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Inigo Jones

Inigo Jones (/ˈɪnɪɡ/; possibly born Ynyr Jones;[1][2] 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant[3] architect in England in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.[4] As the most notable architect in England,[4] Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings, such as the Queen's House which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style, and the Banqueting House, Whitehall, as well as the layout for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End. He made major contributions to stage design by his work as a theatrical designer for several dozen masques, most by royal command and many in collaboration with Ben Jonson.

Inigo Jones
Portrait of Inigo Jones painted by William Hogarth in 1758 from a 1636 painting by Sir Anthony van Dyck
Born15 July 1573
London, England
Died21 June 1652(1652-06-21) (aged 78)
Somerset House, London, England
NationalityEnglish
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsBanqueting House, Whitehall
Queen's House
Wilton House
Covent Garden

Early life and career edit

 
Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack, 1725

Beyond that he was born in Smithfield, London, as the son of clothworker Inigo Jones Snr., and baptised at the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less, little is known about Jones's early years. Later Welsh sources claim that the family was from Wales, and even that Inigo was originally named Ynir or Ynyr Jones.[5][6] But no records from his own time indicate any family ties to Wales.

He did not approach the architectural profession in the traditional way, namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works, although there is evidence that Christopher Wren obtained information that recorded Jones as an apprentice joiner in St Paul's Churchyard.[7] At some point before 1603, a rich patron (possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland) sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by the quality of his sketches. From Italy he travelled to Denmark where he worked for Christian IV on the design of the palaces of Rosenborg and Frederiksborg.[8]

 
A masque costume for a knight, designed by Inigo Jones

Jones first became famous as a designer of costumes and stage settings, especially after he brought "masques" to the stage. Under the patronage of Queen Anne of Denmark (the consort of King James I),[8] he is credited with introducing movable scenery and the proscenium arch to English theatre. Between 1605 and 1640, he was responsible for staging over 500 performances, collaborating with Ben Jonson for many years, despite a relationship fraught with competition and jealousy: the two had arguments about whether stage design or literature was more important in theatre. (Jonson ridiculed Jones in a series of his works, written over two decades.)[9] Over 450 drawings for the scenery and costumes survive, demonstrating Jones's virtuosity as a draughtsman and his development between 1605 and 1609 from initially showing "no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship" to exhibiting an "accomplished Italianate manner"[10] and understanding of Italian set design, particularly that of Alfonso and Giulio Parigi. This development suggests a second visit to Italy, c. 1606,[11] influenced by the ambassador Henry Wotton. Jones learned to speak Italian fluently and there is evidence that he owned an Italian copy of Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura with marginalia that refer to Wotton. His architectural work was particularly influenced by Palladio.[12] To a lesser extent, he also held to the architectural principles of the ancient Roman writer Vitruvius.

Jones's first recorded architectural design is for a monument to Frances, Lady Cotton, commissioned by Rowland Cotton, c. 1608–1611,[13] at Norton-in-Hales, Shropshire, showing early signs of his classical intentions.[14] In July 1606, Jones made scenery for a masque at Theobalds for the Earl of Salisbury. In the following years, Jones made drawings for the Earl of Salisbury's New Exchange in the Strand, where work commenced in June 1608,[15] and the central tower of St Paul's Cathedral, displaying a similar practical architectural inexperience and immature handling of themes from sources including Palladio, Serlio and Sangallo. In 1609, having perhaps accompanied Salisbury's son and heir, Viscount Cranborne, around France, he appears as an architectural consultant at Hatfield House, making small modifications to the design as the project progressed, and in 1610, Jones was appointed Surveyor to Prince Henry. He devised the masques the Barriers and the Masque of Oberon for the Prince and was possibly involved in some alterations to St James's Palace.[16]

On 27 April 1613, Jones was appointed the position of Surveyor of the King's Works and shortly after, embarked on a tour of Italy with the Earl of Arundel, destined to become one of the most important patrons in the history of English art. On this trip, Jones was exposed to the architecture of Rome, Padua, Florence, Vicenza, Genoa and Venice among others. His surviving sketchbook shows his preoccupation with such artists as Parmigianino and Andrea Schiavone. He is also known to have met Vincenzo Scamozzi at this time. His annotated copy of Palladio's Quattro libri dell'architettura also demonstrates his close interest in classical architecture: Jones gave priority to Roman antiquity rather than observing the contemporary fashion in Italy. He was probably the first native-born to study these Roman remains first hand and this was key to the new architecture Jones introduced in England and Wales.[3]

Masques edit

Jones worked as a producer and architect for Masques from 1605 to 1640, but his most known work in this field came from his collaboration with poet and playwright Ben Jonson. Having worked together for fifteen years, the two debated and had disagreements about their line of work and about what was most integral in a masque. While Jonson argued that the most important aspect of a masque was the written word that the audience heard, Jones argued that the visual spectacle was the most important aspect, and that what the audience saw was more important.[17] Jones also felt that the architect had just as much creative freedom and rights as the writer or poet of the masque.[18] In defence of this Jones stated that masques were "nothing but pictures with light and motion," making little to note of the words spoken.[19]

Jones's work on masques with Jonson is credited to be one of the first instances of scenery introduced in theatre.[20] In his masques, curtains were used and placed in between the stage and the audience, and they were to be opened to introduce a scene. Jones was also known for using the stage and theatre space in its entirety, putting his actors throughout different parts of the theatre, such as placing them below the stage or elevating them onto a higher platform. Jones's settings on the stage also incorporated different uses of light, experimenting with coloured glasses, screens and oiled paper to create a softer source of light on the stage.[17]

Jones is also known for introducing to English audiences moving scenery through what is called 'machina versatilis', helping to create motion among a stable scene without any noticeable Stagehands and of creating a representation of the ethereal.[19][17]

These elements of stage design and of theatre production would later have influence beyond the English court, as those working in the public stage would take up these ideas and apply them to the early modern stage and for its larger audience.[19]

Architecture edit

 
The Queen's House at Greenwich, facing the River Thames

In September 1615, Jones was appointed Surveyor-General of the King's Works, marking the beginning of Jones's career in earnest. Fortunately, both James I and Charles I spent lavishly on their buildings, contrasting hugely with the economical court of Elizabeth I. As the King's Surveyor, Jones built some of his key buildings in London. In 1616, work began on the Queen's House, Greenwich, for James I's wife, Anne. With the foundations laid and the first storey built, work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619.[21] Jones provided a design for the queen's funeral hearse or catafalque, but it was not implemented.[22] Work at Greenwich resumed in 1629, this time for Charles I's Queen, Henrietta Maria. It was finished in 1635 as the first strictly classical building in England, employing ideas found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome.[23] This is Jones's earliest-surviving work.

 
Interior of the Banqueting House in Whitehall, with its ceiling painted by Rubens

Between 1619 and 1622, the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall was built, a design derived from buildings by Scamozzi and Palladio, to which a ceiling painted by Peter Paul Rubens was added several years later. The Whitehall palace was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage John Webb.[24]

The Queen's Chapel, St. James's Palace, was built between 1623 and 1627, initially for Charles I's proposed bride, the Roman Catholic Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, and then for Charles I's wife, Henrietta Maria of France.[25] Parts of the design originate in the Pantheon of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple. These buildings show the realization of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them.

 
St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden

The other project in which Jones was involved is the design of Covent Garden Square. He was commissioned by the Earl of Bedford to build a residential square, which he did along the lines of the Italian piazza of Livorno.[26] It is the first regularly planned square in London. The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise. He told him to simply erect a "barn" and Jones's oft-quoted response was that his lordship would have "the finest barn in Europe". In the design of St Paul's, Jones faithfully adhered to Vitruvius's design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England. The inside of St Paul's, Covent Garden was gutted by fire in 1795, but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza.[27]

Jones also designed the square of Lincoln's Inn Fields, and a house in the square, the Lindsey House built in 1640, is often attributed to Jones.[28][29] Its design of a rusticated ground floor with giant pilasters above supporting the entablature and balustrade served as a model for other town houses in London such as John Nash's Regent's Park terraces, as well as in other English and Welsh towns such as Bath's Royal Crescent.[30]

Another large project Jones undertook was the repair and remodelling of St Paul's Cathedral. Between the years of 1634 and 1642, Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul's, casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front. Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from Vignola and della Porta's Church of the Gesù with a giant Corinthian portico, the largest of its type north of the Alps, but the church would be destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Also around this time, circa 1638, Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the Palace of Whitehall, but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I's financial and political difficulties.[31]

More than 1000 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certain to be his work. According to architecture historian John Summerson, the modern concept of an architect's artistic responsibility for a building did not exist at that time, and Jones's role in many instances may be that of a civil servant in getting things done rather than as an architect. Jones's contribution to a building may also simply be verbal instructions to a mason or bricklayer and providing an Italian engraving or two as a guide, or the correction of drafts.[32] In the 1630s, Jones was in high demand and, as Surveyor to the King, his services were only available to a very limited circle of people, so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works. Stoke Bruerne Park in Northamptonshire was built by Sir Francis Crane, "receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones", between 1629 and 1635. Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house, this time in Wiltshire. Wilton House was renovated from about 1630 onwards, at times worked on by Jones, then passed on to Isaac de Caus when Jones was too busy with royal clients. He then returned in 1646 with his student, John Webb, to try and complete the project.[27] : 130–132  Contemporary equivalent architects included Sir Balthazar Gerbier and Nicholas Stone.[33]

One of Jones's designs is the "double cube" room at Wilton, and it was also the foundation stone of his status as the father of British architecture. Jones, as the pioneer in his era, had strong influence during their time. His revolutionary ideas even effect beyond the Court circle, and today, many scholars believe that he also started the golden age of British architecture.[34]

Political and civic life edit

On 16 February 1621, in a by-election caused by the ejection of an existing member Sir John Leedes, Jones was elected M.P. in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in West Sussex, a borough constituency controlled by the Earl of Arundel, and sat till the dissolution of that parliament in February 1622. He was named to a committee to improve lighting and increase seating in the House of Commons' chamber, resulting in a new gallery being erected in St Stephen's Chapel during the summer recess and was also responsible for a new ceiling put in the House of Lords chamber in 1623. He also served as a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for the county of Middlesex and borough of Westminster from 1630 until at least 1640. He was made a freeman of the borough of Southampton in 1623[35] and in 1633 was offered, but declined, a knighthood by Charles I.[36]

Later life edit

 
Inigo Jones, by Anthony van Dyck

Jones's full-time career effectively ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 and the seizure of the King's houses in 1643. Jones was captured at the third siege of Basing House in October 1645.[37] Unfortunately, as one of the last great strongholds to the Cavaliers, the great mansion inside was destroyed by Cromwell's army and even the walls were broken into many pieces.[38] His property was later returned to him (c. 1646) but Jones ended his days, unmarried, living in Somerset House. He was, however, closely involved in the design of Coleshill House, in Berkshire, for the Pratt family, which he visited with the young apprentice architect Roger Pratt, to fix a new site for the proposed mansion. He died on 21 June 1652 and was buried with his parents at St Benet's, Paul's Wharf, the Welsh church of the City of London. John Denham and then Christopher Wren followed him as King's Surveyor of Works. A monument dedicated to him in the church, portraying St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings, was destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666.

Legacy edit

Jones was an influence on a number of 18th-century architects, notably Lord Burlington and William Kent. There is an Inigo Jones Road in Charlton, southeast London (SE7), near Charlton House, some of whose features were allegedly designed by him.

A bridge in Llanrwst, North Wales, built in 1636 and named "Pont Fawr" is also known locally as "Pont Inigo Jones" (Inigo Jones's Bridge). He is also said[by whom?] to be responsible for the Masonic "Inigo Jones Manuscript", from around 1607, a document of the Old Charges of Freemasonry.[39][40]

List of architectural works edit

Gallery of architectural works edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Angharad Llwyd, A History of the Island of Mona, Or Anglesey (Ruthin: R. Jones, 1833) 360
  2. ^ Arthur Aitkin, Journal of a Tour Through North Wales (London: J. Johnson, 1797) 108
  3. ^ a b Strickland, Carol; Handy, Amy (2001). The Annotated Arch: A Crash Course in the History of Architecture. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9780740710247. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b Hart, Vaughan (2011). Inigo Jones: The Architect of Kings. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300141498.
  5. ^ Arthur Aitkin, Journal of a Tour Through North Wales and Part of Shropshire (London: J. Johnson, 1797), p. 108.
  6. ^ Richard Llwyd, Beaumaris Bay: the Shores of Menai and the Interior of Snowdonia (Chester: J. Parry, 1832) p. 58.
  7. ^ Colvin, Howard, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects: 1600 to 1840 (1954)
  8. ^ a b Chambers, James (1985). The English House. London: Guild Publishing. p. 75.
  9. ^ See: The Masque of Augurs; The Staple of News; A Tale of a Tub; Love's Welcome at Bolsover. Jonson's follower Richard Brome also took a swipe at Jones in The Weeding of Covent Garden.
  10. ^ Orgel, Steven and Strong, Roy C., Inigo Jones and the theatre of the Stuart Court, 1973
  11. ^ Gotch, A. J., Inigo Jones, 1968
  12. ^ The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc., Palladio and English-American Palladianism 23 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Giles Worsley, Inigo Jones and the European Classical Tradition (Yale, 2007), pp. 6, 8–9.
  14. ^ John Newman, "An Early Drawing by Inigo Jones and a Monument in Shropshire", The Burlington Magazine 115 (843) (June 1973), pp. 360+
  15. ^ Giles Worsley, Inigo Jones and the European Classical Tradition (Yale, 2007), p. 7.
  16. ^ Edward Chaney and Timothy Wilks, The Jacobean Grand Tour: Early Stuart Travellers in Europe (I.B. Tauris: London, 2014), pp. 64–6, 153.
  17. ^ a b c Designs by Inigo Jones for masques & plays at court. Twelfth volume of the Walpole society. The Walpole ad Malone societies. 1924. hdl:2027/miua.1398364.0001.001. Retrieved 14 May 2021 – via HathiTrust.
  18. ^ McKee, Alexander (2007). "Jonson vs. Jones in "Prospero's Books"". Literature/Film Quarterly. 35 (2): 121–128. ISSN 0090-4260. JSTOR 43797345.
  19. ^ a b c Rodgers, Amy (2014). "The Language of Looking: Making Senses Speak in Jonsonian Masque". Renaissance Drama. 42: 29–55. doi:10.1086/674681. S2CID 191446731.
  20. ^ Cunningham, Peter (1848). Inigo Jones.A life of the architect;. Shakespeare society. Publications ;no. 39. London. hdl:2027/yale.39002006874656.
  21. ^ Jemma Field, Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts (Manchester, 2020), pp. 67–8.
  22. ^ Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance stage (Manchester, 2002), pp. 205–8.
  23. ^ Harris, Ann Sutherland (2005). Seventeenth-century Art and Architecture. Laurence King Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 9781856694155. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  24. ^ Howarth, David (1997). Images of Rule: Art and Politics in the English Renaissance, 1485–1649. University of California Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780520209916.
  25. ^ "Queen's Chapel". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  26. ^ "Survey of London: volume 36 – Covent Garden". british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  27. ^ a b Summers on, John; Sir, John Newnham Summer son (1993). Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830. Yale University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 9780300058864.
  28. ^ Steen Eiler Rasmussen (1988). London: The Unique City (Revised ed.). MIT Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0262680271.
  29. ^ Anthony Sutcliffe (12 May 2006). London: An Architectural History. Yale University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0300110067.
  30. ^ Nikolaus Pevsner (1970). An outline of European architecture. Penguin Books. p. 310. ISBN 978-0140201093.
  31. ^ Jones, Nigel R. (2005). Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780313318504.
  32. ^ John Summerson (1945). Georgian London (1978 Revised ed.). Penguin Books. p. 34.
  33. ^ McNay, Michael (2015). Hidden Treasures of London. Penguin Random House. p. 103. ISBN 9781847946171.
  34. ^ Parry, Graham (1981). The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603–42. Manchester University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9780719008252. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  35. ^ "History of Parliament article by Paul Honeyball".
  36. ^ "Jones, Inigo (1573–1652), architect and theatre designer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  37. ^ Blomfield, Reginald (2017). A short History of Renaissance Architecture in England 1500–1800. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 86. ISBN 9789925066025. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  38. ^ Rakoczy, Lila (2007), Archaeology of destruction: a reinterpretation of castle slightings in the English Civil War (phd), University of York (PhD thesis), p. 121  
  39. ^ [1] 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ^ "MASONIC MANUSCRIPTS | INIGO JONES – 1725c". freemasons-freemasonry.com.
  41. ^ Standford E. Lehrberg. Cathedrals Under Siege: Cathedrals in English Society, 1600–1700. Penn State University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780271044200.
  42. ^ The list is based on, Inigo Jones, John Summerson, 2nd edition 2000, Yale University Press

Sources edit

  • Anderson, Christy (2007). Inigo Jones and the classical tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82027-1. OCLC 67375135.
  • Chaney, Edward (1998). The evolution of the grand tour: Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4577-X. OCLC 38304358.
  • Edward, Chaney (2003). "Evelyn, Inigo Jones, and the Collector Earl of Arundel". In Harris, Frances; Hunter, Michael (eds.). John Evelyn and his milieu. London: British Library. pp. 37–60. ISBN 978-0-7123-6360-0. OCLC 645917819.
  • Edward, Chaney (2006). Inigo Jones's "Roman sketchbook". London: Roxburghe Club. ISBN 0-901953-12-1. OCLC 76978073.
  • Chaney, Edward (2011). "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian". In Marshall, David Ryley; Russell, Susan; Wolfe, Karin Elizabeth (eds.). Roma Britannica : art patronage and cultural exchange in eighteenth-century Rome. London: British School at Rome. pp. 147–170. ISBN 978-0-904152-55-5. OCLC 731728128.
  • Chaney, Edward; Wilks, Timothy (2013). The Jacobean Grand Tour: Early Stuart Travellers in Europe. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-531-7. OCLC 892799515.
  • Colvin, Howard, "A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects: 1600 to 1840", 1954
  • Gotch, A J, "Inigo Jones", 1968.
  • Hart, Vaughan (1994). Art and magic in the court of the Stuarts. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-20078-0. OCLC 243606208.
  • Hart, Vaughan (1995). "Imperial Seat or Ecumenical Temple? On Inigo Jones's use of 'Decorum' at St Paul's Cathedral". Architectura. 25 (2): 194–213.
  • Hart, Vaughan (2011). Inigo Jones: the architect of kings. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14149-8. OCLC 706965857.
  • Hart, Vaughan; Tucker, Richard (March 2001). ""Immaginacy Set Free": Aristotelian Ethics and Inigo Jones's Banqueting House at Whitehall". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 39: 151–167. doi:10.1086/RESv39n1ms20167527. ISSN 0277-1322. S2CID 169066726.
  • Hart, Vaughan; Tucker, Richard (2002). "Ornament and the work of Inigo Jones". Architectura. 32: 36–52.
  • Leapman, Michael (2003). Inigo: the troubled life of Inigo Jones, architect of the English Renaissance. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7553-1002-0. OCLC 52358668.
  • Orgel, Stephen; Strong, Roy C. (1973). The theatre of the Stuart Court : including the complete designs for productions at court, for the most part in the Collection of the Duke of Devonshire, together with their texts and historical documentation. London: Sotheby Parke Bernet. ISBN 0-520-02469-9. OCLC 873803.
  • Worsley, Giles (2007). Inigo Jones and the European classicist tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11729-5. OCLC 61821817.

External links edit

inigo, jones, this, article, about, architect, british, general, british, army, officer, meteorologist, farmer, inigo, owen, jones, possibly, born, ynyr, jones, july, 1573, june, 1652, first, significant, architect, england, early, modern, period, first, emplo. This article is about the architect For the British general see Inigo Jones British Army officer For the meteorologist and farmer see Inigo Owen Jones Inigo Jones ˈ ɪ n ɪ ɡ oʊ possibly born Ynyr Jones 1 2 15 July 1573 21 June 1652 was the first significant 3 architect in England in the early modern period and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings 4 As the most notable architect in England 4 Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings such as the Queen s House which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style and the Banqueting House Whitehall as well as the layout for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End He made major contributions to stage design by his work as a theatrical designer for several dozen masques most by royal command and many in collaboration with Ben Jonson Inigo JonesPortrait of Inigo Jones painted by William Hogarth in 1758 from a 1636 painting by Sir Anthony van DyckBorn15 July 1573London EnglandDied21 June 1652 1652 06 21 aged 78 Somerset House London EnglandNationalityEnglishOccupationArchitectBuildingsBanqueting House WhitehallQueen s HouseWilton HouseCovent Garden Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Masques 3 Architecture 4 Political and civic life 5 Later life 6 Legacy 7 List of architectural works 8 Gallery of architectural works 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 External linksEarly life and career edit nbsp Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack 1725Beyond that he was born in Smithfield London as the son of clothworker Inigo Jones Snr and baptised at the church of St Bartholomew the Less little is known about Jones s early years Later Welsh sources claim that the family was from Wales and even that Inigo was originally named Ynir or Ynyr Jones 5 6 But no records from his own time indicate any family ties to Wales He did not approach the architectural profession in the traditional way namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works although there is evidence that Christopher Wren obtained information that recorded Jones as an apprentice joiner in St Paul s Churchyard 7 At some point before 1603 a rich patron possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by the quality of his sketches From Italy he travelled to Denmark where he worked for Christian IV on the design of the palaces of Rosenborg and Frederiksborg 8 nbsp A masque costume for a knight designed by Inigo JonesJones first became famous as a designer of costumes and stage settings especially after he brought masques to the stage Under the patronage of Queen Anne of Denmark the consort of King James I 8 he is credited with introducing movable scenery and the proscenium arch to English theatre Between 1605 and 1640 he was responsible for staging over 500 performances collaborating with Ben Jonson for many years despite a relationship fraught with competition and jealousy the two had arguments about whether stage design or literature was more important in theatre Jonson ridiculed Jones in a series of his works written over two decades 9 Over 450 drawings for the scenery and costumes survive demonstrating Jones s virtuosity as a draughtsman and his development between 1605 and 1609 from initially showing no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship to exhibiting an accomplished Italianate manner 10 and understanding of Italian set design particularly that of Alfonso and Giulio Parigi This development suggests a second visit to Italy c 1606 11 influenced by the ambassador Henry Wotton Jones learned to speak Italian fluently and there is evidence that he owned an Italian copy of Andrea Palladio s I quattro libri dell architettura with marginalia that refer to Wotton His architectural work was particularly influenced by Palladio 12 To a lesser extent he also held to the architectural principles of the ancient Roman writer Vitruvius Jones s first recorded architectural design is for a monument to Frances Lady Cotton commissioned by Rowland Cotton c 1608 1611 13 at Norton in Hales Shropshire showing early signs of his classical intentions 14 In July 1606 Jones made scenery for a masque at Theobalds for the Earl of Salisbury In the following years Jones made drawings for the Earl of Salisbury s New Exchange in the Strand where work commenced in June 1608 15 and the central tower of St Paul s Cathedral displaying a similar practical architectural inexperience and immature handling of themes from sources including Palladio Serlio and Sangallo In 1609 having perhaps accompanied Salisbury s son and heir Viscount Cranborne around France he appears as an architectural consultant at Hatfield House making small modifications to the design as the project progressed and in 1610 Jones was appointed Surveyor to Prince Henry He devised the masques the Barriers and the Masque of Oberon for the Prince and was possibly involved in some alterations to St James s Palace 16 On 27 April 1613 Jones was appointed the position of Surveyor of the King s Works and shortly after embarked on a tour of Italy with the Earl of Arundel destined to become one of the most important patrons in the history of English art On this trip Jones was exposed to the architecture of Rome Padua Florence Vicenza Genoa and Venice among others His surviving sketchbook shows his preoccupation with such artists as Parmigianino and Andrea Schiavone He is also known to have met Vincenzo Scamozzi at this time His annotated copy of Palladio s Quattro libri dell architettura also demonstrates his close interest in classical architecture Jones gave priority to Roman antiquity rather than observing the contemporary fashion in Italy He was probably the first native born to study these Roman remains first hand and this was key to the new architecture Jones introduced in England and Wales 3 Masques editJones worked as a producer and architect for Masques from 1605 to 1640 but his most known work in this field came from his collaboration with poet and playwright Ben Jonson Having worked together for fifteen years the two debated and had disagreements about their line of work and about what was most integral in a masque While Jonson argued that the most important aspect of a masque was the written word that the audience heard Jones argued that the visual spectacle was the most important aspect and that what the audience saw was more important 17 Jones also felt that the architect had just as much creative freedom and rights as the writer or poet of the masque 18 In defence of this Jones stated that masques were nothing but pictures with light and motion making little to note of the words spoken 19 Jones s work on masques with Jonson is credited to be one of the first instances of scenery introduced in theatre 20 In his masques curtains were used and placed in between the stage and the audience and they were to be opened to introduce a scene Jones was also known for using the stage and theatre space in its entirety putting his actors throughout different parts of the theatre such as placing them below the stage or elevating them onto a higher platform Jones s settings on the stage also incorporated different uses of light experimenting with coloured glasses screens and oiled paper to create a softer source of light on the stage 17 Jones is also known for introducing to English audiences moving scenery through what is called machina versatilis helping to create motion among a stable scene without any noticeable Stagehands and of creating a representation of the ethereal 19 17 These elements of stage design and of theatre production would later have influence beyond the English court as those working in the public stage would take up these ideas and apply them to the early modern stage and for its larger audience 19 Architecture edit nbsp The Queen s House at Greenwich facing the River ThamesIn September 1615 Jones was appointed Surveyor General of the King s Works marking the beginning of Jones s career in earnest Fortunately both James I and Charles I spent lavishly on their buildings contrasting hugely with the economical court of Elizabeth I As the King s Surveyor Jones built some of his key buildings in London In 1616 work began on the Queen s House Greenwich for James I s wife Anne With the foundations laid and the first storey built work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619 21 Jones provided a design for the queen s funeral hearse or catafalque but it was not implemented 22 Work at Greenwich resumed in 1629 this time for Charles I s Queen Henrietta Maria It was finished in 1635 as the first strictly classical building in England employing ideas found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome 23 This is Jones s earliest surviving work nbsp Interior of the Banqueting House in Whitehall with its ceiling painted by RubensBetween 1619 and 1622 the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall was built a design derived from buildings by Scamozzi and Palladio to which a ceiling painted by Peter Paul Rubens was added several years later The Whitehall palace was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage John Webb 24 The Queen s Chapel St James s Palace was built between 1623 and 1627 initially for Charles I s proposed bride the Roman Catholic Infanta Maria Anna of Spain and then for Charles I s wife Henrietta Maria of France 25 Parts of the design originate in the Pantheon of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple These buildings show the realization of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them nbsp St Paul s Church Covent GardenThe other project in which Jones was involved is the design of Covent Garden Square He was commissioned by the Earl of Bedford to build a residential square which he did along the lines of the Italian piazza of Livorno 26 It is the first regularly planned square in London The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise He told him to simply erect a barn and Jones s oft quoted response was that his lordship would have the finest barn in Europe In the design of St Paul s Jones faithfully adhered to Vitruvius s design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England The inside of St Paul s Covent Garden was gutted by fire in 1795 but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza 27 Jones also designed the square of Lincoln s Inn Fields and a house in the square the Lindsey House built in 1640 is often attributed to Jones 28 29 Its design of a rusticated ground floor with giant pilasters above supporting the entablature and balustrade served as a model for other town houses in London such as John Nash s Regent s Park terraces as well as in other English and Welsh towns such as Bath s Royal Crescent 30 Another large project Jones undertook was the repair and remodelling of St Paul s Cathedral Between the years of 1634 and 1642 Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul s casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from Vignola and della Porta s Church of the Gesu with a giant Corinthian portico the largest of its type north of the Alps but the church would be destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 Also around this time circa 1638 Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the Palace of Whitehall but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I s financial and political difficulties 31 More than 1000 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certain to be his work According to architecture historian John Summerson the modern concept of an architect s artistic responsibility for a building did not exist at that time and Jones s role in many instances may be that of a civil servant in getting things done rather than as an architect Jones s contribution to a building may also simply be verbal instructions to a mason or bricklayer and providing an Italian engraving or two as a guide or the correction of drafts 32 In the 1630s Jones was in high demand and as Surveyor to the King his services were only available to a very limited circle of people so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works Stoke Bruerne Park in Northamptonshire was built by Sir Francis Crane receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones between 1629 and 1635 Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house this time in Wiltshire Wilton House was renovated from about 1630 onwards at times worked on by Jones then passed on to Isaac de Caus when Jones was too busy with royal clients He then returned in 1646 with his student John Webb to try and complete the project 27 130 132 Contemporary equivalent architects included Sir Balthazar Gerbier and Nicholas Stone 33 One of Jones s designs is the double cube room at Wilton and it was also the foundation stone of his status as the father of British architecture Jones as the pioneer in his era had strong influence during their time His revolutionary ideas even effect beyond the Court circle and today many scholars believe that he also started the golden age of British architecture 34 Political and civic life editOn 16 February 1621 in a by election caused by the ejection of an existing member Sir John Leedes Jones was elected M P in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in West Sussex a borough constituency controlled by the Earl of Arundel and sat till the dissolution of that parliament in February 1622 He was named to a committee to improve lighting and increase seating in the House of Commons chamber resulting in a new gallery being erected in St Stephen s Chapel during the summer recess and was also responsible for a new ceiling put in the House of Lords chamber in 1623 He also served as a Justice of the Peace J P for the county of Middlesex and borough of Westminster from 1630 until at least 1640 He was made a freeman of the borough of Southampton in 1623 35 and in 1633 was offered but declined a knighthood by Charles I 36 Later life edit nbsp Inigo Jones by Anthony van DyckJones s full time career effectively ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 and the seizure of the King s houses in 1643 Jones was captured at the third siege of Basing House in October 1645 37 Unfortunately as one of the last great strongholds to the Cavaliers the great mansion inside was destroyed by Cromwell s army and even the walls were broken into many pieces 38 His property was later returned to him c 1646 but Jones ended his days unmarried living in Somerset House He was however closely involved in the design of Coleshill House in Berkshire for the Pratt family which he visited with the young apprentice architect Roger Pratt to fix a new site for the proposed mansion He died on 21 June 1652 and was buried with his parents at St Benet s Paul s Wharf the Welsh church of the City of London John Denham and then Christopher Wren followed him as King s Surveyor of Works A monument dedicated to him in the church portraying St Paul s Cathedral and other buildings was destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666 Legacy editJones was an influence on a number of 18th century architects notably Lord Burlington and William Kent There is an Inigo Jones Road in Charlton southeast London SE7 near Charlton House some of whose features were allegedly designed by him A bridge in Llanrwst North Wales built in 1636 and named Pont Fawr is also known locally as Pont Inigo Jones Inigo Jones s Bridge He is also said by whom to be responsible for the Masonic Inigo Jones Manuscript from around 1607 a document of the Old Charges of Freemasonry 39 40 List of architectural works editDesign for the completion of the central tower old St Paul s Cathedral not executed c 1608 Design for the New Exchange in the Strand London not executed c 1608 The Queen s House Greenwich 1616 1619 work suspended on the death of Anne of Denmark completed 1630 1635 for Henrietta Maria of France Design for the Star Chamber building not executed 1617 Gateway at Oatlands Palace 1617 now at Chiswick House Gateway at Arundel House 1618 demolished Banqueting House Whitehall 1619 22 Prince s Lodging Newmarket for Henry Frederick Prince of Wales 1619 demolished The Queen s Chapel St James s Palace 1623 27 for Henrietta Maria of France Fort Amsterdam 1625 The Dutch East India Company asked Jones to design a stone fortification on the Hudson River which he did but the fort was built by Cryn Fredericks out of wood instead and was torn down in 1790 The Cockpit Theatre Palace of Whitehall 1629 demolished Stoke Park Pavilions Northamptonshire attributed c 1629 35 Somerset House Chapel 1630 35 demolished Covent Garden London houses on the north and east side as well as St Paul s Covent Garden on the west 1631 1637 only the church survives Old St Paul s Cathedral new west front and remodelling of the nave and transepts 1634 42 destroyed in the Great Fire of London Wilton House Wiltshire 1636 40 the interior burnt c 1647 rebuilt to the designs of John Webb 1648 Sir Peter Killigrew s House Blackfriars London 1630s not known if built Palace of Whitehall various schemes for the complete rebuilding of the palace c 1637 39 Lord Maltravers s House Lothbury London 1638 if built destroyed in the Great Fire of London Temple Bar London design for a triumphal arch not executed 1638 Screen in Winchester Cathedral c 1638 removed by the dean in 1820 and its central portion is now found in the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Cambridge incorporated into the building as an architectural feature 41 Design for a row of houses in Lothbury for Thomas Howard 21st Earl of Arundel c 1638 destroyed in the Great Fire of London Lindsey House Lincoln s Inn Fields now numbers 59 amp 60 attributed c 1638 40 42 Milton Manor House Milton Abingdon Oxfordshire Coleshill House Berkshire designed by Jones and executed by Roger Pratt Gallery of architectural works edit nbsp Banqueting House Whitehall nbsp Banqueting House Whitehall nbsp Detail of the Banqueting House Whitehall nbsp Interior looking north Banqueting House Whitehall nbsp Ceiling with Rubens paintings Banqueting House Whitehall nbsp Design to rebuild Whitehall Palace nbsp West front nave and transepts Old St Paul s Cathedral as remodelled by Jones nbsp North front The Queen s House Greenwich nbsp South front The Queen s House Greenwich nbsp South front The Queen s House Greenwich nbsp Great Hall The Queen s House Greenwich nbsp Tulip Stair The Queen s House Greenwich nbsp Plan The Queen s House Greenwich nbsp Covent Garden nbsp St Paul s Covent Garden nbsp Gateway from Oatlands now at Chiswick House nbsp Wilton House Wiltshire nbsp Rolls Chapel and Rolls House now part of Maughan Library King s College London nbsp Queen s Chapel St James Palace London nbsp Stoke Park attributedSee also edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp Biography portal nbsp London portalList of architects Lists of people from LondonReferences edit Angharad Llwyd A History of the Island of Mona Or Anglesey Ruthin R Jones 1833 360 Arthur Aitkin Journal of a Tour Through North Wales London J Johnson 1797 108 a b Strickland Carol Handy Amy 2001 The Annotated Arch A Crash Course in the History of Architecture Andrews McMeel Publishing p 67 ISBN 9780740710247 Retrieved 17 December 2018 a b Hart Vaughan 2011 Inigo Jones The Architect of Kings Yale University Press ISBN 9780300141498 Arthur Aitkin Journal of a Tour Through North Wales and Part of Shropshire London J Johnson 1797 p 108 Richard Llwyd Beaumaris Bay the Shores of Menai and the Interior of Snowdonia Chester J Parry 1832 p 58 Colvin Howard A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600 to 1840 1954 a b Chambers James 1985 The English House London Guild Publishing p 75 See The Masque of Augurs The Staple of News A Tale of a Tub Love s Welcome at Bolsover Jonson s follower Richard Brome also took a swipe at Jones in The Weeding of Covent Garden Orgel Steven and Strong Roy C Inigo Jones and the theatre of the Stuart Court 1973 Gotch A J Inigo Jones 1968 The Center for Palladian Studies in America Inc Palladio and English American Palladianism Archived 23 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Giles Worsley Inigo Jones and the European Classical Tradition Yale 2007 pp 6 8 9 John Newman An Early Drawing by Inigo Jones and a Monument in Shropshire The Burlington Magazine 115 843 June 1973 pp 360 Giles Worsley Inigo Jones and the European Classical Tradition Yale 2007 p 7 Edward Chaney and Timothy Wilks The Jacobean Grand Tour Early Stuart Travellers in Europe I B Tauris London 2014 pp 64 6 153 a b c Designs by Inigo Jones for masques amp plays at court Twelfth volume of the Walpole society The Walpole ad Malone societies 1924 hdl 2027 miua 1398364 0001 001 Retrieved 14 May 2021 via HathiTrust McKee Alexander 2007 Jonson vs Jones in Prospero s Books Literature Film Quarterly 35 2 121 128 ISSN 0090 4260 JSTOR 43797345 a b c Rodgers Amy 2014 The Language of Looking Making Senses Speak in Jonsonian Masque Renaissance Drama 42 29 55 doi 10 1086 674681 S2CID 191446731 Cunningham Peter 1848 Inigo Jones A life of the architect Shakespeare society Publications no 39 London hdl 2027 yale 39002006874656 Jemma Field Anna of Denmark The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts Manchester 2020 pp 67 8 Clare McManus Women on the Renaissance stage Manchester 2002 pp 205 8 Harris Ann Sutherland 2005 Seventeenth century Art and Architecture Laurence King Publishing p 396 ISBN 9781856694155 Retrieved 17 December 2018 Howarth David 1997 Images of Rule Art and Politics in the English Renaissance 1485 1649 University of California Press p 47 ISBN 9780520209916 Queen s Chapel National Heritage List for England Historic England Retrieved 15 March 2020 Survey of London volume 36 Covent Garden british history ac uk Retrieved 27 July 2010 a b Summers on John Sir John Newnham Summer son 1993 Architecture in Britain 1530 to 1830 Yale University Press pp 124 126 ISBN 9780300058864 Steen Eiler Rasmussen 1988 London The Unique City Revised ed MIT Press p 86 ISBN 978 0262680271 Anthony Sutcliffe 12 May 2006 London An Architectural History Yale University Press p 81 ISBN 978 0300110067 Nikolaus Pevsner 1970 An outline of European architecture Penguin Books p 310 ISBN 978 0140201093 Jones Nigel R 2005 Architecture of England Scotland and Wales Greenwood Publishing Group pp 11 12 ISBN 9780313318504 John Summerson 1945 Georgian London 1978 Revised ed Penguin Books p 34 McNay Michael 2015 Hidden Treasures of London Penguin Random House p 103 ISBN 9781847946171 Parry Graham 1981 The Golden Age Restor d The Culture of the Stuart Court 1603 42 Manchester University Press pp 153 154 ISBN 9780719008252 Retrieved 17 December 2018 History of Parliament article by Paul Honeyball Jones Inigo 1573 1652 architect and theatre designer Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press 2004 doi 10 1093 ref odnb 15017 Subscription or UK public library membership required Blomfield Reginald 2017 A short History of Renaissance Architecture in England 1500 1800 BoD Books on Demand p 86 ISBN 9789925066025 Retrieved 17 December 2018 Rakoczy Lila 2007 Archaeology of destruction a reinterpretation of castle slightings in the English Civil War phd University of York PhD thesis p 121 nbsp 1 Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine MASONIC MANUSCRIPTS INIGO JONES 1725c freemasons freemasonry com Standford E Lehrberg Cathedrals Under Siege Cathedrals in English Society 1600 1700 Penn State University Press pp 18 19 ISBN 9780271044200 The list is based on Inigo Jones John Summerson 2nd edition 2000 Yale University PressSources editAnderson Christy 2007 Inigo Jones and the classical tradition Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82027 1 OCLC 67375135 Chaney Edward 1998 The evolution of the grand tour Anglo Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance London Frank Cass ISBN 0 7146 4577 X OCLC 38304358 Edward Chaney 2003 Evelyn Inigo Jones and the Collector Earl of Arundel In Harris Frances Hunter Michael eds John Evelyn and his milieu London British Library pp 37 60 ISBN 978 0 7123 6360 0 OCLC 645917819 Edward Chaney 2006 Inigo Jones s Roman sketchbook London Roxburghe Club ISBN 0 901953 12 1 OCLC 76978073 Chaney Edward 2011 Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian In Marshall David Ryley Russell Susan Wolfe Karin Elizabeth eds Roma Britannica art patronage and cultural exchange in eighteenth century Rome London British School at Rome pp 147 170 ISBN 978 0 904152 55 5 OCLC 731728128 Chaney Edward Wilks Timothy 2013 The Jacobean Grand Tour Early Stuart Travellers in Europe London I B Tauris ISBN 978 0 85773 531 7 OCLC 892799515 Colvin Howard A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600 to 1840 1954 Gotch A J Inigo Jones 1968 Hart Vaughan 1994 Art and magic in the court of the Stuarts London Routledge ISBN 0 203 20078 0 OCLC 243606208 Hart Vaughan 1995 Imperial Seat or Ecumenical Temple On Inigo Jones s use of Decorum at St Paul s Cathedral Architectura 25 2 194 213 Hart Vaughan 2011 Inigo Jones the architect of kings New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 14149 8 OCLC 706965857 Hart Vaughan Tucker Richard March 2001 Immaginacy Set Free Aristotelian Ethics and Inigo Jones s Banqueting House at Whitehall Res Anthropology and Aesthetics 39 151 167 doi 10 1086 RESv39n1ms20167527 ISSN 0277 1322 S2CID 169066726 Hart Vaughan Tucker Richard 2002 Ornament and the work of Inigo Jones Architectura 32 36 52 Leapman Michael 2003 Inigo the troubled life of Inigo Jones architect of the English Renaissance London Headline Book Publishing ISBN 0 7553 1002 0 OCLC 52358668 Orgel Stephen Strong Roy C 1973 The theatre of the Stuart Court including the complete designs for productions at court for the most part in the Collection of the Duke of Devonshire together with their texts and historical documentation London Sotheby Parke Bernet ISBN 0 520 02469 9 OCLC 873803 Worsley Giles 2007 Inigo Jones and the European classicist tradition New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 11729 5 OCLC 61821817 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inigo Jones nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Jones Inigo Jones Inigo Dictionary of National Biography London Smith Elder amp Co 1885 1900 Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Inigo Jones Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Biography of Inigo Jones Royal Institute of British Architects Oxford Dictionary of National Biography An Early Drawing by Inigo Jones and a monument in Shropshire permanent dead link The Burlington Magazine Vol 115 No 843 June 1973 Inigo Jones at the National Portrait Gallery London Inigo Jones Tulip Stairs Queen s House Greenwich photo gallery at Atlas Obscura H Flitcroft H Hulsbergh I Cole P Fourdrinier The designs of Inigo Jones consisting of plans and elevations for publick and private buildings 1727 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inigo Jones amp oldid 1194471490, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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