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Wikipedia

Centrism

January 26, 2023

For the Marxist categorisation, see Centrist Marxism. For the post-World War II political alliance in Italy, see Centrism (Italy).
"Political centre" redirects here. For the Russian movement (1919–20), see Political Centre (Russia).

Centrism is a political outlook or position involving acceptance or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy while opposing political changes that would result in a significant shift of society strongly to the left or the right.[1]

Both centre-left and centre-right politics involve a general association with centrism that is combined with leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the left–right political spectrum. Various political ideologies, such as Christian democracy,[2] Pancasila,[3][4][5] and certain forms of liberalism like social liberalism,[6] can be classified as centrist, as can the Third Way,[7] a modern political movement that attempts to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating for a synthesis of centre-right economic platforms with centre-left social policies.[8][9]

Usage by political parties by country

Australia

There have been centrists on both sides of politics who serve alongside the various factions within the Liberal and Labor parties. Centrism is represented by the moderates in the Liberal Party and Labor Right in the Labor Party.

The Australian Democrats are the most prominent centrist party in Australian history. The party had representation in the senate from 1977 to 2007, frequently holding the balance of power. Formed by Don Chipp on a promise to "Keep the Bastards Honest", it was known to have represented the "middle ground". The party regained registration in 2019.

In addition, many smaller groups have formed in response to the bipartisan system that uphold centrist ideals. South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon launched his centrist political party called the Nick Xenophon Team (NXT) in 2014, renamed Centre Alliance in 2018.

Belgium

The traditional centrist party of Flanders was the People's Union which embraced social liberalism and aimed to represent Dutch-speaking Belgians who felt culturally suppressed by Francophones. The New Flemish Alliance is the largest and, since 2009, the only extant successor of that party. It is, however, primarily composed of the right wing of the former People's Union and has adopted a more liberal-conservative ideology in recent years.

Among French-speaking Belgians, the Humanist Democratic Centre is a centre party as it is considerably less conservative than its Flemish counterpart, Christian Democratic and Flemish.

Other parties in the centre of the political spectrum are the liberal Reformist Movement and the French-speaking minority party DéFI.

Brazil

There are several centrist parties in Brazil, such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), a catch-all party, one of the largest political parties in Brazil.

The Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) is another example of a centrist party in Brazilian politics.

Other centrist parties include the Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) (PSD), Green Party (Brazil) (PV), Citizenship (Brazil) (CID) and Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS)

Due the high number of center parties on Brazil, They exert a major position on local politics, and due that, parties that are not part of major parties of Right-Wing or Left-Wing are pejoratively called Centrão (The Big Center).[10].

Canada

Further information: Politics of Canada § Political culture

Throughout modern history, Canadian governments at the federal level have governed from a moderate, centrist political position,[11] practising "brokerage politics".[note 1][14][15][16] Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada (or its predecessors) rely on attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters.[17][18][19] The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the Canadian political scale, being more moderate and centrist than the centre-right Conservative.[20][16][21] In the late 1970s, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party of Canada adhered to the "radical center".[22][23] Far-left and far-right politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society.[24][25][12][26]

Croatia

Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats and People's Party – Reformists may be considered centrist parties. The agrarian Croatian Peasant Party became moderate and centrist during its last years, having been centre-right in the past.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has many prominent centrist parties, including the syncretic populist movement ANO 2011, the civil libertarian Czech Pirate Party, the long-standing Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party and the localist party Mayors and Independents.

Estonia

Main article: Centrism in Estonia

France

France has a tradition of parties that call themselves "centriste", though the actual parties vary over time: when a new political issue emerges and a new political party breaks into the mainstream, the old centre-left party may be de facto pushed rightwards, but unable to consider itself a party of the right, it will embrace being the new centre: this process occurred with the Orléanism, Moderate Républicanism, Radical Republicanism and Radical-Socialism.

Currently, the most notable centrist party is Renaissance, founded by Emmanuel Macron, elected President of France in May 2017. Another party is the Democratic Movement of François Bayrou, founded in 2007, which was the successor of the Christian democratic Union for French Democracy.

Germany

 
In 1990, Joachim Gauck (who is a former German President, centrist politician and activist without party affiliation) took part in the Alliance 90, having become an independent after its merger with The Greens

The usual term in German for the political centre/centrism is politische Mitte (literally "political middle", or "political centre"). Historically, the German party with the most purely centrist nature among German parties to have had current or historical parliamentary representations was most likely the social-liberal German Democratic Party of the Weimar Republic (1918–1933).

During the Weimar Republic (and again after the Nazi period), there existed a Zentrum, a party of German Catholics founded in 1870. It was called Centre Party not for being a proper centrist party but because it united left-wing and right-wing Catholics, because it was the first German party to be a Volkspartei (catch-all party) and because his elected representatives sat between the liberals (the left of the time) and the conservatives (the right of the time). However, it was distinctly right-wing conservative in that it was not neutral on religious issues (such as secular education), being markedly against more liberal and modernist positions.

The main successor of Zentrum after the return of democracy to West Germany in 1945, the Christian Democratic Union, has, throughout its history, alternated between describing itself as right-wing or centrist and sitting on the right-wing (with the Free Democratic Party in its social liberal moments sitting at its left, in the centre and themselves sitting at the centre, with the FDP in its classical liberal moments sitting at its right, in the right-wing). The representatives of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, although they have referred to themselves as "the new middle" many times since the 1990s (under the influence of the Third way of the time), however, they feel less at ease in describing their party as centrist due to their history and socialist identity.

Alliance 90/The Greens was founded in 1993 as a merger of the East German Alliance 90 (a group of centrist/transversalist civil rights activists) and the (West) German Greens. The latter was a coalition of various unorthodox-left politicians and more liberal "realists". This Bundestag party also hesitates in using the term centre, although it distances itself from the left, which identifies it for the moment as a transversalist party. The transversalist moderation of the party and its position in the Bundestag between the Social Democrats and the Christian Democrats also points somewhat to The Greens being a more or less centrist party.

In the state parliaments of specific German states, other specifically regional parties could be identified as centrist. The South Schleswig Voter Federation of the Danish and Frisian minorities in the state of Schleswig-Holstein currently has a centrist political position, although, in the past, the party usually leaned to the left. In the German presidential elections of 2009, 2010 and 2012, it supported the candidates of the Social Democrats and the Greens. In Bavaria, the Free Voters party at the state parliament may also be seen as a centrist party.

Greece

In modern Greek politics, the roots of centrism can be traced to centrist politician and founder of the Agricultural and Labour Party, Alexandros Papanastasiou. In 1961, Georgios Papandreou created, along with other political leaders, the coalition party of the Centre Union. Five parties were merged: Liberal Party, Progressive Agricultural Democratic Union, National Progressive Center Union, and Popular Social Party into one, with strong centrist agenda, opposed equally to the right-wing party of the National Radical Union and the left-wing party of the United Democratic Left. The Centre Union Party was the last Venizelist party to hold power in Greece. The party nominally continued to exist until 1977 (after the Junta, known as the Center Union – New Forces), when its successor Union of the Democratic Centre (EDIK) party was created.

Union of Centrists was created by Vassilis Leventis in 1992 under the title "Union of Centrists and Ecologists", though the name was changed shortly after. The Union of Centrists claims to be the ideological continuation of the old party Center Union. The party strives to become "the political continuance of the centrist expression in Greece". Leventis aimed to become part of the Venizelist legacy of some great politicians of the past, such as Eleftherios Venizelos and George Papandreou Sr. However, the party's total influence had been marginal until 2015, with 1.8% of the total votes (in the January 2015 Greek legislative election) being its highest achievement before finally making its way to the Greek Parliament in September 2015 with 3.4% of the total votes and nine members elected.

India

Indian National Congress[27][28],Aam Aadmi Party [29] and Nationalist Congress Party[30] are the centrist national parties.

Two state parties, Bharat Rashtra Samithi,[31] and Telugu Desam Party [32] are also described as centrist along with Actor turned politician Kamal Haasan's party named Makkal Needhi Maiam, meaning People's Centre for Justice.[33]

Indonesia

Golkar, a major political party in Indonesia, has established and also gained a reputation as a centrist party, when it comes to addressing the challenges of the country's diversity. Pancasila and the unity of Indonesia has been always being reference fundamental norm in resolving various problems.

Quoting from the statement of Airlangga Hartarto (General Chair of the Golkar Party 2017-present), “Living no one behind for the sake of the people, without distinguishing who they are, and where they are. Golkar is an inclusive political party that works to ensure an equal distribution of welfare for all people”.[34]


Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, both main political parties (Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael) claim the political centre ground but lean to the centre-right.[35][36] The two parties have broadly similar policies, with their primary division being in Irish Civil War politics. Fine Gael is aligned with Christian democratic parties in Europe via its membership in the European People's Party.[37]

Israel

In Israel, centrism is represented by the Yesh Atid Party led by Yair Lapid, the former prime minister of Israel. The party was founded in 2013 and has remained a major player on the political scene. It served in government between 2013 and 2015, with Lapid serving as Israel's Finance Minister and a member of the Security Cabinet. In 2020, after a year of political turmoil in Israel, Yair Lapid became the Leader of the Opposition to the fifth government of Benjamin Netanyahu, and in 2021 he was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Naftali Bennett. After that, he became the prime minister of Israel in June 2022.

Yair Lapid published a long political essay entitled Only the center can hold: Democracy and the battle of ideas[38] in which he laid out his vision of political centrism in Israel. The essay was originally published in Hebrew in Haaretz under the title "Not, just not Bibi. In this battle of ideas the center has solutions"[39]

Japan

After World War II, the right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) became the ruling force in Japan from 1955 and was opposed to the left-wing Japan Socialist Party (JSP). This is called the 1955 System. However, since the 1960s, centrist parties have emerged, old Komeito,[40] the Democratic Socialist Party,[40][41][42][43] and the Socialist Democratic Federation.[40] In 1992, reformers left the right-wing LDP and founded the centre to centre-right liberal Japan New Party, but it was disbanded after two years.[44]

The New Frontier Party (NFP) was founded by politicians with various ideologies, including Buddhist democrats, social democrats, liberals, and conservatives. The NFP was a political coalition to oppose the LDP, and is therefore generally regarded as a centrist party, although it had no coherent ideology.

Founded in 1998 by moderates of the conservative LDP and the socialist JSP, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) advocated liberalism and "Democratic Centrism" (民主中道) as its main ideology. The Democratic Party for the People (DPP), which continues the current DPJ trend, is advocating "reformist centrism" (改革中道).[45] The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) is more progressive in inheriting DPJ liberalism, but at the same time advocates for traditional Japanese virtues.[46]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, four moderate centrist to centre-right parties have sent members into the Third Rutte cabinet since 2017. From them, the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) tend to be centre-right, whilst the social liberal Democrats 66 (D66) are more centrist.[47] The Protestant Christian Union is a small Christian Democratic party with transversalist positions less typical in European centrist parties. Whilst it is left-leaning on immigration, welfare and the environment, it is more conservative on social issues, such as drugs and euthanasia. They have participated in several coalitions due to their moderate centrist politics.

Another centrist party is the populist Pensioners' interests party 50PLUS which combines social democratic, social liberal and social conservative positions.

Livable Netherlands was originally a centrist political movement of local grass-root parties with an anti-establishment touch similar to early D66. However, the party entered in 2002 national parliament with a right-wing populist programme based on security and immigration as the major issues.[citation needed]

In the 1980s and 1990s, two self-described "centre" parties, the Centre Party and the Centre Democrats, were represented in the Dutch parliament at some point. However, these parties were considered far right (in the case of the Centre Democrats) or even extreme right (in the case of the Centre Party) in their opinion about foreign immigration.[48] Both parties denied being racist or extremist. The party slogan of the Center Party was "niet rechts, niet links" ("Neither rightist nor leftist"), and in some respect could be seen as a centrist (or more correctly, Third Position) party since it borrowed ideas from the political (far) right (a tough stand on immigration combined with typical racial prejudice) and the political left (mixed economy, green politics). However, both parties did not have a coherent ideology; they were one-issue parties focused on what they perceived as mass immigration from non-European countries.

New Zealand

Centrism in New Zealand has only been mainstream since New Zealand First was founded in 1993. The party platforms itself on a broad centrist position mainly on economic issues, populism and while being generally conservative on social issues, favoring binding referenda[49][50] instead of MPs making major social decisions. New Zealand First could be described as Syncretic politically, or adopting key elements from the traditional left-right political spectrum. The party has twice found itself the kingmakers under the MMP electoral system, meaning that they choose who will form the next government. This has happened in 1996 and in 2017.[51]

Small centrist parties such as The Opportunities Party (TOP) have been formed in the past, but they have not gained major support and have never passed the 5% threshold to enter parliament. The role of centrism in New Zealand has been mainly to work with parties to form coalition governments and to provide alternatives to governments, and their ability to do so is mainly due to the Mixed-Member Proportional Representation electoral system which provides more ground for minor parties in Parliament. In the 2020 New Zealand general election where Jacinda Ardern and the New Zealand Labour Party achieved a majority in the New Zealand House of Representatives, New Zealand First was not re-elected to Parliament due to the party's inability to reach the 5% threshold to enter parliament. As a result, the current 53rd New Zealand Parliament has no political parties defined as "centrist".

Nordic countries

 
Campaign for the Norwegian Centre Party at Nærbø: like its Finnish and Swedish counterparts, the party has a strong focus on decentralisation, rural and agrarian issues
Main article: Nordic agrarian parties
See also: Centrism in Finland, Centrism in Iceland, and Centrism in Sweden

In most of the Nordic countries, there are Nordic agrarian parties. In addition to the centrist position on the socio-economic left-right scale, these share a clear, separate ideology.

This position is centred on decentralisation, a commitment to small business and environmental protection. Centrists have aligned themselves with the Liberal International and European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party. Historically, these parties were farmers' parties committed to maintaining rural life. In the 1960s, these parties broadened their scope to include non-farmer-related issues and renamed Centre Party.

Neither the Centre Democrats (a now-defunct centrist political party) nor the Liberal Alliance (a political party founded as a centrist social liberal party, but that now is a classical liberal party), both of Denmark, are rooted in centrist agrarianism.

Pakistan

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), founded by Imran Khan, claims to be a centrist political party.[52] Following the general election of 2013, PTI emerged as the second-largest political party in Pakistan by number of votes.[53] In July 2018, it won the general elections of Pakistan and Imran Khan, its chairman, became Prime Minister.[54]

Palestine

The Third Way is a small centrist Palestinian political party active in Palestinian politics. Founded on 16 December 2005, the party is led by Salam Fayyad and Hanan Ashrawi.

In the January 2006 PLC elections, it received 2.4% of the popular vote and won two of the Council's 132 seats. The party presents itself as an alternative to the two-party system of Hamas and Fatah.

Poland

Civic Platform (PO), ruling from 2007–2015, began in 2001 as a liberal conservative party but later, under the leadership of Donald Tusk, became typically centrist to attract left-leaning liberal voters. Depending on the context, it is described as either Christian democratic (it is a member of the European People's Party), conservative, liberal, or social. Its pragmatism, technocracy and lack of ideology have nevertheless been criticized. Under Grzegorz Schetyna, it announced that it shifted to the right. Under its current leader Borys Budka, as a part of the Civic Coalition, it turned to progressivism again, as seen by policies proposed by their candidate, Rafał Trzaskowski, in the 2020 presidential election. Other political groups, such as Polish People's Party (PSL), may be described as centrist too. In contrast, the national-moral right-wing Law and Justice is socially conservative while usually at the same time being economically left-wing and favourable to protectionist policies). The most recent political party in the Polish parliament, Poland 2050, led by Szymon Hołownia, has been described as ideologically centrist with strong pragmatic influences.

Spain

The only national party that defends itself as a centrist party is Citizens, whose platform is increasingly perceived as right-wing by Spanish citizens, as the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas surveys show. In April 2018, Ciudadanos obtained a 6.77 when ranging political parties from 1 to 10, where one was farthest left and ten its equivalent on the right.[55] It first entered the Cortes Generales in 2015.

In Catalonia, where the party was born, many people even consider it an extreme right-wing party, considering its fierce "opposition to nationalism". Not even the media agree on its place, and several newspapers from different ideologies manifest that Citizens is either left or right, depending on their political line. Regardless of subjective opinions, the truth is that Ciudadanos has always tried to reach agreements[56] with Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD), which Spanish voters most traditionally consider to be the closest to the centre according to several opinion polls. This popular perception was pointed out by UPyD, which positions itself simultaneously on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum.[57][58]

UPyD has lost many of its voters to Ciudadanos,[59] the latter counting with ten representatives in the Spanish Congress in the last election. Electors also consider as centrists the Convergence and Union coalition from Catalonia and the Basque Nationalist Party from the Spanish Basque Country, although these two usually consider themselves as right-centrist parties.[60]

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the political centre (in German: die Mitte; in French: le Centre; Italian: il Centro) is traditionally occupied by the so-called "bourgeois" parties: FDP.The Liberals[61] (centre-right),[62] the Christian Democratic People's Party[63][64] (centre[65] to centre-right) and the much smaller Evangelical People's Party[66][67] (centre to centre-left).[68]

Recently, some new parties were founded that claimed to be part of the political centre: the Conservative Democratic Party (centre to centre-right), a split from the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party and a self-styled centre party[69][70] and the Green Liberal Party (centre),[71] a split from the leftist Green Party.

The Social Democratic Party is considered to be more to the left than to the centre.[72]

In Switzerland, the centrist parties tend to cooperate closely in Canton parliaments and municipal councils.

United Kingdom

In 1981, Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers, known collectively as the "Gang of Four", launched the Social Democratic Party, outlining their policies in what became known as the Limehouse Declaration. The "Gang of Four" were centrists who defected from the Labour Party because of what they perceived to be the influence of Militant and the "hard left" within it.[73][74] The SDP merged with the Liberal Party in 1988 to create the centrist Liberal Democrats.

In the mid to late 1990s, Labour, under the leadership of Tony Blair, began to move towards a centrist Third Way policy platform, adopting the campaign name New Labour. The New Labour era ended when Blair's successor Gordon Brown lost the 2010 United Kingdom general election to the Conservatives. Brown's successor as leader, Ed Miliband, moved the party to the left of New Labour.[75] The Blue Labour movement, launched in 2009, attempted to cultivate a new path for Labour centrism that would appeal to socially conservative working-class voters. The party later moved decisively to the left when the socialist Jeremy Corbyn became the leader in 2015 due to the introduction of a one member one vote system under Miliband.

In 2011, Nick Clegg, then leader of the Liberal Democrats and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stated that he believed that his party belonged to the radical centre, mentioning John Maynard Keynes, William Beveridge, Jo Grimond, David Lloyd George and John Stuart Mill as examples that preceded the Liberal Democrats' establishment in 1988. He pointed to liberalism as an ideology of people and described the political spectrum and his party's position as follows: "For the left, an obsession with the state. For the right, a worship of the market. But as liberals, we place our faith in people. People with power and opportunity in their hands. Our opponents try to divide us with their outdated labels of left and right. But we are not on the left and we are not on the right. We have our own label: Liberal. We are liberals and we own the freehold to the centre ground of British politics. Our politics is the politics of the radical centre."

In the mid to late 2000s, David Cameron also moved the Conservative Party towards the centre and, after the 2010 general election, formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. In the 2015 United Kingdom general election, the Conservatives gained a majority, and the Liberal Democrats lost most of their seats. They regained a small number of seats in the 2017 United Kingdom general election. On her appointment as Prime Minister, Cameron's successor, Theresa May, stated her wish to tackle social inequality and adopted some of Ed Miliband's policies, such as regulating energy companies. However, the party's 2017 manifesto was seen as a sharp break from the centre ground, appealing to traditionally Tory heartland issues in the aftermath of the UK's Brexit referendum.

Following the Brexit referendum, politics in the UK was seen as having reverted to traditionally polarised "left and right" politics. For the 2017 election, the group More United was set up in the vein of the US Super PAC model to support candidates from multiple parties who meet its values; it supported primarily Labour and Lib Dem MP and one Conservative. In 2018, a group set up by Simon Franks amassed £50 million to start a new centrist political party in the UK to field candidates at the next general election.[76] It was reportedly named United for Change.

In early 2019, difficulties and party clashes regarding Brexit caused many Labour and Conservative MPs to leave their parties, forming a pro-European group named The Independent Group for Change. They later announced their intention to register as a formal party named Change UK. Most sources identified the party as centrist, with Change UK MP Chris Leslie describing the party as "offering a home to those on the centre-left". Former Change UK MP Chuka Umunna joined the Liberal Democrats shortly after the party's formation after disappointing results in the 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom.[77] After losing all its MPs in the 2019 United Kingdom general election, the party was disbanded.[78]

United States

After World War II, centrism was a dominant political philosophy in the United States but lacked its party in the traditionally two-party country. For example, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. characterized political moderation as a vigorous “Third Force” in his 1949 book, The Vital Center.[79] The book defended liberal democracy and a state-regulated market economy against the totalitarianism of communism and fascism. Harry Truman, who served as U.S. president from 1945 until 1953, is regarded as a centrist Democrat,[80][81] while Dwight Eisenhower, president from 1953 to 1961, is regarded as a centrist Republican.[82][83]

The early 1990s were perhaps the high water mark of post-war centrist politics in America. Journalist and political commentator E. J. Dionne wrote in his book Why Americans Hate Politics, published on the eve of the 1992 presidential election, that he believes American voters are looking for a "New Political Center" that intermixes "liberal instincts" and "conservative values". He labelled people in this centre position as "tolerant traditionalists". He described them as believers in conventional social morals that ensure family stability, as tolerant within reason to those who challenge those morals and as pragmatically supportive of government intervention in spheres such as education, child care and health care, as long as budgets are balanced.[84] Independent candidate H. Ross Perot, who focused on pragmatic issues like a balanced budget and was viewed as a populist centrist,[85][86] garnered nearly 19% of the popular vote in the 1992 presidential election, even though he ran against Bill Clinton, a centre-left Democrat,[87] and George H. W. Bush, a centre-right Republican.[88] Perot went on to form the Reform Party and run a second time in the 1996 presidential election, but with less success.

A late-2011 Gallup poll of Americans' attitudes towards government reported that 17% expressed conservative views, 22% expressed libertarian views, 20% expressed communitarian views, 17% expressed centrist views, and 24% expressed liberal views.[89]

Americans Elect, a coalition of American centrists funded by wealthy donors such as business magnate Michael Bloomberg, former junk-bond trader Peter Ackerman and hedge fund manager John H. Burbank III, launched an effort in mid-2011 to create a national "virtual primary" that would challenge the current two-party system. The group aimed to nominate a presidential ticket of centrists with names that would be on ballots in all 50 states. The group banked on broad cultural dissatisfaction with the partisan gridlock in Washington, D.C. The Christian Science Monitor has stated that "the political climate couldn't be riper for a serious third-party alternative" such as their effort, but the "hurdles Americans Elect faces are daunting" to get on ballots.[90]

Washington political journalist Linda Killian wrote in her 2012 book The Swing Vote that Americans are frustrated with Congress and its dysfunction and inability to do its job. Many Americans are unsatisfied with the political process because of many factors, such as the influx of money into politics and the influence of special interests and lobbyists. The book classifies four types of independent voters, including "NPR Republicans", "America First Democrats", "The Facebook Generation", and "Starbucks Moms and Dads", who were big determinates of swing votes in the 2012 presidential election.[91] Journalist and author John Avlon wrote in his 2005 book Independent Nation that centrism is not a matter of compromise or reading polls; rather, it is an antidote to the politics of divisiveness, providing principled opposition to political extremes.[92]

Centrists in the two major U.S. political parties are often found in the New Democrat Coalition,[93] the Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic Party, the Republican Main Street Partnership of the Republican Party, and the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus. Barack Obama has been widely identified as a centrist Democrat president,[94][95][96] as has Joe Biden.[97][98] Outside the two major parties, some centrists inhabit the Libertarian Party,[99] independent candidacy movements, such as Unite America, co-founded by Charles Wheelan, and the Forward Party, established by Andrew Yang in 2021.[100]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."[12][13]

References

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  2. ^ Boswell, Jonathan (2013). Community and the Economy: The Theory of Public Co-operation. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 978-1136159015.
  3. ^ Tehusijarana, Karina M. "Weaponizing Pancasila". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
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  7. ^ Forrester, Katrina (18 November 2019). "The crisis of liberalism: why centrist politics can no longer explain the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  8. ^ Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997).Left and Right: The Significance of A Political Distinction. University of Chicago Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-226-06245-7.
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  11. ^ Amanda Bittner; Royce Koop (2013). Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics. UBC Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-7748-2411-8. Domination by the Centre The central anomaly of the Canadian system, and the primary cause of its other peculiarities, has been its historical domination by a party of the centre. In none of the other countries is a centre party even a major player, much less the dominant....
  12. ^ a b Marland, Alex; Giasson, Thierry; Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2012). Political Marketing in Canada. UBC Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-7748-2231-2.
  13. ^ John Courtney; David Smith (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. OUP. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.
  14. ^ Brooks, Stephen (2004). Canadian Democracy: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-19-541806-4. two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"
  15. ^ Johnson, David (2016). Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition. University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-1-4426-3521-0. ...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...
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  17. ^ Smith, Miriam (2014). Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4426-0695-1. Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major social cleavages in an effort to defuse potential tensions.
  18. ^ Elections Canada (2018). "Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review". Elections Canada. First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...
  19. ^ Andrea Olive (2015). The Canadian Environment in Political Context. University of Toronto Press. pp. 55–60. ISBN 978-1-4426-0871-9.
  20. ^ Amanda Bittner; Royce Koop (2013). Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics. UBC Press. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-0-7748-2411-8.
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Further reading

  • Ali, Tariq (2015). The Extreme Centre: A Warning. Verso Books.
  • Brown, David S. (2016). Moderates: The Vital Center of American Politics, from the Founding to Today. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

External links

  •   Media related to Centrism at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Quotations related to Centrism at Wikiquote

January 26, 2023
centrism, marxist, categorisation, centrist, marxism, post, world, political, alliance, italy, italy, political, centre, redirects, here, russian, movement, 1919, political, centre, russia, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these. For the Marxist categorisation see Centrist Marxism For the post World War II political alliance in Italy see Centrism Italy Political centre redirects here For the Russian movement 1919 20 see Political Centre Russia This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Centrism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Centrism is a political outlook or position involving acceptance or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy while opposing political changes that would result in a significant shift of society strongly to the left or the right 1 Both centre left and centre right politics involve a general association with centrism that is combined with leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the left right political spectrum Various political ideologies such as Christian democracy 2 Pancasila 3 4 5 and certain forms of liberalism like social liberalism 6 can be classified as centrist as can the Third Way 7 a modern political movement that attempts to reconcile right wing and left wing politics by advocating for a synthesis of centre right economic platforms with centre left social policies 8 9 Contents 1 Usage by political parties by country 1 1 Australia 1 2 Belgium 1 3 Brazil 1 4 Canada 1 5 Croatia 1 6 Czech Republic 1 7 Estonia 1 8 France 1 9 Germany 1 10 Greece 1 11 India 1 12 Indonesia 1 13 Ireland 1 14 Israel 1 15 Japan 1 16 Netherlands 1 17 New Zealand 1 18 Nordic countries 1 19 Pakistan 1 20 Palestine 1 21 Poland 1 22 Spain 1 23 Switzerland 1 24 United Kingdom 1 25 United States 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksUsage by political parties by country EditAustralia Edit There have been centrists on both sides of politics who serve alongside the various factions within the Liberal and Labor parties Centrism is represented by the moderates in the Liberal Party and Labor Right in the Labor Party The Australian Democrats are the most prominent centrist party in Australian history The party had representation in the senate from 1977 to 2007 frequently holding the balance of power Formed by Don Chipp on a promise to Keep the Bastards Honest it was known to have represented the middle ground The party regained registration in 2019 In addition many smaller groups have formed in response to the bipartisan system that uphold centrist ideals South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon launched his centrist political party called the Nick Xenophon Team NXT in 2014 renamed Centre Alliance in 2018 Belgium Edit The traditional centrist party of Flanders was the People s Union which embraced social liberalism and aimed to represent Dutch speaking Belgians who felt culturally suppressed by Francophones The New Flemish Alliance is the largest and since 2009 the only extant successor of that party It is however primarily composed of the right wing of the former People s Union and has adopted a more liberal conservative ideology in recent years Among French speaking Belgians the Humanist Democratic Centre is a centre party as it is considerably less conservative than its Flemish counterpart Christian Democratic and Flemish Other parties in the centre of the political spectrum are the liberal Reformist Movement and the French speaking minority party DeFI Brazil Edit There are several centrist parties in Brazil such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement MDB a catch all party one of the largest political parties in Brazil The Brazilian Social Democracy Party PSDB is another example of a centrist party in Brazilian politics Other centrist parties include the Social Democratic Party Brazil 2011 PSD Green Party Brazil PV Citizenship Brazil CID and Republican Party of the Social Order PROS Due the high number of center parties on Brazil They exert a major position on local politics and due that parties that are not part of major parties of Right Wing or Left Wing are pejoratively called Centrao The Big Center 10 Canada Edit Further information Politics of Canada Political culture Throughout modern history Canadian governments at the federal level have governed from a moderate centrist political position 11 practising brokerage politics note 1 14 15 16 Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada or its predecessors rely on attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters 17 18 19 The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the Canadian political scale being more moderate and centrist than the centre right Conservative 20 16 21 In the late 1970s Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party of Canada adhered to the radical center 22 23 Far left and far right politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society 24 25 12 26 Croatia Edit Croatian People s Party Liberal Democrats and People s Party Reformists may be considered centrist parties The agrarian Croatian Peasant Party became moderate and centrist during its last years having been centre right in the past Czech Republic Edit The Czech Republic has many prominent centrist parties including the syncretic populist movement ANO 2011 the civil libertarian Czech Pirate Party the long standing Christian and Democratic Union Czechoslovak People s Party and the localist party Mayors and Independents Estonia Edit Main article Centrism in Estonia France Edit France has a tradition of parties that call themselves centriste though the actual parties vary over time when a new political issue emerges and a new political party breaks into the mainstream the old centre left party may be de facto pushed rightwards but unable to consider itself a party of the right it will embrace being the new centre this process occurred with the Orleanism Moderate Republicanism Radical Republicanism and Radical Socialism Currently the most notable centrist party is Renaissance founded by Emmanuel Macron elected President of France in May 2017 Another party is the Democratic Movement of Francois Bayrou founded in 2007 which was the successor of the Christian democratic Union for French Democracy Germany Edit In 1990 Joachim Gauck who is a former German President centrist politician and activist without party affiliation took part in the Alliance 90 having become an independent after its merger with The Greens The usual term in German for the political centre centrism is politische Mitte literally political middle or political centre Historically the German party with the most purely centrist nature among German parties to have had current or historical parliamentary representations was most likely the social liberal German Democratic Party of the Weimar Republic 1918 1933 During the Weimar Republic and again after the Nazi period there existed a Zentrum a party of German Catholics founded in 1870 It was called Centre Party not for being a proper centrist party but because it united left wing and right wing Catholics because it was the first German party to be a Volkspartei catch all party and because his elected representatives sat between the liberals the left of the time and the conservatives the right of the time However it was distinctly right wing conservative in that it was not neutral on religious issues such as secular education being markedly against more liberal and modernist positions The main successor of Zentrum after the return of democracy to West Germany in 1945 the Christian Democratic Union has throughout its history alternated between describing itself as right wing or centrist and sitting on the right wing with the Free Democratic Party in its social liberal moments sitting at its left in the centre and themselves sitting at the centre with the FDP in its classical liberal moments sitting at its right in the right wing The representatives of the Social Democratic Party of Germany although they have referred to themselves as the new middle many times since the 1990s under the influence of the Third way of the time however they feel less at ease in describing their party as centrist due to their history and socialist identity Alliance 90 The Greens was founded in 1993 as a merger of the East German Alliance 90 a group of centrist transversalist civil rights activists and the West German Greens The latter was a coalition of various unorthodox left politicians and more liberal realists This Bundestag party also hesitates in using the term centre although it distances itself from the left which identifies it for the moment as a transversalist party The transversalist moderation of the party and its position in the Bundestag between the Social Democrats and the Christian Democrats also points somewhat to The Greens being a more or less centrist party In the state parliaments of specific German states other specifically regional parties could be identified as centrist The South Schleswig Voter Federation of the Danish and Frisian minorities in the state of Schleswig Holstein currently has a centrist political position although in the past the party usually leaned to the left In the German presidential elections of 2009 2010 and 2012 it supported the candidates of the Social Democrats and the Greens In Bavaria the Free Voters party at the state parliament may also be seen as a centrist party Greece Edit In modern Greek politics the roots of centrism can be traced to centrist politician and founder of the Agricultural and Labour Party Alexandros Papanastasiou In 1961 Georgios Papandreou created along with other political leaders the coalition party of the Centre Union Five parties were merged Liberal Party Progressive Agricultural Democratic Union National Progressive Center Union and Popular Social Party into one with strong centrist agenda opposed equally to the right wing party of the National Radical Union and the left wing party of the United Democratic Left The Centre Union Party was the last Venizelist party to hold power in Greece The party nominally continued to exist until 1977 after the Junta known as the Center Union New Forces when its successor Union of the Democratic Centre EDIK party was created Union of Centrists was created by Vassilis Leventis in 1992 under the title Union of Centrists and Ecologists though the name was changed shortly after The Union of Centrists claims to be the ideological continuation of the old party Center Union The party strives to become the political continuance of the centrist expression in Greece Leventis aimed to become part of the Venizelist legacy of some great politicians of the past such as Eleftherios Venizelos and George Papandreou Sr However the party s total influence had been marginal until 2015 with 1 8 of the total votes in the January 2015 Greek legislative election being its highest achievement before finally making its way to the Greek Parliament in September 2015 with 3 4 of the total votes and nine members elected India Edit Indian National Congress 27 28 Aam Aadmi Party 29 and Nationalist Congress Party 30 are the centrist national parties Two state parties Bharat Rashtra Samithi 31 and Telugu Desam Party 32 are also described as centrist along with Actor turned politician Kamal Haasan s party named Makkal Needhi Maiam meaning People s Centre for Justice 33 Indonesia Edit Golkar a major political party in Indonesia has established and also gained a reputation as a centrist party when it comes to addressing the challenges of the country s diversity Pancasila and the unity of Indonesia has been always being reference fundamental norm in resolving various problems Quoting from the statement of Airlangga Hartarto General Chair of the Golkar Party 2017 present Living no one behind for the sake of the people without distinguishing who they are and where they are Golkar is an inclusive political party that works to ensure an equal distribution of welfare for all people 34 Ireland Edit In the Republic of Ireland both main political parties Fianna Fail and Fine Gael claim the political centre ground but lean to the centre right 35 36 The two parties have broadly similar policies with their primary division being in Irish Civil War politics Fine Gael is aligned with Christian democratic parties in Europe via its membership in the European People s Party 37 Israel Edit In Israel centrism is represented by the Yesh Atid Party led by Yair Lapid the former prime minister of Israel The party was founded in 2013 and has remained a major player on the political scene It served in government between 2013 and 2015 with Lapid serving as Israel s Finance Minister and a member of the Security Cabinet In 2020 after a year of political turmoil in Israel Yair Lapid became the Leader of the Opposition to the fifth government of Benjamin Netanyahu and in 2021 he was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Naftali Bennett After that he became the prime minister of Israel in June 2022 Yair Lapid published a long political essay entitled Only the center can hold Democracy and the battle of ideas 38 in which he laid out his vision of political centrism in Israel The essay was originally published in Hebrew in Haaretz under the title Not just not Bibi In this battle of ideas the center has solutions 39 Japan Edit After World War II the right wing Liberal Democratic Party LDP became the ruling force in Japan from 1955 and was opposed to the left wing Japan Socialist Party JSP This is called the 1955 System However since the 1960s centrist parties have emerged old Komeito 40 the Democratic Socialist Party 40 41 42 43 and the Socialist Democratic Federation 40 In 1992 reformers left the right wing LDP and founded the centre to centre right liberal Japan New Party but it was disbanded after two years 44 The New Frontier Party NFP was founded by politicians with various ideologies including Buddhist democrats social democrats liberals and conservatives The NFP was a political coalition to oppose the LDP and is therefore generally regarded as a centrist party although it had no coherent ideology Founded in 1998 by moderates of the conservative LDP and the socialist JSP the Democratic Party of Japan DPJ advocated liberalism and Democratic Centrism 民主中道 as its main ideology The Democratic Party for the People DPP which continues the current DPJ trend is advocating reformist centrism 改革中道 45 The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan CDP is more progressive in inheriting DPJ liberalism but at the same time advocates for traditional Japanese virtues 46 Netherlands Edit In the Netherlands four moderate centrist to centre right parties have sent members into the Third Rutte cabinet since 2017 From them the Christian Democratic Appeal CDA and the People s Party for Freedom and Democracy VVD tend to be centre right whilst the social liberal Democrats 66 D66 are more centrist 47 The Protestant Christian Union is a small Christian Democratic party with transversalist positions less typical in European centrist parties Whilst it is left leaning on immigration welfare and the environment it is more conservative on social issues such as drugs and euthanasia They have participated in several coalitions due to their moderate centrist politics Another centrist party is the populist Pensioners interests party 50PLUS which combines social democratic social liberal and social conservative positions Livable Netherlands was originally a centrist political movement of local grass root parties with an anti establishment touch similar to early D66 However the party entered in 2002 national parliament with a right wing populist programme based on security and immigration as the major issues citation needed In the 1980s and 1990s two self described centre parties the Centre Party and the Centre Democrats were represented in the Dutch parliament at some point However these parties were considered far right in the case of the Centre Democrats or even extreme right in the case of the Centre Party in their opinion about foreign immigration 48 Both parties denied being racist or extremist The party slogan of the Center Party was niet rechts niet links Neither rightist nor leftist and in some respect could be seen as a centrist or more correctly Third Position party since it borrowed ideas from the political far right a tough stand on immigration combined with typical racial prejudice and the political left mixed economy green politics However both parties did not have a coherent ideology they were one issue parties focused on what they perceived as mass immigration from non European countries New Zealand Edit Centrism in New Zealand has only been mainstream since New Zealand First was founded in 1993 The party platforms itself on a broad centrist position mainly on economic issues populism and while being generally conservative on social issues favoring binding referenda 49 50 instead of MPs making major social decisions New Zealand First could be described as Syncretic politically or adopting key elements from the traditional left right political spectrum The party has twice found itself the kingmakers under the MMP electoral system meaning that they choose who will form the next government This has happened in 1996 and in 2017 51 Small centrist parties such as The Opportunities Party TOP have been formed in the past but they have not gained major support and have never passed the 5 threshold to enter parliament The role of centrism in New Zealand has been mainly to work with parties to form coalition governments and to provide alternatives to governments and their ability to do so is mainly due to the Mixed Member Proportional Representation electoral system which provides more ground for minor parties in Parliament In the 2020 New Zealand general election where Jacinda Ardern and the New Zealand Labour Party achieved a majority in the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand First was not re elected to Parliament due to the party s inability to reach the 5 threshold to enter parliament As a result the current 53rd New Zealand Parliament has no political parties defined as centrist Nordic countries Edit Campaign for the Norwegian Centre Party at Naerbo like its Finnish and Swedish counterparts the party has a strong focus on decentralisation rural and agrarian issues Main article Nordic agrarian parties See also Centrism in Finland Centrism in Iceland and Centrism in Sweden In most of the Nordic countries there are Nordic agrarian parties In addition to the centrist position on the socio economic left right scale these share a clear separate ideology This position is centred on decentralisation a commitment to small business and environmental protection Centrists have aligned themselves with the Liberal International and European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Historically these parties were farmers parties committed to maintaining rural life In the 1960s these parties broadened their scope to include non farmer related issues and renamed Centre Party Neither the Centre Democrats a now defunct centrist political party nor the Liberal Alliance a political party founded as a centrist social liberal party but that now is a classical liberal party both of Denmark are rooted in centrist agrarianism Pakistan Edit Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf PTI founded by Imran Khan claims to be a centrist political party 52 Following the general election of 2013 PTI emerged as the second largest political party in Pakistan by number of votes 53 In July 2018 it won the general elections of Pakistan and Imran Khan its chairman became Prime Minister 54 Palestine Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Third Way is a small centrist Palestinian political party active in Palestinian politics Founded on 16 December 2005 the party is led by Salam Fayyad and Hanan Ashrawi In the January 2006 PLC elections it received 2 4 of the popular vote and won two of the Council s 132 seats The party presents itself as an alternative to the two party system of Hamas and Fatah Poland Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Civic Platform PO ruling from 2007 2015 began in 2001 as a liberal conservative party but later under the leadership of Donald Tusk became typically centrist to attract left leaning liberal voters Depending on the context it is described as either Christian democratic it is a member of the European People s Party conservative liberal or social Its pragmatism technocracy and lack of ideology have nevertheless been criticized Under Grzegorz Schetyna it announced that it shifted to the right Under its current leader Borys Budka as a part of the Civic Coalition it turned to progressivism again as seen by policies proposed by their candidate Rafal Trzaskowski in the 2020 presidential election Other political groups such as Polish People s Party PSL may be described as centrist too In contrast the national moral right wing Law and Justice is socially conservative while usually at the same time being economically left wing and favourable to protectionist policies The most recent political party in the Polish parliament Poland 2050 led by Szymon Holownia has been described as ideologically centrist with strong pragmatic influences Spain Edit The only national party that defends itself as a centrist party is Citizens whose platform is increasingly perceived as right wing by Spanish citizens as the Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas surveys show In April 2018 Ciudadanos obtained a 6 77 when ranging political parties from 1 to 10 where one was farthest left and ten its equivalent on the right 55 It first entered the Cortes Generales in 2015 In Catalonia where the party was born many people even consider it an extreme right wing party considering its fierce opposition to nationalism Not even the media agree on its place and several newspapers from different ideologies manifest that Citizens is either left or right depending on their political line Regardless of subjective opinions the truth is that Ciudadanos has always tried to reach agreements 56 with Union Progress and Democracy UPyD which Spanish voters most traditionally consider to be the closest to the centre according to several opinion polls This popular perception was pointed out by UPyD which positions itself simultaneously on the political centre and cross sectionalism thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum 57 58 UPyD has lost many of its voters to Ciudadanos 59 the latter counting with ten representatives in the Spanish Congress in the last election Electors also consider as centrists the Convergence and Union coalition from Catalonia and the Basque Nationalist Party from the Spanish Basque Country although these two usually consider themselves as right centrist parties 60 Switzerland Edit In Switzerland the political centre in German die Mitte in French le Centre Italian il Centro is traditionally occupied by the so called bourgeois parties FDP The Liberals 61 centre right 62 the Christian Democratic People s Party 63 64 centre 65 to centre right and the much smaller Evangelical People s Party 66 67 centre to centre left 68 Recently some new parties were founded that claimed to be part of the political centre the Conservative Democratic Party centre to centre right a split from the right wing populist Swiss People s Party and a self styled centre party 69 70 and the Green Liberal Party centre 71 a split from the leftist Green Party The Social Democratic Party is considered to be more to the left than to the centre 72 In Switzerland the centrist parties tend to cooperate closely in Canton parliaments and municipal councils United Kingdom Edit In 1981 Roy Jenkins David Owen Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers known collectively as the Gang of Four launched the Social Democratic Party outlining their policies in what became known as the Limehouse Declaration The Gang of Four were centrists who defected from the Labour Party because of what they perceived to be the influence of Militant and the hard left within it 73 74 The SDP merged with the Liberal Party in 1988 to create the centrist Liberal Democrats In the mid to late 1990s Labour under the leadership of Tony Blair began to move towards a centrist Third Way policy platform adopting the campaign name New Labour The New Labour era ended when Blair s successor Gordon Brown lost the 2010 United Kingdom general election to the Conservatives Brown s successor as leader Ed Miliband moved the party to the left of New Labour 75 The Blue Labour movement launched in 2009 attempted to cultivate a new path for Labour centrism that would appeal to socially conservative working class voters The party later moved decisively to the left when the socialist Jeremy Corbyn became the leader in 2015 due to the introduction of a one member one vote system under Miliband In 2011 Nick Clegg then leader of the Liberal Democrats and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom stated that he believed that his party belonged to the radical centre mentioning John Maynard Keynes William Beveridge Jo Grimond David Lloyd George and John Stuart Mill as examples that preceded the Liberal Democrats establishment in 1988 He pointed to liberalism as an ideology of people and described the political spectrum and his party s position as follows For the left an obsession with the state For the right a worship of the market But as liberals we place our faith in people People with power and opportunity in their hands Our opponents try to divide us with their outdated labels of left and right But we are not on the left and we are not on the right We have our own label Liberal We are liberals and we own the freehold to the centre ground of British politics Our politics is the politics of the radical centre In the mid to late 2000s David Cameron also moved the Conservative Party towards the centre and after the 2010 general election formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats In the 2015 United Kingdom general election the Conservatives gained a majority and the Liberal Democrats lost most of their seats They regained a small number of seats in the 2017 United Kingdom general election On her appointment as Prime Minister Cameron s successor Theresa May stated her wish to tackle social inequality and adopted some of Ed Miliband s policies such as regulating energy companies However the party s 2017 manifesto was seen as a sharp break from the centre ground appealing to traditionally Tory heartland issues in the aftermath of the UK s Brexit referendum Following the Brexit referendum politics in the UK was seen as having reverted to traditionally polarised left and right politics For the 2017 election the group More United was set up in the vein of the US Super PAC model to support candidates from multiple parties who meet its values it supported primarily Labour and Lib Dem MP and one Conservative In 2018 a group set up by Simon Franks amassed 50 million to start a new centrist political party in the UK to field candidates at the next general election 76 It was reportedly named United for Change In early 2019 difficulties and party clashes regarding Brexit caused many Labour and Conservative MPs to leave their parties forming a pro European group named The Independent Group for Change They later announced their intention to register as a formal party named Change UK Most sources identified the party as centrist with Change UK MP Chris Leslie describing the party as offering a home to those on the centre left Former Change UK MP Chuka Umunna joined the Liberal Democrats shortly after the party s formation after disappointing results in the 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom 77 After losing all its MPs in the 2019 United Kingdom general election the party was disbanded 78 United States Edit After World War II centrism was a dominant political philosophy in the United States but lacked its party in the traditionally two party country For example historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr characterized political moderation as a vigorous Third Force in his 1949 book The Vital Center 79 The book defended liberal democracy and a state regulated market economy against the totalitarianism of communism and fascism Harry Truman who served as U S president from 1945 until 1953 is regarded as a centrist Democrat 80 81 while Dwight Eisenhower president from 1953 to 1961 is regarded as a centrist Republican 82 83 The early 1990s were perhaps the high water mark of post war centrist politics in America Journalist and political commentator E J Dionne wrote in his book Why Americans Hate Politics published on the eve of the 1992 presidential election that he believes American voters are looking for a New Political Center that intermixes liberal instincts and conservative values He labelled people in this centre position as tolerant traditionalists He described them as believers in conventional social morals that ensure family stability as tolerant within reason to those who challenge those morals and as pragmatically supportive of government intervention in spheres such as education child care and health care as long as budgets are balanced 84 Independent candidate H Ross Perot who focused on pragmatic issues like a balanced budget and was viewed as a populist centrist 85 86 garnered nearly 19 of the popular vote in the 1992 presidential election even though he ran against Bill Clinton a centre left Democrat 87 and George H W Bush a centre right Republican 88 Perot went on to form the Reform Party and run a second time in the 1996 presidential election but with less success A late 2011 Gallup poll of Americans attitudes towards government reported that 17 expressed conservative views 22 expressed libertarian views 20 expressed communitarian views 17 expressed centrist views and 24 expressed liberal views 89 Americans Elect a coalition of American centrists funded by wealthy donors such as business magnate Michael Bloomberg former junk bond trader Peter Ackerman and hedge fund manager John H Burbank III launched an effort in mid 2011 to create a national virtual primary that would challenge the current two party system The group aimed to nominate a presidential ticket of centrists with names that would be on ballots in all 50 states The group banked on broad cultural dissatisfaction with the partisan gridlock in Washington D C The Christian Science Monitor has stated that the political climate couldn t be riper for a serious third party alternative such as their effort but the hurdles Americans Elect faces are daunting to get on ballots 90 Washington political journalist Linda Killian wrote in her 2012 book The Swing Vote that Americans are frustrated with Congress and its dysfunction and inability to do its job Many Americans are unsatisfied with the political process because of many factors such as the influx of money into politics and the influence of special interests and lobbyists The book classifies four types of independent voters including NPR Republicans America First Democrats The Facebook Generation and Starbucks Moms and Dads who were big determinates of swing votes in the 2012 presidential election 91 Journalist and author John Avlon wrote in his 2005 book Independent Nation that centrism is not a matter of compromise or reading polls rather it is an antidote to the politics of divisiveness providing principled opposition to political extremes 92 Centrists in the two major U S political parties are often found in the New Democrat Coalition 93 the Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic Party the Republican Main Street Partnership of the Republican Party and the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus Barack Obama has been widely identified as a centrist Democrat president 94 95 96 as has Joe Biden 97 98 Outside the two major parties some centrists inhabit the Libertarian Party 99 independent candidacy movements such as Unite America co founded by Charles Wheelan and the Forward Party established by Andrew Yang in 2021 100 See also EditApoliticism Argument to moderation Blairism Brownism Centre left politics Centre right politics Centrist Marxism Communitarianism Distributism Golden mean Horseshoe theory Individualism Independent politician Independent voter Left right politics List of centrist political parties Moderate Neutrality Overton Window Radical centrism Syncretic politics Third Position Third Way Triangulation politics Notes Edit Brokerage politics A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe 12 13 References Edit Oliver H Woshinsky Explaining Politics Culture Institutions and Political Behavior New York NY Abingdon Oxfordshire Routledge 2008 pp 141 161 Boswell Jonathan 2013 Community and the Economy The Theory of Public Co operation Routledge p 160 ISBN 978 1136159015 Tehusijarana Karina M Weaponizing Pancasila The Jakarta Post Retrieved 7 June 2022 Mapping the Indonesian political spectrum New Mandala 24 April 2018 Retrieved 7 June 2022 Soekarno and the Social Centrism of Pancasila kompas id in Indonesian 17 October 2020 Retrieved 7 June 2022 subscription required Slomp Hans 2000 European Politics Into the Twenty First Century Integration and Division Westport Greenwood Publishing Group p 35 ISBN 0275968146 Forrester Katrina 18 November 2019 The crisis of liberalism why centrist politics can no longer explain the world The Guardian Retrieved 22 June 2022 Bobbio Norberto Cameron Allan 1997 Left and Right The Significance of A Political Distinction University of Chicago Press p 8 ISBN 978 0 226 06245 7 BBC News UK Politics What is the Third Way BBC News 27 September 1999 Retrieved 16 June 2019 Kumpel Larissa Rocha Luiza 29 September 2022 O que e o Centrao e qual e a origem desse termo What is Centrao and what is the origin of the term Estado de Minas in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 18 December 2022 Amanda Bittner Royce Koop 2013 Parties Elections and the Future of Canadian Politics UBC Press p 300 ISBN 978 0 7748 2411 8 Domination by the Centre The central anomaly of the Canadian system and the primary cause of its other peculiarities has been its historical domination by a party of the centre In none of the other countries is a centre party even a major player much less the dominant a b Marland Alex Giasson Thierry Lees Marshment Jennifer 2012 Political Marketing in Canada UBC Press p 257 ISBN 978 0 7748 2231 2 John Courtney David Smith 2010 The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics OUP p 195 ISBN 978 0 19 533535 4 Brooks Stephen 2004 Canadian Democracy An Introduction Oxford University Press p 265 ISBN 978 0 19 541806 4 two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics Johnson David 2016 Thinking Government Public Administration and Politics in Canada Fourth Edition University of Toronto Press pp 13 23 ISBN 978 1 4426 3521 0 most Canadian governments especially at the federal level have taken a moderate centrist approach to decision making seeking to balance growth stability and governmental efficiency and economy a b Baumer Donald C Gold Howard J 2015 Parties Polarization and Democracy in the United States Taylor amp Francis p 152 ISBN 978 1 317 25478 2 Smith Miriam 2014 Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada Second Edition University of Toronto Press p 17 ISBN 978 1 4426 0695 1 Canada s party system has long been described as a brokerage system in which the leading parties Liberal and Conservative follow strategies that appeal across major social cleavages in an effort to defuse potential tensions Elections Canada 2018 Plurality Majority Electoral Systems A Review Elections Canada First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly based accommodative centrist parties Andrea Olive 2015 The Canadian Environment in Political Context University of Toronto Press pp 55 60 ISBN 978 1 4426 0871 9 Amanda Bittner Royce Koop 2013 Parties Elections and the Future of Canadian Politics UBC Press pp 300 ISBN 978 0 7748 2411 8 Liberal Party The Canadian Encyclopedia 2015 Graham Ron ed 1998 The Essential Trudeau McClelland amp Stewart p 71 ISBN 978 0 7710 8591 8 Thompson Wayne C 2017 Canada 2017 2018 Rowman amp Littlefield p 135 ISBN 978 1 4758 3510 6 Ambrose Emma Mudde Cas 2015 Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 21 2 213 236 doi 10 1080 13537113 2015 1032033 S2CID 145773856 Taub Amanda 2017 Canada s Secret to Resisting the West s Populist Wave The New York Times Christopher Cochran September 2010 Left Right Ideology and Canadian Politics Canadian Journal of Political Science 43 3 583 605 doi 10 1017 S0008423910000624 JSTOR 40983510 S2CID 154420921 Political Parties NCERT PDF National Council of Educational Research and Training Retrieved 8 May 2021 Jean Pierre Cabestan Jacques deLisle ed 2013 Inside India Today Routledge Revivals Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 04823 5 were either guarded in their criticism of the ruling party the centrist Indian National Congress or attacked it almost invariably from a rightist position This was so for political and commercial reasons which are explained No soft Hindutva no Left Revolution Kejriwal establishing a new centre in Indian politics 3 February 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Maharashtra The political crisis brewing in India s richest state BBC News 23 June 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Centrist Polity Decentred Politics Economic and Political Weekly 7 8 5 June 2015 Tumultuous transition 27 May 2017 Staff Reporter 11 March 2021 Makkal Needhi Maiam declares 70 candidates The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 1 May 2021 https makassar tribunnews com 2022 12 26 airlangga hartarto golkar sebagai partai tengah membangun untuk semua Iran Daily Dot Coms 05 31 07 Bertie s Challenge Archived 18 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine 5th paragraph Brown John Murray 13 February 2009 Irish Poll Hits Fianna Fail Financial Times Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 28 November 2019 Irish opposition party says IMF EU deal too costly Reuters 12 December 2010 Only the center can hold Democracy and the battle of ideas אומרים שאנחנו מפלגת רק לא ביבי הנה מה שאנחנו באמת מאמינים בו יאיר לפיד הארץ a b c Albrecht Rothacher ed 2016 The Japanese Power Elite Springer p 121 ISBN 9781349229932 James Brown Guibourg Delamotte Robert Dujarric eds 2021 The Abe Legacy How Japan Has Been Shaped by Abe Shinzo Rowman amp Littlefield p 24 ISBN 9781793643315 A coalition of fragments of the old Japan Socialist Party the former centrist Democratic Socialist Party and disaffected refugees from the LDP its mastermind was Ozawa Ichiro the most formidable of Tanaka Kakuei s disciples Michael J Hogan Michael J Hogan eds 1996 Hiroshima in History and Memory Cambridge University Press p 137 ISBN 9780521566827 R Taggart Murphy ed 2014 Japan and the Shackles of the Past Oxford University Press p 122 ISBN 9780190213251 A coalition of fragments of the old Japan Socialist Party the former centrist Democratic Socialist Party and disaffected refugees from the LDP its mastermind was Ozawa Ichiro the most formidable of Tanaka Kakuei s disciples Austrian Foreign Policy Yearbook Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs 1993 p 98 The new reform parties were successful but the socialists lost almost half of their seats a At the beginning of August the leader of the liberal Japan New Party Morihiro Hosokawa formed a new broadly based coalition government 国民民主党について 1 Politieke Barometer D66 middenpartij bij uitstek PDF Archived from the original PDF on 19 July 2011 Stichting Anne Frank 20 January 2011 Kroniek extreemrechts De Centrumpartij annefrank org Euthanasia bill passes final vote goes to referendum NZ Herald Retrieved 24 December 2022 Purpose and Principles New Zealand First Retrieved 24 December 2022 Winston Peters kingmaker in hung NZ parliament as nation awaits result ABC News 23 September 2017 Retrieved 24 December 2022 Hassan Mirza 28 June 2012 Survey Imran Khan most popular leader of Pakistan TheNewsTribe com Retrieved 4 April 2017 elections com pk Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Saifi Sophia Raja Adeel Dewan Angela 28 July 2018 Imran Khan s party wins Pakistan election but falls short of majority CNN Retrieved 1 September 2018 2 Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas 27 July 2018 3 El Confidencial Andres Herzog sucedera a Rosa Diez al frente de UPyD in Spanish Reuters 11 July 2015 Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 Retrieved 24 January 2016 En su ultimo discurso como portavoz de UPyD Diez reivindico a su formacion que se define como un partido progresista situado en el centro politico como el artifice del cambio politico en Espana Gonzalez Almeida Jose Maria 12 November 2013 UPyD La evolucion de la politica en Espana upyd es in Spanish Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 Retrieved 22 May 2016 UPyD ofrece entendimiento a traves del transversalismo que bien pueden servir sin necesidad de inclinarse a un lado o a otro ya que todos tienen algo positivo que aportar y la formacion magenta sabe bien sintetizar lo mejor de cada idea ofreciendo un dulce coctel al ciudadano 4 Europa Press Distribuciones de Frecuencua Marginales del Estudio 2909 Cuestionario O Muestra ODISTRIBUCIONES DE FRECUENCIA MARGINALES DEL ESTUDIO 2909 CUESTIONARIO 0 MUESTRA 0 CIS Centro de Estudios Sociologicos see Question number 27 Spanish digitale WNG agence Es braucht eine starke liberale Kraft im Parlament mehr denn je fdp ch The party itself rejects the left right notion stating on its FAQ page that it is a centre party Die CVP ist die Partei der Mitte cvp ch 13 April 2021 Frequently Asked Questions CVP Schweiz 13 April 2021 In urban and Protestant areas the party tends to be more centrist than in rural predominantly Catholic areas Partei EVP Schweiz www evppev ch Im Parlamentarier Rating steht die EVP mit der sozialen Mitte alleine da ist niemand evppev ch The party rejects the left right classification but it tends to be on the centre or centre left on social and environmental issues centrist on economic issues and centre right on ethical issues BDP Schweiz Kopfe www bdp info 13 April 2021 Smartvote Parteienportrat Burgerlich Demokratische Partei BDP page 3 PDF smartvote ch Archived from the original PDF on 20 December 2016 Retrieved 1 May 2018 Ltd Magnolia International Parteigeschichte grunliberale ch The Economist Intelligence Unit 2015 Switzerland Country Overview The Economist p 1 Peter Childs Michael Storry 2013 Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture Routledge p 485 ISBN 978 1 134 75555 4 Donald Sassoon 2010 One Hundred Years of Socialism The West European Left in the Twentieth Century I B Tauris p 698 ISBN 978 0 85771 530 2 Barker Alex 26 September 2010 Miliband declares New Labour dead Financial Times Retrieved 8 August 2018 Savage Michael 8 April 2018 New centrist party gets 50m backing to break mould of UK politics The Guardian Stewart Heather Weaver Matthew 14 June 2019 Chuka Umunna joins Lib Dems No room for two in centre ground The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 22 June 2019 Perraudin Francis 19 December 2019 Independent Group for Change to be disbanded The Guardian Retrieved 22 December 2019 Schlesinger Arthur Jr 4 April 1948 Not Left Not Right But a Vital Center New York Times Emery Noemie 17 July 2006 The Inconvenient Truth about Truman Washington Examiner Zeitz Joshua 4 November 2018 Democrats Aren t Moving Left They re Returning to Their Roots Politico Choilet Derek 7 May 2019 Why Democrats and all Americans Should Embrace Centrism The Washington Post Bartlett Bruce 24 August 2020 When the Republican Party Was Sane The New Republic Dionne E J Jr Winter 2000 Why Americans Hate Politics A Reprise Brookings Research Washington D C Brookings Institution Retrieved 16 April 2014 Judas John 19 May 1996 The Third Rail The New Republic Kazin Michael 22 November 1998 Populism By any Other Name Los Angeles Times Funk Tim 25 February 2016 Bill Clinton s centrist legacy becomes an issue as his wife courts the left Charlotte Observer Allen Jonathan 1 December 2018 As a moderate Republican and internationalist George H W Bush was last of a kind NBC News Ekins Emily 29 August 2011 Reason Rupe Poll Finds 24 Percent of Americans are Economically Conservative and Socially Liberal 28 Percent Liberal 28 Percent Conservative and 20 Percent Communitarian Reason Retrieved 1 January 2012 Jonsson Patrik 29 July 2011 Americans Elect launches centrist third party bid amid Washington dysfunction The Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 1 January 2012 Killian Linda February 2012 4 Types of Independent Voters Who Could Swing the 2012 Elections TheAtlantic com Retrieved 4 April 2017 Independent Nation How the Vital Center Is Changing American Politics publishersweekly com Publishers Weekly 1 February 2004 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Avlon s thesis by exploring political battlegrounds from state primaries to presidential campaigns in which a centrist message succeeded To Avlon centrism is not a matter of compromise or reading polls rather it s an antidote to the politics of divisiveness providing principled opposition to political extremes Pollard Vic 15 March 2007 Pollard column Mod squad lockout has Parra steamed The Bakersfield Californian Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2014 Noor Poppy 18 December 2019 OK boomer how Barack Obama became the ultimate centrist dad The Guardian Kiely Kathy Moore Martha 3 July 2008 Obama faces online backlash for centrist views ABC News Prell Owen 21 July 2020 Is America a Failed State More Than We Realize Medium Smith Sean 15 November 2020 Be warned Joe Biden centrism is no longer a safe haven in politics The Independent Hook Janet 12 August 2020 Picking Harris Biden puts centrist stamp on Democrats future Los Angeles Times Olson Walter 16 August 2016 Gary Johnson and the Rise of Libertarian Centrism Reason com Reason Foundation Retrieved 14 March 2017 Busch Andrew 20 October 2021 Can Third Parties Make a Difference in 2024 RealClearPolitics Retrieved 22 October 2021 Further reading EditAli Tariq 2015 The Extreme Centre A Warning Verso Books Brown David S 2016 Moderates The Vital Center of American Politics from the Founding to Today Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press External links Edit Media related to Centrism at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Centrism at Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Centrism amp oldid 1132355645, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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