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Seinfeld

Seinfeld (/ˈsnfɛld/ SYNE-feld) is an American television sitcom created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld. It aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, over nine seasons and 180 episodes. It stars Seinfeld as a fictionalized version of himself and focuses on his personal life with three of his friends: best friend George Costanza (Jason Alexander), former girlfriend Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) and his neighbor from across the hall, Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards). It is set mostly in an apartment building in Manhattan's Upper West Side in New York City. It has been described as "a show about nothing", often focusing on the minutiae of daily life.[1] Interspersed in earlier episodes are moments of stand-up comedy from the fictional Jerry Seinfeld, frequently using the episode's events for material.

Seinfeld
GenreSitcom
Slice of life
Created by
Directed by
Starring
Theme music composerJonathan Wolff
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons9
No. of episodes180 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers
Camera setupMulti-camera
Running time22–24 minutes
Production companies
DistributorColumbia Pictures Television[nb 1]
Release
Original networkNBC
Original releaseJuly 5, 1989 (1989-07-05) –
May 14, 1998 (1998-05-14)
Chronology
RelatedCurb Your Enthusiasm

As a rising comedian in the late 1980s, Jerry Seinfeld was presented with an opportunity to create a show with NBC. He asked Larry David, a fellow comedian and friend, to help create a premise for a sitcom.[2] The series was produced by West-Shapiro Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed by Columbia Pictures Television.[nb 1] It was largely written by David and Seinfeld, with script writers who included Larry Charles, Peter Mehlman, Gregg Kavet, Carol Leifer, David Mandel, Jeff Schaffer, Steve Koren, Jennifer Crittenden, Tom Gammill, Max Pross, Dan O'Keefe, Charlie Rubin, Marjorie Gross, Alec Berg, Elaine Pope and Spike Feresten. A favorite among critics, the series led the Nielsen ratings in Seasons 6 and 9 and finished among the top two (with NBC's ER) every year from 1994 to 1998. Only two other shows – I Love Lucy and The Andy Griffith Show have finished their runs at the top of the ratings.[3]

Seinfeld is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential sitcoms of all time. It has been ranked among television's best shows in publications such as Entertainment Weekly,[4] Rolling Stone[5] and TV Guide.[6][7] Its most renowned episodes include "The Chinese Restaurant," "The Soup Nazi," "The Parking Garage,"[8] "The Marine Biologist" and "The Contest."[9] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America voted it the No. 2 Best-Written TV Series of All Time (second to The Sopranos).[10] E! named it the "Number 1 reason the '90s ruled",[11] and quotes from numerous episodes have become catchphrases in popular culture.

Cast

Main

 
Jerry Seinfeld (upper left); Jason Alexander (upper right); Michael Richards (lower right); Julia Louis-Dreyfus (lower left)
  • Jerry Seinfeld (Jerry Seinfeld) – Jerry is a "minor celeb" stand-up comedian who is often depicted as "the voice of reason" amid the general insanity generated by the people in his world. The in-show character is a mild germophobe and neat freak as well as an avid Superman, New York Mets, and breakfast cereal fan. Jerry's apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends and a focus of the show.[12]
  • George Costanza (Jason Alexander) – George is Jerry's best friend since high school. He is stingy, conniving, pedantic, and jealous of others' achievements.[13] He is depicted as a loser who is perpetually lacking confidence about his capabilities. He rants and lies easily about his profession, relationships, and almost everything else, which usually creates trouble for him later. He often uses the alias Art Vandelay when lying or concocting a cover story. Despite these shortcomings, George is very reliable to his friends and has success in dating women, and he eventually secures a steady career as assistant to the traveling secretary for the New York Yankees. The character of George was based on Larry David himself.
  • Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) – Elaine is Jerry's ex-girlfriend and later friend. She is friendly, while also being sarcastic, selfish, and unorganized. She sometimes tends to be too honest with people (usually by losing her temper), which often gets her into trouble.[14] She usually gets caught up in her boyfriends' quirks, eccentric employers' unusual behaviors and idiosyncrasies, and the maladjustment of total strangers. She tends to make poor choices in men she dates and is often overly reactive. She works for a time at Pendant Publishing with Mr. Lippman and is later hired as a personal assistant for Mr. Pitt. She eventually works for the J. Peterman catalog as a writer. Elaine is popularly described as an amalgamation of David's and Seinfeld's girlfriends during their early days in New York as struggling comedians.
  • Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards) – Kramer is Jerry's slacker neighbor. His trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle, vintage clothes, and energetic sliding bursts through Jerry's apartment door. Kramer was heavily based on a neighbor of David's during his amateur comedic years in Manhattan. At times, he appears naïve, uneducated, and impulsive, and at other times, quick-witted, helpful, and empathetic; similarly, he is exaggeratedly successful, socially, with his charisma and laid-back personality. This is seen in his success with women and employers. He has been described as a "hipster doofus". Although he never holds a steady job, he is rarely short of money and frequently invents wacky schemes that often work at first but eventually fail. Kramer is friends with Newman, and they work well together despite their differences.[15]

Recurring

Many characters have made multiple appearances, notably Jerry's parents, Morty and Helen Seinfeld, who reside in Florida; George's parents, the overbearing Frank and Estelle Costanza; George's on-again, off-again fiancée Susan Ross; Jerry's Uncle Leo; Elaine's variety of bosses, Mr. Lippman, Mr. Pitt and J. Peterman; Elaine's on-again, off-again boyfriend David Puddy; and Kramer's friend, Newman, a mail carrier who lives in the same building and is Jerry's nemesis.

In addition to recurring characters, Seinfeld features numerous celebrities who appear as themselves or girlfriends, boyfriends, bosses and other acquaintances. Many actors who made guest appearances became household names later in their careers or were already well known.

Seinfeld's girlfriends

A number of actresses made guest appearances as Seinfeld's love interests in single episodes:

Plotlines

Many Seinfeld episodes are based on the writers' real-life experiences, with the experiences reinterpreted for the characters' storylines. For example, George's storyline in "The Revenge" is based on Larry David's experience at Saturday Night Live.[16] "The Contest" is also based on David's experiences. "The Smelly Car" storyline is based on Peter Mehlman's lawyer friend, who could not get a bad smell out of his car. "The Strike" is based on Dan O'Keefe's dad, who made up his own holiday: Festivus.[17] Other stories take a variety of turns. "The Chinese Restaurant" consists of George, Jerry and Elaine waiting for a table throughout the entire episode.[18] "The Boyfriend," revolving around Keith Hernandez, extends through two episodes. "The Betrayal" is famous for using reverse chronology and was inspired by a similar plot device in a Harold Pinter play, Betrayal.[19] Some stories were inspired by headlines and rumors, as explained in the DVD features "Notes About Nothing," "Inside Look" and "Audio Commentary." In "The Maestro," Kramer's lawsuit is roughly similar to the McDonald's coffee case.[20] "The Outing" is based primarily on rumors that Larry Charles heard about Jerry Seinfeld's sexuality.[21]

Themes

The series was often described as "a show about nothing."[1][22] However, in 2014, Seinfeld stated: "The pitch for the show, the real pitch, when Larry and I went to NBC in 1988, was we want to show how a comedian gets his material. The show about nothing was just a joke in an episode many years later, and Larry and I to this day are surprised that it caught on as a way that people describe the show, because to us it's the opposite of that."[23] David similarly commented: "I like taking the worst qualities that a person has and trying to make something funny out of it. Doesn’t everybody do terrible things and have terrible thoughts? Just by trying to be as funny, you’re going to deal with a lot of things that are real, so the show’s really about something. The whole thing about the show being about nothing is ridiculous."[24] Much of the show's humor is based upon repeated use of irony, incongruity and (oftentimes unfortunate) coincidences.

Seinfeld broke several conventions of mainstream television. David is credited with refusing to follow the predictable sitcom formula that would have a blossoming romantic relationship develop between Jerry and Elaine.[25] The show offers no growth or reconciliation to its characters and eschews sentimentality.[26] An episode is typically driven by humor interspersed with the superficial conflicts of characters with peculiar dispositions. Many episodes revolve around the characters' involvement in the lives of others with typically disastrous results. On the set, the notion that the characters should not develop or improve throughout the series was expressed as the "no hugging, no learning" rule.[26] Also unlike most sitcoms, there are no moments of pathos; the audience is never made to feel sorry for any of the characters. Even Susan's death in "The Invitations" elicits no genuine emotions from anybody in the show.[27] Seinfeld does not shy away from making light of tough topics, from death to illness to disability.[28][29]

The characters are "thirty-something singles with vague identities, no roots, and conscious indifference to morals."[30] Usual conventions were broken, like isolating the characters from the actors playing them and separating the characters' world from that of the actors and audience. One such example is the story arc where the characters promote a TV sitcom series named Jerry. The show within a show, Jerry was much like Seinfeld in that it was "about nothing" and Seinfeld played himself. The fictional Jerry was launched in the Season 4 finale, but unlike Seinfeld, it wasn't picked up as a series. Jerry is one of many examples of metafiction in the show. There are no fewer than 22 fictional movies featured, like Rochelle, Rochelle.[31] Because of these several elements, Seinfeld became the first TV series since Monty Python's Flying Circus to be widely described as postmodern.[32]

Seinfeld is an avid Abbott and Costello fan, and has cited The Abbott and Costello Show as an influence on Seinfeld: "Everybody on the show knows I'm a fan. We're always joking about how we do stuff from their show. George and I will often get into a riff that has the rhythm from the old Abbott and Costello shows. And sometimes I'll hit George in the chest the way Abbott would hit Costello." The series includes numerous references to the team. George Costanza's middle name is "Louis," after Costello.[33] "The Old Man" episode features a cantankerous character named "Sid Fields" as a tribute to the landlord on the team's TV show. Kramer's friend is named Mickey Abbott. A copywriter for the J. Peterman catalog is named Eddie Sherman, after the team's longtime agent. In Episode 30, Kramer hears the famous Abbott and Costello line, "His father was a mudder. His mother was a mudder."

Catchphrases

Many terms were coined, popularized or re-popularized in the series' run and have become part of popular culture,[34] including "Yada, yada, yada",[35] "No soup for you!", "Master of my domain”, and "Not that there's anything wrong with that."

The lexicon of Seinfeldian code words and recurring phrases that evolved around particular episodes is referred to as Seinlanguage, which is also the title of Jerry Seinfeld's best-selling book on humor.[32] These terms include "man hands", "shrinkage", "regift", and "double dip".

Music

A signature of Seinfeld is its theme music. Composed by Jonathan Wolff, it consists of distinct solo sampled electric bass riffs that open the show and connect the scenes, often accompanied by beatboxing.[36] The bass music eventually replaced the original piano/synth music by Jep Epstein when it was played again after the first broadcast of the pilot episode. The show lacked a traditional title track and the riffs were played over the first moments of dialogue or action. They vary throughout each episode and are played in an improvised funk style, matching the timing of Seinfeld's stand-up comedy delivery or transitions in the editing. An additional musical theme with an ensemble, led by a synthesized mid-range brass instrument, ends each episode.

In "The Note", the first episode of Season 3, the bumper music featured a scatting female jazz singer who sang a phrase that sounded like "easy to beat". Jerry Seinfeld and executive producer Larry David both liked Wolff's additions, and three episodes were produced with this new style of music. However, they had neglected to inform NBC and Castle Rock executives of the change, and when the season premiere aired, the executives were surprised and unimpressed and requested that they return to the original style. The subsequent two episodes were redone, leaving this episode as the only one with additional music elements.[37] In the commentary of "The Note", Louis-Dreyfus facetiously suggests it was removed because the perceived lyric related closely to the low ratings at the time.[38]

In the final three seasons, the bits were tweaked slightly with more frantic rhythms; a bass guitar was added in addition to the sampled bass from earlier seasons. Throughout the show, the main theme could be restyled in different ways depending on the episode. For instance, in "The Betrayal", part of which takes place in India, the theme is heard played on a sitar.

The soundtrack was given a digital release on July 2, 2021.[39]

All music is composed by Jonathan Wolff.

Seinfeld (Original Television Soundtrack)
No.TitleEpisode(s)Length
1."Seinfeld Theme" 0:52
2."Seinfeld Theme""The Highlights of 100"0:40
3."Seinfeld Theme""The Chronicle"0:33
4."The Jerry Show Theme""The Pilot, Part 2"0:50
5."Kramer's Pimpwalk""The Wig Master"0:53
6."Jerry the Mailman""The Andrea Doria"0:35
7."Himalayan Walking Shoes""The Hot Tub"0:56
8."John Jermaine Jazz #1 (feat. Bob Sheppard)""The Rye"2:52
9."John Jermaine Jazz #2 (feat. Bob Sheppard)""The Rye"2:24
10."John Jermaine Jazz #3 (feat. Bob Sheppard)""The Rye"2:48
11."Kramer's Boombox""The Package"1:15
12."Jerry vs Newman Chase""The Soul Mate"0:32
13."Cable Guy vs Kramer Chase""The Cadillac, Part 2", "The Butter Shave"2:10
14."Noxin""The Cadillac, Part 2"1:18
15."Jesus Is One (feat. Jack Diamond)""The Burning"0:31
16."Kramer's Crappy Banjo""The Muffin Tops"0:37
17."Peterman in Burmese Jungle""The Chicken Roaster"0:37
18."TV Cartoon / Wheels on the Bus""The Contest"1:00
19."Finale Suitcase Montage""The Finale"0:51
20."Waiting for the Verdict Blues""The Finale"0:47
21."This Night Show""The Trip, Part 1"0:50
22."Rock Music Video""The Trip, Part 1"1:22
23."The Lopper""The Frogger"0:33
24."1937 Wedding Cake Waltz""The Frogger"0:39
25."Kramer Bachelor Auction""The Barber"0:52
26."Rochelle, Rochelle the Musical""The Understudy"0:42
27."Pier Contemplation""The Invitations"0:39
28."Loud Dixieland Band""The Mom & Pop Store"1:42
29."Scarsdale Surprise""The Summer of George"0:33
30."Checkmate/Chunnel/Death Blow""The Movie", "The Pool Guy", "The Little Kicks"4:02
31."Blimp""The Puerto Rican Day"2:44
32."The Pain & the Yearning""The Comeback"2:19
33."George's Answering Machine (Greatest American Hero)""The Susie"0:29

Episodes

SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingViewers (millions)
First airedLast aired
15July 5, 1989 (1989-07-05)June 21, 1990 (1990-06-21)19.2
212January 23, 1991 (1991-01-23)June 26, 1991 (1991-06-26)4612.518.1
323September 18, 1991 (1991-09-18)May 6, 1992 (1992-05-06)4312.517.7
424August 12, 1992 (1992-08-12)May 20, 1993 (1993-05-20)25[40]13.720.0
522September 16, 1993 (1993-09-16)May 19, 1994 (1994-05-19)3[41]19.429.6
624September 22, 1994 (1994-09-22)May 11, 1995 (1995-05-11)1[42]20.631.1
724September 21, 1995 (1995-09-21)May 16, 1996 (1996-05-16)2[43]21.233.1
822September 19, 1996 (1996-09-19)May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15)2[44]20.532.3
924September 25, 1997 (1997-09-25)May 14, 1998 (1998-05-14)1[45]22.035.5

Seinfeld stood out from family and group sitcoms of its time. The principal characters are not related by family or work connections but remain distinctly close friends throughout the series.

 
Tom's Restaurant, a diner at 112th St. and Broadway in Manhattan, that was used as the exterior image of Monk's Café in the show

Many characters were based primarily on Seinfeld's and David's real-life acquaintances. Two prominent recurring characters were based on well-known people: Jacopo Peterman of the J. Peterman catalog (based on John Peterman)[46] and George Steinbrenner, owner of the New York Yankees.[47] Many characters were introduced as new writers got involved with Seinfeld. Other characters based on real people include the Soup Nazi[48] and Jackie Chiles, who was based on Johnnie Cochran.[49]

Seinfeld follows a story structure: story thread is presented at the beginning of every episode, which involves the characters starting in their situations, and rapid scene shifts between plot lines bring the stories together. Even though it does not follow a pattern as other sitcoms, the characters' stories variously intertwine in each episode. Despite the separate plot strands, the narratives reveal the creators' "consistent efforts to maintain the intimacy" among the small cast of characters.[50]

The show maintains a strong sense of continuity, as characters and plots from past episodes are often referenced or expanded on. Occasionally, story arcs span multiple episodes and even entire seasons, the most memorable being Season 4, which revolved around the pilot pitch to NBC by Jerry and George. Another example is Jerry's girlfriend Vanessa, who appears in "The Stake Out" and with whom he ends the relationship when things do not work out in "The Stock Tip". Other examples are Kramer getting his jacket back and Elaine heading the "Peterman catalog". Larry David, the head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons, was praised for keeping a close eye on minor details and making sure the main characters' lives remained consistent and believable. Curb Your Enthusiasm, David's later comedy series, expanded on this idea by following a specific theme for all but one season in the series.

A major difference between Seinfeld and sitcoms that preceded it is that the principal characters never learn from their mistakes. In effect, they are indifferent and even callous toward the outside world and sometimes one another. A mantra of the show's producers was "No hugging, no learning."[51] Entertainment Weekly's TV critic Ken Tucker has described them as "a group dynamic rooted in jealousy, rage, insecurity, despair, hopelessness, and a touching lack of faith in one's fellow human beings."[52] This leads to very few happy endings, except at somebody else's expense. More often in every episode, situations resolve with characters getting a justly deserved comeuppance.

Seasons 1–3

 
The Los Angeles building used to depict the exterior of Jerry's apartment building at 129 West 81st Street, Manhattan

The show premiered as The Seinfeld Chronicles on July 5, 1989. After it aired, a pickup by NBC seemed unlikely and the show was offered to Fox, which declined to pick it up. Rick Ludwin, head of late night and special events for NBC, however, diverted money from his budget by canceling a Bob Hope television special, and the next four episodes were filmed.[53][54] These episodes were highly rated as they followed summer re-runs of Cheers on Thursdays at 9:30 p.m., and the series was finally picked up. At one point NBC considered airing these episodes on Saturdays at 10:30 p.m. but gave the slot to a short-lived sitcom called FM instead. The series was renamed simply Seinfeld after the failure of short-lived 1990 ABC series The Marshall Chronicles.[55] After airing the remaining four episodes of its first season the summer of 1990, NBC ordered 13 more episodes. David believed that he and Seinfeld had no more stories to tell, and advised Seinfeld to turn down the order, but Seinfeld agreed to the additional episodes.[54] Season 2 was bumped off its scheduled premiere of January 16, 1991, due to the outbreak of the Persian Gulf War. It settled into a regular time slot on Wednesdays at 9:30 p.m. and eventually flipped with veteran series Night Court to 9 p.m.[56]

TV critics championed Seinfeld in its early seasons, even as it was slow to cultivate a substantial audience. For the first three seasons, Jerry's stand-up comedy act would bookend an episode, even functioning as transitions during the show. A few episodes set a benchmark for later seasons. "The Deal" establishes Jerry and Elaine's relationship by setting rules about sleeping together and remaining friends.[57] "The Parking Garage" was the first episode shot with no audience for the episode and, after "The Chinese Restaurant," to not show Jerry's apartment.[58] "The Keys" contains a crossover to CBS show Murphy Brown, marking the first such cooperation between rival networks.[59] "The Busboy" introduces George, Kramer and Elaine as having their own storylines for the first time. Although Castle Rock Entertainment's Glenn Padnick thought Seinfeld was too generous, showcasing his co-stars' comedic talent became a trademark throughout the series.[60]

Larry Charles wrote an episode for Season 2, "The Bet," in which Elaine buys a gun from Kramer's friend. This episode was not filmed because the content was deemed unacceptable and was replaced by the episode "The Phone Message."[61] "The Stranded," which aired during Season 3, was initially intended for Season 2. In the beginning of this episode, Jerry clears up the continuity error over George's real estate job.[62]

Seasons 4–5

Season 4 marked the sitcom's entry into the Nielsen ratings Top 30, coinciding with several popular episodes, such as "The Bubble Boy" in which George and the bubble boy argue over Trivial Pursuit,[63] and "The Junior Mint" in which Jerry and Kramer accidentally fumble a mint in the operating room.[64] This was the first season to use a story arc of Jerry and George creating their own sitcom, Jerry. Also at this time, the use of Jerry's stand-up act slowly declined, and the stand-up segment in the middle of Seinfeld episodes was cut.

Much publicity followed the controversial episode, "The Contest", an Emmy Award-winning episode written by David, whose subject matter was considered inappropriate for prime time network TV. To circumvent this taboo, the word "masturbation" was never used in the script, instead substituted for by a variety of oblique references.[65] Midway through that season, Seinfeld was moved from its original 9:00 p.m. time slot on Wednesdays to 9:30 p.m. on Thursdays, following Cheers again, which gave the show even more popularity. Ratings also sparked the move, as Tim Allen's sitcom Home Improvement on ABC had aired at the same time and Improvement kept beating Seinfeld in the ratings. NBC moved the series after Ted Danson announced the end of Cheers and Seinfeld quickly surpassed the ratings of the 9:00 p.m. Cheers reruns that spring.[66] The show won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993, beating out its family-oriented, time-slot competitor Home Improvement, which was only in its second season on rival network ABC.

Season 5 was an even bigger ratings hit, consisting of popular episodes, such as "The Puffy Shirt" in which Jerry feels embarrassed wearing a "pirate" shirt on The Today Show,[67] "The Non-Fat Yogurt" featuring Rudy Giuliani, the Republican then-mayor-elect of New York,[68] and "The Opposite" in which George, doing the opposite of what his instincts tell him he should do, lands a job with the New York Yankees and Elaine leaves "Pendant Publishing" because of a comedy of errors that led to its demise. Another story arc has George returning to live with his parents. In the midst of the story arc, Kramer creates and promotes his coffee table book.[69] The show was again nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, but lost to the Cheers spin-off Frasier, then in its first season. Seinfeld was nominated for the same award every year for its entire run but, after its win at the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1994, always lost to Frasier, which went on to win a record 39 Emmy Awards in its 11-season run.

Seasons 6–7

In Season 6, Andy Ackerman replaced Tom Cherones as director of the show. The series remained well regarded and produced some of its most famous episodes, such as "The Beard", in which Jerry is put through a lie detector test to make him admit that he watched Melrose Place;[70] "The Switch", in which Kramer's mom, Babs, reveals that his first name is Cosmo;[71] and "The Understudy", in which Elaine meets J. Peterman for the first time.[72] Story arcs used in this season were Elaine working as a personal assistant to her eccentric boss Justin Pitt and George's parents' temporary separation. This was the first season in which Seinfeld reached No. 1 in the Nielsen Ratings. The use of Jerry's stand-up act declined with the end stand-up segment no longer appearing because the storylines for all four characters grew denser.

In Season 7, a story arc involved George getting engaged to his ex-girlfriend, Susan Ross, after the pilot Jerry proved unsuccessful. In it, George spends most of the season regretting and trying to get out of the engagement. Along with the regular half-hour episodes, two notable one-hour episodes were "The Cadillac", in which George plans to date award-winning actress Marisa Tomei,[73] and "The Bottle Deposit", with Elaine and Sue Ellen participating in a bidding war to buy JFK's golf clubs in an auction.[74]

Seasons 8–9

Seinfeld’s final two seasons were regarded as being distinct from the earlier seasons. Most noticeably, David left the writing crew (but returned to write "The Finale" in 1998), resulting in Seinfeld taking over David's duties as showrunner, and, under the direction of a new writing staff, Seinfeld became a faster-paced show. The show no longer contained extracts of Jerry performing stand-up comedy—Jerry had no time or energy for this with his new responsibilities—and storylines occasionally delved into fantasy and broad humor. For example, in "The Bizarro Jerry", Elaine is torn between exact opposites of her friends and Jerry dates a woman who has the now-famous "man hands".[75] Some notable episodes from Season 8 include "The Little Kicks" showing Elaine's horrible dancing,[76] and "The Chicken Roaster" which portrays the Kenny Rogers Roasters chicken restaurant which opened during that time.[77] A story arc in this season involves Peterman going to Burma in "The Foundation"[78] until he recovered from a nervous breakdown in "The Money",[79] followed by Elaine writing Peterman's biography in "The Van Buren Boys",[80] which leads to Kramer's parody of Kenny Kramer's Reality Tour seen in "The Muffin Tops".[81]

The final season included episodes like "The Merv Griffin Show" in which Kramer converts his apartment into a talk-show studio and plays the character of talk-show host,[82] "The Betrayal" that presents in reverse chronological order what happened to Sue Ellen's wedding in India, and "The Frogger" in which George pushes a Frogger machine across the street, mimicking the action of the game itself.[83] The last season included a story arc in which Elaine has an on/off relationship with Puddy. Despite the enormous popularity and willingness of the cast to return for a tenth season, Seinfeld decided to end the show after Season 9, believing he would thereby be able to ensure the show would maintain its quality and go out on top.[84] NBC offered him over $100 million for a tenth season, but Seinfeld declined.[85]

A major controversy caused in this final season was the accidental burning of a Puerto Rican flag by Kramer in "The Puerto Rican Day". This scene caused a furor among Puerto Ricans, and as a result, NBC showed this episode only once. Seinfeld defused the protestors by not letting this episode continue in syndication, as revealed in "Inside Look" on DVD.[86] However, the episode would be added to the syndicated rerun package several years later uncut.[87]

Series finale

After nine years on the air, NBC and Seinfeld announced on December 25, 1997, that the series would end production the following spring in 1998. The announcement made the front page of the major New York newspapers, including The New York Times.[88] Seinfeld was featured on the cover of Time magazine's first issue of 1998.[89] The series ended with a 75-minute episode (cut to 60 minutes in syndication, in two parts) written by co-creator and ex-executive producer Larry David, which aired on May 14, 1998. Before the finale, a 45-minute retrospective clip show, "The Chronicle", was aired. The retrospective was expanded to an hour after the original airing and aired again on NBC as an hour-long episode, and has since aired in syndication.

It was the first episode since the finale of Season 7, "The Invitations", to feature opening and closing stand-up comedy acts by Seinfeld. The finale was filmed before an audience of NBC executives and friends of the show. The press and public were shut out of the taping to keep its plot secret; those who attended the shoot of the final episode were required to sign written "vows of silence".[90] The secrecy only seemed to increase speculation about how the series would end. The producers of the episode tweaked the media about the hype, spreading a false rumor about Newman ending up in the hospital and Jerry and Elaine sitting in a chapel, presumably to marry.[91]

The final episode enjoyed a historic audience,[92] estimated at 76.3 million viewers[93] (58% of all viewers that night) making it the fourth-most watched regular series finale in U.S. TV history, behind M*A*S*H, Cheers, and The Fugitive.[94] However, the finale received mixed reviews from critics and fans of the show. The finale poked fun at the many rumors that were circulating, seeming to move into multiple supposed plots before settling on its true storyline—a lengthy trial where the gang is prosecuted for violating a "Duty to Rescue" law and sentenced to prison terms.

According to Forbes magazine, Seinfeld's earnings from the show in 1998 came to US$267 million, including syndication earnings.[95] He refused NBC's offer of $5 million per episode, or over $100 million total, to continue into a tenth season. The offer NBC made to Seinfeld was over three times higher per episode than anyone on TV had ever been offered before.[96] Seinfeld told the network that he was not married nor had children, and wished to focus on his personal life.[97][54] As reported in July 2007, he was the second-highest earner in the TV industry, earning at the time $60 million a year.[98] The episode became the first to command over $1 million a minute for advertising—a mark previously attained only by the Super Bowl.[99]

Syndication

According to Barry Meyer, chairman of Warner Bros. Entertainment (parent company of Castle Rock), Seinfeld made $2.7 billion through June 2010.[100] As of February 2017 the show had made an estimated $4.06 billion in syndication. Steve Bannon, who invested in the show, later said, "We calculated what it would get us if it made it to syndication. We were wrong by a factor of five".[101] In September 2019, it was announced that Viacom (now Paramount Global) had acquired cable syndication rights to the series from TBS, with it airing on Comedy Central beginning in October 2021 and Nick at Nite in May 2022.[102][103]

Production

Seinfeld began as a 23-minute pilot titled The Seinfeld Chronicles. Created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, developed by NBC executive Rick Ludwin, and produced by Castle Rock Entertainment, it was a mix of Seinfeld's stand-up comedy routines and idiosyncratic, conversational scenes focusing on mundane aspects of everyday life like laundry, the buttoning of the top button on one's shirt, and the effort by men to interpret the intent of women spending the night in Seinfeld's apartment.[104]

The pilot was filmed at Stage 8 of Desilu Cahuenga studios, the same studio where The Dick Van Dyke Show was filmed (seen by the crew as a good omen),[105] and was recorded at Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood.[106] The pilot was first screened to a group of two dozen NBC executives in Burbank, California, in early 1989. It did not yield the explosion of laughter garnered by the pilots for the decade's previous NBC successes like The Cosby Show and The Golden Girls. Brandon Tartikoff was not convinced the show would work. A Jewish man from New York himself, Tartikoff characterized it as "Too New York, too Jewish" (a sentiment which would also lead to the Cosmo character's later surname change from the more Jewish-sounding Kessler to Kramer).[107] Test audiences were even harsher. NBC's practice at the time was to recruit 400 households by phone to ask them to evaluate pilots it aired on an unused channel on its cable system. An NBC research department memo summarized the pilot's performance among the respondents as "weak", which Warren Littlefield, then second-in-command in NBC's entertainment division, called "a dagger to the heart".[104] Comments included, "You can't get too excited about two guys going to the laundromat"; "Jerry's loser friend George isn't a forceful character"; "Jerry needs a stronger supporting cast"; and "Why are they interrupting the stand-up for these stupid stories?"[106] Seinfeld and David did not see the memo for several years, but after they became aware of it, they hung it in a bathroom on the set. Seinfeld comments, "We thought, if someone goes in to use this bathroom, this is something they should see. It fits that moment."[104]

Around the time the show's pilot was filmed, Castle Rock Entertainment, which produced the show, had also produced another pilot for NBC that featured Ann Jillian in her almost-similarly eponymous TV series. When The Seinfeld Chronicles tested poorly with audiences, Castle Rock focused on Jillian's series, which tested better with audiences and received a full-season order. Ann Jillian lasted only a single season of 13 episodes and was off the air by the end of 1990.[108]

When NBC announced its 1989–90 (primetime) schedule in May 1989, The Seinfeld Chronicles was not included, but the show's supporters did not give up. The pilot first aired on July 5, 1989, and finished second in its time slot against the CBS police drama Jake and the Fatman,[104] receiving a Nielsen rating of 10.9/19.[106] The ratings did not exhibit the regional skew Tartikoff predicted, much to the encouragement of the show's supporters. Ludwin canceled one of the Bob Hope specials budgeted for that season so the entertainment division had the money to order four more episodes of The Seinfeld Chronicles, which formed the rest of the show's first season (the series was by then retitled to Seinfeld)[104][109]—a move without which Chicago Tribune columnist Phil Rosenthal later said there "would be no Seinfeld".[110] Although this was a very low order number for a new series—and the smallest sitcom order in TV history[106]—Castle Rock failed to find any other buyers when it shopped the show to other networks, and accepted the order.[104] Seinfeld did not return to the airwaves until May 30, 1990, and it was another three years before it became a Top 5-rated show. Preston Beckman, in charge of NBC's research department at the time, reminisced, "The show was different. Nobody had seen anything like it. It wasn't unusual for poor-testing shows to get on the air, but it was very rare that they became hits."

When it was first repeated on July 5, 1990, it received a rating of 13.9/26. These ratings were high enough to secure a second season.[106] NBC research showed that the show was popular with young male adults, a demographic sought after by advertisers. This gave NBC an incentive to keep broadcasting the show.[111] One DVD reviewer, Britt Gillette, wrote that "this initial episode exhibits the flashes of brilliance that made Seinfeld a cultural phenomenon."[112]

Other than the pilot, the series was filmed at CBS Studio Center, in Studio City, California. The first three seasons were filmed on soundstage 19; it then moved to the larger Stage 9 for the remainder of its production.[113] Despite numerous establishing shots taken in New York City,[114] all scenes of the actors walking in New York were also filmed at CBS Studio Center, on their New York Street backlot.[115] Other locations on the CBS lot were also used, as well as scenes filmed at Paramount Studios and Warner Brothers Studios Hollywood.[citation needed]

A source of problems for the cast was the small sets, especially that of Jerry's apartment; Alexander noted "If you knew you were doing a series for nine years, you would never build that set". Adding to the problem was that the scripts contained only minimal physical direction, leaving the actors struggling to come up with actions to perform while speaking. Eventually, they got into a routine of directing each other on how to make their movements look natural. Alexander said this helped them build chemistry with each other.[116]

Filming usually went long, as the cast and David were perfectionists. If a joke didn't elicit the reaction they hoped for, they rewrote it and performed it again. In at least one case, "The Marine Biologist", this led to David writing an entirely new scene requiring Alexander to memorize a monologue in only a matter of minutes.[116] Laugh tracks were used only for matching shots, not for artificially adding laughter.[116]

High-definition versions

There are two high-definition versions of Seinfeld. The first is that of the network TV (non-syndicated) versions in the original aspect ratio of 4:3 that were downscaled for the DVD releases. Clips from this high-definition version in its upscale were seen on NBC during The Seinfeld Story special.[117] Syndicated broadcast stations and the cable networks TBS and Comedy Central began airing the syndicated version of Seinfeld in HD. Unlike the version used for the DVD, Sony Pictures cropped the top and bottom parts of the frame, while restoring previously cropped images on the sides, from the 35mm film source, to use the entire 16:9 frame.[118]

Reception and legacy

Elizabeth Magnotta and Alexandra Strohl analyze the success of Seinfeld with recourse to the incongruity theory of humor: "The Incongruity Theory claims that humor is created out of a violation of an expectation. For humor to result from this unexpected result, the event must have an appropriate emotional climate, comprised of the setting, characters, prior discourse, relationships of the characters, and the topic."[119] Specifically, Magnotta and Strohl focus on "The Marine Biologist", where George is embroiled in yet another lie, and on "The Red Dot", where George tries to save a few dollars at Elaine's expense by giving her a marked-down cashmere sweater.

In "Translating Seinfeld", Jennifer Armstrong notes that Seinfeld is less popular among non-English speakers as its unique style of humor is "too cultural and word-based to make for easy translation".[120] Carol Iannone sums up the legacy of this American hit in her Modern Age article "Seinfeld: The Politically Incorrect Comedy" when she says, "It may be the first situation comedy truly to achieve the status of art".[28][29]

Nod Miller, of the University of East London, has discussed the self-referential qualities of the show:

Seinfeld is suffused with postmodern themes. To begin with, the boundary between reality and fiction is frequently blurred: this is illustrated in the central device of having Jerry Seinfeld play the character, Jerry Seinfeld. In the show's fourth season, several episodes revolved around the narrative of Jerry and George (whose character is co-creator Larry David's alter ego) pitching 'a show about nothing' based on the everyday life of a stand-up comedian to NBC. The reaction of the fictional NBC executives, by all accounts, mirrored the initial responses of those who eventually commissioned Seinfeld. The fourth season ends with 'The Pilot', an episode focusing on the casting, taping, and screening of the show-within-the-show, Jerry. This episode also illustrates neatly the self-referential quality which is one of Seinfeld's hallmarks. The series finale was so replete with references to earlier shows as to render it largely incomprehensible to those not already well-versed in the personae and preoccupations of the Seinfeld universe.[121]

William Irwin has edited an anthology of scholarly essays on philosophy in Seinfeld and Philosophy: A Book about Everything and Nothing. Some entries include "The Jerry Problem and the Socratic Problem", "George's Failed Quest for Happiness: An Aristotelian Analysis", "Elaine's Moral Character", "Kramer the 'Seducer'", "Making Something Out of Nothing: Seinfeld, Sophistry and the Tao", "Seinfeld, Subjectivity, and Sartre", "Mr. Peterman, the Wicked Witch of the West, and Me", and "Minimally Decent Samaritans and Uncommon Law".[122]

U.S. television ratings

TV viewership in the United States
Season TV season Episodes Timeslot Original air dates Nielsen ratings[123] Most watched episode
Season premiere Season finale Rank Rating Viewers
(millions)
Title Viewers
(millions)
1 1989–90 5 Wednesday at 9:30 pm (Episode 1)
Thursday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 2–5)
July 5, 1989 June 21, 1990 19.26 "The Stake Out" 22.5[124]
2 1990–91 12 Wednesday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1–4, 12)
Thursday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 5–11)
January 23, 1991 June 26, 1991 18.07 "The Apartment" 24.7[125]
3 1991–92 23 Wednesday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1–11, 18)
Wednesday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 12–17, 19–23)
September 18, 1991 May 6, 1992 #42 12.5 17.66 "The Letter" 22.3[126]
4 1992–93 24 Wednesday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 1–3, 5–15)
Wednesday at 9:30 pm (Episode 4)
Thursday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 16–22)
Thursday at 8:00 pm (Episode 23)
Thursday at 8:30 pm (Episode 24)
August 12, 1992 May 20, 1993 #25 13.7 20.91 "The Pilot" 32.8[127]
5 1993–94 22 Thursday at 9:00 pm September 16, 1993 May 19, 1994 #3 19.6 29.59 "The Stall" and "The Marine Biologist" 35.0[128][129]
6 1994–95 24 September 22, 1994 May 18, 1995 #1 20.6 30.06 "The Switch" 36.6[130]
7 1995–96 24 September 21, 1995 May 16, 1996 #2 21.2 33.19 "The Engagement" 37.6[131]
8 1996–97 22 September 19, 1996 May 15, 1997 #2 20.5 32.48 "The Money" 37.3[132]
9 1997–98 24 September 25, 1997 May 14, 1998 #1 22.0 38.03
(32.15)[133]
"The Finale"
("The Puerto Rican Day")
76.3[134]
(38.8)[133][135]

Awards and nominations

Seinfeld has received awards and nominations in various categories throughout the mid-1990s. It was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993, Golden Globe Award for Best TV-Series (Comedy) in 1994 and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 1995, 1997 and 1998.[136][137][138][139] Apart from these, the show was also nominated for an Emmy award from 1992 to 1998 for Outstanding Comedy Series, Golden Globe award from 1994 to 1998 for Best TV-Series (Comedy), and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series from 1995 to 1998. The show even received the Peabody Award in 1993.[140]

TV Guide named it the greatest TV show of all time in 2002.[6] and in 2013, the magazine ranked it as the second-greatest TV show.[7] A 2015 The Hollywood Reporter survey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named Seinfeld as their #5 favorite show.[141] In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked Seinfeld as the sixth-greatest TV show of all time.[142]

Consumer products

A recurring feature of Seinfeld was its inclusion of specific products, especially candy, as plot points. These might be a central feature of a plot (e.g., Junior Mints, Twix, Chuckles, Jujyfruits, bite-size Three Musketeers, Snickers, Chunky, Oh Henry!, Drake's Coffee Cake and PEZ), or an association of candy with a guest character (e.g. Oh Henry! bars) or simply a conversational aside (e.g., Chuckles, Clark Bar, Twinkies). A large number of non-candy products were also featured throughout the series.

The show's creators claim that they weren't engaging in a product placement strategy for commercial gain. One motivation for the use of real-world products, quite unrelated to commercial considerations, is the comedy value of funny-sounding phrases and words. "I knew I wanted Kramer to think of watching the operation like going to see a movie", explained Seinfeld writer/producer Andy Robin in an interview published in The Hollywood Reporter. "At first, I thought maybe a piece of popcorn falls into the patient. I ran that by my brother, and he said, 'No, Junior Mints are just funnier.'"[143]

Many advertisers capitalized on the popularity of Seinfeld. American Express created a webisode where Jerry Seinfeld and an animated Superman (voiced by Patrick Warburton, who played the role of Puddy) starred in its commercial. The makers of the Today Sponge created the "Spongeworthy" game, on their website, inspired by "The Sponge". An advertisement featured Jason Alexander in a Chrysler commercial. In this, Alexander acts much like his character George, and his relationship with Lee Iacocca plays on George's relationship with Steinbrenner. Similarly, Michael Richards was the focus of a series of advertisements for Vodafone which ran in Australia where he dressed and acted exactly like Kramer, including the trademark bumbling pratfalls.

In addition, the show occasionally incorporated fictional products like a Scotch brand called "Hennigan's" (a blend of "Hennessy" and "Brannigans") and a canned meat product called "Beef-a-reeno" (a parody of "Beef-a-roni").

Home media

VHS release

The hour-long, two-part clip show episode "The Highlights of 100" became the first Seinfeld episode available on home video when it was released on VHS in 1995.

DVD releases

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all nine seasons of Seinfeld on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4 between 2004 and 2007.[144] On November 6, 2007, Seinfeld: The Complete Series was released on DVD. The complete series box set includes a 2007 "roundtable" reunion of the four main cast members and Larry David; only highlights of this were also included in the Season 9 set.

In Australia (Region 4), the first complete series boxset was released on October 24, 2007. This set contained "The Coffee Table Book" and slipcase packaging and was a Limited Edition. In late 2007/2008, all the individual seasons were re-released in a single Amaray style case. The second boxset was released on December 2, 2008, and was a Collectible Fridge design packaging. On August 5, 2009,[145] another Limited Edition boxset was released, similar to the first boxset but does not include the book and the packaging was slightly different. On November 23, 2011,[146] another Limited Edition boxset was released, appearing to be almost identical to the 2009 version with some minor differences. On November 14, 2018,[147] a Festivus Celebration Edition was released which contained napkins and cups, playing cards and thumb wrestle gadgets. On August 12, 2020,[148] another The Complete Series boxset was released, this time the box is blue and contains 8 Amaray style cases.

DVD name Release dates
Region 1 Region 2 Region 4
Vol 1: Seasons 1 & 2 November 23, 2004[144] November 1, 2004[149] October 13, 2004[150]
Vol 2: Season 3 November 23, 2004[144] November 1, 2004[151] October 18, 2004[152]
Vol 3: Season 4 May 17, 2005[144] June 13, 2005[153] May 25, 2005[154]
Vol 4: Season 5 November 22, 2005[144] November 28, 2005[155] November 23, 2005[156]
Vol 5: Season 6 November 22, 2005[144] November 28, 2005[157] November 23, 2005[158]
Vol 6: Season 7 November 21, 2006[144] November 20, 2006[159] November 8, 2006[160]
Vol 7: Season 8 June 5, 2007[144] June 4, 2007[161] June 13, 2007[162]
Vol 8: Season 9 November 6, 2007[144] November 19, 2007[163] October 24, 2007[164]
Complete Series (Original) November 6, 2007[165]
Complete Series (Reissue) November 5, 2013[166] October 9, 2018[167]

Streaming

All 4 (UK)

Free streaming service All 4 has been running Seinfeld in its original 4:3 format since February 2020.[168]

Crave (Canada)

In Canada, the series streamed on Crave, having left on September 30, 2021.

Hulu (US)

On April 29, 2015, it was officially announced, during Hulu's upfronts presentation in New York, that all nine seasons of Seinfeld would stream on the platform starting in June 2015.[169][170] The deal was for around $130 million to $180 million.[171] On May 20, 2015, Hulu announced that every episode would be available starting June 24, 2015.[172] Hulu's streaming rights for the series expired on June 23, 2021.[173][174]

Prime Video (UK)

In January 2017, Amazon acquired the UK rights to all seasons of Seinfeld for its Amazon Prime Video streaming service.[175]

Stan (Australia)

On November 8, 2016, the Australian streaming service Stan announced via Twitter that later in the week all episodes would be available to stream for the first time in Australia.[176] All episodes were available from November 11, 2016, with the remastered versions of all episodes on the service featuring HD and Widescreen enhancements.[177] The widescreen offered was cropped from the original 4:3 format negatives, thus resulting in better visual quality than the previously available DVD version, however, the top and bottom portions of the frame were cut out to achieve the widescreen aspect ratio. In April 2020, all seasons of Seinfeld were also made available on-demand via pay television service Foxtel, as well as its internet-based alternative Foxtel Now.[178]

Netflix

In September 2019, Netflix and Sony Pictures announced that Netflix had acquired the exclusive global streaming rights for Seinfeld, starting on October 1, 2021, superseding the above Hulu and Amazon rights. As of October 1, 2021, Netflix's version of Seinfeld is available in 4K resolution.[179][180][181][182][183] The transition was criticized as the show, initially displayed in 4:3 aspect ratio, had been converted to 16:9, resulting in some gags getting cropped, similarly to how The Simpsons was initially rendered on Disney+.[184][185][186] Netflix has yet to comment on this situation.

After Seinfeld

Another scene

On the November 1, 2007, episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Jerry Seinfeld mentioned the possibility of shooting one last scene, after the characters leave jail. He mentioned that he was too busy to do it at the time, but didn't announce what the scene would entail, as its production isn't a certainty.[187]

In a commentary from the final season DVD, Seinfeld outlines that he and Jason Alexander spoke about this scene being in Monk's Cafe, with George saying "That was brutal" about the foursome's stint in prison.[188]

On an episode of Saturday Night Live that Jerry Seinfeld hosted on October 2, 1999, a sketch was produced that showed what life was like for Jerry behind bars after being transferred to the fictional prison portrayed on the HBO series Oz.[189] The roughly four-minute sketch shows the opening credits for the HBO series with clips of Jerry mixed in doing various activities around the prison. The sketch continues and mixes in different storylines from both Oz and Seinfeld and has Jerry interacting with various characters from the show in his typical quick-witted, sarcastic way.[190]

The Seinfeld "curse"

Louis-Dreyfus, Alexander, and Richards have all tried to launch new sitcoms as title-role characters. Almost every show was canceled quickly, usually within the first season. This gave rise to the term Seinfeld curse: the failure of a sitcom starring one of the three, despite the conventional wisdom that each person's Seinfeld popularity should almost guarantee a strong, built-in audience for the actor's new show. Shows specifically cited regarding the Seinfeld curse are Julia Louis-Dreyfus's Watching Ellie, Jason Alexander's Bob Patterson and Listen Up!, and Michael Richards' The Michael Richards Show.

This phenomenon was mentioned throughout the second season of Larry David's HBO program Curb Your Enthusiasm, which aired in 2001. In real life, David has repeatedly dismissed the idea of a curse, saying, "It's so completely idiotic. It's very hard to have a successful sitcom."[191][192]

The success of Louis-Dreyfus in the 2006–2010 CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine, which included winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2006, led many to believe that she had broken the curse.[193] In her acceptance speech, Louis-Dreyfus held up her award and exclaimed, "I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!"[194] The show produced enough episodes to air in reruns in syndication for several years, something the other shows did not achieve.[195] The Saturday Night Live episode hosted by Louis-Dreyfus made references to the curse. Nevertheless, the series ratings declined soon after and it was cancelled after the fifth season. She went on to win six further Emmys (for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series) for her acclaimed performance as Vice President Selina Meyer in the HBO comedy series Veep.[196] After Veep ended, Louis-Dreyfus officially joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2021 as Valentina Allegra de Fontaine.

Curb Your Enthusiasm

Early in March 2009, it was announced that the Seinfeld cast would reunite for season seven of Curb Your Enthusiasm.[197] The cast first appeared in the third episode of the season, all playing fictional versions of themselves. The season-long story is that Larry David tries to initiate a Seinfeld reunion show as a ploy to win back his ex-wife, Cheryl. Along with the four main characters, some Seinfeld supporting actors like Wayne Knight, Estelle Harris and Steve Hytner appeared in the ninth episode at a table read for the reunion show. Although much dialogue in Curb Your Enthusiasm is improvised, the plot was scripted, and the Seinfeld special that aired within the show was scripted and directed by Seinfeld regular Andy Ackerman, making this the first time since Seinfeld went off the air that the central cast appeared together in a scripted show.

Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee

Jerry Seinfeld, Jason Alexander, and Wayne Knight, playing their respective Seinfeld characters, appeared in a spot presented during halftime of Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014.[198] FOX came up with the idea of doing such a spot, due in part to the Super Bowl's location being New York City adjacent that year.[198] An uncut version appeared on Crackle.com immediately afterward, as an episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee titled "The Over-Cheer", establishing Seinfeld's character on the series as an older version of his Seinfeld character.[198] Although the spot was used to advertise Seinfeld's web series, it was not considered a commercial, as Sony, which produces the series, did not pay for it.[198] While Seinfeld indicated that the webisode would probably be the last cast reunion, saying, "I have a feeling you've seen the final coda on that very unique experience",[199] since then, Michael Richards and Julia Louis-Dreyfus have also appeared in episodes.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Some prints of Seinfeld credit the company as Columbia Pictures Television Distribution. Columbia TriStar Television (often credited as Columbia TriStar Television Distribution on prints) took over distribution in 1995, followed by Sony Pictures Television in 2002 (as Sony Pictures Television Studios in the Comedy Central prints since 2021 and the Nick at Nite prints since 2022) and handling syndication.

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General references

  • Mirzoeff, Nicholas. "Seinfeld". British Film Institute, TV Classics. 2007. ISBN 1-84457-201-3.
  • Fretts, Bruce (1993). The Entertainment Weekly Seinfeld Companion. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-67036-7.
  • Dawson, Ryan (2006). Cambridge University.
  • William Irwin, ed. (1999). Seinfeld and Philosophy: A Book about Everything and Nothing. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9409-0..
  • Gantz, Katherine. "Not That There's Anything Wrong with That": Reading the Queer in Seinfeld. In Calvin Thomas (Ed.). Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality. Champaign. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06813-0.
  • Gattuso, Greg (1996). The Seinfeld Universe: The Entire Domain. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2001-9..
  • Murphy, Noah. Seinfeld: A Beginner's Guide. Brisbane: Penguin Books. 2011.
  • Seinfeld, Jerry (1993). SeinLanguage. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-09606-0..
  • Weaver, D.T. & Oliver, M.B. (2000) Summary of the paper:

External links

seinfeld, this, article, about, american, television, sitcom, other, uses, disambiguation, syne, feld, american, television, sitcom, created, larry, david, jerry, aired, from, july, 1989, 1998, over, nine, seasons, episodes, stars, fictionalized, version, hims. This article is about the American television sitcom For other uses see Seinfeld disambiguation Seinfeld ˈ s aɪ n f ɛ l d SYNE feld is an American television sitcom created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld It aired on NBC from July 5 1989 to May 14 1998 over nine seasons and 180 episodes It stars Seinfeld as a fictionalized version of himself and focuses on his personal life with three of his friends best friend George Costanza Jason Alexander former girlfriend Elaine Benes Julia Louis Dreyfus and his neighbor from across the hall Cosmo Kramer Michael Richards It is set mostly in an apartment building in Manhattan s Upper West Side in New York City It has been described as a show about nothing often focusing on the minutiae of daily life 1 Interspersed in earlier episodes are moments of stand up comedy from the fictional Jerry Seinfeld frequently using the episode s events for material SeinfeldGenreSitcomSlice of lifeCreated byLarry DavidJerry SeinfeldDirected byArt WolffTom CheronesAndy AckermanDavid SteinbergDavid Owen TrainorJason AlexanderStarringJerry SeinfeldJulia Louis DreyfusMichael RichardsJason AlexanderTheme music composerJonathan WolffCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo of seasons9No of episodes180 list of episodes ProductionExecutive producersLarry David 1990 1996 George ShapiroHoward WestAndrew Scheinman 1991 1993 Jerry Seinfeld 1996 1998 Alec Berg 1997 1998 Jeff Schaffer 1997 1998 Camera setupMulti cameraRunning time22 24 minutesProduction companiesGiggling Goose Productions 1989 Fred Barron Productions 1990 season 1 West Shapiro Productions Castle Rock EntertainmentDistributorColumbia Pictures Television nb 1 ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseJuly 5 1989 1989 07 05 May 14 1998 1998 05 14 ChronologyRelatedCurb Your EnthusiasmAs a rising comedian in the late 1980s Jerry Seinfeld was presented with an opportunity to create a show with NBC He asked Larry David a fellow comedian and friend to help create a premise for a sitcom 2 The series was produced by West Shapiro Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed by Columbia Pictures Television nb 1 It was largely written by David and Seinfeld with script writers who included Larry Charles Peter Mehlman Gregg Kavet Carol Leifer David Mandel Jeff Schaffer Steve Koren Jennifer Crittenden Tom Gammill Max Pross Dan O Keefe Charlie Rubin Marjorie Gross Alec Berg Elaine Pope and Spike Feresten A favorite among critics the series led the Nielsen ratings in Seasons 6 and 9 and finished among the top two with NBC s ER every year from 1994 to 1998 Only two other shows I Love Lucy and The Andy Griffith Show have finished their runs at the top of the ratings 3 Seinfeld is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential sitcoms of all time It has been ranked among television s best shows in publications such as Entertainment Weekly 4 Rolling Stone 5 and TV Guide 6 7 Its most renowned episodes include The Chinese Restaurant The Soup Nazi The Parking Garage 8 The Marine Biologist and The Contest 9 In 2013 the Writers Guild of America voted it the No 2 Best Written TV Series of All Time second to The Sopranos 10 E named it the Number 1 reason the 90s ruled 11 and quotes from numerous episodes have become catchphrases in popular culture Contents 1 Cast 1 1 Main 1 2 Recurring 2 Plotlines 3 Themes 4 Catchphrases 5 Music 6 Episodes 6 1 Seasons 1 3 6 2 Seasons 4 5 6 3 Seasons 6 7 6 4 Seasons 8 9 6 5 Series finale 6 6 Syndication 7 Production 8 High definition versions 9 Reception and legacy 9 1 U S television ratings 9 2 Awards and nominations 10 Consumer products 11 Home media 11 1 VHS release 11 2 DVD releases 11 3 Streaming 11 3 1 All 4 UK 11 3 2 Crave Canada 11 3 3 Hulu US 11 3 4 Prime Video UK 11 3 5 Stan Australia 11 3 6 Netflix 12 After Seinfeld 12 1 Another scene 12 2 The Seinfeld curse 12 3 Curb Your Enthusiasm 12 4 Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee 13 Notes 14 References 14 1 General references 15 External linksCast EditMain Edit Jerry Seinfeld upper left Jason Alexander upper right Michael Richards lower right Julia Louis Dreyfus lower left Jerry Seinfeld Jerry Seinfeld Jerry is a minor celeb stand up comedian who is often depicted as the voice of reason amid the general insanity generated by the people in his world The in show character is a mild germophobe and neat freak as well as an avid Superman New York Mets and breakfast cereal fan Jerry s apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends and a focus of the show 12 George Costanza Jason Alexander George is Jerry s best friend since high school He is stingy conniving pedantic and jealous of others achievements 13 He is depicted as a loser who is perpetually lacking confidence about his capabilities He rants and lies easily about his profession relationships and almost everything else which usually creates trouble for him later He often uses the alias Art Vandelay when lying or concocting a cover story Despite these shortcomings George is very reliable to his friends and has success in dating women and he eventually secures a steady career as assistant to the traveling secretary for the New York Yankees The character of George was based on Larry David himself Elaine Benes Julia Louis Dreyfus Elaine is Jerry s ex girlfriend and later friend She is friendly while also being sarcastic selfish and unorganized She sometimes tends to be too honest with people usually by losing her temper which often gets her into trouble 14 She usually gets caught up in her boyfriends quirks eccentric employers unusual behaviors and idiosyncrasies and the maladjustment of total strangers She tends to make poor choices in men she dates and is often overly reactive She works for a time at Pendant Publishing with Mr Lippman and is later hired as a personal assistant for Mr Pitt She eventually works for the J Peterman catalog as a writer Elaine is popularly described as an amalgamation of David s and Seinfeld s girlfriends during their early days in New York as struggling comedians Cosmo Kramer Michael Richards Kramer is Jerry s slacker neighbor His trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle vintage clothes and energetic sliding bursts through Jerry s apartment door Kramer was heavily based on a neighbor of David s during his amateur comedic years in Manhattan At times he appears naive uneducated and impulsive and at other times quick witted helpful and empathetic similarly he is exaggeratedly successful socially with his charisma and laid back personality This is seen in his success with women and employers He has been described as a hipster doofus Although he never holds a steady job he is rarely short of money and frequently invents wacky schemes that often work at first but eventually fail Kramer is friends with Newman and they work well together despite their differences 15 Recurring Edit Main article List of Seinfeld minor characters Many characters have made multiple appearances notably Jerry s parents Morty and Helen Seinfeld who reside in Florida George s parents the overbearing Frank and Estelle Costanza George s on again off again fiancee Susan Ross Jerry s Uncle Leo Elaine s variety of bosses Mr Lippman Mr Pitt and J Peterman Elaine s on again off again boyfriend David Puddy and Kramer s friend Newman a mail carrier who lives in the same building and is Jerry s nemesis In addition to recurring characters Seinfeld features numerous celebrities who appear as themselves or girlfriends boyfriends bosses and other acquaintances Many actors who made guest appearances became household names later in their careers or were already well known Seinfeld s girlfriendsA number of actresses made guest appearances as Seinfeld s love interests in single episodes Isabel Tawny Kitaen The Nose Job season 3 episode 9 Nina Catherine Keener The Letter season 3 episode 20 Marla Jane Leeves The Virgin season 4 episode 10 Sidra Teri Hatcher The Implant season 4 episode 19 Amy Anna Gunn The Glasses season 5 episode 3 Jody Jennifer Coolidge The Masseuse season 5 episode 9 Jane Jami Gertz The Stall season 5 episode 12 Meryl Courteney Cox The Wife season 5 episode 17 Jeannie Janeane Garofalo The Invitations season 7 episode 24 Ellen Christine Taylor The Van Buren Boys season 8 episode 14 Jenna Kristin Davis The Pothole season 8 episode 16 Beth Debra Messing The Yada Yada season 8 episode 19 Valerie Lauren Graham The Millenium season 8 episode 20 Lanette Amanda Peet The Summer of George season 8 episode 22 Patty Lori Loughlin The Serenity Now season 9 episode 3 Sara Marcia Cross The Slicer season 9 episode 7 Plotlines EditMany Seinfeld episodes are based on the writers real life experiences with the experiences reinterpreted for the characters storylines For example George s storyline in The Revenge is based on Larry David s experience at Saturday Night Live 16 The Contest is also based on David s experiences The Smelly Car storyline is based on Peter Mehlman s lawyer friend who could not get a bad smell out of his car The Strike is based on Dan O Keefe s dad who made up his own holiday Festivus 17 Other stories take a variety of turns The Chinese Restaurant consists of George Jerry and Elaine waiting for a table throughout the entire episode 18 The Boyfriend revolving around Keith Hernandez extends through two episodes The Betrayal is famous for using reverse chronology and was inspired by a similar plot device in a Harold Pinter play Betrayal 19 Some stories were inspired by headlines and rumors as explained in the DVD features Notes About Nothing Inside Look and Audio Commentary In The Maestro Kramer s lawsuit is roughly similar to the McDonald s coffee case 20 The Outing is based primarily on rumors that Larry Charles heard about Jerry Seinfeld s sexuality 21 Themes EditThe series was often described as a show about nothing 1 22 However in 2014 Seinfeld stated The pitch for the show the real pitch when Larry and I went to NBC in 1988 was we want to show how a comedian gets his material The show about nothing was just a joke in an episode many years later and Larry and I to this day are surprised that it caught on as a way that people describe the show because to us it s the opposite of that 23 David similarly commented I like taking the worst qualities that a person has and trying to make something funny out of it Doesn t everybody do terrible things and have terrible thoughts Just by trying to be as funny you re going to deal with a lot of things that are real so the show s really about something The whole thing about the show being about nothing is ridiculous 24 Much of the show s humor is based upon repeated use of irony incongruity and oftentimes unfortunate coincidences Seinfeld broke several conventions of mainstream television David is credited with refusing to follow the predictable sitcom formula that would have a blossoming romantic relationship develop between Jerry and Elaine 25 The show offers no growth or reconciliation to its characters and eschews sentimentality 26 An episode is typically driven by humor interspersed with the superficial conflicts of characters with peculiar dispositions Many episodes revolve around the characters involvement in the lives of others with typically disastrous results On the set the notion that the characters should not develop or improve throughout the series was expressed as the no hugging no learning rule 26 Also unlike most sitcoms there are no moments of pathos the audience is never made to feel sorry for any of the characters Even Susan s death in The Invitations elicits no genuine emotions from anybody in the show 27 Seinfeld does not shy away from making light of tough topics from death to illness to disability 28 29 The characters are thirty something singles with vague identities no roots and conscious indifference to morals 30 Usual conventions were broken like isolating the characters from the actors playing them and separating the characters world from that of the actors and audience One such example is the story arc where the characters promote a TV sitcom series named Jerry The show within a show Jerry was much like Seinfeld in that it was about nothing and Seinfeld played himself The fictional Jerry was launched in the Season 4 finale but unlike Seinfeld it wasn t picked up as a series Jerry is one of many examples of metafiction in the show There are no fewer than 22 fictional movies featured like Rochelle Rochelle 31 Because of these several elements Seinfeld became the first TV series since Monty Python s Flying Circus to be widely described as postmodern 32 Seinfeld is an avid Abbott and Costello fan and has cited The Abbott and Costello Show as an influence on Seinfeld Everybody on the show knows I m a fan We re always joking about how we do stuff from their show George and I will often get into a riff that has the rhythm from the old Abbott and Costello shows And sometimes I ll hit George in the chest the way Abbott would hit Costello The series includes numerous references to the team George Costanza s middle name is Louis after Costello 33 The Old Man episode features a cantankerous character named Sid Fields as a tribute to the landlord on the team s TV show Kramer s friend is named Mickey Abbott A copywriter for the J Peterman catalog is named Eddie Sherman after the team s longtime agent In Episode 30 Kramer hears the famous Abbott and Costello line His father was a mudder His mother was a mudder Catchphrases EditMany terms were coined popularized or re popularized in the series run and have become part of popular culture 34 including Yada yada yada 35 No soup for you Master of my domain and Not that there s anything wrong with that The lexicon of Seinfeldian code words and recurring phrases that evolved around particular episodes is referred to as Seinlanguage which is also the title of Jerry Seinfeld s best selling book on humor 32 These terms include man hands shrinkage regift and double dip Music EditA signature of Seinfeld is its theme music Composed by Jonathan Wolff it consists of distinct solo sampled electric bass riffs that open the show and connect the scenes often accompanied by beatboxing 36 The bass music eventually replaced the original piano synth music by Jep Epstein when it was played again after the first broadcast of the pilot episode The show lacked a traditional title track and the riffs were played over the first moments of dialogue or action They vary throughout each episode and are played in an improvised funk style matching the timing of Seinfeld s stand up comedy delivery or transitions in the editing An additional musical theme with an ensemble led by a synthesized mid range brass instrument ends each episode In The Note the first episode of Season 3 the bumper music featured a scatting female jazz singer who sang a phrase that sounded like easy to beat Jerry Seinfeld and executive producer Larry David both liked Wolff s additions and three episodes were produced with this new style of music However they had neglected to inform NBC and Castle Rock executives of the change and when the season premiere aired the executives were surprised and unimpressed and requested that they return to the original style The subsequent two episodes were redone leaving this episode as the only one with additional music elements 37 In the commentary of The Note Louis Dreyfus facetiously suggests it was removed because the perceived lyric related closely to the low ratings at the time 38 In the final three seasons the bits were tweaked slightly with more frantic rhythms a bass guitar was added in addition to the sampled bass from earlier seasons Throughout the show the main theme could be restyled in different ways depending on the episode For instance in The Betrayal part of which takes place in India the theme is heard played on a sitar The soundtrack was given a digital release on July 2 2021 39 All music is composed by Jonathan Wolff Seinfeld Original Television Soundtrack No TitleEpisode s Length1 Seinfeld Theme 0 522 Seinfeld Theme The Highlights of 100 0 403 Seinfeld Theme The Chronicle 0 334 The Jerry Show Theme The Pilot Part 2 0 505 Kramer s Pimpwalk The Wig Master 0 536 Jerry the Mailman The Andrea Doria 0 357 Himalayan Walking Shoes The Hot Tub 0 568 John Jermaine Jazz 1 feat Bob Sheppard The Rye 2 529 John Jermaine Jazz 2 feat Bob Sheppard The Rye 2 2410 John Jermaine Jazz 3 feat Bob Sheppard The Rye 2 4811 Kramer s Boombox The Package 1 1512 Jerry vs Newman Chase The Soul Mate 0 3213 Cable Guy vs Kramer Chase The Cadillac Part 2 The Butter Shave 2 1014 Noxin The Cadillac Part 2 1 1815 Jesus Is One feat Jack Diamond The Burning 0 3116 Kramer s Crappy Banjo The Muffin Tops 0 3717 Peterman in Burmese Jungle The Chicken Roaster 0 3718 TV Cartoon Wheels on the Bus The Contest 1 0019 Finale Suitcase Montage The Finale 0 5120 Waiting for the Verdict Blues The Finale 0 4721 This Night Show The Trip Part 1 0 5022 Rock Music Video The Trip Part 1 1 2223 The Lopper The Frogger 0 3324 1937 Wedding Cake Waltz The Frogger 0 3925 Kramer Bachelor Auction The Barber 0 5226 Rochelle Rochelle the Musical The Understudy 0 4227 Pier Contemplation The Invitations 0 3928 Loud Dixieland Band The Mom amp Pop Store 1 4229 Scarsdale Surprise The Summer of George 0 3330 Checkmate Chunnel Death Blow The Movie The Pool Guy The Little Kicks 4 0231 Blimp The Puerto Rican Day 2 4432 The Pain amp the Yearning The Comeback 2 1933 George s Answering Machine Greatest American Hero The Susie 0 29Episodes EditMain article List of Seinfeld episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingViewers millions First airedLast aired15July 5 1989 1989 07 05 June 21 1990 1990 06 21 19 2212January 23 1991 1991 01 23 June 26 1991 1991 06 26 4612 518 1323September 18 1991 1991 09 18 May 6 1992 1992 05 06 4312 517 7424August 12 1992 1992 08 12 May 20 1993 1993 05 20 25 40 13 720 0522September 16 1993 1993 09 16 May 19 1994 1994 05 19 3 41 19 429 6624September 22 1994 1994 09 22 May 11 1995 1995 05 11 1 42 20 631 1724September 21 1995 1995 09 21 May 16 1996 1996 05 16 2 43 21 233 1822September 19 1996 1996 09 19 May 15 1997 1997 05 15 2 44 20 532 3924September 25 1997 1997 09 25 May 14 1998 1998 05 14 1 45 22 035 5Seinfeld stood out from family and group sitcoms of its time The principal characters are not related by family or work connections but remain distinctly close friends throughout the series Tom s Restaurant a diner at 112th St and Broadway in Manhattan that was used as the exterior image of Monk s Cafe in the show Many characters were based primarily on Seinfeld s and David s real life acquaintances Two prominent recurring characters were based on well known people Jacopo Peterman of the J Peterman catalog based on John Peterman 46 and George Steinbrenner owner of the New York Yankees 47 Many characters were introduced as new writers got involved with Seinfeld Other characters based on real people include the Soup Nazi 48 and Jackie Chiles who was based on Johnnie Cochran 49 Seinfeld follows a story structure story thread is presented at the beginning of every episode which involves the characters starting in their situations and rapid scene shifts between plot lines bring the stories together Even though it does not follow a pattern as other sitcoms the characters stories variously intertwine in each episode Despite the separate plot strands the narratives reveal the creators consistent efforts to maintain the intimacy among the small cast of characters 50 The show maintains a strong sense of continuity as characters and plots from past episodes are often referenced or expanded on Occasionally story arcs span multiple episodes and even entire seasons the most memorable being Season 4 which revolved around the pilot pitch to NBC by Jerry and George Another example is Jerry s girlfriend Vanessa who appears in The Stake Out and with whom he ends the relationship when things do not work out in The Stock Tip Other examples are Kramer getting his jacket back and Elaine heading the Peterman catalog Larry David the head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons was praised for keeping a close eye on minor details and making sure the main characters lives remained consistent and believable Curb Your Enthusiasm David s later comedy series expanded on this idea by following a specific theme for all but one season in the series A major difference between Seinfeld and sitcoms that preceded it is that the principal characters never learn from their mistakes In effect they are indifferent and even callous toward the outside world and sometimes one another A mantra of the show s producers was No hugging no learning 51 Entertainment Weekly s TV critic Ken Tucker has described them as a group dynamic rooted in jealousy rage insecurity despair hopelessness and a touching lack of faith in one s fellow human beings 52 This leads to very few happy endings except at somebody else s expense More often in every episode situations resolve with characters getting a justly deserved comeuppance Seasons 1 3 Edit The Los Angeles building used to depict the exterior of Jerry s apartment building at 129 West 81st Street Manhattan The show premiered as The Seinfeld Chronicles on July 5 1989 After it aired a pickup by NBC seemed unlikely and the show was offered to Fox which declined to pick it up Rick Ludwin head of late night and special events for NBC however diverted money from his budget by canceling a Bob Hope television special and the next four episodes were filmed 53 54 These episodes were highly rated as they followed summer re runs of Cheers on Thursdays at 9 30 p m and the series was finally picked up At one point NBC considered airing these episodes on Saturdays at 10 30 p m but gave the slot to a short lived sitcom called FM instead The series was renamed simply Seinfeld after the failure of short lived 1990 ABC series The Marshall Chronicles 55 After airing the remaining four episodes of its first season the summer of 1990 NBC ordered 13 more episodes David believed that he and Seinfeld had no more stories to tell and advised Seinfeld to turn down the order but Seinfeld agreed to the additional episodes 54 Season 2 was bumped off its scheduled premiere of January 16 1991 due to the outbreak of the Persian Gulf War It settled into a regular time slot on Wednesdays at 9 30 p m and eventually flipped with veteran series Night Court to 9 p m 56 TV critics championed Seinfeld in its early seasons even as it was slow to cultivate a substantial audience For the first three seasons Jerry s stand up comedy act would bookend an episode even functioning as transitions during the show A few episodes set a benchmark for later seasons The Deal establishes Jerry and Elaine s relationship by setting rules about sleeping together and remaining friends 57 The Parking Garage was the first episode shot with no audience for the episode and after The Chinese Restaurant to not show Jerry s apartment 58 The Keys contains a crossover to CBS show Murphy Brown marking the first such cooperation between rival networks 59 The Busboy introduces George Kramer and Elaine as having their own storylines for the first time Although Castle Rock Entertainment s Glenn Padnick thought Seinfeld was too generous showcasing his co stars comedic talent became a trademark throughout the series 60 Larry Charles wrote an episode for Season 2 The Bet in which Elaine buys a gun from Kramer s friend This episode was not filmed because the content was deemed unacceptable and was replaced by the episode The Phone Message 61 The Stranded which aired during Season 3 was initially intended for Season 2 In the beginning of this episode Jerry clears up the continuity error over George s real estate job 62 Seasons 4 5 Edit Season 4 marked the sitcom s entry into the Nielsen ratings Top 30 coinciding with several popular episodes such as The Bubble Boy in which George and the bubble boy argue over Trivial Pursuit 63 and The Junior Mint in which Jerry and Kramer accidentally fumble a mint in the operating room 64 This was the first season to use a story arc of Jerry and George creating their own sitcom Jerry Also at this time the use of Jerry s stand up act slowly declined and the stand up segment in the middle of Seinfeld episodes was cut Much publicity followed the controversial episode The Contest an Emmy Award winning episode written by David whose subject matter was considered inappropriate for prime time network TV To circumvent this taboo the word masturbation was never used in the script instead substituted for by a variety of oblique references 65 Midway through that season Seinfeld was moved from its original 9 00 p m time slot on Wednesdays to 9 30 p m on Thursdays following Cheers again which gave the show even more popularity Ratings also sparked the move as Tim Allen s sitcom Home Improvement on ABC had aired at the same time and Improvement kept beating Seinfeld in the ratings NBC moved the series after Ted Danson announced the end of Cheers and Seinfeld quickly surpassed the ratings of the 9 00 p m Cheers reruns that spring 66 The show won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993 beating out its family oriented time slot competitor Home Improvement which was only in its second season on rival network ABC Season 5 was an even bigger ratings hit consisting of popular episodes such as The Puffy Shirt in which Jerry feels embarrassed wearing a pirate shirt on The Today Show 67 The Non Fat Yogurt featuring Rudy Giuliani the Republican then mayor elect of New York 68 and The Opposite in which George doing the opposite of what his instincts tell him he should do lands a job with the New York Yankees and Elaine leaves Pendant Publishing because of a comedy of errors that led to its demise Another story arc has George returning to live with his parents In the midst of the story arc Kramer creates and promotes his coffee table book 69 The show was again nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series but lost to the Cheers spin off Frasier then in its first season Seinfeld was nominated for the same award every year for its entire run but after its win at the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1994 always lost to Frasier which went on to win a record 39 Emmy Awards in its 11 season run Seasons 6 7 Edit In Season 6 Andy Ackerman replaced Tom Cherones as director of the show The series remained well regarded and produced some of its most famous episodes such as The Beard in which Jerry is put through a lie detector test to make him admit that he watched Melrose Place 70 The Switch in which Kramer s mom Babs reveals that his first name is Cosmo 71 and The Understudy in which Elaine meets J Peterman for the first time 72 Story arcs used in this season were Elaine working as a personal assistant to her eccentric boss Justin Pitt and George s parents temporary separation This was the first season in which Seinfeld reached No 1 in the Nielsen Ratings The use of Jerry s stand up act declined with the end stand up segment no longer appearing because the storylines for all four characters grew denser In Season 7 a story arc involved George getting engaged to his ex girlfriend Susan Ross after the pilot Jerry proved unsuccessful In it George spends most of the season regretting and trying to get out of the engagement Along with the regular half hour episodes two notable one hour episodes were The Cadillac in which George plans to date award winning actress Marisa Tomei 73 and The Bottle Deposit with Elaine and Sue Ellen participating in a bidding war to buy JFK s golf clubs in an auction 74 Seasons 8 9 Edit Seinfeld s final two seasons were regarded as being distinct from the earlier seasons Most noticeably David left the writing crew but returned to write The Finale in 1998 resulting in Seinfeld taking over David s duties as showrunner and under the direction of a new writing staff Seinfeld became a faster paced show The show no longer contained extracts of Jerry performing stand up comedy Jerry had no time or energy for this with his new responsibilities and storylines occasionally delved into fantasy and broad humor For example in The Bizarro Jerry Elaine is torn between exact opposites of her friends and Jerry dates a woman who has the now famous man hands 75 Some notable episodes from Season 8 include The Little Kicks showing Elaine s horrible dancing 76 and The Chicken Roaster which portrays the Kenny Rogers Roasters chicken restaurant which opened during that time 77 A story arc in this season involves Peterman going to Burma in The Foundation 78 until he recovered from a nervous breakdown in The Money 79 followed by Elaine writing Peterman s biography in The Van Buren Boys 80 which leads to Kramer s parody of Kenny Kramer s Reality Tour seen in The Muffin Tops 81 The final season included episodes like The Merv Griffin Show in which Kramer converts his apartment into a talk show studio and plays the character of talk show host 82 The Betrayal that presents in reverse chronological order what happened to Sue Ellen s wedding in India and The Frogger in which George pushes a Frogger machine across the street mimicking the action of the game itself 83 The last season included a story arc in which Elaine has an on off relationship with Puddy Despite the enormous popularity and willingness of the cast to return for a tenth season Seinfeld decided to end the show after Season 9 believing he would thereby be able to ensure the show would maintain its quality and go out on top 84 NBC offered him over 100 million for a tenth season but Seinfeld declined 85 A major controversy caused in this final season was the accidental burning of a Puerto Rican flag by Kramer in The Puerto Rican Day This scene caused a furor among Puerto Ricans and as a result NBC showed this episode only once Seinfeld defused the protestors by not letting this episode continue in syndication as revealed in Inside Look on DVD 86 However the episode would be added to the syndicated rerun package several years later uncut 87 Series finale Edit Main article The Finale Seinfeld After nine years on the air NBC and Seinfeld announced on December 25 1997 that the series would end production the following spring in 1998 The announcement made the front page of the major New York newspapers including The New York Times 88 Seinfeld was featured on the cover of Time magazine s first issue of 1998 89 The series ended with a 75 minute episode cut to 60 minutes in syndication in two parts written by co creator and ex executive producer Larry David which aired on May 14 1998 Before the finale a 45 minute retrospective clip show The Chronicle was aired The retrospective was expanded to an hour after the original airing and aired again on NBC as an hour long episode and has since aired in syndication It was the first episode since the finale of Season 7 The Invitations to feature opening and closing stand up comedy acts by Seinfeld The finale was filmed before an audience of NBC executives and friends of the show The press and public were shut out of the taping to keep its plot secret those who attended the shoot of the final episode were required to sign written vows of silence 90 The secrecy only seemed to increase speculation about how the series would end The producers of the episode tweaked the media about the hype spreading a false rumor about Newman ending up in the hospital and Jerry and Elaine sitting in a chapel presumably to marry 91 The final episode enjoyed a historic audience 92 estimated at 76 3 million viewers 93 58 of all viewers that night making it the fourth most watched regular series finale in U S TV history behind M A S H Cheers and The Fugitive 94 However the finale received mixed reviews from critics and fans of the show The finale poked fun at the many rumors that were circulating seeming to move into multiple supposed plots before settling on its true storyline a lengthy trial where the gang is prosecuted for violating a Duty to Rescue law and sentenced to prison terms According to Forbes magazine Seinfeld s earnings from the show in 1998 came to US 267 million including syndication earnings 95 He refused NBC s offer of 5 million per episode or over 100 million total to continue into a tenth season The offer NBC made to Seinfeld was over three times higher per episode than anyone on TV had ever been offered before 96 Seinfeld told the network that he was not married nor had children and wished to focus on his personal life 97 54 As reported in July 2007 he was the second highest earner in the TV industry earning at the time 60 million a year 98 The episode became the first to command over 1 million a minute for advertising a mark previously attained only by the Super Bowl 99 Syndication Edit According to Barry Meyer chairman of Warner Bros Entertainment parent company of Castle Rock Seinfeld made 2 7 billion through June 2010 100 As of February 2017 update the show had made an estimated 4 06 billion in syndication Steve Bannon who invested in the show later said We calculated what it would get us if it made it to syndication We were wrong by a factor of five 101 In September 2019 it was announced that Viacom now Paramount Global had acquired cable syndication rights to the series from TBS with it airing on Comedy Central beginning in October 2021 and Nick at Nite in May 2022 102 103 Production EditSeinfeld began as a 23 minute pilot titled The Seinfeld Chronicles Created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David developed by NBC executive Rick Ludwin and produced by Castle Rock Entertainment it was a mix of Seinfeld s stand up comedy routines and idiosyncratic conversational scenes focusing on mundane aspects of everyday life like laundry the buttoning of the top button on one s shirt and the effort by men to interpret the intent of women spending the night in Seinfeld s apartment 104 The pilot was filmed at Stage 8 of Desilu Cahuenga studios the same studio where The Dick Van Dyke Show was filmed seen by the crew as a good omen 105 and was recorded at Ren Mar Studios in Hollywood 106 The pilot was first screened to a group of two dozen NBC executives in Burbank California in early 1989 It did not yield the explosion of laughter garnered by the pilots for the decade s previous NBC successes like The Cosby Show and The Golden Girls Brandon Tartikoff was not convinced the show would work A Jewish man from New York himself Tartikoff characterized it as Too New York too Jewish a sentiment which would also lead to the Cosmo character s later surname change from the more Jewish sounding Kessler to Kramer 107 Test audiences were even harsher NBC s practice at the time was to recruit 400 households by phone to ask them to evaluate pilots it aired on an unused channel on its cable system An NBC research department memo summarized the pilot s performance among the respondents as weak which Warren Littlefield then second in command in NBC s entertainment division called a dagger to the heart 104 Comments included You can t get too excited about two guys going to the laundromat Jerry s loser friend George isn t a forceful character Jerry needs a stronger supporting cast and Why are they interrupting the stand up for these stupid stories 106 Seinfeld and David did not see the memo for several years but after they became aware of it they hung it in a bathroom on the set Seinfeld comments We thought if someone goes in to use this bathroom this is something they should see It fits that moment 104 Around the time the show s pilot was filmed Castle Rock Entertainment which produced the show had also produced another pilot for NBC that featured Ann Jillian in her almost similarly eponymous TV series When The Seinfeld Chronicles tested poorly with audiences Castle Rock focused on Jillian s series which tested better with audiences and received a full season order Ann Jillian lasted only a single season of 13 episodes and was off the air by the end of 1990 108 When NBC announced its 1989 90 primetime schedule in May 1989 The Seinfeld Chronicles was not included but the show s supporters did not give up The pilot first aired on July 5 1989 and finished second in its time slot against the CBS police drama Jake and the Fatman 104 receiving a Nielsen rating of 10 9 19 106 The ratings did not exhibit the regional skew Tartikoff predicted much to the encouragement of the show s supporters Ludwin canceled one of the Bob Hope specials budgeted for that season so the entertainment division had the money to order four more episodes of The Seinfeld Chronicles which formed the rest of the show s first season the series was by then retitled to Seinfeld 104 109 a move without which Chicago Tribune columnist Phil Rosenthal later said there would be no Seinfeld 110 Although this was a very low order number for a new series and the smallest sitcom order in TV history 106 Castle Rock failed to find any other buyers when it shopped the show to other networks and accepted the order 104 Seinfeld did not return to the airwaves until May 30 1990 and it was another three years before it became a Top 5 rated show Preston Beckman in charge of NBC s research department at the time reminisced The show was different Nobody had seen anything like it It wasn t unusual for poor testing shows to get on the air but it was very rare that they became hits When it was first repeated on July 5 1990 it received a rating of 13 9 26 These ratings were high enough to secure a second season 106 NBC research showed that the show was popular with young male adults a demographic sought after by advertisers This gave NBC an incentive to keep broadcasting the show 111 One DVD reviewer Britt Gillette wrote that this initial episode exhibits the flashes of brilliance that made Seinfeld a cultural phenomenon 112 Other than the pilot the series was filmed at CBS Studio Center in Studio City California The first three seasons were filmed on soundstage 19 it then moved to the larger Stage 9 for the remainder of its production 113 Despite numerous establishing shots taken in New York City 114 all scenes of the actors walking in New York were also filmed at CBS Studio Center on their New York Street backlot 115 Other locations on the CBS lot were also used as well as scenes filmed at Paramount Studios and Warner Brothers Studios Hollywood citation needed A source of problems for the cast was the small sets especially that of Jerry s apartment Alexander noted If you knew you were doing a series for nine years you would never build that set Adding to the problem was that the scripts contained only minimal physical direction leaving the actors struggling to come up with actions to perform while speaking Eventually they got into a routine of directing each other on how to make their movements look natural Alexander said this helped them build chemistry with each other 116 Filming usually went long as the cast and David were perfectionists If a joke didn t elicit the reaction they hoped for they rewrote it and performed it again In at least one case The Marine Biologist this led to David writing an entirely new scene requiring Alexander to memorize a monologue in only a matter of minutes 116 Laugh tracks were used only for matching shots not for artificially adding laughter 116 High definition versions EditThere are two high definition versions of Seinfeld The first is that of the network TV non syndicated versions in the original aspect ratio of 4 3 that were downscaled for the DVD releases Clips from this high definition version in its upscale were seen on NBC during The Seinfeld Story special 117 Syndicated broadcast stations and the cable networks TBS and Comedy Central began airing the syndicated version of Seinfeld in HD Unlike the version used for the DVD Sony Pictures cropped the top and bottom parts of the frame while restoring previously cropped images on the sides from the 35mm film source to use the entire 16 9 frame 118 Reception and legacy EditElizabeth Magnotta and Alexandra Strohl analyze the success of Seinfeld with recourse to the incongruity theory of humor The Incongruity Theory claims that humor is created out of a violation of an expectation For humor to result from this unexpected result the event must have an appropriate emotional climate comprised of the setting characters prior discourse relationships of the characters and the topic 119 Specifically Magnotta and Strohl focus on The Marine Biologist where George is embroiled in yet another lie and on The Red Dot where George tries to save a few dollars at Elaine s expense by giving her a marked down cashmere sweater In Translating Seinfeld Jennifer Armstrong notes that Seinfeld is less popular among non English speakers as its unique style of humor is too cultural and word based to make for easy translation 120 Carol Iannone sums up the legacy of this American hit in her Modern Age article Seinfeld The Politically Incorrect Comedy when she says It may be the first situation comedy truly to achieve the status of art 28 29 Nod Miller of the University of East London has discussed the self referential qualities of the show Seinfeld is suffused with postmodern themes To begin with the boundary between reality and fiction is frequently blurred this is illustrated in the central device of having Jerry Seinfeld play the character Jerry Seinfeld In the show s fourth season several episodes revolved around the narrative of Jerry and George whose character is co creator Larry David s alter ego pitching a show about nothing based on the everyday life of a stand up comedian to NBC The reaction of the fictional NBC executives by all accounts mirrored the initial responses of those who eventually commissioned Seinfeld The fourth season ends with The Pilot an episode focusing on the casting taping and screening of the show within the show Jerry This episode also illustrates neatly the self referential quality which is one of Seinfeld s hallmarks The series finale was so replete with references to earlier shows as to render it largely incomprehensible to those not already well versed in the personae and preoccupations of the Seinfeld universe 121 William Irwin has edited an anthology of scholarly essays on philosophy in Seinfeld and Philosophy A Book about Everything and Nothing Some entries include The Jerry Problem and the Socratic Problem George s Failed Quest for Happiness An Aristotelian Analysis Elaine s Moral Character Kramer the Seducer Making Something Out of Nothing Seinfeld Sophistry and the Tao Seinfeld Subjectivity and Sartre Mr Peterman the Wicked Witch of the West and Me and Minimally Decent Samaritans and Uncommon Law 122 U S television ratings Edit TV viewership in the United States Season TV season Episodes Timeslot Original air dates Nielsen ratings 123 Most watched episodeSeason premiere Season finale Rank Rating Viewers millions Title Viewers millions 1 1989 90 5 Wednesday at 9 30 pm Episode 1 Thursday at 9 30 pm Episodes 2 5 July 5 1989 June 21 1990 19 26 The Stake Out 22 5 124 2 1990 91 12 Wednesday at 9 30 pm Episodes 1 4 12 Thursday at 9 30 pm Episodes 5 11 January 23 1991 June 26 1991 18 07 The Apartment 24 7 125 3 1991 92 23 Wednesday at 9 30 pm Episodes 1 11 18 Wednesday at 9 00 pm Episodes 12 17 19 23 September 18 1991 May 6 1992 42 12 5 17 66 The Letter 22 3 126 4 1992 93 24 Wednesday at 9 00 pm Episodes 1 3 5 15 Wednesday at 9 30 pm Episode 4 Thursday at 9 30 pm Episodes 16 22 Thursday at 8 00 pm Episode 23 Thursday at 8 30 pm Episode 24 August 12 1992 May 20 1993 25 13 7 20 91 The Pilot 32 8 127 5 1993 94 22 Thursday at 9 00 pm September 16 1993 May 19 1994 3 19 6 29 59 The Stall and The Marine Biologist 35 0 128 129 6 1994 95 24 September 22 1994 May 18 1995 1 20 6 30 06 The Switch 36 6 130 7 1995 96 24 September 21 1995 May 16 1996 2 21 2 33 19 The Engagement 37 6 131 8 1996 97 22 September 19 1996 May 15 1997 2 20 5 32 48 The Money 37 3 132 9 1997 98 24 September 25 1997 May 14 1998 1 22 0 38 03 32 15 133 The Finale The Puerto Rican Day 76 3 134 38 8 133 135 Awards and nominations Edit Main article List of awards and nominations received by Seinfeld Seinfeld has received awards and nominations in various categories throughout the mid 1990s It was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993 Golden Globe Award for Best TV Series Comedy in 1994 and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 1995 1997 and 1998 136 137 138 139 Apart from these the show was also nominated for an Emmy award from 1992 to 1998 for Outstanding Comedy Series Golden Globe award from 1994 to 1998 for Best TV Series Comedy and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series from 1995 to 1998 The show even received the Peabody Award in 1993 140 TV Guide named it the greatest TV show of all time in 2002 6 and in 2013 the magazine ranked it as the second greatest TV show 7 A 2015 The Hollywood Reporter survey of 2 800 actors producers directors and other industry people named Seinfeld as their 5 favorite show 141 In 2022 Rolling Stone ranked Seinfeld as the sixth greatest TV show of all time 142 Consumer products EditA recurring feature of Seinfeld was its inclusion of specific products especially candy as plot points These might be a central feature of a plot e g Junior Mints Twix Chuckles Jujyfruits bite size Three Musketeers Snickers Chunky Oh Henry Drake s Coffee Cake and PEZ or an association of candy with a guest character e g Oh Henry bars or simply a conversational aside e g Chuckles Clark Bar Twinkies A large number of non candy products were also featured throughout the series The show s creators claim that they weren t engaging in a product placement strategy for commercial gain One motivation for the use of real world products quite unrelated to commercial considerations is the comedy value of funny sounding phrases and words I knew I wanted Kramer to think of watching the operation like going to see a movie explained Seinfeld writer producer Andy Robin in an interview published in The Hollywood Reporter At first I thought maybe a piece of popcorn falls into the patient I ran that by my brother and he said No Junior Mints are just funnier 143 Many advertisers capitalized on the popularity of Seinfeld American Express created a webisode where Jerry Seinfeld and an animated Superman voiced by Patrick Warburton who played the role of Puddy starred in its commercial The makers of the Today Sponge created the Spongeworthy game on their website inspired by The Sponge An advertisement featured Jason Alexander in a Chrysler commercial In this Alexander acts much like his character George and his relationship with Lee Iacocca plays on George s relationship with Steinbrenner Similarly Michael Richards was the focus of a series of advertisements for Vodafone which ran in Australia where he dressed and acted exactly like Kramer including the trademark bumbling pratfalls In addition the show occasionally incorporated fictional products like a Scotch brand called Hennigan s a blend of Hennessy and Brannigans and a canned meat product called Beef a reeno a parody of Beef a roni Home media EditVHS release Edit The hour long two part clip show episode The Highlights of 100 became the first Seinfeld episode available on home video when it was released on VHS in 1995 DVD releases Edit Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all nine seasons of Seinfeld on DVD in Regions 1 2 and 4 between 2004 and 2007 144 On November 6 2007 Seinfeld The Complete Series was released on DVD The complete series box set includes a 2007 roundtable reunion of the four main cast members and Larry David only highlights of this were also included in the Season 9 set In Australia Region 4 the first complete series boxset was released on October 24 2007 This set contained The Coffee Table Book and slipcase packaging and was a Limited Edition In late 2007 2008 all the individual seasons were re released in a single Amaray style case The second boxset was released on December 2 2008 and was a Collectible Fridge design packaging On August 5 2009 145 another Limited Edition boxset was released similar to the first boxset but does not include the book and the packaging was slightly different On November 23 2011 146 another Limited Edition boxset was released appearing to be almost identical to the 2009 version with some minor differences On November 14 2018 147 a Festivus Celebration Edition was released which contained napkins and cups playing cards and thumb wrestle gadgets On August 12 2020 148 another The Complete Series boxset was released this time the box is blue and contains 8 Amaray style cases DVD name Release datesRegion 1 Region 2 Region 4Vol 1 Seasons 1 amp 2 November 23 2004 144 November 1 2004 149 October 13 2004 150 Vol 2 Season 3 November 23 2004 144 November 1 2004 151 October 18 2004 152 Vol 3 Season 4 May 17 2005 144 June 13 2005 153 May 25 2005 154 Vol 4 Season 5 November 22 2005 144 November 28 2005 155 November 23 2005 156 Vol 5 Season 6 November 22 2005 144 November 28 2005 157 November 23 2005 158 Vol 6 Season 7 November 21 2006 144 November 20 2006 159 November 8 2006 160 Vol 7 Season 8 June 5 2007 144 June 4 2007 161 June 13 2007 162 Vol 8 Season 9 November 6 2007 144 November 19 2007 163 October 24 2007 164 Complete Series Original November 6 2007 165 Complete Series Reissue November 5 2013 166 October 9 2018 167 Streaming Edit All 4 UK Edit Free streaming service All 4 has been running Seinfeld in its original 4 3 format since February 2020 168 Crave Canada Edit In Canada the series streamed on Crave having left on September 30 2021 Hulu US Edit On April 29 2015 it was officially announced during Hulu s upfronts presentation in New York that all nine seasons of Seinfeld would stream on the platform starting in June 2015 169 170 The deal was for around 130 million to 180 million 171 On May 20 2015 Hulu announced that every episode would be available starting June 24 2015 172 Hulu s streaming rights for the series expired on June 23 2021 173 174 Prime Video UK Edit In January 2017 Amazon acquired the UK rights to all seasons of Seinfeld for its Amazon Prime Video streaming service 175 Stan Australia Edit On November 8 2016 the Australian streaming service Stan announced via Twitter that later in the week all episodes would be available to stream for the first time in Australia 176 All episodes were available from November 11 2016 with the remastered versions of all episodes on the service featuring HD and Widescreen enhancements 177 The widescreen offered was cropped from the original 4 3 format negatives thus resulting in better visual quality than the previously available DVD version however the top and bottom portions of the frame were cut out to achieve the widescreen aspect ratio In April 2020 all seasons of Seinfeld were also made available on demand via pay television service Foxtel as well as its internet based alternative Foxtel Now 178 Netflix Edit In September 2019 Netflix and Sony Pictures announced that Netflix had acquired the exclusive global streaming rights for Seinfeld starting on October 1 2021 superseding the above Hulu and Amazon rights As of October 1 2021 Netflix s version of Seinfeld is available in 4K resolution 179 180 181 182 183 The transition was criticized as the show initially displayed in 4 3 aspect ratio had been converted to 16 9 resulting in some gags getting cropped similarly to how The Simpsons was initially rendered on Disney 184 185 186 Netflix has yet to comment on this situation After Seinfeld EditAnother scene Edit On the November 1 2007 episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Jerry Seinfeld mentioned the possibility of shooting one last scene after the characters leave jail He mentioned that he was too busy to do it at the time but didn t announce what the scene would entail as its production isn t a certainty 187 In a commentary from the final season DVD Seinfeld outlines that he and Jason Alexander spoke about this scene being in Monk s Cafe with George saying That was brutal about the foursome s stint in prison 188 On an episode of Saturday Night Live that Jerry Seinfeld hosted on October 2 1999 a sketch was produced that showed what life was like for Jerry behind bars after being transferred to the fictional prison portrayed on the HBO series Oz 189 The roughly four minute sketch shows the opening credits for the HBO series with clips of Jerry mixed in doing various activities around the prison The sketch continues and mixes in different storylines from both Oz and Seinfeld and has Jerry interacting with various characters from the show in his typical quick witted sarcastic way 190 The Seinfeld curse Edit Louis Dreyfus Alexander and Richards have all tried to launch new sitcoms as title role characters Almost every show was canceled quickly usually within the first season This gave rise to the term Seinfeld curse the failure of a sitcom starring one of the three despite the conventional wisdom that each person s Seinfeld popularity should almost guarantee a strong built in audience for the actor s new show Shows specifically cited regarding the Seinfeld curse are Julia Louis Dreyfus s Watching Ellie Jason Alexander s Bob Patterson and Listen Up and Michael Richards The Michael Richards Show This phenomenon was mentioned throughout the second season of Larry David s HBO program Curb Your Enthusiasm which aired in 2001 In real life David has repeatedly dismissed the idea of a curse saying It s so completely idiotic It s very hard to have a successful sitcom 191 192 The success of Louis Dreyfus in the 2006 2010 CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine which included winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2006 led many to believe that she had broken the curse 193 In her acceptance speech Louis Dreyfus held up her award and exclaimed I m not somebody who really believes in curses but curse this baby 194 The show produced enough episodes to air in reruns in syndication for several years something the other shows did not achieve 195 The Saturday Night Live episode hosted by Louis Dreyfus made references to the curse Nevertheless the series ratings declined soon after and it was cancelled after the fifth season She went on to win six further Emmys for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her acclaimed performance as Vice President Selina Meyer in the HBO comedy series Veep 196 After Veep ended Louis Dreyfus officially joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2021 as Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Curb Your Enthusiasm Edit Main articles Curb Your Enthusiasm Season 7 and Seinfeld Curb Your Enthusiasm Early in March 2009 it was announced that the Seinfeld cast would reunite for season seven of Curb Your Enthusiasm 197 The cast first appeared in the third episode of the season all playing fictional versions of themselves The season long story is that Larry David tries to initiate a Seinfeld reunion show as a ploy to win back his ex wife Cheryl Along with the four main characters some Seinfeld supporting actors like Wayne Knight Estelle Harris and Steve Hytner appeared in the ninth episode at a table read for the reunion show Although much dialogue in Curb Your Enthusiasm is improvised the plot was scripted and the Seinfeld special that aired within the show was scripted and directed by Seinfeld regular Andy Ackerman making this the first time since Seinfeld went off the air that the central cast appeared together in a scripted show Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee Edit Main article The Over Cheer Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee Jerry Seinfeld Jason Alexander and Wayne Knight playing their respective Seinfeld characters appeared in a spot presented during halftime of Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 2014 198 FOX came up with the idea of doing such a spot due in part to the Super Bowl s location being New York City adjacent that year 198 An uncut version appeared on Crackle com immediately afterward as an episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee titled The Over Cheer establishing Seinfeld s character on the series as an older version of his Seinfeld character 198 Although the spot was used to advertise Seinfeld s web series it was not considered a commercial as Sony which produces the series did not pay for it 198 While Seinfeld indicated that the webisode would probably be the last cast reunion saying I have a feeling you ve seen the final coda on that very unique experience 199 since then Michael Richards and Julia Louis Dreyfus have also appeared in episodes Notes Edit a b Some prints of Seinfeld credit the company as Columbia Pictures Television Distribution Columbia TriStar Television often credited as Columbia TriStar Television Distribution on prints took over distribution in 1995 followed by Sony Pictures Television in 2002 as Sony Pictures Television Studios in the Comedy Central prints since 2021 and the Nick at Nite prints since 2022 and handling syndication References Edit a b Seinfeld BBC Archived from the original on April 27 2006 Retrieved May 17 2007 Armstrong Jennifer 2016 Seinfeldia New York NY Simon amp Schuster pp 7 8 ISBN 978 1 4767 5610 3 Dostis Melanie Looking back at I Love Lucy 64 years later New York Daily News Retrieved May 18 2020 TV 10 All Time Greatest Entertainment Weekly June 27 2013 Retrieved February 16 2022 Stuever Hank September 28 2016 Rolling Stone has come up with the 100 greatest TV shows of all time My list was a little different The Washington Post Retrieved May 23 2017 a b Cosgrove Mather Bootie April 26 2002 TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows CBS News Associated Press Retrieved February 16 2022 a b Fretts Bruce Roush Matt The Greatest Shows on Earth TV Guide Magazine Vol 61 no 3194 3195 pp 16 19 Special Collector s Issue 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time TV Guide No June 28 July 4 1997 TV s Top 100 Episodes of All Time and over 6 5 billion different people have watched an episode TV Guide June 15 2009 pp 34 49 101 Best Written TV Series www wga org Reasons the 90s Ruled 101 81 TV com Seinfeld Cast and characters Jerry Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 12 2007 Retrieved December 11 2007 Seinfeld Cast and Characters Sony Pictures Archived from the original on January 27 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Cast and characters Elaine Sony pictures Archived from the original on December 17 2007 Retrieved December 11 2007 Seinfeld Cast and characters Kramer Sony pictures Archived from the original on December 17 2007 Retrieved December 11 2007 Seinfacts The Revenge Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved December 30 2008 The Strike Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved January 8 2009 Seinfeld Now Playing The Chinese Restaurant Sony Pictures Archived from the original on January 11 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 The Betrayal Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved January 8 2009 The Maestro Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved January 8 2009 The Outing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved January 8 2009 Erickson Hal Seinfeld Overview Allmovie Retrieved May 17 2007 Seinfeld Jerry January 6 2014 Jerry Seinfeld here I will give you an answer Reddit Retrieved January 15 2015 Seinfeld Season 5 Notes about Nothing The Mango DVD Sony Pictures Home Entertainment 2005 Hurd Robert 2006 Taking Seinfeld Seriously Modernism in Popular Culture New Literary History 37 4 761 776 doi 10 1353 nlh 2007 0005 ISSN 1080 661X S2CID 55842151 a b Zurawik David May 3 1998 The world according to Seinfeld No hugging no learning No aging commitment or obligation We ve laughed at such postmodern sentiments for nine years Is there anything wrong with that The Baltimore Sun Retrieved February 16 2022 Hajari Nisid June 7 1996 Latest TV trend Death Entertainment Weekly Retrieved February 16 2022 a b Iannone Carol Spring 2018 Seinfeld The Politically Incorrect Comedy Far from being about nothing the greatest sitcom of the 1990s was a satire of a world without rules Modern Age 51 via Academic OneFile a b Iannone Carol April 11 2018 Seinfeld The Politically Incorrect Comedy isi org Modern Age Retrieved April 11 2018 Hurd R Wesley June 1998 Postmodernism A New Model of Reality McKenzie Study Center Archived from the original on June 24 2011 Retrieved June 30 2007 All The Fictional Movies On Seinfeld Ranked UPROXX October 7 2014 a b Grenz Stanley J February 1996 A Primer on Postmodernism Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co ISBN 978 0 8028 0864 6 Carter Bill November 21 1994 Seinfeld as Opening Act For Abbott and Costello The New York Times Retrieved January 19 2018 Caryn James May 12 1998 Goodbye Already The New York Times Archived from the original on January 23 2008 Retrieved December 22 2007 SEINFELD ASSESSES INFLUENCE People April 22 1999 Archived from the original on January 26 2008 Retrieved October 6 2022 Entertainment Tonight Jonathan Wolff Seinfeld music YouTube Archived from the original on December 11 2021 Season 3 DVD Inside Look of The Note Season 3 DVD The Note commentary Burlingame Jon July 1 2021 Seinfeld Soundtrack to Be Released Finally EXCLUSIVE Variety Retrieved July 2 2021 TV Ratings 1992 ClassicTVHits com TV Ratings 1993 ClassicTVHits com TV Ratings 1994 ClassicTVHits com TV Ratings 1995 ClassicTVHits com TV Ratings 1996 ClassicTVHits com TV Ratings 1997 ClassicTVHits com Seinfeld Now Playing Sonypictures com Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on January 19 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 9 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Gantz Katherine Not That There s Anything Wrong with That Reading the Queer in Seinfeld In Calvin Thomas Ed Straight with a Twist Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality Champaign Illinois University of Illinois Press ISBN 0 252 06813 0 About Seinfeld TV1 Archived from the original on August 31 2007 Retrieved January 22 2008 Tucker Ken The Fantastic 4 in Entertainment Weekly Special Seinfeld Issue Entertainment Weekly May 4 1998 p 13 Boudreaux Jonathan November 24 2004 Seinfeld Season 1 amp 2 DVD Review tvdvdreviews com Archived from the original on April 18 2008 Retrieved April 22 2008 a b c Littlefield Warren May 29 2012 QA Former NBC honcho offered Jerry Seinfeld over 100 million for one more Seinfeld season Fox411 Interview Interviewed by Gostin Nicki Retrieved February 16 2022 Nigro Nicholas June 1 2015 Seinfeld FAQ Everything Left to Know About the Show About Nothing Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 9781495035357 Retrieved December 29 2015 Carter Bill May 5 1998 Seinfeld Says It s All Over And It s No Joke for NBC The New York Times Seinfeld Now Playing The Deal Sony Pictures May 2 1991 Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing The Parking Garage Sony Pictures Archived from the original on November 16 2011 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing The Keys Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on November 14 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing The phone message Sony pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved October 27 2008 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 19 2008 Retrieved August 22 2010 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on January 18 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on September 25 2011 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Cerone Daniel March 4 1993 Seinfeld Is Suddenly Something Los Angeles Times Retrieved February 16 2022 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on November 17 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on November 18 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing The Opposite Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing Sonypictures com Archived from the original on February 1 2014 Retrieved January 28 2014 Seinfeld Now Playing The Switch Sony Pictures Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on November 17 2011 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing The Bizarro Jerry Sony Pictures Archived from the original on January 17 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing The Little Kicks Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sonypictures com Archived from the original on December 19 2011 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing Sonypictures com Archived from the original on November 30 2012 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing The Muffin Tops Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Seinfeld Now Playing Sony Pictures Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved March 7 2012 Seinfeld Now Playing The Frogger Sony Pictures Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Bauder David December 26 1997 Seinfeld to end on peak this spring Google News The Daily Courier Retrieved September 28 2016 Nicki Gostin May 29 2012 QA Former NBC honcho offered Jerry Seinfeld over 100 million for one more Seinfeld season Fox News Retrieved September 14 2017 Seinfeld Now Playing The Puerto Rican Day Sony Pictures Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved October 25 2008 Starr Michael October 30 2002 Forbidden Seinfeld Puerto Rican Flag Burning Episode Slips Back On Air New York Post Retrieved April 17 2018 Carter Bill December 26 1997 Seinfeld Says It s All Over And It s No Joke for NBC The New York Times p A1 Retrieved May 17 2020 Time Magazine Cover Jerry Seinfeld Time January 12 1998 Archived from the original on January 29 2005 Retrieved May 17 2007 The Seinfeld e mail for April 8 1998 CNN com April 8 1998 Retrieved May 17 2007 Ryan Joal March 27 1998 Clues to Seinfeld Sign Off E News Retrieved February 16 2022 Lowry Brian May 16 1998 Seinfeld s Finale Ends Up in Sixth Place of All Time Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved February 16 2022 Nededog Jethro The 20 most watched TV show finales of all time ranked Business Insider Retrieved July 12 2021 Carter Bill May 8 2004 Friends Finale s Audience Is the Fourth Biggest Ever The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved July 16 2021 Seinfeld s 267 Million Tops Celebrity pay List In Forbes Chicago Tribune March 8 1999 Retrieved February 16 2022 The Highest Paid TV Actors Of All Time Per Per Episode UPROXX August 5 2014 Seinfeld calls decision to end show all about timing CNN December 26 1997 Retrieved December 18 2007 Oprah and Seinfeld top TV s richest Retrieved December 18 2007 Seinfeld Bloomberg News Retrieved February 16 2022 Pilkington Ed June 7 2010 TV show Seinfeld earn 2 7bn from reruns The Guardian London Retrieved June 7 2010 Craw Victoria February 8 2017 Steve Bannon is still making money from Seinfeld reruns The New York Post Retrieved September 7 2017 Andreeva Nellie September 21 2019 Seinfeld Viacom Nabs Cable Rights To Comedy Series Deadline Hollywood Retrieved September 21 2019 Andreeva Nellie September 15 2021 Seinfeld Comedy Central To Be Series Exclusive New Cable Home Jerry Seinfeld Stars In Promo Touting Lunch Deadline Retrieved September 17 2021 a b c d e f Battaglio Stephen June 30 2014 Annoying Disorienting Boring On Seinfeld s 25th anniversary an exclusive look at the memo that almost killed the show TV Guide pp 18 19 Rob Reiner November 23 2004 Seinfeld Seasons 1 amp 2 Inside Looks The Seinfeld Chronicles DVD Sony Pictures Home Entertainment a b c d e Seinfeld Seasons 1 amp 2 Notes about Nothing The Seinfeld Chronicles DVD Sony Pictures Home Entertainment November 23 2004 Krieger Rosalin October 2003 Does he say the word Jewish Jewish representations in Seinfeld Journal for Cultural Research 7 4 387 404 doi 10 1080 1479758032000165048 ISSN 1479 7585 S2CID 144869141 Freeman Marc May 13 2018 Seinfeld Finale at 20 Hidden Tales From the Vault of a Comedian s Bizarro World The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved February 16 2022 Castle Rock which owned the series had two pilots at NBC that year Seinfeld and one with Ann Jillian Whereas Seinfeld tested poorly Ann Jillian tested through the roof and earned a 13 episode commitment Castle Rock decided to focus on that Duffy Mike November 24 2004 Give thanks for The Seinfeld Story azcentral com Archived from the original on July 23 2012 Retrieved March 19 2008 Rosenthal Phil August 21 2005 NBC executive stands apart by taking stands Chicago Tribune Retrieved February 16 2022 Rapp David May 31 2006 Seinfeld The Unlikeliest Success Story American Heritage Archived from the original on March 15 2008 Retrieved March 19 2008 Gillette Britt September 20 2006 Seinfeld Seasons 1 amp 2 DVD Review Article City Retrieved June 16 2019 Seinfeld Film Locations A guide to Seinfeld filming locations in New York City HuffPost March 10 2015 New York Backlot at CBS Radford YouTube Archived from the original on December 11 2021 a b c Archive of American Television July 9 2014 Jason Alexander discusses a typical week of production on Seinfeld EMMYTVLEGENDS ORG YouTube Archived from the original on December 11 2021 Seinfeld in HD on TBS HD Page 2 videojanitor Retrieved September 23 2009 Seinfeld goes HD on TBS HD September 3 2008 Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved February 16 2022 Magnotta Elizabeth and Alexandra Strohl November 14 2011 A linguistic analysis of humor A look at Seinfeld Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 21 1 126 135 Retrieved August 2 2012 Armstrong Jennifer June 25 2015 Translating Seinfeld The Verge Retrieved December 2 2018 Miller Nod Applying Insights from Cultural Studies to Adult Education What Seinfeld Says About the AERC Adult Education Research Conference Archived from the original on June 24 2014 Retrieved August 1 2012 Irwin William 2000 Seinfeld and Philosophy A Book about Everything and Nothing Open Court 2000 ISBN 9780812694093 Retrieved August 1 2012 Brooks Tim Marsh Earle 2007 The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 Present Ninth ed Ballantine Books pp 1693 1695 ISBN 978 0 345 49773 4 Seinfeld is a standup hit USA Today June 6 1990 p D3 Retrieved December 30 2013 Nielsen ratings USA Today April 10 1991 p D3 Nielsen ratings USA Today April 1 1992 p D3 Gable Donna May 26 1993 Cheers brings happy times to NBC USA Today p D3 DeRosa Robin January 12 1994 Improvement leads ABC charge USA Today p D3 Nielsen ratings USA Today December 14 1994 p D3 Nielsen ratings USA Today January 11 1995 p D3 Graham Jefferson September 27 1995 NBC Sunday starters stumble USA Today p D3 Nielsen ratings USA Today January 22 1997 p D3 a b Excluding The Finale 76 26 million viewers and The Clip Show 58 53 million viewers Nielsen ratings USA Today May 20 1998 p D3 Nielsen ratings USA Today May 13 1998 p D3 Emmy Awards official site Archived October 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine Seinfeld 1993 emmys org Retrieved on May 8 2008 1st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Seinfeld Retrieved on March 14 2008 3rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Official Site Seinfeld Screen Actors Guild Awards Retrieved on March 14 2008 Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Seinfeld Retrieved on March 14 2008 Emmy Awards official site Archived October 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine search Seinfeld and years 1992 to 1998 emmys org Retrieved on May 8 2008 Hollywood s 100 Favorite TV Shows The Hollywood Reporter September 16 2015 Retrieved February 16 2022 Sepinwall Alan September 26 2022 The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time Rolling Stone Retrieved September 30 2022 A look at some of the biggest hits in movie and TV product placement The Hollywood Reporter April 28 2005 Archived from the original on October 11 2007 Retrieved November 10 2007 a b c d e f g h i Seinfeld region 1 DVD release dates TVShowsOnDVD com Archived from the original on April 5 2008 Retrieved March 23 2008 Seinfeld Complete Collection Sanity Retrieved December 28 2020 Seinfeld The Complete Series JB Hi Fi Archived from the original on November 12 2020 Retrieved December 28 2020 Seinfeld Season 1 9 Complete Series Festivus Edition Sanity Retrieved December 28 2020 Seinfeld Season 1 9 Complete Series Sanity Retrieved December 28 2020 Season 1 amp 2 Region 2 Amazon co uk November 2004 Retrieved March 20 2008 Season 1 amp 2 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 3 Region 2 Amazon co uk November 2004 Retrieved March 20 2008 Season 3 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 4 Region 2 Amazon co uk June 13 2005 Retrieved March 20 2008 Season 4 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 5 Region 2 Amazon co uk November 28 2005 Retrieved March 20 2008 Season 5 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 6 Region 2 Amazon co uk November 28 2005 Retrieved March 20 2008 Season 6 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 7 Region 2 review dvdactive com Retrieved March 25 2008 Season 7 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 8 Region 2 review realmovienews com Archived from the original on March 2 2008 Retrieved March 24 2008 Season 8 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Season 9 Region 2 Review dvdactive com Retrieved March 25 2008 Season 9 Region 4 JB Hi Fi Online Retrieved March 21 2008 Seinfeld The Complete Series DVD Amazon com Retrieved December 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Studio1 Seinfeld La Serie Completa DVD Box Set Amazon com Retrieved December 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Seinfeld Complete Series Box Set Repackage DVD October 9 2018 Channel 4 s All 4 Acquires U K Streaming Rights to Seinfeld February 4 2020 Jacob Kastrenakes April 29 2015 Hulu confirms it s the exclusive streaming home of Seinfeld The Verge Vox Media Hulu hulu April 29 2015 In the beginning there was TV Yada yada yada Seinfeld is coming soon to hulu HuluUpfront15 Tweet Retrieved February 16 2022 via Twitter Sam Byford April 29 2015 Hulu reportedly lands streaming rights to all 180 Seinfeld episodes The Verge Vox Media Hulu hulu May 20 2015 Sweet Fancy Moses every Seinfeld episode is on hulu 6 24 Get ready for AllTheNothing Tweet Retrieved February 16 2022 via Twitter Frankel Daniel June 16 2021 Seinfeld Set to Depart Hulu on June 23 Transition to Netflix Next TV Retrieved July 14 2021 Salazar Savannah Adalian Josef June 17 2021 Say Your Good byes Seinfeld Is Leaving Hulu This Month Vulture Retrieved July 14 2021 Amazon gets Seinfeld in UK Stan StanAustralia November 7 2016 You re going to want to turn your sound on for this announcement Tweet Retrieved February 16 2022 via Twitter 180 Seinfeld episodes come to Stan with new Sony Pictures Television deal MediaWeek November 7 2016 Retrieved November 29 2016 Foxtel opens comedy vaults with complete seasons of classics MediaWeek March 31 2020 Retrieved May 25 2020 Machkovech Sam September 16 2019 It s real and it s spectacular Netflix buys exclusive rights to stream Seinfeld Ars Technica Retrieved September 16 2019 Alexander Julia September 16 2019 Seinfeld is heading to Netflix in 2021 The Verge Retrieved September 16 2019 Desborough Jenny June 23 2021 Seinfeld Why It s Leaving Hulu and When It s Coming to Netflix Newsweek Retrieved June 24 2021 Adalian Josef June 17 2021 Seinfeld Won t Be Streaming Anywhere for a While and That s Good for Netflix Vulture Retrieved June 24 2021 Tapp Tom September 1 2021 Netflix Announces Premiere Date For 180 Episode Seinfeld Library Issues Cheeky Press Release Deadline Hollywood Retrieved September 17 2021 Rindner Grant October 5 2021 Seinfeld Is Finally On Netflix But There s a Catch GQ Retrieved October 5 2021 Ingraham N October 3 2021 Seinfeld hits Netflix but some jokes have been cropped out of view Engadget Retrieved October 5 2021 Gartenberg Chaim October 1 2021 What s the deal with Seinfeld s aspect ratio on Netflix The Verge Retrieved October 5 2021 Axler Rachel Bleyer Kevin Blomquist Richard Bodow Steve Carvell Tim Havlan J R Scott Jacobson Scott Javerbaum David Karlin Ben Kutner Rob Lieb Josh Means Sam Reich Jason Ross Jason Stewart Jon November 1 2007 Episode dated 1 November 2007 The Daily Show Comedy Central Seinfeld Season 9 Notes about Nothing The Finale DVD Sony Pictures Home Entertainment November 6 2007 Saturday Night Live season 25 SNL Transcripts Jerry Seinfeld 10 02 99 Oz October 8 2018 Baerg Greg March 5 2002 Curb s Larry David Seinfeld Curse Idiotic Zap2it Retrieved May 17 2007 Raab Scott September 18 2009 An Extremely Awkward Encounter with Larry David Esquire Susman Gary March 21 2006 Has Julia Louis Dreyfus broken the Seinfeld curse Entertainment Weekly Retrieved February 16 2022 Hall Sarah August 27 2006 Emmys Clock into 24 Office E News Retrieved February 16 2022 Hibberd James May 18 2010 CBS cancels seven shows including Ghost Case The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved February 16 2022 Turchiano Danielle September 18 2016 Julia Louis Dreyfus makes Emmy history Variety Retrieved September 18 2017 Rice Lynette March 5 2009 Exclusive Seinfeld cast to appear on Curb Your Enthusiasm Entertainment Weekly Retrieved February 16 2022 a b c d Carter Bill February 2 2014 Halftime Brings a Much Anticipated Seinfeld Reunion Retrieved February 2 2014 Etkin Jaimie February 3 2014 Jerry Seinfeld Thinks That Seinfeld Super Bowl Reunion Is The Last One We ll See Entertainment BuzzFeed Retrieved February 18 2014 General references Edit Mirzoeff Nicholas Seinfeld British Film Institute TV Classics 2007 ISBN 1 84457 201 3 Fretts Bruce 1993 The Entertainment Weekly Seinfeld Companion New York Warner Books ISBN 0 446 67036 7 Dawson Ryan 2006 Seinfeld a show about something Cambridge University William Irwin ed 1999 Seinfeld and Philosophy A Book about Everything and Nothing Peru Illinois Open Court Publishing Company ISBN 0 8126 9409 0 Gantz Katherine Not That There s Anything Wrong with That Reading the Queer in Seinfeld In Calvin Thomas Ed Straight with a Twist Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality Champaign Illinois University of Illinois Press ISBN 0 252 06813 0 Gattuso Greg 1996 The Seinfeld Universe The Entire Domain New York Citadel Press ISBN 0 8065 2001 9 Murphy Noah Seinfeld A Beginner s Guide Brisbane Penguin Books 2011 Seinfeld Jerry 1993 SeinLanguage Bantam ISBN 0 553 09606 0 Weaver D T amp Oliver M B 2000 Summary of the paper Television Programs and Advertising Measuring the Effectiveness of Product Placement Within Seinfeld External links EditSeinfeld at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Seinfeld at IMDb Seinfeld at Rotten Tomatoes Seinfeld at epguides com Seinfeld Emmys Television portal Comedy portal United States portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Seinfeld amp oldid 1130559577, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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