. The Peace Democratic Party, founded in 1987, officially put forward a jungdogaehyeok.[161] But from then until 2016, the term was rarely used in South Korean politics.

After 2016, the People's Party,[162] the Bareunmirae Party,[163] the Party for Democracy and Peace,[164] the New Alternatives party,[165] the Minsaeng Party,[166] and the People Party[167] all called themselves jungdogaehyeok.

South Korean politician Ahn Cheol-soo has described himself explicitly as a "radical centrist" (Korean: 극중주의; Hanja: 極中主義; RR: geukjungjuui).[168][169][170]

Spain

 
Albert Rivera speaking at a Ciudadanos event in 2015

In Spain, Albert Rivera and his Ciudadanos (Citizens) party have been described as radical centrist by Politico,[171] as well as by Spanish-language commentators and news outlets.[172] Rivera himself has described his movement as radical centrist, saying, "We're the radical center. We can't beat them when it comes to populism. What Ciudadanos aspires to is radical, courageous changes backed by numbers, data, proposals, economists, technicians and capable people".[171] Rivera has called for politics to transcend the old labels, saying, "We have to move away from the old left-right axis".[155] The Economist has likened Rivera and his party to Emmanuel Macron and his party En Marche! in France.[155] Rivera's party has taken on the established parties of the left and right and has had some success, most notably in the 2017 Catalan regional election.[173] In the subsequent years, though, Ciudadanos became almost irrelevant in Spanish politics, leading to Rivera's resignation as party leader.

United States

 
Ross Perot was an early proponent of radical centrism.
 
Political independent Jesse Ventura was elected Governor of Minnesota in 1998.[58]

Some commentators identify Ross Perot's 1992 U.S. presidential campaign as the first radical centrist national campaign.[34][174] However, many radical centrist authors were not enthusiastic about Perot. Matthew Miller acknowledges that Perot had enough principle to support a gasoline tax hike,[175] Halstead and Lind note that he popularized the idea of balancing the budget[176] and John Avlon says he crystallized popular distrust of partisan extremes.[177] However, none of those authors examines Perot's ideas or campaigns in depth and Mark Satin does not mention Perot at all. Joe Klein mocked one of Perot's campaign gaffes and said he was not a sufficiently substantial figure.[34] Miller characterizes Perot as a rich, self-financed lone wolf.[178] By contrast, what most radical centrists say they want in political action terms is the building of a grounded political movement.[179][180]

The phrase "militant moderates" was used by national media during Perot's 1992 groundbreaking Presidential campaign. One of Perot's most intriguing contributions to American politics is his challenge to the entire paradigm of "left-center-right." He claimed at a meeting of the national Reform Party in 1995 that the paradigm was no longer operative and that left-center-right was being replaced. The replacement was a "top versus the rest of us" paradigm, and that the very wealthy like himself, could choose to be with the people at the "bottom, like most of the American people." This brand of "militant moderation" -- a form of populism -- is what endeared Perot to his ardent followers and was not traditional "centrism."

Also in the 1990s, political independents Jesse Ventura, Angus King and Lowell Weicker became governors of American states. According to John Avlon, they pioneered the combination of fiscal prudence and social tolerance that has served as a model for radical centrist governance ever since.[58] They also developed a characteristic style, a combination of "common sense and maverick appeal".[181][nb 14]

In the decade of the 2000s, a number of governors and mayors – most prominently, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg – were celebrated by Time magazine as "action heroes" who looked beyond partisanship to get things done.[183] A similar article that decade in Politico placed "self-styled 'radical centrist'" governor Mark Warner of Virginia in that camp.[184]

In the 2010s, the radical centrist movement in the U.S. is mostly being played out in the national media. In 2010, for example, The New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman called for "a Tea Party of the radical center", an organized national pressure group.[185] Friedman later co-wrote a book with scholar Michael Mandelbaum discussing key issues in American society and calling for an explicitly radical centrist politics and program to deal with them.[186] At The Washington Post, columnist Matthew Miller was explaining "Why we need a third party of (radical) centrists".[187][nb 15]

In 2011, Friedman championed Americans Elect, an insurgent group of radical centrist Democrats, Republicans and independents who were hoping to run an independent Presidential candidate in 2012.[106] Meanwhile, Miller offered "[t]he third-party stump speech we need".[191] In his book The Price of Civilization (2011), Columbia University economist Jeffrey Sachs called for the creation of a third U.S. party, an "Alliance for the Radical Center".[192]

 
Insignia of the No Labels organization

While no independent radical-centrist presidential candidate emerged in 2012, John Avlon emphasized the fact that independent voters remain the fastest-growing portion of the electorate.[105]

In late 2015, the No Labels organization, co-founded by Avlon,[193] called a national "Problem Solver" convention to discuss how to best reduce political polarization and promote political solutions that could bridge the left-right divide.[194] A lengthy article in The Atlantic about the convention conveys the views of leaders of a new generation of beyond-left-and-right (or both-left-and-right) organizations, including Joan Blades of Living Room Conversations, David Blankenhorn of Better Angels, Carolyn Lukensmeyer of the National Institute for Civil Discourse and Steve McIntosh of the Institute for Cultural Evolution.[194] Following the 2016 presidential election, prominent U.S. commentator David Brooks praised No Labels and other such groups and offered them advice, including this: "[D]eepen a positive national vision that is not merely a positioning between left and right".[195]

By the mid-2010s, several exponents of radical centrism had run, albeit unsuccessfully, for seats in the United States Congress, including Matthew Miller in California[196] and Dave Anderson in Maryland.[141]

According to a January 2018 article in The Washington Post, West Virginia Senator Joe Manchin greeted newly elected Alabama Senator Doug Jones with the phrase, "Welcome to the radical middle".[197] Both senators have been regarded as moderate and bipartisan.[198] In March 2018, the political newspaper The Hill ran an article by attorney Michael D. Fricklas entitled "The Time for Radical Centrism Has Come".[199] It asserted that the omnibus spending bill for 2018 jettisoned spending proposals favored by both political "extremes" to obtain votes of "principled moderates", and that its passage therefore represented a victory for what Senator Susan Collins (R-Maine) calls "radical centrism".[199]

Toward the beginning of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Steven Teles of the Niskanen Center, writing in The New Republic, laid out a strategy by which a dark horse candidate appealing to the radical center could win the Democratic Party presidential nomination.[200]

The Forward Party, a political action committee created by former presidential candidate Andrew Yang in October 2021, was critically described as a radical centrist movement by the American socialist magazine, Jacobin.[201] Two days after the creation of the Forward Party, Yang tweeted, "You’re giving radical centrists like me a home."[202]

Criticism

Even before the 21st century, some observers were criticizing what they saw as radical centrism. In the 1960s, liberal political cartoonist Jules Feiffer employed the term "radical middle" to mock what he saw as the timid and pretentious outlook of the American political class.[203][204][nb 16] During the Ross Perot presidential campaign of 1992, conservative journalist William Safire suggested that a more appropriate term for the radical center might be the "snarling center".[22] In a 1998 article entitled "The Radical Centre: A Politics Without Adversary", Belgian political theorist Chantal Mouffe argued that passionate and often bitter conflict between left and right is a necessary feature of any democracy.[205][nb 17]

Objections to policies, assumptions and attitudes

 
Liberal journalist Robert Kuttner, a notable critic of radical centrism[207]

Some 21st-century commentators argue that radical centrist policies are not substantially different from conventional centrist ideas.[9][208] For example, US liberal journalist Robert Kuttner says there already is a radical centrist party –"It's called the Democrats".[207] He faults Matthew Miller's version of radical centrism for offering "feeble" policy solutions and indulging in wishful thinking about the motives of the political right.[209] Progressive social theorist Richard Kahlenberg says that Ted Halstead and Michael Lind's book The Radical Center is too skeptical about the virtues of labor unions and too ardent about the virtues of the market.[210]

Others contend that radical centrist policies lack clarity. For example, in 2001 journalist Eric Alterman said that the New America Foundation think tank was neither liberal nor progressive and did not know what it was.[54]

Politico reports that some think Spain's radical centrist Ciudadanos (Citizens) party is "encouraged by the Spanish establishment" to undercut the radical left and preserve the status quo.[171]

 
Thomas Friedman's columns supporting radical centrism are a favorite target for bloggers[9]

By contrast, some observers claim that radical centrist ideas are too different from mainstream policies to be viable. Sam Tanenhaus, the editor of The New York Times Book Review, called the proposals in Halstead and Lind's book "utopian".[26] According to Ed Kilgore, the policy director of the Democratic Leadership Council, Mark Satin's Radical Middle book "ultimately places him in the sturdy tradition of 'idealistic' American reformers who think smart and principled people unencumbered by political constraints can change everything".[208]

Some have suggested that radical centrists may be making false assumptions about their effectiveness or appeal. In the United States, for example, political analyst James Joyner found that states adopting non-partisan redistricting commissions, a favorite radical-centrist proposal, have been no more fiscally responsible than states without such commissions.[211] In 2017, The Economist wondered whether Latin Americans really wanted to hear the "hard truths" about their societies that some radical centrists were offering them.[124]

Radical centrist attitudes have also been criticized. For example, many bloggers have characterized Thomas Friedman's columns on radical centrism as elitist and glib.[9] In Australia, some think that Australian attorney Noel Pearson – long an advocate of radical centrism – is in fact a "polarizing partisan".[212] In 2012, conservative Knesset member Tzipi Hotovely criticized Israel's radical center for lacking such attributes as courage, decisiveness, and realistic thinking.[146]

Objections to strategies

 
Conservative journalist Ramesh Ponnuru, who has criticized radical centrist strategy[213]

Some observers question the wisdom of seeking consensus, post-partisanship or reconciliation in political life.[9] Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein argues that American democratic theory from the time of James Madison's Federalist No. 10 (1787) has been based on the acknowledgement of faction and the airing of debate, and he sees no reason to change now.[9]

Other observers feel radical centrists are misreading the political situation. For example, conservative journalist Ramesh Ponnuru says liberals and conservatives are not ideologically opposed to such radical centrist measures as limiting entitlements and raising taxes to cover national expenditures. Instead, voters are opposed to them and things will change when voters can be convinced otherwise.[213]

The third-party strategy favored by many U.S. radical centrists has been criticized as impractical and diversionary. According to these critics, what is needed instead is (a) reform of the legislative process; and (b) candidates in existing political parties who will support radical centrist ideas.[9] The specific third-party vehicle favored by many U.S. radical centrists in 2012 – Americans Elect[214] – was criticized as an "elite-driven party"[9] supported by a "dubious group of Wall Street multi-millionaires".[207]

After spending time with a variety of radical centrists, Alec MacGillis of The New Republic concluded that their perspectives are so disparate that they could never come together to build a viable political organization.[215]

Internal concerns

Some radical centrists are less than sanguine about their future. One concern is co-optation. For example, Michael Lind worries that the enthusiasm for the term radical center, on the part of "arbiters of the conventional wisdom", may signal a weakening of the radical vision implied by the term.[27]

Another concern is passion. John Avlon fears that some centrists cannot resist the lure of passionate partisans, whom he calls "wingnuts".[216] By contrast, Mark Satin worries that radical centrism, while "thoroughly sensible", lacks an "animating passion" – and claims there has never been a successful political movement without one.[217]

Radical centrism as dialogue and process

 
2011 AmericaSpeaks event

Some radical centrists, such as theorist Tom Atlee,[63] mediator Mark Gerzon,[218] and activist Joseph F. McCormick,[63] see radical centrism as primarily a commitment to process.[63][219] Their approach is to facilitate processes of structured dialogue among polarized people and groups, from the neighborhood level on up.[63][220] A major goal is to enable dialogue participants to come up with new perspectives and solutions that can address every party's core interests.[63][221] Onward Christian Athletes author Tom Krattenmaker speaks of the radical center as that (metaphoric) space where such dialogue and innovation can occur.[10] Similarly, The Lipstick Proviso: Women, Sex, and Power in the Real World author Karen Lehrman Bloch speaks of the radical middle as a "common ground" where left and right can "nurture a saner society".[222]

Organizations seeking to catalyze dialogue and innovation among diverse people and groups have included AmericaSpeaks,[223] C1 World Dialogue,[224] Everyday Democracy,[225] Listening Project (North Carolina),[226] Living Room Conversations,[194][227] Public Conversations Project,[63][228] Search for Common Ground,[229] and Village Square.[194] Organizations specifically for university students include BridgeUSA[230][231] and Sustained Dialogue.[230] The city of Portland, Oregon has been characterized as "radical middle" in USA Today newspaper because many formerly antagonistic groups there are said to be talking to, learning from and working with one another.[10]

In 2005, The Atlantic portrayed Egyptian Islamic cleric Ali Gomaa as the voice of an emergent form of radical Islam – "traditionalism without the extremism".[232] In 2012, in an article entitled "The Radical Middle: Building Bridges Between the Muslim and Western Worlds,[224] Gomaa shared his approach to the dialogic process:

The purpose of dialogue should not be to convert others, but rather to share with them one's principles. Sincere dialogue should strengthen one's faith while breaking down barriers. ... Dialogue is a process of exploration and coming to know the other, as much as it is an example of clarifying one's own positions. Therefore, when one dialogues with others, what is desired is to explore their ways of thinking, so as to correct misconceptions in our own minds and arrive at common ground.[233]

In 2017, former American football player and Green Beret soldier Nate Boyer suggested that his "radical middle" stance could help address the issues and resolve the controversy surrounding U.S. national anthem protests at football games.[234][235]

Notes

  1. ^ For an extended discussion of neoclassical American pragmatism and its possible political implications, see Louis Menand's book The Metaphysical Club.[12]
  2. ^ An international evangelical movement, the Association of Vineyard Churches, describes itself as "radical middle" because it believes that spiritual truth is found by holding supposedly contradictory concepts in tension. Examples include head vs. heart, planning vs. being Spirit-led, and standing for truth vs. standing for Unity.[14]
  3. ^ In the 1980s, Satin's own Washington, D.C.-based political newsletter, New Options, described itself as "post-liberal".[19] Culture critic Annie Gottlieb says it urged the New Left and New Age to "evolve into a 'New Center'".[20]
  4. ^ Warren's book influenced Michael Lind and other 21st century radical centrists.[26][27]
  5. ^ Two years later, another prominent futurist, John Naisbitt, wrote in bolded type, "The political left and right are dead; all the action is being generated by a radical center".[29]
  6. ^ Subsequent to Klein's article, some political writers posited the existence of two radical centers, one neopopulist and bitter and the other moderate and comfortable.[35][36] According to historian Sam Tanenhaus, one of the strengths of Ted Halstead and Michael Lind's book The Radical Center (2001) is it attempts to weld the two supposed radical-centrist factions together.[26]
  7. ^ A 1991 story in Time magazine with a similar title, "Looking for The Radical Middle", revealed the existence of a "New Paradigm Society" in Washington, D.C., a group of high-level liberal and conservative activists seeking ways to bridge the ideological divide.[37] The article discusses what it describes as the group's virtual manifesto, E. J. Dionne's book Why Americans Hate Politics.[38]
  8. ^ In 2010, radical centrist Michael Lind stated that "to date, President Obama has been the soft-spoken tribune of the mushy middle".[27]
  9. ^ Matthew Miller added an "Afterword" to the paperback edition of his book favoring formation of a "transformational third party" by the year 2010, if the two major parties remained stuck in their ways.[95]
  10. ^ Besides Halstead and Lind, thinkers affiliated with the New America Foundation in the early 2000s included Katherine Boo, Steven Clemons, James Fallows, Maya MacGuineas, Walter Russell Mead, James Pinkerton, Jedediah Purdy, and Sherle Schwenninger.[54][97]
  11. ^ Peters used the term "neoliberal" to distinguish his ideas from those of neoconservatives and conventional liberals. His version of neoliberalism is separate from what came to be known internationally as neoliberalism.[102][103]
  12. ^ Howard summarized Try Common Sense in an article entitled "A Radical Centrist Platform for 2020."[118]
  13. ^ In 1997, forty-eight years after first being elected to the Canadian Parliament, Hellyer founded a minor political party, the Canadian Action Party.[135]
  14. ^ By the end of the 20th century, some mainstream politicians were cloaking themselves in the language of the radical center. For example, in 1996 former U.S. Defense Secretary Elliot Richardson stated: "I am a moderate – a radical moderate. I believe profoundly in the ultimate value of human dignity and equality".[182] At a conference in Berlin, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien declared, "I am the radical center".[40]
  15. ^ In 2009, on The Huffington Post website, the president of The Future 500[188] – following up on his earlier endorsement of the "radical middle"[189] – made the case for a "transpartisan" alliance between left and right.[190]
  16. ^ According to journalist John Judis, sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset used the term "radical centrism" in his book Political Man (1960) to help explain European fascism.[35]
  17. ^ Mouffe also criticized radical centrism for its "New Age rhetorical flourish".[206]

References

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    • Author unidentified (10 June 2016). "Girauta Reivindica la 'Radicalidad Centrista' de Ciudadanos". El Español. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
    • Cerqueiro, Pablo Mayo (19 December 2015). "Albert Rivera es Centrista Radical". El Español. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
    • Oneto, José (29 November 2015). "Viva la Pepa!". Republica. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
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  176. ^ Halstead and Lind (2001), p. 115.
  177. ^ Avlon (2004), p. 284.
  178. ^ Miller (2003), p. 178.
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  188. ^ Future 500. Official website. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
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  190. ^ Shireman, Bill (20 April 2009). "Time for a Tea Party with the Right: Why Progressives Need a Transpartisan Strategy". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
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  198. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (22 January 2018). "With Talking Stick in Hand, Moderate Senators Broker the Shutdown". The New York Times. New York City. p. A17. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
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  201. ^ "Andrew Yang's New Political Party Exposes the Farce of Radical Centrism". jacobinmag.com. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  202. ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/andrewyang/status/1446119658327711749. Retrieved 19 October 2021. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  204. ^ Feiffer, Jules (2010). Backing into Forward: A Memoir. Nan A. Talese / Doubleday, p. 345. ISBN 978-0-385-53158-0.
  205. ^ Mouffe, Chantal (summer 1998). "The Radical Centre: A Politics Without Adversary". Soundings, issue no. 9, pp. 11–23.
  206. ^ Mouffe (summer 1998), p. 12.
  207. ^ a b c Kuttner, Robert (19 February 2012). "The Radical Center we Don't Need". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  208. ^ a b Kilgore, Ed (June 2004). "Good Government: Time to Stop Bashing the Two-Party System". The Washington Monthly, pp. 58–59.
  209. ^ Kuttner, Robert (20 November 2003). "The 2-Percent Illusion". The American Prospect. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  210. ^ Kahlenberg, Richard (19 December 2001). "Radical in the Center". American Prospect, vol. 12, no. 21, p. 41. Print version d. 3 December 2001. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  211. ^ Joyner, James (24 March 2010). "Radical Center: Friedman's Fantasy". Outside the Beltway. Retrieved 30 April 2013
  212. ^ Curchin, Katherine (December 2015). "Noel Pearson's Role in the Northern Territory Intervention: Radical Centrist or Polarising Partisan?" Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 576–590.
  213. ^ a b Ponnuru, Ramesh (24 March 2010). "The Corner: Tom Friedman's Radical Confusion". National Review Online. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  214. ^ MacGillis, Alec (26 October 2011). "Third Wheel". The New Republic, vol. 242, no. 17, p. 8. Print version d. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  215. ^ MacGillis, Alec (2 November 2011). "Beware: 'Radical Centrists' On the March!". The New Republic online. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  216. ^ Avlon, John (2010). Wingnuts: How the Lunatic Fringe Is Hijacking America. Beast Books / Perseus Books Group, pp. 1–3 and 238–39. ISBN 978-0-9842951-1-1.
  217. ^ Satin, Mark (fall 2002). "Where's the Juice?". The Responsive Community, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 74–75. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  218. ^ Satin (2004), p. 27.
  219. ^ Gerzon, Mark (2006). Leading Through Conflict: How Successful Leaders Transform Differences into Opportunity. Harvard Business School Press, pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-1-59139-919-3.
  220. ^ Gerzon (2006, Chaps. 9–10.
  221. ^ Gerzon (2006), Chap. 11.
  222. ^ Bloch, Karen Lehrman (5 October 2017). "Toward a Radical Middle". Jewish Journal, hard-copy issue dated 6 October 2017, p. 9. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  223. ^ Gerzon, Mark (2016). The Reunited States of America: How We Can Bridge the Partisan Divide. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-62656-658-3.
  224. ^ a b Gomaa, Ali (September 2012). "The Radical Middle: Building Bridges Between the Muslim and Western Worlds". UN Chronicle, vol. XLIX, no. 3, pp. 4–6. Retrieved 11 November 2017. The author describes himself as co-chair of C1 World Dialogue.
  225. ^ Gerzon (2016), pp. 63–64.
  226. ^ Satin, Mark (1991). New Options for America: The Second American Experiment Has Begun. The Press at California State University, Fresno, pp. 209–212. ISBN 978-0-8093-1794-3.
  227. ^ Gerzon (2016), pp. 60–61.
  228. ^ Gerzon (2016), pp. 53–54.
  229. ^ Satin (1991), Chap. 24 ("Win Every 'Battle' – or Change the Discourse?").
  230. ^ a b Binder, Amy; Kidder, Jeffrey (30 October 2018). "If You Think Campus Speech Is All Angry Confrontation, You're Looking in the Wrong Places". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  231. ^ Jandhyala, Pranav (27 April 2017). "Why I Invited Ann Coulter to Speak at Berkeley". Berkeley News, digital outlet of the Office of Communications and Public Affairs, UC Berkeley. The author identifies himself as founder of the UC Berkeley chapter of BridgeUSA. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  232. ^ Wilson, G. Willow (July–August 2005). "The Show-Me Sheikh". The Atlantic, vol. 296, no. 1, p. 40. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  233. ^ Gomaa (2012), p. 5.
  234. ^ Boyer, Nate (26 May 2017). "Honoring Fallen on Memorial Day Means Honoring Right to Protest". USA Today online. See second section ("Fighting from the radical middle"). Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  235. ^ Waggoner, Nick, ed. (13 October 2017). "Ex-Green Beret Nick Boyer Writes Open Letter to Trump, Kaepernick, NFL and America". ESPN.com. See last paragraph. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

Further reading

Books from the 1990s

  • Chickering, A. Lawrence (1993). Beyond Left and Right: Breaking the Political Stalemate. Institute for Contemporary Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-55815-209-0.
  • Coyle, Diane (1997). The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03259-9.
  • Esty, Daniel C.; Chertow, Marian, eds. (1997). Thinking Ecologically: The Next Generation of Ecological Policy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07303-4.
  • Howard, Philip K. (1995). The Death of Common Sense: How Law Is Suffocating America. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-42994-4.
  • Penny, Tim; Garrett, Major (1998). The 15 Biggest Lies in Politics. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-18294-6.
  • Sider, Ronald J. (1999). Just Generosity: A New Vision for Overcoming Poverty in America. Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-6613-9.
  • Ventura, Jesse (2000). I Ain't Got Time to Bleed: Reworking the Body Politic from the Bottom Up. New York: Signet. ISBN 0451200861.
  • Wolfe, Alan (1998). One Nation, After All: What Middle-Class Americans Really Think. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-87677-8.

Books from the 2000s

  • Anderson, Walter Truett (2001). All Connected Now: Life in the First Global Civilization. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3937-5.
  • Florida, Richard (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02476-6.
  • Friedman, Thomas (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-29288-4
  • Lukes, Steven (2009). The Curious Enlightenment of Professor Caritat: A Novel of Ideas. Verso Books, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-84467-369-8.
  • Miller, Matt (2009). The Tyranny of Dead Ideas: Letting Go of the Old Ways of Thinking to Unleash a New Prosperity. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-9150-2.
  • Penner, Rudolph; Sawhill, Isabel; Taylor, Timothy (2000). Updating America's Social Contract: Economic Growth and Opportunity in the New Century. W. W. Norton and Co., Chap. 1 ("An Agenda for the Radical Middle"). ISBN 978-0-393-97579-6.
  • Ury, William (2000). The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-029634-1.
  • Wexler, David B.; Winick, Bruce, eds. (2003). Judging in a Therapeutic Key: Therapeutic Justice and the Courts. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-408-8.
  • Whitman, Christine Todd (2005). It's My Party, Too: The Battle for the Heart of the GOP and the Future of America. The Penguin Press, Chap. 7 ("A Time for Radical Moderates"). ISBN 978-1-59420-040-3.

Books from the 2010s

  • Brock, H. Woody (2012). American Gridlock: Why the Right and Left Are Both Wrong. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-63892-7.
  • Clegg, Nick (2017). Politics: Between the Extremes, international edition. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-78470-416-2.
  • Edwards, Mickey (2012). The Parties Versus the People: How to Turn Republicans and Democrats Into Americans. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18456-3.
  • Friedman, Thomas; Mandelbaum, Michael (2011). That Used to be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back. Picador. ISBN 978-0374288907.
  • Huntsman Jr., John, editor (2014). No Labels: A Shared Vision for a Stronger America. Diversion Books. ISBN 978-1-62681-237-6.
  • Macron, Emmanuel (2017). Revolution. Scribe Publications. ISBN 978-1-925322-71-2.
  • Orman, Greg (2016). A Declaration of Independents: How we Can Break the Two-Party Stranglehold and Restore the American Dream. Greenleaf Book Group Press. ISBN 978-1-62634-332-0.
  • Pearson, Noel (2011). Up From the Mission: Selected Writings. Black Inc. 2nd ed. Part Four ("The Quest for a Radical Centre"). ISBN 978-1-86395-520-1.
  • Salit, Jacqueline S. (2012). Independents Rising: Outsider Movements, Third Parties, and the Struggle for a Post-Partisan America. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-33912-5.
  • Trudeau, Justin (2015). Common Ground. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-4434-3338-9.
  • Whelan, Charles (2013). The Centrist Manifesto. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-34687-9.
  • White, Courtney (2017). Grassroots: The Rise of the Radical Center and The Next West. Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4575-5431-5.

Manifestos

  • "Road to Generational Equity" – Tim Penny, Richard Lamm, and Paul Tsongas (1995). Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  • "An Invitation to Join the Radical Center" – Gary Paul Nabhan, Courtney White, and 18 others (2003). Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  • "Ground Rules of Civil Society: A Radical Centrist Manifesto" – Ernest Prabhakar (2003). Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  • "The Cape York Agenda" – Noel Pearson (2005). Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  • "Ten Big Ideas for a New America" – New America Foundation (2007). Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  • "The Liberal Moment" – Nick Clegg (2009). Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  • "Depolarizing the American Mind" – Steve McIntosh and Carter Phipps (2014). Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  • "An Ecomodernist Manifesto" – Ted Nordhaus and 17 others (2015). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  • "Real Change" – Liberal Party of Canada platform under Justin Trudeau (2015). Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  • "Radix: Think Tank for the Radical Centre" – David Boyle and others (2016). Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  • "Rough Guide to Manifesto of Macron" – Emmanuel Macron, edited by Reuters (2017). Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  • "Unlocking the Climate Puzzle" – Ted Halstead for the Climate Leadership Council (2017). Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  • "California for All" – Michael Shellenberger (2018). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  • "The Center Can Hold: Public Policy for an Age of Extremes" – Niskanen Center (2018). Retrieved 26 January 2019.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Radical centrism.

Organizations

  • Cape York Institute – Australian think tank
  • Demos – U.K. think tank
  • New America – U.S. think tank
  • No Labels – U.S. political group
  • Search for Common Ground – global dialogues

Opinion websites

February 27, 2023
radical, centrism, also, called, radical, center, radical, centre, radical, middle, concept, that, arose, western, nations, late, 20th, century, radical, term, refers, willingness, part, most, radical, centrists, call, fundamental, reform, institutions, centri. Radical centrism also called the radical center the radical centre or the radical middle is a concept that arose in Western nations in the late 20th century The radical in the term refers to a willingness on the part of most radical centrists to call for fundamental reform of institutions 1 The centrism refers to a belief that genuine solutions require realism and pragmatism not just idealism and emotion 2 One radical centrist text defines radical centrism as idealism without illusions 3 a phrase originally from John F Kennedy 4 This approach typically leads to endorsing evidence rather than ideology as the guiding principle Radical centrists borrow ideas from the left and the right often melding them together 5 Most support market based solutions to social problems with strong governmental oversight in the public interest 6 There is support for increased global engagement and the growth of an empowered middle class in developing countries 7 In the US many radical centrists work within the major political parties but they also support independent or third party initiatives and candidacies 8 One common criticism of radical centrism is that its policies are only marginally different from conventional centrist policies 9 Some observers see radical centrism as primarily a process of catalyzing dialogue and fresh thinking among polarized people and groups 10 Contents 1 Influences and precursors 2 Late 20th century groundwork 2 1 Initial definitions 2 2 Relations to the Third Way 3 21st century overviews 3 1 Assumptions 3 2 Analysis 3 3 General policies 3 4 Strategy 4 Idea creation and dissemination 4 1 Think tanks and mass media 4 2 Books on specific topics 5 Radical centrist political action 5 1 Australia 5 2 Brazil 5 3 Britain 5 4 Canada 5 5 Chile 5 6 Finland 5 7 France 5 8 Germany 5 9 Israel 5 10 Italy 5 11 Netherlands 5 12 New Zealand 5 13 South Korea 5 14 Spain 5 15 United States 6 Criticism 6 1 Objections to policies assumptions and attitudes 6 2 Objections to strategies 6 3 Internal concerns 7 Radical centrism as dialogue and process 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10 1 Books from the 1990s 10 2 Books from the 2000s 10 3 Books from the 2010s 10 4 Manifestos 11 External links 11 1 Organizations 11 2 Opinion websitesInfluences and precursors EditSome influences on radical centrist political philosophy are not directly political Robert C Solomon a philosopher with radical centrist interests 11 identifies a number of philosophical concepts supporting balance reconciliation or synthesis including Confucius concept of ren Aristotle s concept of the mean Desiderius Erasmus s and Michel de Montaigne s humanism Giambattista Vico s evolutionary vision of history William James and John Dewey s pragmatism nb 1 and Aurobindo Ghose s integration of opposites 13 nb 2 Urban theorist and activist Jane Jacobs 1916 2006 who has been described as proto radical middle 15 However most commonly cited influences and precursors are from the political realm For example British radical centrist politician Nick Clegg considers himself an heir to political theorist John Stuart Mill former Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George economist John Maynard Keynes social reformer William Beveridge and former Liberal Party leader Jo Grimond 16 In his book Independent Nation 2004 John Avlon discusses precursors of 21st century U S political centrism including President Theodore Roosevelt Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan Senator Margaret Chase Smith and Senator Edward Brooke 17 Radical centrist writer Mark Satin points to political influences from outside the electoral arena including communitarian thinker Amitai Etzioni magazine publisher Charles Peters management theorist Peter Drucker city planning theorist Jane Jacobs and futurists Heidi and Alvin Toffler 18 nb 3 Satin calls Benjamin Franklin the radical middle s favorite Founding Father since he was extraordinarily practical extraordinarily creative and managed to get the warring factions and wounded egos to transcend their differences 21 Late 20th century groundwork EditInitial definitions Edit According to journalist William Safire the phrase radical middle was coined by Renata Adler 22 a staff writer for The New Yorker In the introduction to her second collection of essays Toward a Radical Middle 1969 she presented it as a healing radicalism 23 Adler said it rejected the violent posturing and rhetoric of the 1960s in favor of such corny values as reason decency prosperity human dignity and human contact 24 She called for the reconciliation of the white working class and African Americans 24 In the 1970s sociologist Donald I Warren described the radical center as consisting of those middle American radicals who were suspicious of big government the national media and academics as well as rich people and predatory corporations Although they might vote for Democrats or Republicans or for populists like George Wallace they felt politically homeless and were looking for leaders who would address their concerns 25 nb 4 Joe Klein who wrote the Newsweek cover story Stalking the Radical Middle In the 1980s and 1990s several authors contributed their understandings to the concept of the radical center For example futurist Marilyn Ferguson added a holistic dimension to the concept when she said The Radical Center is not neutral not middle of the road but a view of the whole road 28 nb 5 Sociologist Alan Wolfe located the creative part of the political spectrum at the center The extremes of right and left know where they stand while the center furnishes what is original and unexpected 30 African American theorist Stanley Crouch upset many political thinkers when he pronounced himself a radical pragmatist 31 Crouch explained I affirm whatever I think has the best chance of working of being both inspirational and unsentimental of reasoning across the categories of false division and beyond the decoy of race 32 In his influential 33 1995 Newsweek cover story Stalking the Radical Middle journalist Joe Klein described radical centrists as angrier and more frustrated than conventional Democrats and Republicans Klein said they share four broad goals getting money out of politics balancing the budget restoring civility and figuring out how to run government better He also said their concerns were fueling what is becoming a significant intellectual movement nothing less than an attempt to replace the traditional notions of liberalism and conservatism 34 nb 6 nb 7 Relations to the Third Way Edit In 1998 British sociologist Anthony Giddens claimed that the radical center is synonymous with the Third Way 39 For Giddens an advisor to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and for many other European political actors the Third Way is a reconstituted form of social democracy 40 41 Some radical centrist thinkers do not equate radical centrism with the Third Way In Britain many do not see themselves as social democrats Most prominently British radical centrist politician Nick Clegg has made it clear he does not consider himself an heir to Tony Blair 16 and Richard Reeves Clegg s longtime advisor emphatically rejects social democracy 42 In the United States the situation is different because the term Third Way was adopted by the Democratic Leadership Council and other moderate Democrats 43 However most U S radical centrists also avoid the term Ted Halstead and Michael Lind s introduction to radical centrist politics fails to mention it 44 and Lind subsequently accused the organized moderate Democrats of siding with the center right and Wall Street 27 Radical centrists have expressed dismay with what they see as split ting the difference 34 triangulation 27 45 and other supposed practices of what some of them call the mushy middle 46 47 nb 8 21st century overviews Edit Michael Lind co author of The Radical Center The Future of American Politics The first years of the 21st century saw publication of four introductions to radical centrist politics Ted Halstead and Michael Lind s The Radical Center 2001 Matthew Miller s The Two Percent Solution 2003 John Avlon s Independent Nation 2004 and Mark Satin s Radical Middle 2004 48 49 These books attempted to take the concept of radical centrism beyond the stage of cautious gestures 50 and journalistic observation and define it as a political philosophy 5 26 The authors came to their task from diverse political backgrounds Avlon had been a speechwriter for New York Republican Mayor Rudolph Giuliani 51 Miller had been a business consultant before serving in President Bill Clinton s budget office 52 Lind had been an exponent of Harry Truman style national liberalism 53 Halstead had run a think tank called Redefining Progress 54 and Satin had co drafted the U S Green Party s foundational political statement Ten Key Values 55 However there is a generational bond all these authors were between 31 and 41 years of age when their books were published except for Satin who was nearing 60 While the four books do not speak with one voice among them they express assumptions analyses policies and strategies that helped set the parameters for radical centrism as a 21st century political philosophy Assumptions Edit Former Green activist Mark Satin left and former Republican activist John Avlon right two early 21st century radical centrist authors Our problems cannot be solved by twiddling the dials substantial reforms are needed in many areas 56 57 Solving our problems will not require massive infusions of new money 58 59 However solving our problems will require drawing on the best ideas from left and right and wherever else they may be found 2 60 It will also require creative and original ideas thinking outside the box 61 62 63 Such thinking cannot be divorced from the world as it is or from tempered understandings of human nature A mixture of idealism and realism is needed 64 Idealism without realism is impotent says John Avlon Realism without idealism is empty 2 Analysis Edit North America and Western Europe have entered an Information Age economy with new possibilities that are barely being tapped 65 66 In this new age a plurality of people is neither liberal nor conservative but independent 67 and looking to move in a more appropriate direction 68 Nevertheless the major political parties are committed to ideas developed in and for a different era and are unwilling or unable to realistically address the future 69 70 Most people in the Information Age want to maximize the amount of choice they have in their lives 71 72 In addition people are insisting that they be given a fair opportunity to succeed in the new world they are entering 72 73 General policies Edit An overriding commitment to fiscal responsibility 58 even if it entails means testing of social programs 74 75 An overriding commitment to reforming public education whether by equalizing spending on school districts 76 offering school choice 77 hiring better teachers 78 or empowering the principals and teachers we have now 79 A commitment to market based solutions in health care energy the environment etc so long as the solutions are carefully regulated by government to serve the public good 80 81 The policy goal says Matthew Miller is to harness market forces for public purposes 6 A commitment to provide jobs for everyone willing to work whether by subsidizing jobs in the private sector 82 or by creating jobs in the public sector 83 A commitment to need based rather than race based affirmative action 84 85 more generally a commitment to race neutral ideals 86 A commitment to participate in institutions and processes of global governance and be of genuine assistance to people in the developing nations 7 87 Strategy Edit A new political majority can be built whether it be seen to consist largely of Avlon s political independents 88 Satin s caring persons 89 Miller s balanced and pragmatic individuals 60 or Halstead and Lind s triad of disaffected voters enlightened business leaders and young people 90 National political leadership is important local and nonprofit activism is not enough 91 92 Political process reform is also important for example implementing rank order voting in elections and providing free media time to candidates 93 94 A radical centrist party should be created assuming one of the major parties cannot simply be won over by radical centrist thinkers and activists 70 nb 9 In the meantime particular independent major party or third party candidacies should be supported 8 96 Idea creation and dissemination EditAlong with publication of the four overviews of radical centrist politics the first part of the 21st century saw a rise in the creation and dissemination of radical centrist policy ideas 5 26 Think tanks and mass media Edit 2015 panel discussion at the New America think tank in Washington D C Several think tanks are developing radical centrist ideas more thoroughly than was done in the overview books By the early 2000s these included Demos in Britain the Cape York Institute for Policy and Leadership in Australia and New America formerly the New America Foundation in the United States New America was started by authors Ted Halstead and Michael Lind as well as two others to bring radical centrist ideas to Washington D C journalists and policy researchers 54 nb 10 In the 2010s new think tanks began promoting radical centrist ideas Radix Think Tank for the Radical Centre was established in London in 2016 its initial board of trustees included former Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg 98 Writing in The Guardian Radix policy director David Boyle called for big radical ideas that could break with both trickle down conservatism and backward looking socialism 99 In 2018 a policy document released by the then four year old Niskanen Center of Washington D C was characterized as a manifesto for radical centrism by Big Think writer Paul Ratner 100 According to Ratner the document signed by some of Niskanen s executives and policy analysts is an attempt to incorporate rival ideological positions into a way forward for America 100 A radical centrist perspective can also be found in major periodicals In the United States for example The Washington Monthly was started by early radical centrist thinker Charles Peters 101 102 nb 11 and many large circulation magazines publish articles by New America fellows 104 Columnists who have written from a radical centrist perspective include John Avlon 105 Thomas Friedman 106 Joe Klein 107 and Matthew Miller 108 Prominent journalists James Fallows and Fareed Zakaria have been identified as radical centrists 5 In Britain the news magazine The Economist positions itself as radical centrist An editorial leader in 2012 declared in bolded type A new form of radical centrist politics is needed to tackle inequality without hurting economic growth 109 An essay on The Economist s website the following year introduced by the editor argues that the magazine had always com e from what we like to call the radical centre 110 Books on specific topics Edit Parag Khanna speaks on his book How to Run the World Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance 111 Many books are offering radical centrist perspectives and policy proposals on specific topics Some examples include foreign policy environmentalism food and agriculture underachievement among minorities women and men bureaucracy and overregulation economics international relations political dialogue political organization and what one person can do In Ethical Realism 2006 British liberal Anatol Lieven and U S conservative John Hulsman advocate a foreign policy based on modesty principle and seeing ourselves as others see us 112 In Break Through 2007 environmental strategists Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger of the Breakthrough Institute call on activists to become more comfortable with pragmatism high technology and aspirations for human greatness 113 In Food from the Radical Center 2018 ecologist Gary Paul Nabhan proposes agricultural policies intended to unite left and right as well as improve the food supply 114 In Winning the Race 2005 linguist John McWhorter says that many African Americans are negatively affected by a cultural phenomenon he calls therapeutic alienation 115 In Unfinished Business 2016 Anne Marie Slaughter of New America rethinks feminist assumptions and presents new visions of how women and men can flourish 116 In Try Common Sense 2019 attorney Philip K Howard urges the national government to set broad goals and standards and leave interpretation to those closest to the ground 117 nb 12 In The Origin of Wealth 2006 Eric Beinhocker of the Institute for New Economic Thinking portrays the economy as a dynamic but imperfectly self regulating evolutionary system and suggests policies that could support benign socio economic evolution 119 In How to Run the World 2011 scholar Parag Khanna argues that the emerging world order should not be run from the top down but by a galaxy of nonprofit nation state corporate and individual actors cooperating for their mutual benefit 111 In The Righteous Mind 2012 social psychologist Jonathan Haidt says we can conduct useful political dialogue only after acknowledging the strengths in our opponents ways of thinking 120 In Voice of the People 2008 conservative activist Lawrence Chickering and liberal attorney James Turner attempt to lay the groundwork for a grassroots transpartisan movement across the U S 121 In his memoir Radical Middle Confessions of an Accidental Revolutionary 2010 South African journalist Denis Beckett tries to show that one person can make a difference in a situation many might regard as hopeless 122 Radical centrist political action Edit Australia s Noel Pearson 123 right and Brazil s Marina Silva 124 left who have been identified as two radical centrist actors in the 2010s Radical centrists have been and continue to be engaged in a variety of political activities Australia Edit In Australia Aboriginal lawyer Noel Pearson is building an explicitly radical centrist movement among Aboriginal people 125 The movement is seeking more assistance from the Australian state but is also seeking to convince individual Aboriginal people to take more responsibility for their lives 126 127 To political philosopher Katherine Curchin writing in the Australian Journal of Political Science Pearson is attempting something unusual and worthwhile casting public debate on indigenous issues in terms of a search for a radical centre 123 She says Pearson s methods have much in common with those of deliberative democracy 123 While not using the term formally the political party Science Party is founded on principles that are typical of the radical centre 128 Brazil Edit In the late 2010s Brazil s Marina Silva was identified by The Economist as an emerging radical centrist leader Formerly a member of the left wing Workers Party by 2017 she had organized a new party whose watchwords included environmentalism liberalism and clean politics 124 She had already served six years as Minister of the Environment and in 2010 she was the Green Party candidate for President of Brazil finishing third with 20 of the vote 129 The Social Democratic Party a breakaway of Democratas founded in 2011 is a self described radical centrist party 130 Britain Edit This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information June 2021 Nick Clegg speaking at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos 2011 Following the 2010 election Nick Clegg then leader of the Liberal Democrats Britain s third largest party at the time had his party enter into a Conservative Liberal Democrat coalition agreement to form a majority government 131 In a speech to party members in the spring of 2011 Clegg declared that he considers himself and his party to be radical centrist For the left an obsession with the state For the right a worship of the market But as liberals we place our faith in people People with power and opportunity in their hands Our opponents try to divide us with their outdated labels of left and right But we are not on the left and we are not on the right We have our own label Liberal We are liberals and we own the freehold to the centre ground of British politics Our politics is the politics of the radical centre 132 In the autumn of 2012 Clegg s longtime policy advisor elaborated on the differences between Clegg s identity as a radical liberal and traditional social democracy He stated that Clegg s conception of liberalism rejected statism paternalism insularity and narrow egalitarianism 42 Canada Edit Justin Trudeau campaigning at a 2015 LGBTQ pride in Vancouver In the late 1970s Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre 133 134 One thing this means Trudeau said is that sometimes we have to fight against the state 133 Paul Hellyer who served in Trudeau s first cabinet and spent over half a century in Canadian political life 135 nb 13 said in 2010 I have been branded as everything from far left to far right I put myself in the radical centre one who seeks solutions to problems based on first principles without regard to ideology I believe that it is the kind of solution the world desperately needs at a time when niggling change or fine tuning is not good enough 136 Justin Trudeau elected Prime Minister of Canada in 2015 has been characterized as radical centrist by Stuart Trew of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives 137 Trew argues that both Justin Trudeau and his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron are optimists moderate redistributionists internationalists feminists and good listeners According to Trew consultation is key 137 Chile Edit In 2017 The Economist described Chile s Andres Velasco as a rising radical centrist politician 124 A former finance minister in Michelle Bachelet s first government he later unsuccessfully ran against her for the presidential nomination and then helped establish a new political party 124 According to The Economist Velasco and his colleagues say they support a political philosophy that is both liberal and egalitarian 124 Like Amartya Sen they see freedom not just as freedom from but as the absence of domination and the opportunity to fulfill one s potential 124 Like John Rawls they reject the far left s emphasis on state redistribution in favor of an emphasis on equal treatment for all with special vigilance against class and race based discrimination 124 Finland Edit Finland s Centre Party has been generally viewed as a radical centrist party with wide ranging views from the left and right wing political spectrums such as supporting lower taxes for businesses and lowering the capital gains tax while also encompassing strong welfare and environmental policies and legislation The Centre Party s former chairmen and Finland s former Prime Ministers Juha Sipila and Matti Vanhanen as well as former President Urho Kekkonen have been viewed as radical centrists 138 France Edit Emmanuel Macron speaking at a high tech conference in 2014 Several observers have identified Emmanuel Macron elected President of France in 2017 as a radical centrist 137 Anne Applebaum of The Washington Post says Macron represents the brand new radical center as does his political movement En Marche which Applebaum translates as forward 139 She notes a number of politically bridging ideas Macron holds for example He embraces markets but says he believes in collective solidarity 139 A professor of history Robert Zaretsky writing in Foreign Policy argues that Macron s radical centrism is the embodiment of a particularly French kind of center the extreme center 140 He points to Macron s declaration that he is neither left nor right and to his support for policies such as public sector austerity and major environmental investments citation needed that traditional political parties might find contradictory 140 U S politician Dave Andersion writing in The Hill newspaper says that Macron s election victory points the way for those who wish to transcend their polarized politics of the present in the name of a new center not a moderate center associated with United States and United Kingdom Third Way politics but what has been described as Macron s radical center point of view It transcends left and right but takes important elements of both sides 141 Germany Edit Annalena Baerbock became co leader of the increasingly pragmatic Alliance 90 The Greens in 2018 Writing at The Dahrendorf Forum a joint project of the Hertie School of Governance Berlin and the London School of Economics Forum fellow Alexandru Filip put the German Green party of 2018 in the same camp as Emmanuel Macron s French party see above and Albert Rivera s Spanish one see below His article On New and Radical Centrism argued that the Greens did relatively well in the 2017 German federal election not only because of their stance against the system but also as a result of a more centrist socio liberal pro European constituency that felt alienated by the power sharing cartel of the larger parties 142 Following the 2017 federal election Deutsche Welle correspondent Rina Goldenberg traced the evolution of the German Greens from the idealism of the 1980s to a more pragmatic but still principled stance 143 She wrote in pertinent part The internal make up of the Greens has evolved as the first generation has grown older Many have changed their priorities morphing from former hippies to urban professionals Green supporters are generally well educated high earning urbanites with a strong belief in the benefits of a multicultural society No other party fields more candidates with an immigrant background than the Greens 144 Traditionally the German Greens elect co leaders of their party one male and one female one from the party s leftist wing and one from its pragmatic centrist wing 143 145 In 2018 the party broke with tradition by electing both co leaders from its moderate wing federal MP Annalena Baerbock and northern state politician Robert Habeck 145 Israel Edit Yair Lapid addressing supporters on election night in 2013 In an article for Israel Hayom in 2012 conservative Knesset member Tzipi Hotovely named Israeli politician Yair Lapid and his Yesh Atid There Is a Future party as examples of the radical center in Israel which she warned her readers against 146 In 2013 Yossi Klein Halevi author of books addressing Israelis and Palestinians alike 147 148 explained why he voted for Lapid saying in part He emerged as the voice of middle class disaffection yet included in his party list two Ethiopians representatives of one of the country s poorest constituencies Yair has sought dialogue Some see Yair s Israeli eclecticism as an expression of ideological immaturity of indecisiveness In fact it reflects his ability alone among today s leaders to define the Israeli center These voters agree with the left about the dangers of occupation and with the right about the dangers of a delusional peace 149 In 2017 Lapid and his party were surging in the polls 150 In May 2020 following three elections Lapid was named leader of the opposition in Israel 151 152 A month prior Lapid had written an essay in which he described his version of centrism as the politics of the broad consensus that empowers us all Together we are creating something new 153 Italy Edit According to journalist Angelo Persichilli Italian Christian Democratic Party leader Aldo Moro s call for a parallel convergence prefigured today s calls for radical centrism 154 Until being killed by the Red Brigades in the late 1970s Moro had been promoting a political alliance between Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party 154 Moro acknowledged that the two parties were so different that they ran on parallel tracks and he did not want them to lose their identities but he emphasized that in the end their interests were convergent hence the phrase parallel convergence which he popularized 154 In the 2010s Spanish radical centrist Albert Rivera reportedly cited Italian politician Matteo Renzi as a soulmate 155 Netherlands Edit According to the Dutch opinion magazine HP De Tijd the Dutch political party D66 can be seen as radical centrist 156 Radical centrism is a possibility in another Dutch party as well In a report presented in 2012 to the Christian Democratic Appeal CDA party CDA member and former minister of social affairs Aart Jan de Geus recommends that the CDA develop itself into a radical centrist radicale midden party 157 The D66 has been seen as the more progressive and individualistic of the two parties and the CDA as the more conservative and personalistic communitarian 156 New Zealand Edit The Opportunities Party TOP abbreviated founded by economist Gareth Morgan identifies itself as radical centrist 158 TOP advocates for evidence based policy on a universal basic income 159 legalised cannabis 160 and putting a stop to the New Zealand housing crisis South Korea Edit In South Korea the term Jungdogaehyeok Korean 중도개혁 Hanja 中道改革 lit centrist reformism bears resemblance to the term radical centrism The Peace Democratic Party founded in 1987 officially put forward a jungdogaehyeok 161 But from then until 2016 the term was rarely used in South Korean politics After 2016 the People s Party 162 the Bareunmirae Party 163 the Party for Democracy and Peace 164 the New Alternatives party 165 the Minsaeng Party 166 and the People Party 167 all called themselves jungdogaehyeok South Korean politician Ahn Cheol soo has described himself explicitly as a radical centrist Korean 극중주의 Hanja 極中主義 RR geukjungjuui 168 169 170 Spain Edit Albert Rivera speaking at a Ciudadanos event in 2015 In Spain Albert Rivera and his Ciudadanos Citizens party have been described as radical centrist by Politico 171 as well as by Spanish language commentators and news outlets 172 Rivera himself has described his movement as radical centrist saying We re the radical center We can t beat them when it comes to populism What Ciudadanos aspires to is radical courageous changes backed by numbers data proposals economists technicians and capable people 171 Rivera has called for politics to transcend the old labels saying We have to move away from the old left right axis 155 The Economist has likened Rivera and his party to Emmanuel Macron and his party En Marche in France 155 Rivera s party has taken on the established parties of the left and right and has had some success most notably in the 2017 Catalan regional election 173 In the subsequent years though Ciudadanos became almost irrelevant in Spanish politics leading to Rivera s resignation as party leader United States Edit Ross Perot was an early proponent of radical centrism Political independent Jesse Ventura was elected Governor of Minnesota in 1998 58 Some commentators identify Ross Perot s 1992 U S presidential campaign as the first radical centrist national campaign 34 174 However many radical centrist authors were not enthusiastic about Perot Matthew Miller acknowledges that Perot had enough principle to support a gasoline tax hike 175 Halstead and Lind note that he popularized the idea of balancing the budget 176 and John Avlon says he crystallized popular distrust of partisan extremes 177 However none of those authors examines Perot s ideas or campaigns in depth and Mark Satin does not mention Perot at all Joe Klein mocked one of Perot s campaign gaffes and said he was not a sufficiently substantial figure 34 Miller characterizes Perot as a rich self financed lone wolf 178 By contrast what most radical centrists say they want in political action terms is the building of a grounded political movement 179 180 The phrase militant moderates was used by national media during Perot s 1992 groundbreaking Presidential campaign One of Perot s most intriguing contributions to American politics is his challenge to the entire paradigm of left center right He claimed at a meeting of the national Reform Party in 1995 that the paradigm was no longer operative and that left center right was being replaced The replacement was a top versus the rest of us paradigm and that the very wealthy like himself could choose to be with the people at the bottom like most of the American people This brand of militant moderation a form of populism is what endeared Perot to his ardent followers and was not traditional centrism Also in the 1990s political independents Jesse Ventura Angus King and Lowell Weicker became governors of American states According to John Avlon they pioneered the combination of fiscal prudence and social tolerance that has served as a model for radical centrist governance ever since 58 They also developed a characteristic style a combination of common sense and maverick appeal 181 nb 14 In the decade of the 2000s a number of governors and mayors most prominently California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg were celebrated by Time magazine as action heroes who looked beyond partisanship to get things done 183 A similar article that decade in Politico placed self styled radical centrist governor Mark Warner of Virginia in that camp 184 In the 2010s the radical centrist movement in the U S is mostly being played out in the national media In 2010 for example The New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman called for a Tea Party of the radical center an organized national pressure group 185 Friedman later co wrote a book with scholar Michael Mandelbaum discussing key issues in American society and calling for an explicitly radical centrist politics and program to deal with them 186 At The Washington Post columnist Matthew Miller was explaining Why we need a third party of radical centrists 187 nb 15 In 2011 Friedman championed Americans Elect an insurgent group of radical centrist Democrats Republicans and independents who were hoping to run an independent Presidential candidate in 2012 106 Meanwhile Miller offered t he third party stump speech we need 191 In his book The Price of Civilization 2011 Columbia University economist Jeffrey Sachs called for the creation of a third U S party an Alliance for the Radical Center 192 Insignia of the No Labels organization While no independent radical centrist presidential candidate emerged in 2012 John Avlon emphasized the fact that independent voters remain the fastest growing portion of the electorate 105 In late 2015 the No Labels organization co founded by Avlon 193 called a national Problem Solver convention to discuss how to best reduce political polarization and promote political solutions that could bridge the left right divide 194 A lengthy article in The Atlantic about the convention conveys the views of leaders of a new generation of beyond left and right or both left and right organizations including Joan Blades of Living Room Conversations David Blankenhorn of Better Angels Carolyn Lukensmeyer of the National Institute for Civil Discourse and Steve McIntosh of the Institute for Cultural Evolution 194 Following the 2016 presidential election prominent U S commentator David Brooks praised No Labels and other such groups and offered them advice including this D eepen a positive national vision that is not merely a positioning between left and right 195 By the mid 2010s several exponents of radical centrism had run albeit unsuccessfully for seats in the United States Congress including Matthew Miller in California 196 and Dave Anderson in Maryland 141 According to a January 2018 article in The Washington Post West Virginia Senator Joe Manchin greeted newly elected Alabama Senator Doug Jones with the phrase Welcome to the radical middle 197 Both senators have been regarded as moderate and bipartisan 198 In March 2018 the political newspaper The Hill ran an article by attorney Michael D Fricklas entitled The Time for Radical Centrism Has Come 199 It asserted that the omnibus spending bill for 2018 jettisoned spending proposals favored by both political extremes to obtain votes of principled moderates and that its passage therefore represented a victory for what Senator Susan Collins R Maine calls radical centrism 199 Toward the beginning of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries Steven Teles of the Niskanen Center writing in The New Republic laid out a strategy by which a dark horse candidate appealing to the radical center could win the Democratic Party presidential nomination 200 The Forward Party a political action committee created by former presidential candidate Andrew Yang in October 2021 was critically described as a radical centrist movement by the American socialist magazine Jacobin 201 Two days after the creation of the Forward Party Yang tweeted You re giving radical centrists like me a home 202 Criticism EditEven before the 21st century some observers were criticizing what they saw as radical centrism In the 1960s liberal political cartoonist Jules Feiffer employed the term radical middle to mock what he saw as the timid and pretentious outlook of the American political class 203 204 nb 16 During the Ross Perot presidential campaign of 1992 conservative journalist William Safire suggested that a more appropriate term for the radical center might be the snarling center 22 In a 1998 article entitled The Radical Centre A Politics Without Adversary Belgian political theorist Chantal Mouffe argued that passionate and often bitter conflict between left and right is a necessary feature of any democracy 205 nb 17 Objections to policies assumptions and attitudes Edit Liberal journalist Robert Kuttner a notable critic of radical centrism 207 Some 21st century commentators argue that radical centrist policies are not substantially different from conventional centrist ideas 9 208 For example US liberal journalist Robert Kuttner says there already is a radical centrist party It s called the Democrats 207 He faults Matthew Miller s version of radical centrism for offering feeble policy solutions and indulging in wishful thinking about the motives of the political right 209 Progressive social theorist Richard Kahlenberg says that Ted Halstead and Michael Lind s book The Radical Center is too skeptical about the virtues of labor unions and too ardent about the virtues of the market 210 Others contend that radical centrist policies lack clarity For example in 2001 journalist Eric Alterman said that the New America Foundation think tank was neither liberal nor progressive and did not know what it was 54 Politico reports that some think Spain s radical centrist Ciudadanos Citizens party is encouraged by the Spanish establishment to undercut the radical left and preserve the status quo 171 Thomas Friedman s columns supporting radical centrism are a favorite target for bloggers 9 By contrast some observers claim that radical centrist ideas are too different from mainstream policies to be viable Sam Tanenhaus the editor of The New York Times Book Review called the proposals in Halstead and Lind s book utopian 26 According to Ed Kilgore the policy director of the Democratic Leadership Council Mark Satin s Radical Middle book ultimately places him in the sturdy tradition of idealistic American reformers who think smart and principled people unencumbered by political constraints can change everything 208 Some have suggested that radical centrists may be making false assumptions about their effectiveness or appeal In the United States for example political analyst James Joyner found that states adopting non partisan redistricting commissions a favorite radical centrist proposal have been no more fiscally responsible than states without such commissions 211 In 2017 The Economist wondered whether Latin Americans really wanted to hear the hard truths about their societies that some radical centrists were offering them 124 Radical centrist attitudes have also been criticized For example many bloggers have characterized Thomas Friedman s columns on radical centrism as elitist and glib 9 In Australia some think that Australian attorney Noel Pearson long an advocate of radical centrism is in fact a polarizing partisan 212 In 2012 conservative Knesset member Tzipi Hotovely criticized Israel s radical center for lacking such attributes as courage decisiveness and realistic thinking 146 Objections to strategies Edit Conservative journalist Ramesh Ponnuru who has criticized radical centrist strategy 213 Some observers question the wisdom of seeking consensus post partisanship or reconciliation in political life 9 Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein argues that American democratic theory from the time of James Madison s Federalist No 10 1787 has been based on the acknowledgement of faction and the airing of debate and he sees no reason to change now 9 Other observers feel radical centrists are misreading the political situation For example conservative journalist Ramesh Ponnuru says liberals and conservatives are not ideologically opposed to such radical centrist measures as limiting entitlements and raising taxes to cover national expenditures Instead voters are opposed to them and things will change when voters can be convinced otherwise 213 The third party strategy favored by many U S radical centrists has been criticized as impractical and diversionary According to these critics what is needed instead is a reform of the legislative process and b candidates in existing political parties who will support radical centrist ideas 9 The specific third party vehicle favored by many U S radical centrists in 2012 Americans Elect 214 was criticized as an elite driven party 9 supported by a dubious group of Wall Street multi millionaires 207 After spending time with a variety of radical centrists Alec MacGillis of The New Republic concluded that their perspectives are so disparate that they could never come together to build a viable political organization 215 Internal concerns Edit Some radical centrists are less than sanguine about their future One concern is co optation For example Michael Lind worries that the enthusiasm for the term radical center on the part of arbiters of the conventional wisdom may signal a weakening of the radical vision implied by the term 27 Another concern is passion John Avlon fears that some centrists cannot resist the lure of passionate partisans whom he calls wingnuts 216 By contrast Mark Satin worries that radical centrism while thoroughly sensible lacks an animating passion and claims there has never been a successful political movement without one 217 Radical centrism as dialogue and process Edit 2011 AmericaSpeaks event Some radical centrists such as theorist Tom Atlee 63 mediator Mark Gerzon 218 and activist Joseph F McCormick 63 see radical centrism as primarily a commitment to process 63 219 Their approach is to facilitate processes of structured dialogue among polarized people and groups from the neighborhood level on up 63 220 A major goal is to enable dialogue participants to come up with new perspectives and solutions that can address every party s core interests 63 221 Onward Christian Athletes author Tom Krattenmaker speaks of the radical center as that metaphoric space where such dialogue and innovation can occur 10 Similarly The Lipstick Proviso Women Sex and Power in the Real World author Karen Lehrman Bloch speaks of the radical middle as a common ground where left and right can nurture a saner society 222 Organizations seeking to catalyze dialogue and innovation among diverse people and groups have included AmericaSpeaks 223 C1 World Dialogue 224 Everyday Democracy 225 Listening Project North Carolina 226 Living Room Conversations 194 227 Public Conversations Project 63 228 Search for Common Ground 229 and Village Square 194 Organizations specifically for university students include BridgeUSA 230 231 and Sustained Dialogue 230 The city of Portland Oregon has been characterized as radical middle in USA Today newspaper because many formerly antagonistic groups there are said to be talking to learning from and working with one another 10 In 2005 The Atlantic portrayed Egyptian Islamic cleric Ali Gomaa as the voice of an emergent form of radical Islam traditionalism without the extremism 232 In 2012 in an article entitled The Radical Middle Building Bridges Between the Muslim and Western Worlds 224 Gomaa shared his approach to the dialogic process The purpose of dialogue should not be to convert others but rather to share with them one s principles Sincere dialogue should strengthen one s faith while breaking down barriers Dialogue is a process of exploration and coming to know the other as much as it is an example of clarifying one s own positions Therefore when one dialogues with others what is desired is to explore their ways of thinking so as to correct misconceptions in our own minds and arrive at common ground 233 In 2017 former American football player and Green Beret soldier Nate Boyer suggested that his radical middle stance could help address the issues and resolve the controversy surrounding U S national anthem protests at football games 234 235 Notes Edit For an extended discussion of neoclassical American pragmatism and its possible political implications see Louis Menand s book The Metaphysical Club 12 An international evangelical movement the Association of Vineyard Churches describes itself as radical middle because it believes that spiritual truth is found by holding supposedly contradictory concepts in tension Examples include head vs heart planning vs being Spirit led and standing for truth vs standing for Unity 14 In the 1980s Satin s own Washington D C based political newsletter New Options described itself as post liberal 19 Culture critic Annie Gottlieb says it urged the New Left and New Age to evolve into a New Center 20 Warren s book influenced Michael Lind and other 21st century radical centrists 26 27 Two years later another prominent futurist John Naisbitt wrote in bolded type The political left and right are dead all the action is being generated by a radical center 29 Subsequent to Klein s article some political writers posited the existence of two radical centers one neopopulist and bitter and the other moderate and comfortable 35 36 According to historian Sam Tanenhaus one of the strengths of Ted Halstead and Michael Lind s book The Radical Center 2001 is it attempts to weld the two supposed radical centrist factions together 26 A 1991 story in Time magazine with a similar title Looking for The Radical Middle revealed the existence of a New Paradigm Society in Washington D C a group of high level liberal and conservative activists seeking ways to bridge the ideological divide 37 The article discusses what it describes as the group s virtual manifesto E J Dionne s book Why Americans Hate Politics 38 In 2010 radical centrist Michael Lind stated that to date President Obama has been the soft spoken tribune of the mushy middle 27 Matthew Miller added an Afterword to the paperback edition of his book favoring formation of a transformational third party by the year 2010 if the two major parties remained stuck in their ways 95 Besides Halstead and Lind thinkers affiliated with the New America Foundation in the early 2000s included Katherine Boo Steven Clemons James Fallows Maya MacGuineas Walter Russell Mead James Pinkerton Jedediah Purdy and Sherle Schwenninger 54 97 Peters used the term neoliberal to distinguish his ideas from those of neoconservatives and conventional liberals His version of neoliberalism is separate from what came to be known internationally as neoliberalism 102 103 Howard summarized Try Common Sense in an article entitled A Radical Centrist Platform for 2020 118 In 1997 forty eight years after first being elected to the Canadian Parliament Hellyer founded a minor political party the Canadian Action Party 135 By the end of the 20th century some mainstream politicians were cloaking themselves in the language of the radical center For example in 1996 former U S Defense Secretary Elliot Richardson stated I am a moderate a radical moderate I believe profoundly in the ultimate value of human dignity and equality 182 At a conference in Berlin Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien declared I am the radical center 40 In 2009 on The Huffington Post website the president of The Future 500 188 following up on his earlier endorsement of the radical middle 189 made the case for a transpartisan alliance between left and right 190 According to journalist John Judis sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset used the term radical centrism in his book Political Man 1960 to help explain European fascism 35 Mouffe also criticized radical centrism for its New Age rhetorical flourish 206 References Edit Halstead Ted Lind Michael 2001 The Radical Center The Future of American Politics New York City Doubleday Random House p 16 ISBN 978 0 385 50045 6 a b c Avlon John 2004 Independent Nation How the Vital Center Is Changing American Politics New York City Harmony Books Random House p 2 ISBN 978 1 4000 5023 9 Satin Mark 2004 Radical Middle The Politics We Need Now Boulder Colorado Westview Press Basic Books p 5 ISBN 978 0 8133 4190 3 Avlon 2004 p 109 a b c d Olson Robert January February 2005 The Rise of Radical Middle Politics The Futurist Vol 39 no 1 Chicago Illinois World Future Society pp 45 47 a b Miller Matthew 2003 The Two Percent Solution Fixing America s Problems in Ways Liberals and Conservatives Can Love New York City Public Affairs Perseus Books Group p 71 ISBN 978 1 58648 158 2 a b Halstead Ted ed 2004 The Real State of the Union From the Best Minds in America Bold Solutions to the Problems Politicians Dare Not Address New York City Basic Books pp 13 19 ISBN 978 0 465 05052 9 a b Avlon 2004 Part 4 a b c d e f g h Marx Greg 25 July 2011 Tom Friedman s Radical Wrongness Columbia Journalism Review New York City Columbia University Retrieved 1 February 2013 a b c Krattenmaker Tom 27 December 2012 Welcome to the Radical Middle USA Today newspaper p A12 Retrieved 5 March 2013 Solomon Robert C 2003 A Better Way to Think About Business How Personal Integrity Leads to Corporate Success Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 538315 7 Menand Louis 2001 The Metaphysical Club A Story of Ideas in America Farrar Straus amp Giroux Part Five ISBN 978 0 374 19963 0 Solomon Robert C Higgins Kathleen M 1996 A Short History of Philosophy Oxfordshire England Oxford University Press pp 93 66 161 179 222 240 and 298 ISBN 978 0 19 510 196 6 Jackson Bill 1999 The Quest for the Radical Middle A History of the Vineyard Vineyard International Publishing pp 18 21 ISBN 978 0 620 24319 3 Satin 2004 p 30 a b Stratton Allegra Wintour Patrick 13 March 2011 Nick Clegg Tells Lib Dems They Belong in Radical Centre of British Politics The Guardian London Retrieved 1 February 2013 Avlon John 2004 pp 26 173 223 244 and 257 Satin 2004 pp 10 23 and 30 Rosenberg Jeff 17 March 1989 Mark s Ism New Options s Editor Builds a New Body Politic Washington City Paper pp 6 8 Gottlieb Annie 1987 Do You Believe in Magic Bringing the 60s Back Home Simon amp Schuster p 154 ISBN 978 0 671 66050 5 Satin 2004 p 22 a b Safire William 14 June 1992 On Language Perotspeak The New York Times Magazine p 193 page 006012 in The New York Times Archives Retrieved 5 October 2018 Adler Renata 1969 Toward a Radical Middle Fourteen Pieces of Reporting and Criticism Random House pp xiii xxiv ISBN 978 0 394 44916 6 a b Adler 1969 p xxiii Warren Donald I 1976 The Radical Center Middle Americans and the Politics of Alienation University of Notre Dame Press Chap 1 ISBN 978 0 268 01594 7 a b c d e Tanenhaus Sam 14 April 2010 The Radical Center The History of an Ideal The New York Times Book Review New York City New York Times Company p 27 Retrieved 7 February 2013 a b c d e Lind Michael 20 April 2010 Now More than Ever We Need a Radical Center Salon com website Retrieved 1 February 2013 Ferguson Marilyn 1980 The Aquarian Conspiracy Personal and Social Transformation in the 1980s J P Tarcher Inc Houghton Mifflin pp 228 29 ISBN 978 0 87477 191 6 Naisbitt John 1982 Megatrends Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives Warner Books Warner Communications Company p 178 ISBN 978 0 446 35681 7 Wolfe Alan 1996 Marginalized in the Middle University of Chicago Press p 16 ISBN 978 0 226 90516 7 Author unidentified 30 January 1995 The 100 Smartest New Yorkers New York Magazine vol 28 no 5 p 41 Crouch Stanley 1995 The All American Skin Game or The Decoy of Race Pantheon Books p 1 of Introduction ISBN 978 0 679 44202 8 Satin 2004 p 10 a b c d Klein Joe 24 September 1995 Stalking the Radical Middle Newsweek vol 126 no 13 pp 32 36 Web version identifies the author as Newsweek Staff Retrieved 18 January 2016 a b Judis John 16 October 1995 TRB from Washington Off Center The New Republic vol 213 no 16 pp 4 and 56 Lind Michael 3 December 1995 The Radical Center or The Moderate Middle The New York Times Magazine pp 72 73 Retrieved 17 April 2013 Duffy Michael 20 May 1991 Looking for The Radical Middle Time magazine vol 137 no 20 p 60 Retrieved 21 February 2013 Dionne E J 1991 Why Americans Hate Politics Touchstone Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 671 68255 2 Giddens Anthony 1998 The Third Way The Renewal of Social Democracy Polity Press pp 44 46 ISBN 978 0 7456 2267 5 a b Andrews Edward L 4 June 2000 Growing Club of Left Leaning Leaders Strains to Find a Focus The Nev York Times p 6 Giddens Anthony 2000 The Third Way and Its Critics Polity Press Chap 2 Social Democracy and the Third Way ISBN 978 0 7456 2450 1 a b Reeves Richard 19 September 2012 The Case for a Truly Liberal Party The New Statesman p 26 Retrieved 7 January 2013 Smith Ben 7 February 2011 The End of the DLC Era Politico website Retrieved 31 December 2016 Halstead and Lind 2001 p 263 Burns James MacGregor Sorenson Georgia J 1999 Dead Center Clinton Gore Leadership and the Perils of Moderation Scribner p 221 ISBN 978 0 684 83778 9 Satin 2004 p ix Ray Paul H Anderson Sherry Ruth 2000 The Cultural Creatives How 50 Million People Are Changing the World Harmony Books Random House pp xiv and 336 ISBN 978 0 609 60467 0 Satin 2004 p 10 citing big picture introductions by Halstead Lind and Miller Wall Wendy L 2008 Inventing the American Way The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement Oxford University Press pp 297 98 n 25 citing Avlon Halstead Lind and Satin as contemporary calls to the creative center ISBN 978 0 19 532910 0 Avlon 2004 p 3 Avlon 2004 pp 378 79 Miller 2003 p xiv Lind Michael 1996 Up from Conservatism Why the Right Is Wrong for America Free Press Simon amp Schuster p 259 ISBN 978 0 684 83186 2 a b c d Morin Richard Deane Claudia 10 December 2001 Big Thinker Ted Halstead s New America Foundation Has It All Money Brains and Buzz Style Section The Washington Post p 1 Gaard Greta 1998 Ecological Politics Ecofeminism and the Greens Temple University Press pp 142 43 ISBN 978 1 56639 569 4 Halstead and Lind 2001 p 16 Satin 2004 pp 3 5 a b c d Avlon 2004 pp 277 93 Radical Centrists Miller 2003 pp ix xiii a b Miller 2003 pp xii xii Avlon 2004 p 21 Halstead and Lind 2001 pp 6 12 a b c d e f g Utne Leif September October 2004 The Radical Middle Utne Reader issue no 125 pp 80 85 Contains brief interviews with 10 radical centrists including Halstead Satin Tom Atlee Laura Chasin Joseph F McCormick and Joel Rogers Retrieved 3 February 2013 Satin 2004 pp 5 6 Halstead and Lind 2001 pp 13 56 58 and 64 Satin 2004 pp 14 17 Avlon 2004 pp 1 and 13 Miller 2003 p 52 Avlon 2004 p 19 a b Halstead and Lind 2001 pp 223 24 Halstead and Lind 2001 p 19 a b Satin 2004 pp 6 8 Miller 2003 Chap 4 Halstead and Lind 2001 p 78 Miller 2003 p 207 Halstead and Lind 2001 p 154 Miller 2003 Chap 7 Miller 2003 Chap 6 Satin 2004 Chap 7 Avlon 2004 pp 15 and 26 43 on Theodore Roosevelt Halstead and Lind 2001 p 14 Miller 2003 Chap 8 Satin 2004 pp 92 93 Halstead and Lind 2001 pp 170 76 Satin 2004 Chap 8 Avlon 2004 pp 257 76 on Senator Edward W Brooke Satin 2004 Chaps 13 15 Avlon 2004 pp 10 13 Satin 2004 pp 17 18 Halstead and Lind 2004 pp 214 23 Avlon 2004 p 18 Miller 2003 p 230 and Postscript Halstead and Lind 2001 pp 109 28 Satin 2004 pp 198 202 Miller Matthew 2003a The Two Percent Solution Fixing America s Problems in Ways Liberals and Conservatives Can Love Public Affairs Perseus Books Group Paperback edition pp 263 88 ISBN 978 1 58648 289 3 Satin 2004 Chap 18 Halstead ed 2004 pp v vii and xiii Silvera Ian 26 August 2016 Nick Clegg Calls Time on Complacent Moderates After Brexit Vote International Business Times UK edition online Retrieved 26 January 2019 Boyle David 18 September 2017 Sorry Vince the Centre Needs Big Radical Ideas Before It Can Rise Again The Guardian Retrieved 26 January 2019 a b Ratner Paul 22 December 2018 Too Far Right and Left D C Think Tank Releases Manifesto for Radical Centrism Big Think web portal Retrieved 26 January 2019 Satin 2004 pp 22 23 Franklin to Peters to You a b Carlson Peter 30 April 2001 Charlie Peters The Genuine Article The Washington Post p C01 Reprinted at the Peace Corps Online website Retrieved 3 February 2013 Peters Charles May 1983 A Neoliberal s Manifesto The Washington Monthly pp 8 18 Reproduced on The Washington Post website with a differently spelled title Retrieved 31 December 2016 Articles page New America website Retrieved 31 December 2016 a b Avlon John 23 September 2012 Political Independents The Future of Politics The Daily Beast Retrieved 12 July 2013 a b Friedman Thomas 24 July 2011 Make Way for the Radical Center The New York Times p 5 SR Retrieved 3 February 2013 Klein Joe 25 June 2007 The Courage Primary Time magazine vol 169 no 26 p 39 Retrieved 3 February 2013 Miller Matthew 24 June 2010 A Case for Radical Centrism The Washington Post online Retrieved 3 February 2013 Leader 13 October 2012 True Progressivism Inequality and the World Economy The Economist p 14 U S edition Retrieved 4 September 2013 J C 2 September 2013 Is The Economist Left or Right Wing The Economist website Retrieved 4 September 2013 a b Khanna Parag 2011 How to Run the World Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance Random House ISBN 978 0 6796 0428 0 Lieven Anatol Hulsman John 2006 Ethical Realism A Vision for America s Role in the World Pantheon Books Random House Introduction ISBN 978 0 375 42445 8 Nordhaus Ted Shellenberger Michael 2007 Break Through From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility Houghton Mifflin Introduction ISBN 978 0 618 65825 1 Nabhan Gary Paul 2018 Food from the Radical Center Healing Our Land and Communities Washington DC Island Press ISBN 978 1 61091 919 7 McWhorter John 2005 Winning the Race Beyond the Crisis in Black America Gotham Books Penguin Group Chap 5 ISBN 978 1 59240 188 8 Slaughter Anne Marie 2016 Unfinished Business Women Men Work Family Random House ISBN 978 0 8129 8497 2 Howard Phiip K 2019 Try Common Sense Replacing the Failed Ideologies of Right and Left W W Norton amp Company Introduction ISBN 978 1 324 00176 8 Howard Philip K 13 April 2019 A Radical Centrist Platform for 2020 The Hill Retrieved 17 June 2019 Beinhocker Eric D 2006 The Origin of Wealth Evolution Complexity and the Radical Remaking of Economics Harvard Business School Press pp 11 13 and Chap 18 Politics and Policy The End of Left versus Right ISBN 978 1 57851 777 0 Haidt Jonathan 2012 The Righteous Mind Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion Pantheon Books Chap 12 Can t We All Disagree More Constructively ISBN 978 0 307 37790 6 Chickering A Lawrence Turner James S 2008 Voice of the People The Transpartisan Imperative in American Life DaVinci Press Part V ISBN 978 0 615 21526 6 Beckett Denis 2010 Radical Middle Confessions of an Accidental Revolutionary Tafelberg ISBN 978 0 624 04912 8 a b c Chuchin Katherine 2013 Discursive Representation and Pearson s Quest for a Radical Centre Australian Journal of Political Science vol 48 no 3 pp 256 268 a b c d e f g h Bello column 7 September 2017 The Appeal of Macronismo in Latin America Rebuilding the Radical Centre The Economist vol 424 no 9057 p 34 U S edition Print edition uses the sub title only Author of the Bello column was identified in the online masthead as journalist Michael Reid Pearson Noel 7 September 2010 Nights When I Dream of a Better World Moving from the Centre Left to the Radical Centre of Australian Politics The 2010 John Button Oration Retrieved 31 December 2016 Pearson Noel 21 April 2007 Hunt for the Radical Centre The Australian Reproduced on the Cape York Partnership website Retrieved 31 December 2016 Pearson Noel 22 October 2016 Hunt for the Radical Centre Confronting Welfare Dependency The Australian p 19 Retrieved 27 October 2017 Mission Statement Vaz Sofia Guedes 2017 Environment Why Read the Classics Routledge p 18 ISBN 978 1 906093 75 4 Gilberto Kassab PSD tera candidatura propria em 2022 Author unidentified 12 May 2011 David Cameron and Nick Clegg Pledge United Coalition BBC News website Retrieved 4 February 2013 Clegg Nick 13 March 2011 Full Transcript Speech to Liberal Democrat Spring Conference Sheffield 13 March 2011 New Statesman Retrieved 18 January 2016 a b Graham Ron ed 1998 The Essential Trudeau McClelland amp Stewart p 71 ISBN 978 0 7710 8591 8 Thompson Wayne C 2017 Canada 2017 2018 Rowman amp Littlefield p 135 ISBN 978 1 4758 3510 6 a b Blaikie Bill 2011 The Blaikie Report An Insider s Look at Faith and Politics United Church Publishing House United Church of Canada pp 96 97 ISBN 978 1 55134 188 0 Hellyer Paul 2010 Light at the End of the Tunnel A Survival Plan for the Human Species AuthorHouse p xi ISBN 978 1 4490 7613 9 a b c Trew Stuart 17 July 2017 Trudeau and Macron the Radical Centrists Behind the Numbers website The author is identified as an editor at the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Retrieved 15 October 2017 Koski Markku 8 August 2015 Juha Sipilan radikaali keskusta a b Applebaum Anne 23 April 2017 France s Election Reveals a New Political Divide Washington Post online Retrieved 16 October 2017 a b Zaretsky Robert 24 April 2017 The Radical Centrism of Emmanuel Macron Foreign Policy Retrieved 16 October 2017 a b Anderson Dave 16 May 2017 Why the Radical Center Must Be the Future of American Politics The Hill newspaper Retrieved 16 October 2017 Filip Alexandru 6 March 2018 On New and Radical Centrism Dahrendorf Forum website Retrieved 15 January 2018 a b Goldenberg Rina 24 September 2017 Germany s Green Party How It Evolved DW News website Retrieved 15 January 2018 Goldenberg 2017 cited above Re orientation as environmentalism goes mainstream section a b Karnitschnig Matthew 27 January 2018 German Greens Elect New Leadership Duo Politico website Retrieved 15 January 2018 a b Hotovely Tzipi 3 May 2012 Beware the Radical Center Israel Hayom Retrieved 22 April 2018 Halevi Yossi Klein 2001 At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden A Jew s Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land William Morrow ISBN 978 0 688 16908 4 Halevi Yossi Klein 2018 Letters to My Palestinian Neighbor Harper ISBN 978 0 06 284491 0 Halevi Yossi Kleini 23 January 2013 Why I Voted for Yair Lapid Tablet Retrieved 23 April 2018 Author unacknowledged 29 December 2017 Lapid Would Win Big While Gabbay Would Crash Poll Suggests Haaretz Retrieved 24 April 2018 Gross Paul May 2020 Yair Lapid Is Now the Leader of Israel s Democracyt Camp Fathom Journal Retrieved 10 June 2020 Heller Aron 21 May 2020 New Opposition Leader Lapid Says Netanyahu Embarrassing Israel The Times of Israel Retrieved 10 June 2020 Lapid Yair 22 April 2020 Only the Center Can Hold Democracy and the Battle of Ideas The Times of Israel Retrieved 10 June 2020 a b c Persichilli Angelo 22 March 2009 On a Collision Course Toward the Radical Middle Toronto Star p A17 a b c Author unidentified 10 February 2018 Spain s Centrist Ciudadanos Are On the March The Economist Article is entitled On the March in the Europe section of the print edition Retrieved 19 April 2018 a b Author unspecified 11 November 2011 Het Radicale Midden HP De Tijd Dutch language publication Retrieved 1 May 2018 Author unspecified 20 January 2012 Strategisch Beraad presenteert Kiezen en Verbinden Christian Democratic Appeal website Dutch language site The English title of the report discussed here is Making Choices and Connections Retrieved 2 May 2018 Mt Albert by election to test how palatable The Opportunities Party s radical centrism will be in the general election Geoff Simmons explains why it s time for something fresh interest co nz 8 February 2017 The Opportunities Party launches campaign promising a universal income RNZ 24 July 2020 Cannabis referendum Opportunities Party wants supporters to vote in favour of bill RNZ 3 September 2020 1990년 1월 1일 경향신문 Kyunghyang Shinmun 1 January 1990 국민의당 중도개혁 깃발로 창당 안철수 천정배 투톱 YTN 2016 February 2 바미 스럽다는 조롱에 일침 가한 손학규 대표 중도개혁 한길 간다 평화당 첫돌 중도개혁 중심 포부 정계개편설에 안팎 어수선 Hankook Ilbo 2019 February 8 대안신당 커지기 위해 창당 중도통합 신호탄 호남 중심 3당 민생당 으로 통합 중도개혁의 길 안철수 국민 뜻 겸허히 수용 대권 행로 먹구름 Yoo Jae hun 4 August 2017 안철수 극중주의 깃발에 수사적 명분용 지적도 아시아경제 Retrieved 5 August 2017 극중 내세운 안철수 국민의당 노선투쟁 불 붙을 듯 Newsis Naver Retrieved 20 August 2017 Kim Hwan young 19 August 2017 안철수의 극중주의 란 무엇인가 JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 19 August 2017 a b c Brown Stephen von der Burchard Hans 14 June 2016 Albert Rivera Spain s Radical Centrist Politico Retrieved 19 April 2018 Spanish language commentators and news outlets describing Rivera as radical centrist include Author unidentified 10 June 2016 Girauta Reivindica la Radicalidad Centrista de Ciudadanos El Espanol Retrieved 19 April 2018 Cerqueiro Pablo Mayo 19 December 2015 Albert Rivera es Centrista Radical El Espanol Retrieved 19 April 2018 Oneto Jose 29 November 2015 Viva la Pepa Republica Retrieved 19 April 2018 Author unidentified 22 December 2017 Catalonia Election Full Results The Guardian Retrieved 19 April 2018 Sifry Micah L 2003 Spoiling for a Fight Third Party Politics in America Routledge Section II Organizing the Angry Middle ISBN 978 0 415 93142 7 Miller 2003 p 187 Halstead and Lind 2001 p 115 Avlon 2004 p 284 Miller 2003 p 178 Halstead and Lind 2001 Chap 5 The Politics of the Radical Center Satin 2004 Part Six Be a Player Not a Rebel Avlon 2004 p 277 Richardson Elliot 1996 Reflections of a Radical Moderate Pantheon Books Preface ISBN 978 0 679 42820 6 Grunwald Michael 25 June 2007 The New Action Heroes Time magazine vol 169 no 26 pp 32 38 Cover story Avlon John P 26 October 2008 The Stand Out Centrists of 2008 Politico Retrieved 24 April 2018 Friedman Thomas L 24 March 2010 A Tea Party Without Nuts The New York Times p A27 Retrieved 5 February 2013 Friedman Thomas L Mandelbaum Michael 2011 That Used To Be Us How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back Farrar Straus and Giroux pp 353 368 ISBN 978 0 374 28890 7 Miller Matt 11 November 2010 Why We Need a Third Party of Radical Centrists The Washington Post online Retrieved 5 February 2013 Future 500 Official website Retrieved 15 December 2013 Shireman Bill 5 April 2009 The Radical Middle Wins in Iowa The Huffington Post Retrieved 15 December 2013 Shireman Bill 20 April 2009 Time for a Tea Party with the Right Why Progressives Need a Transpartisan Strategy The Huffington Post Retrieved 5 February 2013 Miller Matt 25 September 2011 The Third Party Stump Speech We Need The Washington Post online Retrieved 18 January 2016 Sachs Jeffrey R 2011 The Price of Civilization Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity Random House pp 247 48 ISBN 978 0 8129 8046 2 Rucker Philip 13 December 2010 No Labels Movement Launched in N Y Pledges to Fight Partisanship The Washington Post online Retrieved 2 January 2017 a b c d Nelson Rebecca 30 October 2015 The War On Partisanship The Atlantic online Retrieved 2 January 2017 Brooks David 29 November 2016 The Future of the American Center The New York Times New York City p 27 Retrieved 1 April 2017 Miller Matt November December 2014 Mr Miller Doesn t Go to Washington A Candidate s Memoir Politico Magazine Retrieved 15 October 2017 Weigel Dave Sullivan Sean 4 January 2018 Doug Jones Is Sworn In Shrinking GOP Senate Majority The Washington Post Washington D C Nash Holdings p A6 Retrieved 21 March 2018 Fandos Nicholas 22 January 2018 With Talking Stick in Hand Moderate Senators Broker the Shutdown The New York Times New York City p A17 Retrieved 21 March 2018 a b Fricklas Michael 30 March 2018 The Time for Radical Centrism Has Come The Hill Retrieved 18 April 2018 Teles Steven 27 December 2018 Radical Centrists Will Decide the Democratic Primary The New Republic Retrieved 1 November 2019 Andrew Yang s New Political Party Exposes the Farce of Radical Centrism jacobinmag com Retrieved 19 October 2021 Twitter https twitter com andrewyang status 1446119658327711749 Retrieved 19 October 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Feiffer Jules 21 January 1962 We ve All Heard of the Radical Right and the Radical Left Library of Congress website Retrieved 1 February 2013 Feiffer Jules 2010 Backing into Forward A Memoir Nan A Talese Doubleday p 345 ISBN 978 0 385 53158 0 Mouffe Chantal summer 1998 The Radical Centre A Politics Without Adversary Soundings issue no 9 pp 11 23 Mouffe summer 1998 p 12 a b c Kuttner Robert 19 February 2012 The Radical Center we Don t Need The Huffington Post Retrieved 6 February 2013 a b Kilgore Ed June 2004 Good Government Time to Stop Bashing the Two Party System The Washington Monthly pp 58 59 Kuttner Robert 20 November 2003 The 2 Percent Illusion The American Prospect Retrieved 30 January 2018 Kahlenberg Richard 19 December 2001 Radical in the Center American Prospect vol 12 no 21 p 41 Print version d 3 December 2001 Retrieved 6 February 2013 Joyner James 24 March 2010 Radical Center Friedman s Fantasy Outside the Beltway Retrieved 30 April 2013 Curchin Katherine December 2015 Noel Pearson s Role in the Northern Territory Intervention Radical Centrist or Polarising Partisan Australian Journal of Politics and History vol 61 no 4 pp 576 590 a b Ponnuru Ramesh 24 March 2010 The Corner Tom Friedman s Radical Confusion National Review Online Retrieved 18 January 2016 MacGillis Alec 26 October 2011 Third Wheel The New Republic vol 242 no 17 p 8 Print version d 17 November 2011 Retrieved 7 February 2013 MacGillis Alec 2 November 2011 Beware Radical Centrists On the March The New Republic online Retrieved 5 February 2011 Avlon John 2010 Wingnuts How the Lunatic Fringe Is Hijacking America Beast Books Perseus Books Group pp 1 3 and 238 39 ISBN 978 0 9842951 1 1 Satin Mark fall 2002 Where s the Juice The Responsive Community vol 12 no 4 pp 74 75 Retrieved 5 February 2013 Satin 2004 p 27 Gerzon Mark 2006 Leading Through Conflict How Successful Leaders Transform Differences into Opportunity Harvard Business School Press pp 4 8 ISBN 978 1 59139 919 3 Gerzon 2006 Chaps 9 10 Gerzon 2006 Chap 11 Bloch Karen Lehrman 5 October 2017 Toward a Radical Middle Jewish Journal hard copy issue dated 6 October 2017 p 9 Retrieved 5 March 2018 Gerzon Mark 2016 The Reunited States of America How We Can Bridge the Partisan Divide Berrett Koehler Publishers pp 109 110 ISBN 978 1 62656 658 3 a b Gomaa Ali September 2012 The Radical Middle Building Bridges Between the Muslim and Western Worlds UN Chronicle vol XLIX no 3 pp 4 6 Retrieved 11 November 2017 The author describes himself as co chair of C1 World Dialogue Gerzon 2016 pp 63 64 Satin Mark 1991 New Options for America The Second American Experiment Has Begun The Press at California State University Fresno pp 209 212 ISBN 978 0 8093 1794 3 Gerzon 2016 pp 60 61 Gerzon 2016 pp 53 54 Satin 1991 Chap 24 Win Every Battle or Change the Discourse a b Binder Amy Kidder Jeffrey 30 October 2018 If You Think Campus Speech Is All Angry Confrontation You re Looking in the Wrong Places The Washington Post Retrieved 8 February 2019 Jandhyala Pranav 27 April 2017 Why I Invited Ann Coulter to Speak at Berkeley Berkeley News digital outlet of the Office of Communications and Public Affairs UC Berkeley The author identifies himself as founder of the UC Berkeley chapter of BridgeUSA Retrieved 8 February 2019 Wilson G Willow July August 2005 The Show Me Sheikh The Atlantic vol 296 no 1 p 40 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Gomaa 2012 p 5 Boyer Nate 26 May 2017 Honoring Fallen on Memorial Day Means Honoring Right to Protest USA Today online See second section Fighting from the radical middle Retrieved 16 October 2017 Waggoner Nick ed 13 October 2017 Ex Green Beret Nick Boyer Writes Open Letter to Trump Kaepernick NFL and America ESPN com See last paragraph Retrieved 16 October 2017 Further reading EditBooks from the 1990s Edit Chickering A Lawrence 1993 Beyond Left and Right Breaking the Political Stalemate Institute for Contemporary Studies Press ISBN 978 1 55815 209 0 Coyle Diane 1997 The Weightless World Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press ISBN 978 0 262 03259 9 Esty Daniel C Chertow Marian eds 1997 Thinking Ecologically The Next Generation of Ecological Policy Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 07303 4 Howard Philip K 1995 The Death of Common Sense How Law Is Suffocating America Random House ISBN 978 0 679 42994 4 Penny Tim Garrett Major 1998 The 15 Biggest Lies in Politics St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 18294 6 Sider Ronald J 1999 Just Generosity A New Vision for Overcoming Poverty in America Baker Books ISBN 978 0 8010 6613 9 Ventura Jesse 2000 I Ain t Got Time to Bleed Reworking the Body Politic from the Bottom Up New York Signet ISBN 0451200861 Wolfe Alan 1998 One Nation After All What Middle Class Americans Really Think Viking ISBN 978 0 670 87677 8 Books from the 2000s Edit Anderson Walter Truett 2001 All Connected Now Life in the First Global Civilization Westview Press ISBN 978 0 8133 3937 5 Florida Richard 2002 The Rise of the Creative Class And How It s Transforming Work Leisure Community and Everyday Life Basic Books ISBN 978 0 465 02476 6 Friedman Thomas 2005 The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty first Century Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 0 374 29288 4 Lukes Steven 2009 The Curious Enlightenment of Professor Caritat A Novel of Ideas Verso Books 2nd ed ISBN 978 1 84467 369 8 Miller Matt 2009 The Tyranny of Dead Ideas Letting Go of the Old Ways of Thinking to Unleash a New Prosperity Henry Holt and Company ISBN 978 0 8050 9150 2 Penner Rudolph Sawhill Isabel Taylor Timothy 2000 Updating America s Social Contract Economic Growth and Opportunity in the New Century W W Norton and Co Chap 1 An Agenda for the Radical Middle ISBN 978 0 393 97579 6 Ury William 2000 The Third Side Why We Fight and How We Can Stop Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 029634 1 Wexler David B Winick Bruce eds 2003 Judging in a Therapeutic Key Therapeutic Justice and the Courts Carolina Academic Press ISBN 978 0 89089 408 8 Whitman Christine Todd 2005 It s My Party Too The Battle for the Heart of the GOP and the Future of America The Penguin Press Chap 7 A Time for Radical Moderates ISBN 978 1 59420 040 3 Books from the 2010s Edit Brock H Woody 2012 American Gridlock Why the Right and Left Are Both Wrong John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 63892 7 Clegg Nick 2017 Politics Between the Extremes international edition Vintage ISBN 978 1 78470 416 2 Edwards Mickey 2012 The Parties Versus the People How to Turn Republicans and Democrats Into Americans Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 18456 3 Friedman Thomas Mandelbaum Michael 2011 That Used to be Us How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back Picador ISBN 978 0374288907 Huntsman Jr John editor 2014 No Labels A Shared Vision for a Stronger America Diversion Books ISBN 978 1 62681 237 6 Macron Emmanuel 2017 Revolution Scribe Publications ISBN 978 1 925322 71 2 Orman Greg 2016 A Declaration of Independents How we Can Break the Two Party Stranglehold and Restore the American Dream Greenleaf Book Group Press ISBN 978 1 62634 332 0 Pearson Noel 2011 Up From the Mission Selected Writings Black Inc 2nd ed Part Four The Quest for a Radical Centre ISBN 978 1 86395 520 1 Salit Jacqueline S 2012 Independents Rising Outsider Movements Third Parties and the Struggle for a Post Partisan America Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 33912 5 Trudeau Justin 2015 Common Ground HarperCollins ISBN 978 1 4434 3338 9 Whelan Charles 2013 The Centrist Manifesto W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 34687 9 White Courtney 2017 Grassroots The Rise of the Radical Center and The Next West Dog Ear Publishing ISBN 978 1 4575 5431 5 Manifestos Edit Road to Generational Equity Tim Penny Richard Lamm and Paul Tsongas 1995 Retrieved 2 October 2012 An Invitation to Join the Radical Center Gary Paul Nabhan Courtney White and 18 others 2003 Retrieved 24 October 2017 Ground Rules of Civil Society A Radical Centrist Manifesto Ernest Prabhakar 2003 Retrieved 6 January 2019 The Cape York Agenda Noel Pearson 2005 Retrieved 17 January 2016 Ten Big Ideas for a New America New America Foundation 2007 Retrieved 25 July 2018 The Liberal Moment Nick Clegg 2009 Retrieved 2 October 2012 Depolarizing the American Mind Steve McIntosh and Carter Phipps 2014 Retrieved 31 December 2016 An Ecomodernist Manifesto Ted Nordhaus and 17 others 2015 Retrieved 12 August 2018 Real Change Liberal Party of Canada platform under Justin Trudeau 2015 Retrieved 20 October 2017 Radix Think Tank for the Radical Centre David Boyle and others 2016 Retrieved 26 January 2019 Rough Guide to Manifesto of Macron Emmanuel Macron edited by Reuters 2017 Retrieved 15 October 2017 Unlocking the Climate Puzzle Ted Halstead for the Climate Leadership Council 2017 Retrieved 25 July 2018 California for All Michael Shellenberger 2018 Retrieved 12 August 2018 The Center Can Hold Public Policy for an Age of Extremes Niskanen Center 2018 Retrieved 26 January 2019 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Radical centrism Organizations Edit Cape York Institute Australian think tank Demos U K think tank New America U S think tank No Labels U S political group Search for Common Ground global dialoguesOpinion websites Edit John Avlon Featured Columns John Avlon Matt Miller The Archives Matt Miller Michael Lind articles Michael Lind Radical Middle Newsletter Mark Satin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Radical centrism amp oldid 1134879033, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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