Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (UK: /ˌɑːrk də ˈtriːɒmf, - ˈtriːoʊmf/,[3][4] US: /- triːˈoʊmf/,[5] French: [aʁk də tʁijɔ̃f də letwal] (listen); lit. 'Triumphal Arch of the Star') is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the arc and the plaza is shared between three arrondissements, 16th (south and west), 17th (north), and 8th (east). The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.
| Arc de Triomphe | |
|---|---|
| Alternative names | Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile |
| General information | |
| Type | Triumphal arch |
| Architectural style | Neoclassicism |
| Location | Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly Place de l'Étoile) |
| Coordinates | 48°52′25.6″N 2°17′42.1″E / 48.873778°N 2.295028°ECoordinates: 48°52′25.6″N 2°17′42.1″E / 48.873778°N 2.295028°E |
| Construction started | 15 August 1806[1] |
| Inaugurated | 29 July 1836[2] |
| Height | 50 m (164 ft) |
| Dimensions | |
| Other dimensions | Wide: 45 m (148 ft) Deep: 22 m (72 ft) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Jean Chalgrin Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury |
The central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806; its iconographic programme pits heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail. It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of 50 m (164 ft), the width of 45 m (148 ft) and depth of 22 m (72 ft), while its large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The smaller transverse vaults are 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide. Three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 (marking the end of hostilities in World War I), Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.[6][7]
Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City in 1938, which is 67 m (220 ft) high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in 1982, is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at 60 m (197 ft). The Grande Arche in La Défense near Paris is 110 metres high. Although it is not named an Arc de Triomphe, it has been designed on the same model and from the perspective of the Arc de Triomphe. It qualifies as the world's tallest arch.[8]
History
Construction and late 19th century
The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the Seine at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues. It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, Jean Chalgrin, died in 1811 and the work was taken over by Jean-Nicolas Huyot.
During the Bourbon Restoration, construction was halted, and it would not be completed until the reign of King Louis-Philippe, between 1833 and 1836, by the architects Goust, then Huyot, under the direction of Héricart de Thury. The final cost was reported at about 10,000,000 francs (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $75 million in 2020).[9][10]
On 15 December 1840, brought back to France from Saint Helena, Napoleon's remains passed under it on their way to the Emperor's final resting place at Les Invalides.[11] Before burial in the Panthéon, the body of Victor Hugo was displayed under the Arc on the night of 22 May 1885.
20th century
The sword carried by the Republic in the Marseillaise relief broke off on the day, it is said, that the Battle of Verdun began in 1916. The relief was immediately hidden by tarpaulins to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.[12] On 7 August 1919, Charles Godefroy successfully flew his biplane under the Arc.[13] Jean Navarre was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near Villacoublay while training for the flight.
Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual Bastille Day military parade. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the Germans in 1871, the French in 1919, the Germans in 1940, and the French and Allies in 1944[14] and 1945. A United States postage stamp of 1945 shows the Arc de Triomphe in the background as victorious American troops march down the Champs-Élysées and U.S. airplanes fly overhead on 29 August 1944. After the interment of the Unknown Soldier, however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both Hitler in 1940 and de Gaulle in 1944 observed this custom.
By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through bleaching. In the prolongation of the Avenue des Champs-Élysées, a new arch, the Grande Arche de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's Axe historique. After the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, the Grande Arche is the third arch built on the same perspective.
In 1995, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a campaign of bombings.[15]
21st century
In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism as part of the Yellow vests protests.[16] The vandals sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its small museum.[17]
L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped
In September 2021, the arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope,[18] a posthumous project planned by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude since the early 1960s.[19]
The wooden Arc de Triomphe built on the occasion of the entry into Paris of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810.
State funeral of Victor Hugo, 31 May 1885.
Charles Godefroy flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919.
A colourized aerial photograph of the southern side, published in 1921.
Arc de Triomphe in 1939.
Free French forces on parade after the liberation of Paris on 26 August 1944.
Night view of the Arc de Triomphe, 2007.
The Arc de Triomphe seen from the Eiffel Tower, 2008.
Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs, with John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015.
Bastille Day military parade, 2017.
Design
Monument
The astylar design is by Jean Chalgrin (1739–1811), in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture. Major academic sculptors of France are represented in the sculpture of the Arc de Triomphe: Jean-Pierre Cortot; François Rude; Antoine Étex; James Pradier and Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire. The main sculptures are not integral friezes but are treated as independent trophies applied to the vast ashlar masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze appliqués on Empire furniture. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are The Triumph of 1810 (Cortot), Resistance and Peace (both by Antoine Étex), and the most renowned of them all, Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 commonly called La Marseillaise (François Rude). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of Marshal of France. Since the fall of Napoleon (1815), the sculpture representing Peace is interpreted as commemorating the Peace of 1815.[20]
In the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields engraved with the names of major French victories in the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.[21] The inside walls of the monument list the names of 660 people, among which are 558 French generals of the First French Empire;[22] The names of those generals killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. The battles that took place in the period between the departure of Napoleon from Elba to his final defeat at Waterloo are not included.[23]
For four years from 1882 to 1886, a monumental sculpture by Alexandre Falguière topped the arch. Titled Le triomphe de la Révolution ("The Triumph of the Revolution"), it depicted a chariot drawn by horses preparing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism".[24]
Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition, conceived by artist Maurice Benayoun and architect Christophe Girault, opened in February 2007.[25]
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. Interred on Armistice Day 1920,[26] an eternal flame burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).[27]
A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 signed by the Entente Powers and Germany in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the Panthéon, but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921.[27] The slab on top bears the inscription: Ici repose un soldat français mort pour la Patrie, 1914–1918 ("Here rests a French soldier who died for the Fatherland, 1914–1918").[27]
In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President Charles de Gaulle. After the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy, Mrs. Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.[28]
Details
- The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are:
- Le Départ de 1792 (or La Marseillaise), by François Rude. The sculptural group celebrates the cause of the French First Republic during the 10 August uprising. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of Liberty. This group served as a recruitment tool in the early months of World War I and encouraged the French to invest in war loans in 1915–1916.[29]
- Le Triomphe de 1810, by Jean-Pierre Cortot celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn. This group features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory.
- La Résistance de 1814, by Antoine Étex commemorates the French Resistance to the Allied Armies during the War of the Sixth Coalition.
- La Paix de 1815, by Antoine Étex commemorates the Treaty of Paris, concluded in that year.
Le Départ de 1792
(La Marseillaise).Le Triomphe de 1810.
La Résistance de 1814.
La Paix de 1815.
- Six reliefs sculpted on the façades of the Arch, representing important moments of the French Revolution and of the Napoleonic era include:
- Les funérailles du général Marceau (General Marceau's burial), by Henri Lemaire (Southern façade, right).
- La bataille d'Aboukir (The Battle of Aboukir), by Bernard Seurre (Southern façade, left).
- La bataille de Jemappes (The Battle of Jemappes), by Carlo Marochetti (Eastern façade).
- Le passage du pont d'Arcole (The Battle of Arcole), by Jean-Jacques Feuchère (Northern façade, right).
- La prise d'Alexandrie (The Fall of Alexandria), by John-Étienne Chaponnière (Northern façade, left).
- La bataille d'Austerlitz (The Battle of Austerlitz), by Théodore Gechter (Western façade).
Les funérailles du général Marceau,
20 September 1796.La bataille d'Aboukir,
25 July 1799.La bataille de Jemmappes,
6 November 1792.Le passage du pont d'Arcole,
15 November 1796.La prise d'Alexandrie,
3 July 1798.La bataille d'Austerlitz,
2 December 1805.
- The names of 158 battles fought by the French First Republic and the First French Empire are engraved on the monument. Among them, 30 battles are engraved on the attic:
- 96 battles are engraved on the inner façades, under the great arches:
- The names of 660 military leaders who served during the French First Republic and the First French Empire are engraved on the inner façades of the small arches.[30] Underlined names signify those who died on the battlefield:
Northern pillar.
Eastern pillar.
Southern pillar.
Western pillar.
- The great arcades are decorated with allegorical figures representing characters in Roman mythology (by James Pradier):
- The ceiling with 21 sculpted roses:
- Interior of the Arc de Triomphe:
First World War monument.
Permanent exhibition about the design of the Arch.
- There are several plaques at the foot of the monument:
Access
The Arc de Triomphe is accessible by the RER and Métro, with exit at the Charles de Gaulle–Étoile station. Because of heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, it is recommended that pedestrians use one of two underpasses located at the Champs Élysées and the Avenue de la Grande Armée. A lift will take visitors almost to the top – to the attic, where a small museum contains large models of the Arc and tells its story from the time of its construction. Another 40 steps remain to climb to reach the top, the terrasse, from where one can enjoy a panoramic view of Paris.[31]
The location of the arc, as well as the Place de l'Étoile, is shared between three arrondissements, 16th (south and west), 17th (north), and 8th (east).
Paris seen from the top of the Arc de Triomphe.
Replicas
While many structures around the world resemble the Arc de Triomphe, some were actually inspired by it. Replicas that used its design as a model include Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea; Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania; Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch in Kansas City, Kansas, US; and a miniature version at the Paris Casino in Las Vegas, US.[32]
See also
References
- ^ Raymond, Gino (30 October 2008). Historical dictionary of France. Scarecrow Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8108-5095-8. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ Fleischmann, Hector (1914). An unknown son of Napoleon. John Lane company. p. 204. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020.
- ^ "Arc de Triomphe". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "arc de triomphe". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ Melville Wallace, La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918, Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's Four Years of Thunder.
- ^ * « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe » 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Matin from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
- « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe » 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, L'Écho de Paris from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.
- « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur » 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Raoul Alexandre, L'Humanité from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.
- « Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe » 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Paul Cartoux, L'Intransigeant from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.
- « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy » 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Temps from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.
- ^ "Arc de Triomphe facts". Paris Digest. 2018. from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ L'Abeille (in French). Petit Séminaire de Québec. 1848. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ "Historical Currency Converter". www.historicalstatistics.org. from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ Hôtel des Invalides website 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". Places in France. from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
- ^ "Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image". Histoire-image.org. from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ Image of Liberation of Paris parade 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Simons, Marlise (18 August 1995). "Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17". New York Times. from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Irish, John (2 December 2018). "Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades". Reuters. from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ Katz, Brigit. "Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests". Smithsonian Magazine. from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (17 September 2021). "Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric". NPR. from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ Katz, Brigit (13 June 2021). "L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised". TheGuardian.com. from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ "Sculpture on the Arc De Triomphe: the Peace of 1815 by Antoine Etex". Ackland Art Museum. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ The Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw that it actually was.
- ^ Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda and German-born Nicolas Luckner.
- ^ "Discover the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". French Monuments. French Monuments. 26 November 2012. from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ L'Art moderne. Imp. Ve (i.e. 5th) Monnom. 1882. p. 318.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ Naour, Jean-Yves Le; Allen, Penny (16 August 2005). The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War. Macmillan. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8050-7937-1. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Granfield, Linda (2008). The Unknown Soldier. North Winds Press. ISBN 978-0439935586.
- ^ Gormley and Henderson, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Friend of the Arts, 2002, pp. 142–43.
- ^ Forrest (28 May 2009). The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1139489249.
- ^ Baedeker, Karl (1860). Guide à Paris par Baedeker: Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. Paris: A. Bohné. p. 91. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Offer to everyone the best view on Paris". Centre des Monuments Nationaux. from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ^ "These Arc de Triomphe Around the World… And in Montpellier?". 20 November 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
External links
- Clarification of history of Arc de Triomphe
- The permanent exhibition inside the Arc de Triomphe
- View from the Arc de Triomphe