Subanen languages

The Subanen languages (also Subanon and Subanun) are a group of closely related Austronesian languages belonging to the Greater Central Philippine subgroup.^[1]^: 303 Often described as a single language, they are considered by linguists as a dialect cluster more than a monolithic language. Subanen languages are spoken in various areas of Zamboanga Peninsula, namely the provinces of Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur, and in Misamis Occidental of Northern Mindanao. There is also a sizeable Subanen community in Misamis Oriental. Most speakers of Subanen languages go by the name of Subanen, Subanon or Subanun, while those who adhere to Islam refer to themselves as Kalibugan.

Subanen
Subanon
Geographic distribution	Western Mindanao, Philippines
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Subanen
Proto-language	Proto-Subanen
Subdivisions	Central Subanen Eastern Subanen Northern Subanen Southern Subanen Kolibugan Subanon Western Subanon
Glottolog	`suba1253`

Internal classification

Jason Lobel (2013:308) classifies the Subanen varieties as follows.^[1]

Subanen
- Western
  - Western Subanon
  - Western Kolibugan
- Nuclear
  - West Nuclear
    - Tawlet-Kalibugan Subanen
    - Salug-Godod Subanen
  - East Nuclear
    - Southern Subanen
    - Central Subanen
    - Northern Subanen
    - Eastern Subanen

Lobel (2013:308) lists the following innovations among each of the following subgroups.

Nuclear Subanen: *k > Ø
Western Subanen: *k > /k/
East Nuclear Subanen: *r > /l/
West Nuclear Subanen: *r > /r/
Western Subanen: *r > /l/ (independently took place, likely due to contact with Tausug, Maguindanaon, Butuanon, Cebuano, and/or Ilonggo, which have also undergone the *r > /l/ shift independently of one another)

Proto-Subanen
Reconstruction of	Subanen languages
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Philippine

The following phoneme inventory can be reconstructed for Proto-Subanen:^[1]^[2]

Consonants
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	*p	*t		*k	*ʔ
Stop	voiced	*b	*d		*g
Fricative			*s
Nasal		*m	*n		*ŋ
Lateral			*l
Approximant		*w		*y

According to Jason Lobel (2013:304-305), the innovations defining Proto-Subanen from Proto-Greater Central Philippine are:

1. *h was lost in all positions in Proto-Subanen.

2. *ʔ was lost word-initially and word-medially, only being retained in word-final position.

3. Reduction of *a to *ə in prepenultimate syllables, as well as in closed penultimate syllables.

4. Addition of a word-initial *g- to all vowel-initlal words following the operation of the previous innovations.

5. Assimilation of consonant clusters into a sequence of either *kC, *gC, or a nasal cluster.

^ ^a ^b ^c Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
^ Bulalang, Sharon (2018). "Two Patterns of /a/ and /o/ Alternation in Subanon". Oceanic Linguistics. 57 (2): 289–302. doi:10.1353/ol.2018.0013.

"Subanon" at Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).
Audio recordings of Subanon are archived with Kaipuleohone, including a word list, sentences, and a traditional song