Th-stopping is the realization of the dentalfricatives[θ, ð] as stops—either dental or alveolar—which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as of Indian English and middle- or upper-class Irish English, they are realized as the dental stops [t̪, d̪] and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops /t, d/; thus, for example, tin ([tʰɪn] in Ireland and [ʈɪn] in India) is not a homophone of thin[t̪ʰɪn].[1] In other accents, such as varieties of Caribbean English, Nigerian English, Liberian English, and older, rural, or working-class Irish English, such pairs are indeed merged.[1] Variation between both dental and alveolar forms exists in much of the working-class English speech of North America and sometimes southern England. Th-stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die for "the" and Bruder for "brother".
For the working class of New York City and its surrounding region, the fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ are often pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions /t-θ/ and [d-ð] are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced [θæŋks], [tθæŋks], or[t̪æŋks] in decreasing order of occurrence;[citation needed] all are distinct from tanks[tʰæŋks]. The [t̪] variant has a weakish articulation. The /t-θ/ opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following /r/ (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the non-rhotic pronunciation of "bitter-bidder"; with you may be [wɪtʃu], following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciations are all stigmatized.[citation needed]
The [d-ð] opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the "Brooklynese" stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial [ð] is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there[huz (z)ɛə]; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there/dɛə/. This option extends to one or two words in which the /ð/ is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.[citation needed]
African American Vernacular English
In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, [t] may occur corresponding to standard [θ], with the [t] itself being succeeded by the t-glottalization rule: thus [wɪʔ] for with and [ˈnʌʔɪn] for nothing.[2]: 83 Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial [θ]s, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mouth closed.[2]: 90 In initial position, [θ] occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is [θɪn], without the stopping of West Indian accents.[3] Stopping of initial [ð], however, is frequent making then homophonous with den.
Frequency in other accents
Th-stopping is also commonly heard, specifically from speakers of working-class origins, in the American English dialects of the Inland North (for example, in Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Scranton), the Upper Midwest (for example in the especially Fennoscandian-descended locals of Minnesota's Iron Range and Michigan's Upper Peninsula), and the Mid-Atlantic region (for example, in Philadelphia and Baltimore),[4] It is also heard in a minority of speakers of England's Estuary dialect (for example, in London), but only in the case of word-initial /ð/.[5] Many speakers of Philippine English and some speakers of other variants in Asia also have th-stopping.
The dialect of Sheffield in England is sometimes referred to as "dee-dar" because of the Th-stopping to change initial /ð/ to /d/. However, a 1997 study in Sheffield found this was then largely confined to older males.[6]
^ abWells, J.C. (1989). The British Isles. Accents of English. Vol. 2. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 565–66, 635. ISBN9780521285407.
^ abWolfram, Walter A. (September 1970). "A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech". Language. 46 (3): 764. doi:10.2307/412325. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 412325.
^Wolfram 1969, p. 130, does however mention the use of 'a lenis [t]' as a rare variant.
^van den Doel, Rias (2006). How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English(PDF). Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics). p. 268.
^van den Doel, Rias (2006). How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English(PDF). Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics). p. 251.
^Stoddart, Jana; Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J.D.A. (1999), "Sheffield dialect in the 1990s: revisiting the concept of NORMs", Urban Voices, London: Arnold, pp. 76, 79
February 23, 2023
stopping, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, october, 2013, le. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Th stopping news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Th stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives 8 d as stops either dental or alveolar which occurs in several dialects of English In some accents such as of Indian English and middle or upper class Irish English they are realized as the dental stops t d and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops t d thus for example tin tʰɪn in Ireland and ʈɪn in India is not a homophone of thin t ʰɪn 1 In other accents such as varieties of Caribbean English Nigerian English Liberian English and older rural or working class Irish English such pairs are indeed merged 1 Variation between both dental and alveolar forms exists in much of the working class English speech of North America and sometimes southern England Th stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages resulting in cognates such as German die for the and Bruder for brother Contents 1 New York City English 2 African American Vernacular English 3 Frequency in other accents 4 Homophonous pairs 5 See also 6 ReferencesNew York City English EditFor the working class of New York City and its surrounding region the fricatives 8 and d are often pronounced as affricatives or stops rather than as fricatives Usually they remain dental so that the oppositions t 8 and d d are not lost Thus thanks may be pronounced 8aeŋks t8aeŋks or t aeŋks in decreasing order of occurrence citation needed all are distinct from tanks tʰaeŋks The t variant has a weakish articulation The t 8 opposition may be lost exceptionally in the environment of a following r making three homophonous with tree and in the case of the word with so that with a may rhyme with the non rhotic pronunciation of bitter bidder with you may be wɪtʃu following the same yod coalescence rule as hit you These pronunciations are all stigmatized citation needed The d d opposition seems to be lost more readily though not as readily as the Brooklynese stereotype might lead one to believe As in many other places initial d is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and or popular speech e g who s there huz z ɛe as in many other places it is also subject to stopping there dɛe This option extends to one or two words in which the d is not initial e g other which can thus become a homonym of utter udder But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed citation needed African American Vernacular English EditIn African American Vernacular English in the words with and nothing t may occur corresponding to standard 8 with the t itself being succeeded by the t glottalization rule thus wɪʔ for with and ˈnʌʔɪn for nothing 2 83 Th stopping is also reported for some other non initial 8 s apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive as keep your mouth closed 2 90 In initial position 8 occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents thin is 8ɪn without the stopping of West Indian accents 3 Stopping of initial d however is frequent making then homophonous with den Frequency in other accents EditTh stopping is also commonly heard specifically from speakers of working class origins in the American English dialects of the Inland North for example in Milwaukee Chicago Cleveland Buffalo and Scranton the Upper Midwest for example in the especially Fennoscandian descended locals of Minnesota s Iron Range and Michigan s Upper Peninsula and the Mid Atlantic region for example in Philadelphia and Baltimore 4 It is also heard in a minority of speakers of England s Estuary dialect for example in London but only in the case of word initial d 5 Many speakers of Philippine English and some speakers of other variants in Asia also have th stopping The dialect of Sheffield in England is sometimes referred to as dee dar because of the Th stopping to change initial d to d However a 1997 study in Sheffield found this was then largely confined to older males 6 Homophonous pairs Edit t d 8 d IPA Notesate eighth ˈeɪt Some accents pronounce ate as ɛt Bart bath ˈbɑːt Non rhotic accents with trap bath split bat bath ˈbaet Without trap bath split bayed bathe ˈbeɪdbet Beth ˈbɛtbladder blather ˈblaede ɹ blight Blythe ˈblaɪtblitter blither ˈblɪɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping boat both ˈboʊtbody bothy ˈbɒɾi Without lot cloth split and with intervocalic alveolar flapping boot booth ˈbuːtbreed breathe ˈbɹiːdBrett breath ˈbɹɛtbrought broth ˈbrɔːt With lot cloth split Also ˈbrɒt in some accents cedar seether ˈsiːde ɹ cent synth ˈsɪnt With pin pen merger cite scythe ˈsaɪtclot cloth ˈklɒt Without cot caught merger coot couth ˈkuːtD dee the ˈdiː The before vowels and silent H D dee thee ˈdiːDan than ˈdaendare their ˈdee ɹ dare there ˈdee ɹ dare they re ˈdee ɹ Darude the rude deˈruːdday they ˈdeɪdebt death ˈdɛtDee the ˈdiː The before vowels and silent H Dee thee ˈdiːden then ˈdɛndense thence ˈdɛnsdents thence ˈdɛn t sdhow thou ˈdaʊdie thy ˈdaɪdine thine ˈdaɪndirt dearth ˈdɜː ɹ t with fern fir fur merger dis this ˈdɪsdoe though ˈdoʊdoes those ˈdoʊzdough though ˈdoʊdow thou ˈdaʊdow though ˈdoʊdrought drouth ˈdɹaʊtdye thy ˈdaɪeater either ˈiːɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping eater ether ˈiːte ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping eight eighth ˈeɪtfate faith ˈfeɪtfetter feather ˈfɛɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping fit fifth ˈfɪt Some accents pronounce fifth as ˈfɪft fodder father ˈfɑːde ɹ With father bother merger fort forth ˈfɔː ɹ tfort fourth ˈfɔː ɹ tfraught froth ˈfɹɔːt With lot cloth split frot froth ˈfɹɒt Without lot cloth split got goth Goth ˈɡɒtgroat growth ˈɡɹoʊthart hearth ˈhɑː ɹ that hath ˈhaetheader heather ˈhɛde ɹ heart hearth ˈhɑː ɹ theat heath ˈhiːthitter hither ˈhɪɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping hurt earth ˈɜː ɹ t With H dropping and fern fir fur merger Ida either ˈaɪde Non rhotic accents knead neath ˈniːdkneader neither ˈniːde ɹ kneed neath ˈniːdladder lather ˈlaede ɹ lade lathe ˈleɪdlaid lathe ˈleɪdlatter lather ˈlaeɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping letter leather ˈlɛɾe ɹ lied lithe ˈlaɪdload loathe ˈloʊdloud Louth ˈlaʊdmartyr Martha ˈmɑːte Non rhotic accents mat math ˈmaetmead Meath ˈmiːdmeat Meath ˈmiːtmeet Meath ˈmiːtmete Meath ˈmiːtmit myth ˈmɪtmutter mother ˈmʌɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping naught north ˈnɔːt Non rhotic accents neater neither ˈniːɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping neat neath ˈniːtneed neath ˈniːdoat oath ˈoʊtoats oaths ˈoʊtsodes oaths ˈoʊdzpads paths ˈpaedz Without trap bath split paid pathe ˈpeɪdpart path ˈpɑːt Non rhotic accents with trap bath split parts paths ˈpɑːtspat path ˈpaet Without trap bath split pats paths ˈpaetspit pith ˈpɪtpity pithy ˈpɪtirat wrath ˈɹaet Without trap bath split rate wraith ˈɹeɪtread wreathe ˈɹiːdreads wreathes ˈɹiːdzreads wreaths ˈɹiːdzreed wreathe ˈɹiːdreeds wreathes ˈɹiːdzreeds wreaths ˈɹiːdzride writhe ˈɹaɪdrot Roth ˈɹɒt Without lot cloth split root ruth Ruth ˈɹuːt With yod dropping Some accents pronounce root as ˈɹʊt route ruth Ruth ˈɹuːt With yod dropping Some accents pronounce route as ˈɹaʊt scent synth ˈsɪnt With pen pin merger seed seethe ˈsiːdseeder seether ˈsiːde ɹ sent synth ˈsɪnt With pen pin merger set saith ˈsɛtset Seth ˈsɛtshe d sheathe ˈʃiːdsheet sheath ˈʃiːtside scythe ˈsaɪdsight scythe ˈsaɪtsit Sith ˈsɪtsite scythe ˈsaɪtsmit smith ˈsmɪtsmite Smyth ˈsmaɪtspilt spilth ˈspɪltsoot sooth ˈsuːt Some accents pronounce soot as ˈsʊt sudden southern ˈsʌden Non rhotic accents sued soothe ˈsuːd With yod dropping suede swathe ˈsweɪd Some accents pronounce swathe as ˈswɒd suit sooth ˈsuːt With yod dropping swat swath ˈswɒt Without lot cloth split swayed swathe ˈsweɪd Some accents pronounce swathe as ˈswɒd tank thank ˈtaeŋktaught thought ˈtɔːtteat teeth ˈtiːttent tenth ˈtɛntThai thigh ˈtaɪtick thick ˈtɪktide tithe ˈtaɪdtie thigh ˈtaɪtied tithe ˈtaɪdtin thin ˈtɪntoot tooth ˈtuːttor thaw ˈtɔː Non rhotic accents tor Thor ˈtɔː ɹ tore thaw ˈtɔː Non rhotic accents with horse hoarse merger tore Thor ˈtɔː ɹ With horse hoarse merger torn thorn ˈtɔː ɹ n With horse hoarse merger tort thought ˈtɔː ɹ t Non rhotic accents tote Thoth ˈtoʊttrash thrash ˈtɹaeʃtrawl thrall ˈtɹɔːltread thread ˈtɹɛdtree three ˈtɹiːtrue threw ˈtɹuː ˈtɹɪutrue through ˈtɹuː With yod dropping tum thumb ˈtʌmtump thump ˈtʌmpturd third ˈtɜː ɹ d With fern fir fur merger udder other ˈʌde ɹ utter other ˈʌɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping Utes youths ˈjuːtswelt wealth ˈwɛltwetter weather ˈwɛɾe ɹ With intervocalic alveolar flapping wit width ˈwɪtwit with ˈwɪtwordy worthy ˈwɜː ɹ di ˈwʌɹdiwort worth ˈwɜː ɹ t ˈwʌɹt Some accents pronounce wort as ˈwɔː ɹ t wrought Roth ˈɹɔːt With lot cloth split See also EditList of Th stopping homophones Th frontingReferences Edit a b Wells J C 1989 The British Isles Accents of English Vol 2 Cambridge University Press pp 565 66 635 ISBN 9780521285407 a b Wolfram Walter A September 1970 A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech Language 46 3 764 doi 10 2307 412325 ISSN 0097 8507 JSTOR 412325 Wolfram 1969 p 130 does however mention the use of a lenis t as a rare variant van den Doel Rias 2006 How Friendly Are the Natives An Evaluation of Native Speaker Judgements of Foreign Accented British and American English PDF Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics p 268 van den Doel Rias 2006 How Friendly Are the Natives An Evaluation of Native Speaker Judgements of Foreign Accented British and American English PDF Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics p 251 Stoddart Jana Upton Clive Widdowson J D A 1999 Sheffield dialect in the 1990s revisiting the concept of NORMs Urban Voices London Arnold pp 76 79 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Th stopping amp oldid 1123152115, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
