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Pa-Hng language

April 12, 2024

Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; 巴哼语 Bāhēng yǔ) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.

Pa-Hng
Pateng
Pronunciation[pa31 ŋ̊ŋ35]
Native toChina, Vietnam
Native speakers
(34,000 cited 1995–2009)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pha
Glottologpahn1237
Pa-Hng is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Classification edit

Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed.[2] This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).[3]

Names edit

Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names:[3]

  • pa31 ŋ̥ŋ35 (巴哼)
  • m̥m35 nai33 (唔奈)
  • Red Yao (红瑶)
  • Flowery Yao (花瑶)
  • Eight Surname Yao (八姓瑶)

In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng ka31 jiu33 (嘎优), while the Miao people call them ta55 tia52 ju33 (大达优).[4] In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (xeŋ33) are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan 兰, Dai 戴, Deng 邓, Ding 丁, Pu 蒲, and Feng 奉.[5]

In China, Pa-Hng speakers are classified as Yao, even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic.

Varieties edit

Mao & Li (1997) splits Pa-Hng into the following subdivisions, and most closely related to Hm Nai:

  • Pa-Hng proper (巴哼 pa31 ŋ̥ŋ35)
    • Northern
    • Southern
  • Hm Nai (唔奈 m̥m35 nai33)

Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng varieties can be found in Mao & Li (1997). An additional dialect is found in Vietnam.

The Na-e dialect (also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa-Hng, Pà Then [Pateng]), is a geographic outlier. Paul Benedict (1986) argued that it is not actually Pa-Hng, or even Hmongic, but a separate branch of the Miao–Yao language family.[6] However, Strecker (1987) responded that it does appear to be a Pa-Hng dialect, though it has some peculiarities, and that Pa-Hng as a whole is divergent.[7]

Jerold A. Edmondson has reported Pa-Hng dialects in Bac Quang District and Hong Quang Village of Chiem Hoa District in northern Vietnam, and found that they were most closely related to the Pa-Hng dialect spoken in Gaoji Township 高基, Sanjiang County, Guangxi.[8]

Distribution edit

China edit

Pa-Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China. Most of the counties have 1,000 - 6,000 Pa-Hng speakers (Mao & Li 1997).

Vietnam edit

Main article: Pà Thẻn people

Pa-Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam. In Vietnam, the Pa-Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people, where they are called Pà Thẻn. Na-e as reported by Bonifacy (1905) is also found in northern Vietnam.

According to Vu,[13] the ancestors of the Pà Thẻn had first migrated from Guangxi to Hải Ninh (now Quảng Ninh Province), and then from Hải Ninh to the Thái Nguyên area. The Pà Thẻn then split off to settle in three main areas.

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

  • Alveolar sounds /t, tʰ, n, n̥, nʱ/ are heard as retroflex [ʈ, ʈʰ, ɳ, ɳ̊, ɳʱ] in the Laobao dialect.

Vowels edit

/i/ can also be centralized to [ɨ] or [ʉ] when following initial sounds.[14][10][3]

See also edit

  • Pa-Hng comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)

References edit

  1. ^ Pa-Hng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
  3. ^ a b c 毛, 宗武 [Máo Zōngwǔ]; 李, 云兵 [Lǐ Yúnbīng] (1997). Bā hēng yǔ yánjiū 巴哼语研究 [A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]]. Shanghai: 上海远东出版社/Shànghǎi yuǎndōng chūbǎn shè.
  4. ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
  5. ^ a b Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gazetteer 通道侗族自治县民族志 (2004).
  6. ^ Benedict, Paul (1986). "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 9 (1): 89–90.
  7. ^
    • Strecker, David (Fall 1987). "Some Comments on Benedict's 'Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language'" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10 (2): 22–42.
    • Strecker, David (Fall 1987). "Some Comments on Benedict's 'Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language': Addendum" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10 (2): 43–53.
  8. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  9. ^ a b 毛宗武 / Mao Zongwu. 优诺语研究 / Younuo yu yan jiu (A Study of Younuo). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.
  10. ^ a b Niederer, Barbara (1997). "Notes comparatives sur le pa-hng". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 26 (1): 71–130. doi:10.3406/clao.1997.1506.
  11. ^ Niederer, Barbara (2004). "Pa-hng and the classification of the Hmong-Mien languages". In Tapp, N.; Michaud, J.; Culas, C.; Lee, G. Yai (eds.). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Bangkok: Silkworm Books. pp. 129–146.
  12. ^ a b Edmondson, J. A.; Gregerson, K. J. (2001). Adams, K. L.; Hudak, T. J. (eds.). "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands". Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies: 101–133.
  13. ^ Vũ, Quốc Khánh (2013). Người Pà Thẻn ở Việt Nam [The Pa Then in Vietnam]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn. pp. 12–15.
  14. ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. (1992). "Pa-hng development and diversity". In Ratliff, M.; Schiller, E. (eds.). Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (PDF). Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 159–186.

External links edit

  • Pa-Hng and Hm Nai comparative vocabulary list on Wiktionary (6 dialects compared)
  • Hm Nai of Longhui County, Hunan
  • Yao of Malin Township, Xinning County, Hunan

April 12, 2024
language, also, spelled, hung, 巴哼语, bāhēng, divergent, hmongic, miao, language, spoken, guizhou, guangxi, hunan, southern, china, well, northern, vietnam, hngpatengpronunciation, pa31, ŋ35, native, tochina, vietnamnative, speakers, cited, 1995, 2009, language,. Pa Hng also spelled Pa Hung 巴哼语 Baheng yǔ is a divergent Hmongic Miao language spoken in Guizhou Guangxi and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam Pa HngPatengPronunciation pa31 ŋ ŋ35 Native toChina VietnamNative speakers 34 000 cited 1995 2009 1 Language familyHmong Mien HmongicBahengicPa HngLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code pha class extiw title iso639 3 pha pha a Glottologpahn1237Pa Hng is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Contents 1 Classification 2 Names 3 Varieties 4 Distribution 4 1 China 4 2 Vietnam 5 Phonology 5 1 Consonants 5 2 Vowels 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksClassification editPa Hng has long been recognized as divergent Benedict 1986 argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao Yao family Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic Miao language that she analyzed 2 This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo Yuno and Wunai Hm Nai 3 Names editPa Hng speakers are called by the following names 3 pa31 ŋ ŋ35 巴哼 m m35 nai33 唔奈 Red Yao 红瑶 Flowery Yao 花瑶 Eight Surname Yao 八姓瑶 In Liping County Guizhou the Dong people call the Pa Hng ka31 jiu33 嘎优 while the Miao people call them ta55 tia52 ju33 大达优 4 In Tongdao County Hunan the Pa Hng xeŋ33 are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶 since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈 Lan 兰 Dai 戴 Deng 邓 Ding 丁 Pu 蒲 and Feng 奉 5 In China Pa Hng speakers are classified as Yao even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic Varieties editMao amp Li 1997 splits Pa Hng into the following subdivisions and most closely related to Hm Nai Pa Hng proper 巴哼 pa31 ŋ ŋ35 Northern Southern Hm Nai 唔奈 m m35 nai33 Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa Hng varieties can be found in Mao amp Li 1997 An additional dialect is found in Vietnam Northern Pa Hng Gundong 滚董 Liping County 黎平 Guizhou Southern Pa Hng Wenjie 文界 Sanjiang County 三江 Guangxi Hm Nai Huxingshan 虎形山 Longhui County 隆回 HunanThe Na e dialect also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa Hng Pa Then Pateng is a geographic outlier Paul Benedict 1986 argued that it is not actually Pa Hng or even Hmongic but a separate branch of the Miao Yao language family 6 However Strecker 1987 responded that it does appear to be a Pa Hng dialect though it has some peculiarities and that Pa Hng as a whole is divergent 7 Jerold A Edmondson has reported Pa Hng dialects in Bac Quang District and Hong Quang Village of Chiem Hoa District in northern Vietnam and found that they were most closely related to the Pa Hng dialect spoken in Gaoji Township 高基 Sanjiang County Guangxi 8 Distribution editChina edit Pa Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China Most of the counties have 1 000 6 000 Pa Hng speakers Mao amp Li 1997 Hunan Longhui County Shaoyang Hm Nai speakers Hm Nai Huxingshan 虎形山乡 Xiaoshajiang 小沙江乡 Motang 磨塘乡 Dashuitian 大水田乡 Dongkou County Shaoyang Hm Nai speakers Chenxi County Huaihua Hm Nai speakers Xupu County Huaihua Hm Nai speakers Tongdao County Huaihua Hm Nai speakers 1 779 people 2000 in Chuansu Township 传素瑶族乡 and Linkou Township 临口镇 in Shangdong 上洞村 and Xiadong 下洞村 villages 5 Highly endangered status 9 Chengbu Miao Autonomous County Shaoyang Xinning County Shaoyang Suining County Shaoyang 100 speakers Guizhou Liping County Northern Pa Hng Gundong 滚董乡 Shunhua 顺化乡 Congjiang County Southern Pa Hng Gaomang 高忙乡 Guangxi Rongshui County 12 000 speakers Northern Pa Hng Dalang 大浪乡 Danian 大年乡 Antai 安太乡 Dongtou 洞头乡 Gunbei 滚贝乡 Wangdong 汪洞乡 Gandong 杆洞乡 Huaibao 怀宝镇 9 Southern Pa Hng Baiyun 白云乡 Dalang 大浪乡 Anchui 安陲乡 Xiangfen 香粉乡 Sanjiang County Northern Pa Hng Tongle 同乐乡 Laobao 老堡乡 Southern Pa Hng Wenjie 文界乡 Liangkou 良口乡 Longsheng County Southern Pa Hng Sanmen 三门乡 Pingdeng 平等乡 Lingui County 13 other counties Vietnam edit Main article Pa Thẻn people Pa Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam In Vietnam the Pa Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people where they are called Pa Thẻn Na e as reported by Bonifacy 1905 is also found in northern Vietnam Tan Trịnh Quang Binh District Ha Giang Province Vietnam 10 11 Bắc Quang District Ha Giang Province Vietnam 8 12 Minh Thương Village Tan Lập Township Tan Thịnh Township Hồng Quang Village Chiem Hoa District Tuyen Quang Province 62 km northwest of Chiem Hoa City where the speakers are known as Meo Hoa Flowery Miao 12 According to Vu 13 the ancestors of the Pa Thẻn had first migrated from Guangxi to Hải Ninh now Quảng Ninh Province and then from Hải Ninh to the Thai Nguyen area The Pa Thẻn then split off to settle in three main areas Linh Phu Chiem Hoa District Tuyen Quang and Trung Sơn Yen Sơn District Tuyen Quang Lăng Can Na Hang District Tuyen Quang Hồng Quang Chiem Hoa District Tuyen Quang and Hữu Sản Bắc Quang District Ha Giang From Xuan Minh Quang Binh District Ha Giang the Pa Thẻn migrated to the communes of Yen Binh Yen Thanh Tan Trịnh Tan Nam all in Quang Binh District Ha Giang and Tan Lập Bắc Quang District Ha Giang Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar Uvular Glottalplain pal plain pal plain lab plain lab Nasal voiced m mʲ n ȵ ŋvoiceless m m ʲ n ȵ ŋ breathy mʱ mʲʱ nʱ ȵʱ ŋʱStop Affricate voiceless p pʲ t tɕ k kʷ q qʷ ʔaspirated pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ qʰ qʷʰbreathy pʱ pʲʱ tʱ tɕʱ kʱ kʷʱ qʱprenasal ᵐp ᵐpʲ ⁿt ᶮtɕ ᵑk ᶰqprn breathy ᵐpʱ ᵐpʲʱ ⁿtʱ ᶮtɕʱ ᵑkʱ ᶰqʱFricative f s ɕ x hApproximant voiceless l l ʲvoiced ʋ l lʲ j wbreathy ʋʱ lʱ lʱʲ jʱAlveolar sounds t tʰ n n nʱ are heard as retroflex ʈ ʈʰ ɳ ɳ ɳʱ in the Laobao dialect Vowels edit Front Central Backoral nasal oral nasal oral nasalClose i ĩ ɨ u ũNear close ɪ ɪ Close mid e ẽ ɤ o oOpen mid ɛ ɛ ɔ ɔ Open a a ɑ ɑ Syllabic m n ŋ i can also be centralized to ɨ or ʉ when following initial sounds 14 10 3 See also editPa Hng comparative vocabulary list Wiktionary References edit Pa Hng at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Ratliff Martha 2010 Hmong Mien language history Canberra Pacific Linguistics Australian National University hdl 1885 146760 ISBN 978 0 85883 615 0 a b c 毛 宗武 Mao Zōngwǔ 李 云兵 Lǐ Yunbing 1997 Ba heng yǔ yanjiu 巴哼语研究 A Study of Baheng Pa Hng Shanghai 上海远东出版社 Shanghǎi yuǎndōng chubǎn she Guizhou Province Gazetteer Ethnic Gazetteer 贵州省志 民族志 2002 Guiyang Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 貴州民族出版社 a b Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gazetteer 通道侗族自治县民族志 2004 Benedict Paul 1986 Miao Yao Enigma The Na e language Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 9 1 89 90 Strecker David Fall 1987 Some Comments on Benedict s Miao Yao Enigma The Na e language PDF Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 10 2 22 42 Strecker David Fall 1987 Some Comments on Benedict s Miao Yao Enigma The Na e language Addendum PDF Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 10 2 43 53 a b Map amp Language Descriptions Borderlands Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam Archived from the original on 2012 02 07 Retrieved 2012 05 09 a b 毛宗武 Mao Zongwu 优诺语研究 Younuo yu yan jiu A Study of Younuo Beijing 民族出版社 Min zu chu ban she 2007 a b Niederer Barbara 1997 Notes comparatives sur le pa hng Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 26 1 71 130 doi 10 3406 clao 1997 1506 Niederer Barbara 2004 Pa hng and the classification of the Hmong Mien languages In Tapp N Michaud J Culas C Lee G Yai eds Hmong Miao in Asia Bangkok Silkworm Books pp 129 146 a b Edmondson J A Gregerson K J 2001 Adams K L Hudak T J eds Four Languages of the Vietnam China Borderlands Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Tempe Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies 101 133 Vũ Quốc Khanh 2013 Người Pa Thẻn ở Việt Nam The Pa Then in Vietnam Ha Nội Nha xuất bản thong tấn pp 12 15 Edmondson Jerold A 1992 Pa hng development and diversity In Ratliff M Schiller E eds Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society PDF Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies pp 159 186 External links editPa Hng and Hm Nai comparative vocabulary list on Wiktionary 6 dialects compared ABVD Pa Hng Gundong word list Hm Nai of Longhui County Hunan Yao of Malin Township Xinning County Hunan https web archive org web 20131202224052 http cema gov vn modules php name Content amp op details amp mid 524 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pa Hng language amp oldid 1217357187, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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