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Mount Ararat

May 04, 2023

This article is about the place in Turkey. For other uses, see Mount Ararat (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Mount Arayat or Mount Arafat.

Mount Ararat (/ˈærəræt/, ARR-ə-rat), also known as Mount Ağrı (Turkish: Ağrı Dağı), is a snow-capped and dormant compound volcano in the extreme east of Turkey. It consists of two major volcanic cones: Greater Ararat and Little Ararat. Greater Ararat is the highest peak in Turkey and the Armenian Highland with an elevation of 5,137 m (16,854 ft); Little Ararat's elevation is 3,896 m (12,782 ft).[3] The Ararat massif is about 35 km (22 mi) wide at ground base.[4] The first recorded efforts to reach Ararat's summit were made in the Middle Ages, and Friedrich Parrot, Khachatur Abovian, and four others made the first recorded ascent in 1829.

Mount Ararat

Little Ararat (left) and Greater Ararat (right); View from Yerevan, Armenia
Highest point
Elevation5,137 m (16,854 ft)
See Elevation section
Prominence3,611 m (11,847 ft)[1]
Ranked 48th
Isolation379 km (235 mi) 
ListingCountry high point
Ultra
Volcanic Seven Second Summits
Coordinates39°42′07″N 44°17′54″E / 39.70194°N 44.29833°E / 39.70194; 44.29833Coordinates: 39°42′07″N 44°17′54″E / 39.70194°N 44.29833°E / 39.70194; 44.29833
Naming
Native nameAğrı Dağı (Turkish)
Geography
Mount Ararat
Location in Turkey
Mount Ararat
Mount Ararat (Armenia)
Mount Ararat
Mount Ararat (Near East)
Mount Ararat
Mount Ararat (Earth)
LocationIğdır and Ağrı provinces, Turkey
RegionEastern Anatolia Region
Parent rangeArmenian Highlands
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruptionJuly 2, 1840
Climbing
First ascent9 October [O.S. 27 September] 1829
Friedrich Parrot, Khachatur Abovian, two Russian soldiers, two Armenian villagers
Designations
IUCN Category II (National Park)
Official nameAğrı Dağı Milli Parkı
Designated1 November 2004[2]

In Europe, the mountain has been called by the name Ararat since the Middle Ages, as it began to be identified with "mountains of Ararat" described in the Bible as the resting place of Noah's Ark, despite contention that Genesis 8:4 does not refer specifically to a Mount Ararat.

Despite lying outside the borders of modern Armenia, the mountain is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It is featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark. In Armenian, it is traditionally called Masis (Armenian: Մասիս).

Political borders

Mount Ararat forms a near-quadripoint between Turkey, Armenia, Iran, and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan. Its summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of both the Iranian border and the border of the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, and 32 km (20 mi) south of the Armenian border. The Turkish-Armenian-Azerbaijani and Turkish-Iranian-Azerbaijani tripoints are some 8 km (5 mi) apart, separated by a narrow strip of Turkish territory containing the E99 road which enters Nakhchivan at 39°39′19″N 44°48′12″E / 39.6553°N 44.8034°E / 39.6553; 44.8034.

From the 16th century until 1828 the range was part of the Ottoman-Persian border; Great Ararat's summit and the northern slopes, along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were controlled by Persia. Following the 1826–28 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian Empire. Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish, Persian, and Russian imperial frontiers converged.[5] The current international boundaries were formed throughout the 20th century. The mountain came under Turkish control during the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War.[6] It formally became part of Turkey according to the 1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars.[7] In the late 1920s, Turkey crossed the Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion,[8] during which the Kurdish rebels used the area as a safe haven against the Turkish state.[9] Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to Turkey in a territorial exchange.[8][10] The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat, the lower peak of the Ararat massif.

As of 2004 the mountain is open to climbers only with "military permission". The procedure to obtain the permission involves submitting a formal request to a Turkish embassy for a special "Ararat visa", and it is mandatory to hire an official guide from the Turkish Federation for Alpinism. Access is still limited, even for climbers who obtain the necessary permission, and those who venture off the approved path may be fired upon without warning.[11]

Names and etymology

 
View from the Araratian plain near the city of Artashat, Armenia.
 
Closeup of Greater Ararat
 
Closeup of Lesser Ararat
 
View from Turkey

Ararat

Ararat (Western Armenian pronunciation: Ararad) is the Biblical Hebrew name (אררט ʾrrṭ; Tiberian vocalization אֲרָרָט ʾărārāṭ; Pesher Genesis הוררט hōrārāṭ),[12] cognate with Assyrian Urartu,[13] of a kingdom that existed in the Armenian Highlands in the 9th–6th centuries BC.

In the 19th century Wilhelm Gesenius speculated an origin from Arjanwartah, an unattested Sanskrit word without any clear cognates, supposedly meaning "holy ground."[14][15] Some Armenian historians, such as Ashot Melkonyan, link the origin of the word "Ararat" to the prefix of a number of placenames in the Armenian Highland ("ar–"), including the Armenians.[16][17] The mountain is known as Ararat in European languages,[18][19] however, none of the native peoples have traditionally referred to the mountain by that name.[20] This mountain was not called by the name Ararat until the Middle Ages; early Armenian historians considered the biblical Ararat to be in Corduene.[21][22]

Masis

The traditional Armenian name is Masis (Մասիս [maˈsis]; sometimes Massis).[23][20] However, nowadays, the terms Masis and Ararat are both widely, often interchangeably, used in Armenian.[24][a] The folk etymology expressed in Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia derives the name from king Amasya, the great-grandson of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk, who is said to have called the mountain Masis after himself.[29][30]

Various etymologies have been proposed. Russian orientalist Anatoly Novoseltsev suggested that Masis derives from Middle Persian masist, "the largest."[31] According to Armenian historian Sargis Petrosyan the mas root in Masis means "mountain", cf. Proto-Indo-European *mņs-.[30] According to archaeologist Armen Petrosyan, the name originates from the Māšu (Mashu) mountain mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which sounded like Māsu in Assyrian.[32] According to this theory, the name meant "twin," referring to the twin peaks of the mountain. Erkuahi, a land mentioned in Urartian texts and identified with Mt. Ararat, could reflect the native Armenian-language form of this same name (compare to Armenian erku (երկու, meaning "two")).[33]

Today, both Ararat and Masis are common male first names among Armenians.[34]

Ağrı and Agirî

The Turkish name is Ağrı Dağı[35] ([aːɾɯ da.ɯ]; Ottoman Turkish: اغـر طﺎﻍ Ağır Dağ), i.e. "Mountain of Ağrı". Ağrı literally translates to "pain" or "sorrow".[18][31][36][37] This name has been known since the late Middle Ages.[31] The 17th century explorer Evliya Çelebi referred to it as Ağrî in the Seyahatnâme.[38]

The Kurdish name of the mountain is Çiyayê Agirî[39][40] [t͡ʃɪjaːˈje aːgɪˈriː], which translates to "fiery mountain".[41] An alternative Kurdish name is Grîdax, which is composed of the word grî, presumably a corrupted version of the Kurdish girê, meaning hill, or Agirî, and dax, which is the Turkish dağ, meaning mountain.[42]

Despite the supposed meaning in Turkish Ağrı Dağı as "pain mountain" and Kurdish Çiyayê Agirî as "fiery mountain", some linguists underline a relationship between the mountain's name and a village on its slopes called Ağori that was decimated after a landslide in 1840. The exact meaning of these related names remains unknown.[38]

Other names

The traditional Persian name is کوه نوح, [ˈkuːhe ˈnuːh], Kūh-e Nūḥ,[5] literally the "mountain of Noah".[18][23]

In classical antiquity, particularly in Strabo's Geographica, the peaks of Ararat were known in ancient Greek as Ἄβος (Abos) and Νίβαρος (Nibaros).[b]

Geography

Mount Ararat is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey between the provinces of Ağrı and Iğdır, near the border with Iran, Armenia and Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, between the Aras and Murat rivers.[47] The Serdarbulak lava plateau, at 2600 meters of elevation, separates the peaks of Greater and Little Ararat.[48] Mount Ararat's summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of the Turkey-Iran border and 32 km (20 mi) south of the Turco-Armenian border. The Ararat plain runs along its northwest to western side.

Elevation

Ararat is the third most prominent mountain in West Asia.

An elevation of 5,165 m (16,946 ft) for Mount Ararat is given by some encyclopedias and reference works such as Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary and Encyclopedia of World Geography.[49][50][51][52] However, a number of sources, such as the United States Geological Survey and numerous topographic maps indicate that the alternatively widespread figure of 5,137 m (16,854 ft) is probably more accurate.[53][54] The current elevation may be as low as 5,125 m (16,814 ft) due to the melting of its snow-covered ice cap.[55]

 
Mount Ararat 3D

Summit ice cap

See also: Climate change in Turkey

The ice cap on the summit of Mount Ararat has been shrinking since at least 1957. In the late 1950s, Blumenthal observed that there existed 11 outlet glaciers emerging from a summit snow mass that covered about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi).[56] At that time, it was found that the present glaciers on the summit of Ararat extend as low as an elevation of 3,900 meters (12,800 ft) on the north-facing slope, and an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft) on its south-facing slope.[56] Using pre-existing aerial imagery and remote sensing data, Sarıkaya and others studied the extent of the ice cap on Mount Ararat between 1976 and 2011.[39][57] They discovered that this ice cap had shrunk to 8.0 km2 (3.1 sq mi) by 1976 and to 5.7 km2 (2.2 sq mi) by 2011. They calculated that between 1976 and 2011, the ice cap on top of Mount Ararat had lost 29% of its total area at an average rate of ice loss of 0.07 km2 (0.027 sq mi) per year over 35 years. This rate is consistent with the general rates of retreat of other Turkish summit glaciers and ice caps that have been documented by other studies.[57] According to a 2020 study by Yalcin, "if the glacial withdrawals continue with the same acceleration, the permanent glacier will likely turn into a temporary glacier by 2065."[58]

Blumenthal estimated that the snow line had been as low as 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) in elevation during the Late Pleistocene.[56] Such a snow line would have created an ice cap of 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in extent. However, he observed a lack of any clear evidence of prehistoric moraines other than those which were close to the 1958 glacier tongues. Blumenthal explained the absence of such moraines by the lack of confining ridges to control glaciers, insufficient debris load in the ice to form moraines, and their burial by later eruptions. Years later, Birman observed on the south-facing slopes a possible moraine that extends at least 300 meters (980 ft) in altitude below the base of the 1958 ice cap at an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft).[59] He also found two morainal deposits that were created by a Mount Ararat valley glacier of Pleistocene, possibly Wisconsinan (Last Glacial Maximum) age, downvalley from Lake Balık. The higher moraine lies at an altitude of about 2,200 meters (7,200 ft) and the lower moraine lies at an altitude of about 1,800 meters (5,900 ft). The lower moraine occurs about 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) downstream from Lake Balık. Both moraines are about 30 meters (98 ft) high. It is suspected that Lake Balık occupies a glacial basin.[59]

Geology

Mount Ararat is a polygenic, compound stratovolcano. Covering an area of 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi), it is the largest volcanic edifice within the region. Along its northwest–southeast trending long axis, Mount Ararat is about 45 kilometers (28 mi) long and is about 30 kilometers (19 mi) long along its short axis. It consists of about 1,150 km3 (280 cu mi) of dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris and dacitic, rhyolitic, and basaltic lavas.[3]

Mount Ararat consists of two distinct volcanic cones, Greater Ararat and Lesser Ararat (Little Ararat). The western volcanic cone, Greater Ararat, is a steep-sided volcanic cone that is larger and higher than the eastern volcanic cone. Greater Ararat is about 25 kilometers (16 mi) wide at the base and rises about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) above the adjacent floors of the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. The eastern volcanic cone, Lesser Ararat, is 3,896 meters (12,782 ft) high and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) across. These volcanic cones, which lie 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) apart, are separated by a wide north–south-trending crack. This crack is the surface expression of an extensional fault. Numerous parasitic cones and lava domes have been built by flank eruptions along this fault and on the flanks of both of the main volcanic cones.[3]

Mount Ararat lies within a complex, sinistral pull-apart basin that originally was a single, continuous depression. The growth of Mount Ararat partitioned this depression into two smaller basins, the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. This pull-apart basin is the result of strike-slip movement along two en-echelon fault segments, the Doğubeyazıt–Gürbulak and Iğdir Faults, of a sinistral strike–slip fault system. Tension between these faults not only formed the original pull-apart basin, but created a system of faults, exhibiting a horsetail splay pattern, that control the position of the principal volcanic eruption centers of Mount Ararat and associated linear belt of parasitic volcanic cones. The strike-slip fault system within which Mount Ararat is located is the result of north–south convergence and tectonic compression between the Arabian Platform and Laurasia that continued after the Tethys Ocean closed during the Eocene epoch along the Bitlis–Zagros suture.[3][60][61]

Geological history

 
Paleogeography of the early Oligocene
 
Tectonic map of the Mediterranean and surrounding mountain ranges

During the early Eocene and early Miocene, the collision of the Arabian platform with Laurasia closed and eliminated the Tethys Ocean from the area of what is now Anatolia. The closure of these masses of continental crust collapsed this ocean basin by middle Eocene and resulted in a progressive shallowing of the remnant seas, until the end of the early Miocene. Post-collisional tectonic convergence within the collision zone resulted in the total elimination of the remaining seas from East Anatolia at the end of early Miocene, crustal shortening and thickening across the collision zone, and uplift of the East Anatolian–Iranian plateau. Accompanying this uplift was extensive deformation by faulting and folding, which resulted in the creation of numerous local basins. The north–south compressional deformation continues today as evidenced by ongoing faulting, volcanism, and seismicity.[3][60][62]

Within Anatolia, regional volcanism started in the middle-late Miocene. During the late Miocene–Pliocene period, widespread volcanism blanketed the entire East Anatolian–Iranian plateau under thick volcanic rocks. This volcanic activity has continued uninterrupted until historical times. Apparently, it reached a climax during the latest Miocene–Pliocene, 6 to 3 Ma. During the Quaternary, the volcanism became restricted to a few local volcanoes such as Mount Ararat. These volcanoes are typically associated with north–south tensional fractures formed by the continuing north–south shortening deformation of Anatolia.[3]

In their detailed study and summary of the Quaternary volcanism of Anatolia, Yilmaz et al. recognized four phases to the construction of Mount Ararat from volcanic rocks exposed in glacial valleys deeply carved into its flanks.[3] First, they recognized a fissure eruption phase of Plinian-subPlinian fissure eruptions that deposited more than 700 meters (2,300 ft) of pyroclastic rocks and a few basaltic lava flows. These volcanic rocks were erupted from approximately north northwest–south southeast-trending extensional faults and fissures prior to the development of Mount Ararat. Second, a cone-building phase began when the volcanic activity became localized at a point along a fissure. During this phase, the eruption of successive flows of lava up to 150 meters (490 ft) thick and pyroclastic flows of andesite and dacite composition and later eruption of basaltic lava flows, formed the Greater Ararat cone with a low conical profile. Third, during a climatic phase, copious flows of andesitic and basaltic lavas were erupted. During this phase, the current cones of Greater and Lesser Ararat were formed as eruptions along subsidiary fissures and cracks and flank occurred. Finally, the volcanic eruptions at Mount Ararat transitioned into a flank eruption phase, during which a major north–south-trending fault offset the two cones that developed along with a number of subsidiary fissures and cracks on the volcano's flanks. Along this fault and the subsidiary fissures and cracks, a number of parasitic cones and domes were built by minor eruptions. One subsidiary cone erupted voluminous basalt and andesite lava flows. They flowed across the Doğubeyazıt plain and along the southerly flowing Sarısu River. These lava flows formed black ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe lava flows that contain well preserved lava tubes.[3] The radiometric dating of these lava flows yielded radiometric ages of 0.4, 0.48 and 0.81 Ma.[63] Overall, radiometric ages obtained from the volcanic rocks erupted by Mount Ararat range from 1.5 to 0.02 Ma.[3]

Recent volcanic and seismic activity

The chronology of Holocene volcanic activity associated with Mount Ararat is documented by either archaeological excavations, oral history, historical records, or a combination of these data, which provide evidence that volcanic eruptions of Mount Ararat occurred in 2500–2400 BC, 550 BC, possibly in 1450 AD and 1783 AD, and definitely in 1840 AD. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that explosive eruptions and pyroclastic flows from the northwest flank of Mount Ararat destroyed and buried at least one Kura–Araxes culture settlement and caused numerous fatalities in 2500–2400 BC. Oral histories indicated that a significant eruption of uncertain magnitude occurred in 550 BC and minor eruptions of uncertain nature might have occurred in 1450 AD and 1783 AD.[64][61][62][65] According to the interpretation of historical and archaeological data, strong earthquakes not associated with volcanic eruptions also occurred in the area of Mount Ararat in 139, 368, 851–893, and 1319 AD. During the 139 AD earthquake, a large landslide that caused many casualties and was similar to the 1840 AD landslide originated from the summit of Mount Ararat.[61][62][66]

1840 eruption

A phreatic eruption occurred on Mount Ararat on July 2, 1840 and pyroclastic flow from radial fissures on the upper north flank of the mountain and a possibly associated earthquake of magnitude 7.4 that caused severe damage and numerous casualties. Up to 10,000 people died in the earthquake, including 1,900 villagers in the village of Akhuri (Armenian: Akori, modern Yenidoğan) who were killed by a gigantic landslide and subsequent debris flow. In addition, this combination of landslide and debris flow destroyed the Armenian monastery of St. Jacob near Akori, the town of Aralik, several villages, and Russian military barracks. It also temporarily dammed the Sevjur (Metsamor) River.[64][61][62][65]

Ascents

The 13th century missionary William of Rubruck wrote that "Many have tried to climb it, but none has been able."[67]

Religious objections

The Armenian Apostolic Church was historically opposed to ascents of Ararat on religious grounds. Thomas Stackhouse, an 18th-century English theologian, noted that "All the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah's ark exists to the present day on the summit of Mount Ararat, and that in order to preserve it, no person is permitted to approach it."[68] In response to its first ascent by Parrot and Abovian, one high-ranking Armenian Apostolic Church clergyman commented that to climb the sacred mountain was "to tie the womb of the mother of all mankind in a dragonish mode." By contrast, in the 21st century to climb Ararat is "the most highly valued goal of some of the patriotic pilgrimages that are organized in growing number from Armenia and the Armenian diaspora."[69]

First ascent

 
Friedrich Parrot
 
Khachatur Abovian

The first recorded ascent of the mountain in modern times took place on 9 October [O.S. 27 September] 1829.[70][71][72][73] The Baltic German naturalist Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat arrived at Etchmiadzin in mid-September 1829, almost two years after the Russian capture of Yerevan, for the sole purpose of exploring Ararat.[74] The prominent Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian, then a deacon and translator at Etchmiadzin, was assigned by Catholicos Yeprem, the head of the Armenian Church, as interpreter and guide.

Parrot and Abovian crossed the Aras River into the district of Surmali and headed to the Armenian village of Akhuri on the northern slope of Ararat, 1,220 metres (4,000 ft) above sea level. They set up a base camp at the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob some 730 metres (2,400 ft) higher, at an elevation of 1,943 metres (6,375 ft). After two failed attempts, they reached the summit on their third attempt at 3:15 p.m. on October 9, 1829.[71][75] The group included Parrot, Abovian, two Russian soldiers – Aleksei Zdorovenko and Matvei Chalpanov – and two Armenian Akhuri villagers – Hovhannes Aivazian and Murad Poghosian.[76] Parrot measured the elevation at 5,250 metres (17,220 ft) using a mercury barometer. This was not only the first recorded ascent of Ararat, but also the second highest elevation climbed by man up to that date outside of Mount Licancabur in the Chilean Andes. Abovian dug a hole in the ice and erected a wooden cross facing north.[77] Abovian also picked up a chunk of ice from the summit and carried it down with him in a bottle, considering the water holy. On 8 November [O.S. 27 October] 1829, Parrot and Abovian together with the Akhuri hunter Sahak's brother Hako, acting as a guide, climbed up Lesser Ararat.[78]

Later notable ascents

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
an early account of an ascent of Mount Ararat.

Other early notable climbers of Ararat included Russian climatologist and meteorologist Kozma Spassky-Avtonomov (August 1834), Karl Behrens (1835), German mineralogist and geologist Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (29 July 1845),[79] British politician Henry Danby Seymour (1848)[80] and British army officer Major Robert Stuart (1856).[81] Later in the 19th century, two British politicians and scholars—James Bryce (1876)[82] and H. F. B. Lynch (1893)[83][84]—climbed the mountain. The first winter climb was by Turkish alpinist Bozkurt Ergör, the former president of the Turkish Mountaineering Federation, who climbed the peak on 21 February 1970.[85]

Resting place of Noah's Ark

 
 
left: "Topography of Paradise" by German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher from his 1675 book Arca Noë. In the upper right, in the mountains above Armenia, stands Mount Ararat, shown with a rectangular-shaped ark on the summit.[86]
right: A 1749 etching entitled "The Manner how the Whole Earth was Peopled by Noah & his Descendants after the Flood" published in The Universal Magazine showing Noah's Ark on top of the Mountains of Ararat in Armenia.[87]

Origin of the tradition

According to the Book of Genesis of the Old Testament, Noah's Ark landed on the "mountains of Ararat" (Biblical Hebrew: הָרֵי אֲרָרָט, hare ararat) (Genesis 8:4).[88] Many historians and Bible scholars agree that "Ararat" is the Hebrew name of Urartu, the geographical predecessor of Armenia; they argue that the word referred to the wider region at the time and not specifically to Mount Ararat.[c] The phrase is translated as "mountains of Armenia" (montes Armeniae) in the Vulgate, the fourth century Latin translation of the Bible.[92] Nevertheless, Mount Ararat is traditionally considered the resting place of Noah's Ark,[93] and, thus, considered a biblical mountain.[94][95]

Mount Ararat has been associated with the Genesis account since the 11th century,[90] and Armenians began to identify it as the ark's landing place during that time.[96] F. C. Conybeare wrote that the mountain was "a center and focus of pagan myths and cults… and it was only in the eleventh century, after these had vanished from the popular mind, that the Armenian theologians ventured to locate on its eternal snows the resting-place of Noah's ark."[97] Franciscan missionary William of Rubruck is usually considered the earliest reference for the tradition of Mount Ararat as the landing place of the ark in European literature.[67][89][98] English traveler John Mandeville is another early author who mentioned Mount Ararat, "where Noah's ship rested, and it is still there."[99][100]

Prevalence of the tradition

 
Descent of Noah from Ararat by Ivan Aivazovsky (1889, National Gallery of Armenia) depicts Noah with his family and a procession of animals crossing the Ararat plain, following their descent from Mount Ararat, which is seen in the background.[101][102]

Most Christians identify Mount Ararat with the biblical "mountains of Ararat" "largely because it would have been the first peak to emerge from the receding flood waters",[93] and it is where most of Western Christianity place the landing of Noah's Ark.[98] A 1722 biblical dictionary by Austin Calmet and the 1871 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary both point to Mount Ararat as the place where the ark rested.[103][104] American missionary H. G. O. Dwight wrote in 1856 that it is "the general opinion of the learned in Europe" that the Ark landed on Mount Ararat.[105] James Bryce wrote that the ark rested upon a "mountain in the district which the Hebrews knew as Ararat, or Armenia" in an 1878 article for the Royal Geographical Society, and he added that the biblical writer must have had Mount Ararat in mind because it is so "very much higher, more conspicuous, and more majestic than any other summit in Armenia."[82]

In 2001 Pope John Paul II declared in his homily in Yerevan's St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral: "We are close to Mount Ararat, where tradition says that the Ark of Noah came to rest."[106] Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, also mentioned Mount Ararat as the resting place of Noah's Ark in his speech at the Etchmiadzin Cathedral during his visit to Armenia in 2010.[107]

Those critical of this view point out that Ararat was the name of the country at the time when Genesis was written, not specifically the mountain. Arnold wrote in his 2008 Genesis commentary, "The location 'on the mountains' of Ararat indicates not a specific mountain by that name, but rather the mountainous region of the land of Ararat."[13]

Searches

Ararat has traditionally been the main focus of the searches for Noah's Ark.[93] Augustin Calmet wrote in his 1722 biblical dictionary, "It is affirmed, but without proof, that there are still remains of Noah's ark on the top of this mountain; but M. de Tournefort, who visited this spot, has assured us there was nothing like it; that the top of mount Ararat is inaccessible, both by reason of its great height, and of the snow which perpetually covers it."[103] Archaeological expeditions, sometimes supported by evangelical and millenarian churches, have been conducted since the 19th century in search of the ark.[108] According to a 1974 book around 200 people from more than 20 countries claimed to have seen the Ark on Ararat since 1856.[109] A fragment from the ark supposedly found on Ararat is on display at the museum of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the center of the Armenian Church.[110] Despite numerous reports of ark sightings (e.g. Ararat anomaly) and rumors, "no scientific evidence of the ark has emerged."[111] Searches for Noah's Ark are considered by scholars an example of pseudoarchaeology.[112][113] Kenneth Feder writes, "As the flood story itself is unsupported by any archaeological evidence, it is not surprising that there is no archaeological evidence for the existence of an impossibly large boat dating to 5,000 years ago."[114]

Significance for Armenians

Symbolism

 
Ararat—located some 65 km (40 mi) south of the city–dominates the skyline of Armenia's capital Yerevan.[26][95][115][116]
 
Hayk, the legendary founding father of the Armenian people, as depicted by Mkrtum Hovnatanian (1779–1846). Ararat is pictured in the background.

Despite lying outside the borders of modern Armenia, Ararat has historically been associated with Armenia,[120] and Armenians have being called by some authors the "people of Ararat".[121][122] It is widely considered the country's principal national symbol and brand.[124] The image of Ararat, usually framed within a nationalizing discourse, is ubiquitous in everyday material culture in Armenia.[125] Tsypylma Darieva argues that Armenians have "a sense of possession of Ararat in the sense of symbolic cultural property."[126]

There is historical and modern mountain worship around it among Armenians.[127][128][129] Ararat is known as the "holy mountain" of the Armenian people.[130][115][131] It was principal to the pre-Christian Armenian mythology, where it was the home of the gods.[132] With the rise of Christianity, the mythology associated with pagan worship of the mountain was lost.[133]

In the early 20th century, the Italian traveler Luigi Villari wrote, "Almost the whole history of the Armenian people centres round Mount Ararat."[134] Ararat was the geographical center of ancient Armenian kingdoms.[d] One scholar defined the historic Greater Armenia (Armenia Major) as "the area about 200 miles [320 km] in every direction from Mount Ararat."[138] In 19th-century era of romantic nationalism, when an Armenian state did not exist, Mount Ararat symbolized the historical Armenian nation-state.[139] In 1861 Armenian poet Mikael Nalbandian, witnessing the Italian unification, wrote to Harutiun Svadjian in a letter from Naples: "Etna and Vesuvius are still smoking; is there no fire left in the old volcano of Ararat?"[140]

Anglican priest and historian Theodore Edward Dowling wrote in 1910 that Mount Ararat and Etchmiadzin are the "two great objects of Armenian veneration." He noted that the "noble snowy mountain takes the place, in the estimation of the Armenians, that Mount Sinai and the traditional Mount Zion do among the adherents of other Eastern Christians."[141] While historian Jon Smele called Mt. Ararat and the medieval capital of Ani the "most cherished symbols of Armenian identity."[142]

Myth of origin

The Genesis flood narrative was linked to the Armenian myth of origin by the early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi. In his History of Armenia, he wrote that Noah and his family first settled in Armenia and later moved to Babylon. Hayk, a descendant of Japheth, a son of Noah, revolted against Bel (the biblical Nimrod) and returned to the area around Mount Ararat, where he established the roots of the Armenian nation. He is thus considered the legendary founding father and the name giver of the Armenian people.[143][144] According to Razmik Panossian, this legend "makes Armenia the cradle of all civilisation since Noah's Ark landed on the 'Armenian' mountain of Ararat. […] it connects Armenians to the biblical narrative of human development. […] it makes Mount Ararat the national symbol of all Armenians, and the territory around it the Armenian homeland from time immemorial."[145]

Coat of arms of Armenia

Mount Ararat has been depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia consistently since 1918. The First Republic's coat of arms was designed by architect Alexander Tamanian and painter Hakob Kojoyan. This coat of arms was readopted by the legislature of the Republic of Armenia on April 19, 1992, after Armenia regained independence. Ararat is depicted along with the ark on its peak on the shield on an orange background.[146]

The emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) was created by the painters Martiros Saryan and Hakob Kojoyan in 1921.[147] Mount Ararat is depicted in the center and makes up a large portion of it.[148]

Ararat also appeared on the coat of arms of the Armenian Oblast and the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate (image), subdivisions of the Russian Empire that included the northern flanks of the mountain. They were adopted in 1833 and 1843, respectively.[149]

Symbol of genocide and territorial claims

In the aftermath of the Armenian genocide of 1915, Ararat came to represent the destruction of the native Armenian population of eastern Turkey (Western Armenia) in the national consciousness of Armenians.[e][151] Ari L. Goldman noted in 1988, "In most Armenian homes in the modern diaspora, there are pictures of Mount Ararat, a bittersweet reminder of the homeland and national aspirations."[152]

Ararat has become a symbol of Armenian efforts to reclaim its "lost lands", i.e. the areas west of Ararat that are now part of Turkey that had significant Armenian population before the genocide.[16] Adriaans noted that Ararat is featured as a sanctified territory for the Armenians in everyday banal irredentism.[153] Stephanie Platz wrote, "Omnipresent, the vision of Ararat rising above Yerevan and its outskirts constantly reminds Armenians of their putative ethnogenesis … and of their exile from Eastern Anatolia after the Armenian genocide of 1915."[154]

 
Lebanese Armenians protesting Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan's visit to Beirut in November 2010.[155] The poster reads "Ararat is and remains Armenian".[156]

Turkish political scientist Bayram Balci argues that regular references to the Armenian Genocide and Mount Ararat "clearly indicate" that the border with Turkey is contested in Armenia.[157] Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Armenian government has not made official claims to any Turkish territory,[157][158] however the Armenian government has avoided "an explicit and formal recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border."[159] In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan was asked whether Armenia wants "Mount Ararat back." Sargsyan, in response, said that "No one can take Mount Ararat from us; we keep it in our hearts. Wherever Armenians live in the world today, you will find a picture of Mount Ararat in their homes. And I feel certain that a time will come when Mount Ararat is no longer a symbol of the separation between our peoples, but an emblem of understanding. But let me make this clear: Never has a representative of Armenia made territorial demands. Turkey alleges this—perhaps out of its own bad conscience?"[160]

The most prominent party to lay claims to eastern Turkey is the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun). which claims it as part of what it considers United Armenia.[161] In various settings, several notable individuals such as German historian Tessa Hofmann,[f] Slovak conservative politician František Mikloško,[g] Lithuanian political scientist and Soviet dissident Aleksandras Štromas[h] have spoken in support of Armenian claims over Mt. Ararat.

Cultural depictions

 
The first stamps issued by independent Armenia in 1992[165]
 
The mountain is notably featured on the Ararat brandy.

Levon Abrahamian noted that Ararat is visually present for Armenians in reality (it can be seen from many houses in Yerevan and settlements in the Ararat plain), symbolically (through many visual representations, such as on Armenia's coats of arms), and culturally—in numerous and various nostalgic poetical, political, architectural representation.[166] The first three postage stamps issued by Armenia in 1992 after achieving independence from the Soviet Union depicted Mount Ararat.[165]

Mount Ararat has been depicted on various Armenian dram banknotes issued in 1993–2001; on the reverse of the 10 dram banknotes issued in 1993, on the reverse of the 50 dram banknotes issued in 1998, on the obverse of the 100 and 500 dram banknotes issued in 1993, and on the reverse of the 50,000 dram banknotes issued in 2001. It was also depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1972–1986.[i]

Ararat is depicted on the logos of two of Armenia's leading universities—the Yerevan State University and the American University of Armenia. It is depicted on the logos of Football Club Ararat Yerevan (since the Soviet times) and the Football Federation of Armenia. The logo of Armavia, Armenia's now defunct flag carrier, also depicted Ararat. The publications of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party in Lebanon (Ararad daily) and California, U.S. (Massis weekly) are both named for the mountain. The Ararat brandy, produced by the Yerevan Brandy Company since 1887, is considered the most prestigious Eastern European brandy.[167] Hotels in Yerevan often advertise the visibility of Ararat from their rooms, which is seen as a major advantage for tourists.[168][169][170]

In visual art

European

Ararat was depicted in the books of European, including many British, travelers in the 18th–19th centuries who visited Armenia.

Armenian

According to one source, the first Armenian artist to depict the mountain was Ivan Aivazovsky,[171] who created a painting of Ararat during his visit to Armenia in 1868.[172] Other major Armenians artists who painted Ararat include Yeghishe Tadevosyan, Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Martiros Saryan,[173] and Panos Terlemezian.

In literature

Rouben Paul Adalian suggested that "there is probably more poetry written about Mount Ararat than any other mountain on earth."[133] Travel writer Rick Antonson described Ararat as the "most fabled mountain in the world."[174]

Armenian

 
Ararat depicted on the wooden door of St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral in New York City.
 
Paintings of Mount Ararat for sale at the Yerevan Vernissage.

Mount Ararat is featured prominently in Armenian literature. According to Meliné Karakashian, Armenian poets "attribute to it symbolic meanings of unity, freedom, and independence."[175] According to Kevork Bardakjian, in Armenian literature, Ararat "epitomizes Armenia and Armenian suffering and aspirations, especially the consequences of the 1915 genocide: almost total annihilation, loss of a unique culture and land [...] and an implicit determination never to recognize the new political borders."[176]

The last two lines of Yeghishe Charents's 1920 poem "I Love My Armenia" (Ես իմ անուշ Հայաստանի) read: "And in the entire world you will not find a mountaintop like Ararat's. / Like an unreachable peak of glory I love my Mount Masis."[177] In a 1926[178] poem dedicated to the mountain Avetik Isahakyan wrote: "Ages as though in second came, / Touched the grey crest of Ararat, / And passed by...! [...] It's now your turn; you too, now, / Stare at its high and lordly brow, / And pass by...!"[179] Mount Ararat is the most frequently cited symbol in the poetry of Hovhannes Shiraz.[176] In collection of poems, Knar Hayastani (Lyre of Armenia) published in 1958, there are many poems "with very strong nationalist overtones, especially with respect to Mount Ararat (in Turkey) and the irredentism it entailed." In one such poem, "Ktak" (Bequest), Shiraz bequeaths his son Mt. Ararat to "keep it forever, / As the language of us Armenians, as the pillar of your father's home."[180]

The first lines of Paruyr Sevak's 1961 poem "We Are Few..." (Քիչ ենք, բայց հայ ենք) read: "We are few, but they say of us we are Armenians. / We do not think ourselves superior to anyone. / Clearly we shall have to accept / That we, and only we, have an Ararat"[181] In one short poem Silva Kaputikyan compares Armenia to an "ancient rock-carved fortress", the towers of which are Ararat and Aragats.

Non-Armenian

English Romantic poet William Wordsworth imagines seeing the ark in the poem "Sky-prospect — From the Plain of France."[182][183]

In his Journey to Arzrum (Путешествие в Арзрум; 1835–36), the celebrated Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin recounted his travels to the Caucasus and Armenia at the time of the 1828–29 Russo-Turkish War.

I went out of the tent into the fresh morning air. The sun was rising. Against the clear sky one could see a white-snowcapped, twin-peaked mountain. 'What mountain is that?' I asked, stretching myself, and heard the answer: 'That's Ararat.' What a powerful effect a few syllables can have! Avidly I looked at the Biblical mountain, saw the ark moored to its peak with the hope of regeneration and life, saw both the raven and dove, flying forth, the symbols of punishment and reconciliation...[184]

Russian Symbolist poet Valery Bryusov often referred to Ararat in his poetry and dedicated two poems to the mountain,[j] which were published in 1917. Bryusov saw Ararat as the embodiment of antiquity of the Armenian people and their culture.[185]

Russian poet Osip Mandelstam wrote fondly of Ararat during his 1933 travels in Armenia. "I have cultivated in myself a sixth sense, an 'Ararat' sense," the poet wrote, "the sense of an attraction to a mountain."[186]

During his travels to Armenia, Soviet Russian writer Vasily Grossman observed Mount Ararat from Yerevan standing "high in the blue sky." He wrote that "with its gentle, tender contours, it seems to grow not out of the earth but out of the sky, as if it has condensed from its white clouds and its deep blue. It is this snowy mountain, this bluish-white sunlit mountain that shone in the eyes of those who wrote the Bible."[187]

In The Maximus Poems (1953) American poet Charles Olson, who grew up near the Armenian neighborhood in Worcester, Massachusetts, compares the Ararat Hill near his childhood home to the mountain and "imagines he can capture an Armenian's immigrant perspective: the view of Ararat Hill as Mount Ararat."[188]

The world renowned Turkish-Kurdish writer Yaşar Kemal's 1970 book entitled Ağrı Dağı Efsanesi (The Legend of Mount Ararat) is about a local myth about a poor boy and the governor's daughter.

Several major episodes in Declare (2001) by Tim Powers take place on Mount Ararat. In the book, it is the focal point of supernatural happenings.

In the lore of Warhammer 40,000, Mount Ararat is the site of the destruction of the Thunder Warriors.

In popular culture

 
 
The Arch of Charents, in Voghjaberd, is an iconic site offering a panoramic view of the mountain. It was designed by Rafayel Israyelian and built in 1957.[189]

In music

  • "Holy Mountains", the 8th track of the album Hypnotize (2005) by System of a Down, an American rock band composed of four Armenian Americans, "references Mount Ararat [...] and details that the souls lost to the Armenian Genocide have returned to rest here."[190]
  • "Here's to You Ararat" is a song from the 2006 album How Much is Yours of Arto Tunçboyacıyan's Armenian Navy Band.[191]

In film

Places named for Ararat

In Armenia
  • In Armenia, four settlements are named after the mountain's two names: Ararat and Masis. All are located in the Ararat Plain. First, the village of Davalu was renamed Ararat in 1935, followed by Tokhanshalu being renamed Masis in 1945, and the workers town of Davalu's nearby cement factory also being renamed Ararat in 1947. The latter became a city in 1962. The railway town of Ulukhanlu was renamed Masis in 1950, while the former village/town of Ulukhanlu, renamed Hrazdan and then Masis in 1969. The two merged to form the urban-type settlement of Masis, the current town, in 1971.[196][197]
  • There were previously administrative divisions (shrjan or raion) called Ararat (Vedi until 1968) and Masis, formed in 1930 and 1968, respectively. They became a part of the province (marz) of Ararat in the 1995.[198]
  • The name is also used in two dioceses of the Armenian Apostolic Church: the Araratian Pontifical Diocese and the Diocese of Masyatsotn, encompassing capital Yerevan and the Ararat province, respectively.[199][200]
Elsewhere

States

  • Besides Ararat being the Hebrew version of Urartu,[13] this Iron Age state is often referred to as the "Araratian Kingdom" or the "Kingdom of Ararat" (Armenian: Արարատյան թագավորություն, Arartyan t'agavorut'yun) in Armenian historiography.[207] Levon Abrahamian argues that this name gives it a "biblical and an Armenian touch."[208]
  • The First Republic of Armenia, the first modern Armenian state that existed between 1918 and 1920, was sometimes called the Araratian Republic or the Republic of Ararat (Armenian: Արարատյան Հանրապետություն, Araratyan hanrapetut'yun)[209][210] as it was centered in the Ararat plain.[211][212]
  • In 1927 the Kurdish nationalist party Xoybûn led by Ihsan Nuri, fighting an uprising against the Turkish government, declared the independence of the Republic of Ararat (Kurdish: Komara Agiriyê), centered around Mount Ararat.[213][214]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The peaks are sometimes referred to in plural as Մասիսներ Masisner.[25] Greater Ararat is known as simply Masis or Մեծ Մասիս (Mets Masis, "Great/Big Masis"). While Lesser Ararat is known as Sis (Սիս)[26][27] or Փոքր Մասիս (P′ok′r Masis, "Little/Small Masis").[18][25] The word "Ararat" occurs in Armenian literature from the early medieval period, following the invention of the Armenian alphabet.[28]
  2. ^ Strabo, Geographica, XI.14.2 and XI.14.14.[43] They are also transliterated as Abus and Nibarus.[44] Abos and Nibaros are the two peaks of Ararat according to scholars such as Nicholas Adontz,[43] Vladimir Minorsky,[45] Julius Fürst.[46]
  3. ^
    • Richard James Fischer: "The Genesis text, using the plural 'mountains' (or hills), identifies no particular mountain, but points generally toward Armenia ('Ararat' being identical with the Assyrian 'Urartu') which is broadly embraces [sic] that region."[89]
    • Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (eds.). "Genesis". The Pulpit Commentary. It is agreed by all[clarification needed] that the term Ararat describes a region. view online
    • Dummelow, John, ed. (1909). "Genesis". John Dummelow's Commentary on the Bible. Ararat is the Assyrian 'Urardhu,' the country round Lake Van, in what is now called Armenia… and perhaps it is a general expression for the hilly country which lay to the N. of Assyria. Mt. Masis, now called Mt. Ararat (a peak 17,000 ft. high), is not meant here. view online
    • Bill T. Arnold: "Since the ancient kingdom of Ararat/Urartu was much more extensive geographically than this isolated location in Armenia, modern attempts to find remaints of Noah's ark here are misguided."[90]
    • Vahan Kurkjian: "It has long been the notion among many Christians that Noah's Ark came to rest as the Flood subsided upon the great peak known as Mount Ararat; this assumption is based upon an erroneous reading of the 4th verse of the VIIIth chapter of Genesis. That verse does not say that the Ark landed upon Mount Ararat, but upon 'the mountains of Ararat.' Now, Ararat was the Hebrew version of the name, not of the mountain but of the country around it, the old Armenian homeland, whose name at other times and in other tongues appears variously as Erirath, Urartu, etc."[91]
  4. ^ "...Mt. Ararat, which was the geographical center of the ancient Armenian kingdoms..."[135]
    • "The sacred mountain stands in the center of historical and traditional Armenia..."[136]
    • "To the Armenians it is the ancient sanctuary of their faith, the centre of their once famous kingdom, hallowed by a thousand traditions."[137]
  5. ^ "The lands of Western Armenia which Mt. Ararat represent..."[139] "mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western Armenia"[150]
  6. ^ Hofmann suggested that "the return of the ruins of Ani and of Mount Ararat [by Turkey to Armenia], both in the immediate border area could be considered as a convincing gesture of Turkey's apologies and will for reconciliation."[162]
  7. ^ Mikloško stated at a 2010 conference on Turkey's foreign policy: "Mount Ararat [represents the] Christian heritage of Armenians. Does modern Turkey consider the possibility of giving the mount back to Armenians? The return of Ararat would be an unprecedented step to signify Turkey's willingness to build a peaceful future and promote its image at the international scene."[163]
  8. ^ Štromas wrote: "The Armenians would also be right to claim from Turkey the Ararat Valley, which is an indivisible part of the Armenian homeland containing the main spiritual center and supreme symbol of Armenia's nationhood, the holy Mountain of Ararat itself."[164]
  9. ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Banknote Museum: 6. Emission Group – One Hundred Turkish Lira – , & .
  10. ^ "К Арарату" ("To Ararat") and "Арарат из Эривани" ("Ararat from Erivan")

References

Citations

  1. ^ "100 World Mountains ranked by primary factor". ii.uib.no. Institutt for informatikk University of Bergen. from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
  2. ^ . ormansu.gov.tr (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forest and Water Management. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Yilmaz, Y.; Güner, Y.; Saroğlu, F. (1998). "Geology of the quaternary volcanic centres of the east Anatolia". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 85 (1–4): 173–210. Bibcode:1998JVGR...85..173Y. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(98)00055-9.
  4. ^ Short, Nicholas M.; Blair, Robert W., eds. (1986). "Mt. Ararat, Turkey". Geomorphology From Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 226.
  5. ^ a b de Planhol, X. (1986). "Ararat". Encyclopædia Iranica. from the original on 2015-11-02. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  6. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1973). "Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (2): 129–147. doi:10.1017/s0020743800027409. JSTOR 162238. S2CID 162360397. ...Nationalist Turkey annexed the Surmalu district, embracing Mount Ararat, the historic symbol of the Armenian people.
  7. ^ de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0199350698.
  8. ^ a b Parrot 2016, p. xxiii.
  9. ^ Yildiz, Kerim; Taysi, Tanyel B. (2007). The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future. London: Pluto Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0745326696.
  10. ^ Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0300153088.
  11. ^ Westerman, Frank (2008-12-02). Ararat: In Search of the Mythical Mountain. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4070-1951-2.
  12. ^ Frymer, Tikva S.; Sperling, S. David (2008). "Ararat, Armenia". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). view online 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b c Arnold 2008, p. 104.
  14. ^ Rogers, Thorold (1884). Bible Folk-Lore: A Study in Comparative Methodology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 21. Ararat was thought by Gesenius to be a Sanskrit word (Arjawartah), signifying "holy ground,"...
  15. ^ Bonomi, Joseph (1866). "Ararat". In Fairbairn, Patrick (ed.). The Imperial Bible-Dictionary: Historical, Biographical, Geographical and Doctrinal - Volume I. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. p. 118.
  16. ^ a b Avakyan, K. R. (2009). "Աշոտ Մելքոնյան, Արարատ. Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը [Ashot Melkonyan, Ararat. Symbol of Armenian Immortality]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). № 1 (1): 252–257. from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-17. Պատմական ճակատագրի բերումով Արարատ-Մասիսը ոչ միայն վեհության, անհասանելիության, կատարելության մարմնավորում է, այլև 1915 թ. հայոց մեծ եղեռնից ու հայ ժողովրդի հայրենազրկումից հետո՝ բռնազավթված հայրենիքի և այն նորեն իր արդար զավակներին վերադարձելու համոզումի անկրկնելի խորհրդանիշ, աշխարհասփյուռ հայության միասնականության փարոս» (էջ 8):
  17. ^ Teryan, Anzhela (31 August 2011). (in Armenian). Yerevan History Museum. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018. Հայտնի է, որ Հայկական լեռնաշխարհում Ար-ով /նաև էր, Ուր, Իր/ սկսվող բազմաթիվ աշխարհագրական (նաև անձնական) անուններ կան. Արարատ, Արագած, Արա, Արաքս, Արածանի, Արմավիր, Արճեշ…: Այս երևույթը կապված է Արարչի /Ար Աստված/ և նրա պաշտանմունքն ունեցող Հայկական լեռնաշխարհի բնիկների՝ հայ-արմենների՝ արմեն, նաև արի /Էրի/ անվան հետ:
  18. ^ a b c d Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). "Armenia: The Physical Setting—Mt. Ararat". Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-226-33228-4.
  19. ^ Smith, Eli (1832). "Foreign Correspondence". The Biblical Repository and Classical Review: 203. ...called by the Armenians, Masis, and by Europeans generally Ararat...
  20. ^ a b Bryce 1877, p. 198.
  21. ^ Alexander Agadjanian (15 April 2016). Armenian Christianity Today: Identity Politics and Popular Practice. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-317-17857-6. It is worth noting that, contrary to Armenian Apostolic Church discourse and popular knowledge, it was probably as late as the beginning of the second millennium AD when the localization of the biblical Mount Ararat was permanently moved from the highlands hemming upper Mesopotamia to Mount Masis in the heart of historical Armenian territory.
  22. ^ Petrosyan, Hamlet (2001). "The Sacred Mountain". In Levon Abrahamian and Nancy Sweezy (ed.). Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity. Indiana University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-253-33704-7. When Armenians were first introduced to the biblical story of the flood, there was no special interest in the location of Mount Ararat. Most Armenian historians in the Early Middle Ages accepted the generally held Christian opinion of the time that Ararat was located near Mesopotamia in Korduk (Corduene), the southernmost province of Armenia. However, when European Crusaders on their way to free the Holy Land from Moslem rule appeared in the region in the 11th century, Armenian hopes for similar "salvation" helped to catalyze the final identification of Masis with Ararat. From the 12th century on, Catholic missionaries and other travelers to the region returned to Europe with the same story: that the mountain where the Ark landed was towering in the heart of Armenia.
  23. ^ a b Jastrow, Morris Jr.; Kent, Charles Foster (1902). "Ararat". Jewish Encyclopedia Volume II. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls Co. p. 73. The mountain itself is known as Ararat only among Occidental geographers. The Armenians call it Massis, the Turks Aghri Dagh, and the Persians Koh i Nuh, or "the mountain of Noah." view online 2015-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Avetisyan, Kamsar (1979). Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ [Armenian studies sketches] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh. p. 14. from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-11-24. Հայերը Արարատը անվանում են Մասիս...
  25. ^ a b "Մասիսներ" [Masisner]. encyclopedia.am (in Armenian). from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  26. ^ a b Peroomian, Rubina (2007). "Historical Memory: Threading the Contemporary Literature of Armenia". In Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Transaction Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 9781412835923. ...the majestic duo of Sis and Masis (the two peaks of Mount Ararat) that hover above the Erevan landscape are constant reminders of the historical injustice.
  27. ^ Delitzsch, Franz (2001). New Commentary on Genesis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-57910-813-7. The Armenians call Little Ararat sis and Great Ararat masis, whence it seems that great, the meaning of meds, is contained in ma.
  28. ^ Hovhannisyan, L. Sh. (2016). Բառերի մեկնությունը հինգերորդ դարի հայ մատենագրուտյան մեջ [Interpretation of words in 5th century Armenian manuscripts] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Gitutyun. p. 61.
  29. ^ Khorenatsi 1978, p. 91.
  30. ^ a b Petrossyan 2010, p. 221.
  31. ^ a b c Novoseltsev 1978.
  32. ^ Petrosyan 2016, p. 72.
  33. ^ Armen Petrosyan. "Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications." Comparative Mythology. December 2016. Vol. 2. Issue 1. pp. 68-80.
  34. ^ As of 2022, there were 5489 and 882 people named Ararat and Masis, respectively, in Armenia's voters' list
    • . anun.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 5 January 2023.
    • . anun.am. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.
  35. ^ "Ararat". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-18. \ˈer-ə-ˌrat, ˈa-rə-\
  36. ^ Dalton, Robert H. (2004). Sacred Places of the World: A Religious Journey Across the Globe. Abhishek. p. 133. ISBN 9788182470514. The Turkish name for Mt Ararat is Agri Dagi (which means mountain of pain).
  37. ^ McCarta, Robertson (1992). Turkey (2nd ed.). Nelles. p. 210. ISBN 9783886184019. (Turkish: Agri Dagi, "Mount of Sorrows")
  38. ^ a b Nişanyan, Sevan. "Ağrı". NişanyanYerAdları. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  39. ^ a b Sarıkaya, Mehmet Akif (2012). "Recession of the ice cap on Mount Ağrı (Ararat), Turkey, from 1976 to 2011 and its climatic significance". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 46: 190–194. Bibcode:2012JAESc..46..190S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.009.
  40. ^ "Xortekî tirk dixwaze bi bîsîklêtê xwe ji çiyayê Agirî berde xwarê" (in Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. 19 June 2014. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  41. ^ Waugh, Alexander (27 August 2008). "Will he, won't He? Ararat by Frank Westerman, translated by Sam Garrett". The Spectator. from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  42. ^ Akkuş, Murat. "Ağrı Dağı'nın adı "Ararat" olmalı". basnews. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  43. ^ a b Petrossyan 2010, p. 220.
  44. ^ Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1928). "XI.14". The Geography of Strabo. Harvard University Press. view Book XI, Chapter 14 online
  45. ^ Minorsky, V. (1944). "Roman and Byzantine Campaigns in Atropatene". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (2): 243–265. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007244X. JSTOR 609312. S2CID 129323675. Although what Strabo means by Abos seems to be the southern spurs of Mt. Ararat...
  46. ^ Julius Fürst cited in Exell, Joseph; Jones, William; Barlow, George; Scott, W. Frank; et al. (1892). The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary. "...the present Aghri Dagh or the great Ararat (Pers. Kuhi Nuch, i.e. Noah's mountain, in the classics ὁ ἄβος, Armen. massis)..." (Furst.) view online 2016-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ . Republic of Turkey Ministry of culture and tourism (kultur.gov.tr). 2005.
  48. ^ "Mount Agri (Ararat)". anatolia.com. 2003. Retrieved 26 December 2020. the Serdarbulak lava plateau (2600 m) stretches out between the two pinnacles.
  49. ^ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 63. ISBN 9780877795469.
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  51. ^ Hartemann, Frederic; Hauptman, Robert (2005). The Mountain Encyclopedia. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8108-5056-9.
  52. ^ Galichian, Rouben (2004). Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage. I.B. Tauris. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-86064-979-0.
  53. ^ Kurter, Ajun [in Turkish] (20 May 1988). "Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa: Turkey" (PDF). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G. (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017.
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  55. ^ According to Petter E. Bjørstad, Head of Informatics Department at the University of Bergen (Norway). . ii.uib.no. August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. I measured the summit elevation, averaging more than 300 samples in my GPS, it settled on 5132 meter, 5 meter lower than the often quoted 5137 figure. This clearly shows that the 5165 meter elevation that many sources use is wrong. The summit is a snow ridge with no visible rock anywhere. Thus, the precise elevation will change with the seasons and could definitely be influenced by climate change (global warming). Later GPS measurements in Iran suggested that the GPS data may be about 10 meter too high also in this part of the world. This would in fact point in the direction of a true Ararat elevation around 5125 meter.
  56. ^ a b c Blumenthal, M. M. (1958). "Vom Agrl Dag (Ararat) zum Kagkar Dag. Bergfahrten in nordostanatolischen Grenzlande". Die Alpen (in German). 34: 125–137.
  57. ^ a b Sarıkaya, Mehmet Akif; Tekeli, A. E. (2014). "Satellite inventory of glaciers in Turkey". In J. S. Kargel; et al. (eds.). Global Land Ice Measurements from Space. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 465–480. ISBN 978-3540798170.
  58. ^ Yalcin, Mustafa (2020). "A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Model for Determining Glacier Vulnerability". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 9 (3): 180. Bibcode:2020IJGI....9..180Y. doi:10.3390/ijgi9030180.
  59. ^ a b Birman, J. H. (1968). "Glacial Reconnaissance in Turkey". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 79 (8): 1009–1026. Bibcode:1968GSAB...79.1009B. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1009:GRIT]2.0.CO;2.
  60. ^ a b Dewey, J. F.; Hempton, M. R.; Kidd, W. S. F.; Saroglum, F.; Sengὃr, A. M. C. (1986). "Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia – a young collision zone". In Coward, M. P.; Ries, A. C. (eds.). Collision Tectonics. Geological Society of London. pp. 3–36.
  61. ^ a b c d Karakhanian, A.; Djrbashian, R.; Trifonov, V.; Philip, H.; Arakelian, S.; Avagian, A. (2002). "Holocene–Historical Volcanism and Active Faults as Natural Risk Factor for Armenia and Adjacent Countries". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 113 (1): 319–344. Bibcode:2002JVGR..113..319K. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00264-5.
  62. ^ a b c d Karakhanian, A.S.; Trifonov, V.G.; Philip, H.; Avagyan, A.; Hessami, K.; Jamali, F.; Bayraktutan, M. S.; Bagdassarian, H.; Arakelian, S.; Davtian, V.; Adilkhanyan, A. (2004). "Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, Eastern Turkey and North-Western Iran". Tectonophysics. 380 (3–4): 189–219. Bibcode:2004Tectp.380..189K. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.020.
  63. ^ Allen, Mark B.; Mark, Darren F.; Kheirkhah, Monireh; Barfod, Dan; Emami, Mohammad H.; Saville, Christopher (2011). "40Ar/39Ar dating of Quaternary lavas in northwest Iran: constraints on the landscape evolution and incision rates of the Turkish–Iranian plateau" (PDF). Geophysical Journal International. 185 (3): 1175–1188. Bibcode:2011GeoJI.185.1175A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05022.x.
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  65. ^ a b Haroutiunian, R. A. (2005). "Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года" [Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july, 1840]]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences (in Russian). 58 (1): 27–35. ISSN 0515-961X. from the original on 2015-12-07. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  66. ^ Taymaz, Tuncay; Eyidog̃an, Haluk; Jackson, James (1991). "Source parameters of large earthquakes in the East Anatolian fault zone (Turkey)". Geophysical Journal International. 106 (3): 537–550. Bibcode:1991GeoJI.106..537T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb06328.x.
  67. ^ a b William of Rubruck (1998). The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55. Translated by W. W. Rockhill. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 269–270. ISBN 978-81-206-1338-6. [...] mountains in which they say that Noah's ark rests; and there are two mountains, the one greater than the other; and the Araxes flows at their base [...] Many have tried to climb it, but none has been able. [...] An old man gave me quite a good reason why one ought not to try to climb it. They call the mountain Massis [...] "No one," he said, "ought to climb up Massis; it is the mother of the world."
  68. ^ Stackhouse, Thomas (1836). A History of the Holy Bible. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. p. 93.
  69. ^ Siekierski, Konrad (2014). ""One Nation, One Faith, One Church": The Armenian Apostolic Church and the Ethno-Religion in Post-Soviet Armenia". In Agadjanian, Alexander (ed.). Armenian Christianity Today: Identity Politics and Popular Practice. Ashgate Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4724-1273-7.
  70. ^ Parrot 2016, p. 139
  71. ^ a b Randveer, Lauri (October 2009). "How the Future Rector Conquered Ararat". University of Tartu. from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
  72. ^ Khachaturian, Lisa (2011). Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia: The Periodical Press and the Formation of a Modern Armenian Identity. Transaction Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4128-1372-3.
  73. ^ Milner, Thomas (1872). The Gallery of Geography: A Pictorial and Descriptive Tour of the World, Volume 2. W.R. M'Phun & Son. p. 783. Great Ararat was ascended for the first time by Professor Parrot, October 9, 1829...
  74. ^ Giles, Thomas (27 April 2016). "Friedrich Parrot: The man who became the 'father of Russian mountaineering'". Russia Beyond the Headlines. from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  75. ^ Ketchian, Philip K. (December 24, 2005). . The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on September 8, 2009.
  76. ^ Parrot 2016, p. 142.
  77. ^ Parrot 2016, p. 141-142.
  78. ^ Parrot 2016, p. 183.
  79. ^ Fairbairn, Patrick (1866). "Ararat". The Imperial Bible-Dictionary: Historical, Biographical, Geographical and Doctrinal – Volume I. p. 119.
  80. ^ Polo, Marco; Yule, Henry (2010). The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian: Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-108-02206-4.
  81. ^ B. J. Corbin and Rex Geissler, The Explorers of Ararat: And the Search for Noah's Ark, 3rd. edition (2010), chap. 3.
  82. ^ a b Bryce, James (1878). "On Armenia and Mount Ararat". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 22 (3): 169–186. doi:10.2307/1799899. JSTOR 1799899.
  83. ^ Lynch, H. F. B. (1893). "The ascent of Ararat". The Geographical Journal. 2: 458.
  84. ^ Lynch, H. F. B. (1901). Armenia, travels and studies. Volume I: The Russian Provinces. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 176.
  85. ^ . Hürriyet Daily News. 15 January 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  86. ^ Spar, Ira (2003). "The Mesopotamian Legacy: Origins of the Genesis tradition". In Aruz, Joan (ed.). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1. from the original on 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
  87. ^ . British Museum. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020.
  88. ^ Morgenstern, Julian (1941). "Psalm 48". Hebrew Union College Annual. 16: 1–95. JSTOR 23502992. Note the plural, hare 'Ararat; not "Mt. Ararat," as traditionally translated and interpreted, but rather "(one of) the mountains of Ararat," i. e. of Urartu or Armenia.
  89. ^ a b Fischer, Richard James (2007). "Mount Ararat". Historical Genesis: From Adam to Abraham. University Press of America. pp. 109–111. ISBN 9780761838074. from the original on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  90. ^ a b Arnold 2008, p. 105.
  91. ^ Kurkjian, Vahan (1964) [1958]. A History of Armenia. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p. 2.
  92. ^ Room, Adrian (1997). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings. McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 9780786401727.
  93. ^ a b c Vos, Howard F. (1982). "Flood (Genesis)". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J (fully revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0.
  94. ^ Tremblais, Jean-Louis (16 July 2011). "Ararat, montagne biblique". Le Figaro (in French). from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
    • "Biblical mountain's glaciers shrinking". News24. 8 August 2010. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  95. ^ a b Avagyan, Ṛafayel (1998). Yerevan—heart of Armenia: meetings on the roads of time. Union of Writers of Armenia. p. 17. The sacred biblical mountain prevailing over Yerevan was the very visiting card by which foreigners came to know our country.
  96. ^ Bailey, Lloyd R. (1990). "Ararat". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. from the original on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2016-11-03. ...the local (Armenian) population called Masis and which they began to identify as the ark's landing place in the eleventh-twelfth centuries.
  97. ^ Conybeare, F. C. (1901). "Reviewed Work: Ararat und Masis. Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur by Friedrich Murad". The American Journal of Theology. 5 (2): 335–337. doi:10.1086/477703. JSTOR 3152410.
  98. ^ a b Spencer, Lee; Lienard, Jean Luc (2005). "The Search for Noah's Ark". Southwestern Adventist University. from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2015-11-03. (archived)
  99. ^ Mandeville, John (2012). The Book of Marvels and Travels. Translated by Anthony Bale. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780199600601.
  100. ^ Mandel, Jerome (2013). "Ararat, Mount". In Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (eds.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
  101. ^ "Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից (1889) [Descent of Noah from Ararat (1889)]" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  102. ^ Conway Morris, Roderick (24 February 2012). "The Key to Armenia's Survival". The New York Times. from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  103. ^ a b original title: Dictionnaire historique, critique, chronologique, geographique et literal de la Bible. English translation: Calmet, Augustin (1830). "Ararat". Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible: With the Biblical Fragments, Volume 1. Charles Taylor (translator). London: Holdsworth and Ball. p. 178–179.
  104. ^ Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David (1871). Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. view Genesis 8:4 commentary online 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ Dwight 1856, p. 189:
  106. ^ . vatican.va. Holy See. 26 September 2001. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  107. ^ . patriarchia.ru (in Russian). Russian Orthodox Church. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Каждый, кто приезжает в Армению, получает неизгладимое впечатление, лицезрея ее главный символ — священную гору Арарат, на которой остановился после потопа ковчег праотца Ноя.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  108. ^ Patai, Raphael; Oettinger, Ayelet (2015). "Ararat". In Patai, Raphael; Bar-Itzhak, Haya (eds.). Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions. Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780765620255.
  109. ^ Balsiger, David; Sellier, Charles E. Jr. (1974). In Search of Noah's Ark. Sunn Classic Books. p. 203.
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  112. ^ Cline, Eric H. (2009). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-534263-5.
  113. ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Psychology Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-30592-1.
  114. ^ Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). "Noah's Ark". Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-313-37919-2.
  115. ^ a b Boniface, Brian; Cooper, Chris; Cooper, Robyn (2012). Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism (6th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-415-52277-9. The snow-capped peak of Ararat is a holy mountain and national symbol for Armenians, dominating the horizon in the capital, Erevan, yet it is virtually inaccessible as it lies across the border in Turkey.
  116. ^ Lydolph, Paul E. (1979). Geography of the U.S.S.R., Topical Analysis. Misty Valley Publishing. p. 46. ...about 65 kilometers south of Yerevan where Mount Ararat reaches an elevation of 5156 meters.
  117. ^ Shoemaker, M. Wesley (2014). "Armenia". Russia and The Commonwealth of Independent States 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. ISBN 9781475812268. Mt. Ararat, traditionally associated with Armenia...
  118. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1990) [1980]. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-312-04230-1. ...Mount Ararat, closely identified with Armenia throughout her history...
  119. ^ Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906: "Almost the whole history of the Armenian people centres round Mount Ararat." Villari, Luigi (1906). Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 215.
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  127. ^ "Veneration of Ararat". Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (84158): 16. 1984. The Yerevan Armenians truly worship Ararat, which is their magic mountain. They venerate it to the extent that they sometimes forget that by one dirty trick of history its summit is summit is presently under the skies of Turkey.
  128. ^ (in French). France Info. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Cet ancien volcan vénéré par les Améniens attire des curieux du monde entier.
  129. ^ . encyclopedia.am (in Armenian). Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Այն եղել է հայ ժողովրդի պաշտամունքի լեռը, որի շուրջ հյուսվել են բազմաթիվ զրույցներ ու առասպելներ:
  130. ^ Companjen, Françoise; Marácz, László Károly; Versteegh, Lia, eds. (2010). Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9789089641830.
  131. ^ Darke, Diana (2014). Eastern Turkey. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84162-490-7. ...of course Mount Ararat is for Armenians their holy mountain...
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  139. ^ a b Shirinian, Lorne (1992). The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0773496132.
  140. ^ Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2005). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 292. ISBN 9780814332214.
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  142. ^ Smele, Jon (2015). The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years that Shook the World. Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780190233044.
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  147. ^ Matevosian, V.; Haytayan, P. (1984). "Սարյան Մարտիրոս (Saryan Martiros)". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 10 (in Armenian). p. 240. 1921–ին Հ. Կոջոյանի հետ ստեղծել է Խորհրդային Հայաստանի գերբը...
  148. ^ Meier, Reinhard (1975). "Soviet Armenia Today". Swiss Review of World Affairs. 25–26. The impressive mountain also has its place as the central image in the coat of arms of the Armenian Soviet Republic (coupled, of course, with a five-pointed Soviet star).
  149. ^ Revo, O. (August 2000). . Nauka i Zhizn (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2022.
  150. ^ Adriaans 2011, p. 48.
  151. ^ Johnson, Jerry L. (2000). Crossing Borders – Confronting History: Intercultural Adjustment in the Post-Cold War World. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7618-1536-5. Armenians view Mount Ararat as both a symbol of the Genocide and loss of hallowed land.
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  153. ^ Adriaans 2011, p. 40.
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  158. ^ Phillips, David L. (2005). Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84545-007-6.
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Sources

General works cited in the article

Specific works on Ararat

  • Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London, England: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 978-1909382244.
  • Dwight, H.G.O. (1856). "Armenian Traditions about Mt. Ararat". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 5: 189–191. doi:10.2307/592222. JSTOR 592222.
  • Bryce, James (1877). Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876. London, England: Macmillan & Co.
  • Murad, Friedrich (1901). Ararat und Masis: Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur (in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.
  • Novoseltsev, Anatoly (1978). "О местонахождении библейской "горы Арарат" (On the location of the biblical "mountains of Ararat")". Европа в древности и средневековье [Europe in the antiquity and the Middle Ages] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 61–66.
  • Ketchian, Philip K. (24 December 2005). . The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on 2009-09-08.
  • Melkonyan, Ashot [in Armenian] (2008). Արարատ. Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը [Ararat: Symbol of Armenian Immortality] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Tigrant Mets Publishing.
  • Petrossyan, Sargis (2010). "Արարատյան լեռների հին անունների և անվանադիրների մասին" [About the Ancient Names and Eponyms of the Ararat Mountains]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. № 3 (3): 220–227.
  • Antonson, Rick (2016). Full Moon over Noah's Ark: An Odyssey to Mount Ararat and Beyond. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781510705678.
  • Petrosyan, Armen (2016). "Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications". Comparative Mythology. 2 (1): 68–80. ISSN 2409-9899.

Books on Armenia with Ararat in their titles

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Ararat.

May 04, 2023
mount, ararat, this, article, about, place, turkey, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, mount, arayat, mount, arafat, also, known, mount, ağrı, turkish, ağrı, dağı, snow, capped, dormant, compound, volcano, extreme, east, turkey, consists, major, volc. This article is about the place in Turkey For other uses see Mount Ararat disambiguation Not to be confused with Mount Arayat or Mount Arafat Mount Ararat ˈ aer e r ae t ARR e rat also known as Mount Agri Turkish Agri Dagi is a snow capped and dormant compound volcano in the extreme east of Turkey It consists of two major volcanic cones Greater Ararat and Little Ararat Greater Ararat is the highest peak in Turkey and the Armenian Highland with an elevation of 5 137 m 16 854 ft Little Ararat s elevation is 3 896 m 12 782 ft 3 The Ararat massif is about 35 km 22 mi wide at ground base 4 The first recorded efforts to reach Ararat s summit were made in the Middle Ages and Friedrich Parrot Khachatur Abovian and four others made the first recorded ascent in 1829 Mount AraratLittle Ararat left and Greater Ararat right View from Yerevan ArmeniaHighest pointElevation5 137 m 16 854 ft See Elevation sectionProminence3 611 m 11 847 ft 1 Ranked 48thIsolation379 km 235 mi ListingCountry high pointUltraVolcanic Seven Second SummitsCoordinates39 42 07 N 44 17 54 E 39 70194 N 44 29833 E 39 70194 44 29833 Coordinates 39 42 07 N 44 17 54 E 39 70194 N 44 29833 E 39 70194 44 29833NamingNative nameAgri Dagi Turkish GeographyMount AraratLocation in TurkeyShow map of TurkeyMount AraratMount Ararat Armenia Show map of ArmeniaMount AraratMount Ararat Near East Show map of Near EastMount AraratMount Ararat Earth Show map of EarthLocationIgdir and Agri provinces TurkeyRegionEastern Anatolia RegionParent rangeArmenian HighlandsGeologyMountain typeStratovolcanoLast eruptionJuly 2 1840ClimbingFirst ascent9 October O S 27 September 1829Friedrich Parrot Khachatur Abovian two Russian soldiers two Armenian villagersDesignationsIUCN Category II National Park Official nameAgri Dagi Milli ParkiDesignated1 November 2004 2 In Europe the mountain has been called by the name Ararat since the Middle Ages as it began to be identified with mountains of Ararat described in the Bible as the resting place of Noah s Ark despite contention that Genesis 8 4 does not refer specifically to a Mount Ararat Despite lying outside the borders of modern Armenia the mountain is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians It is featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah s Ark In Armenian it is traditionally called Masis Armenian Մասիս Contents 1 Political borders 2 Names and etymology 2 1 Ararat 2 2 Masis 2 3 Agri and Agiri 2 4 Other names 3 Geography 3 1 Elevation 3 2 Summit ice cap 4 Geology 4 1 Geological history 4 2 Recent volcanic and seismic activity 4 2 1 1840 eruption 5 Ascents 5 1 Religious objections 5 2 First ascent 5 3 Later notable ascents 6 Resting place of Noah s Ark 6 1 Origin of the tradition 6 2 Prevalence of the tradition 6 3 Searches 7 Significance for Armenians 7 1 Symbolism 7 2 Myth of origin 7 3 Coat of arms of Armenia 7 4 Symbol of genocide and territorial claims 8 Cultural depictions 8 1 In visual art 8 2 In literature 8 2 1 Armenian 8 2 2 Non Armenian 8 3 In popular culture 8 3 1 In music 8 3 2 In film 9 Places named for Ararat 9 1 States 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Citations 13 2 Sources 13 2 1 General works cited in the article 13 2 2 Specific works on Ararat 13 2 3 Books on Armenia with Ararat in their titles 14 External linksPolitical borders EditMount Ararat forms a near quadripoint between Turkey Armenia Iran and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan Its summit is located some 16 km 10 mi west of both the Iranian border and the border of the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan and 32 km 20 mi south of the Armenian border The Turkish Armenian Azerbaijani and Turkish Iranian Azerbaijani tripoints are some 8 km 5 mi apart separated by a narrow strip of Turkish territory containing the E99 road which enters Nakhchivan at 39 39 19 N 44 48 12 E 39 6553 N 44 8034 E 39 6553 44 8034 From the 16th century until 1828 the range was part of the Ottoman Persian border Great Ararat s summit and the northern slopes along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were controlled by Persia Following the 1826 28 Russo Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian Empire Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish Persian and Russian imperial frontiers converged 5 The current international boundaries were formed throughout the 20th century The mountain came under Turkish control during the 1920 Turkish Armenian War 6 It formally became part of Turkey according to the 1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars 7 In the late 1920s Turkey crossed the Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion 8 during which the Kurdish rebels used the area as a safe haven against the Turkish state 9 Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to Turkey in a territorial exchange 8 10 The Iran Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat the lower peak of the Ararat massif As of 2004 update the mountain is open to climbers only with military permission The procedure to obtain the permission involves submitting a formal request to a Turkish embassy for a special Ararat visa and it is mandatory to hire an official guide from the Turkish Federation for Alpinism Access is still limited even for climbers who obtain the necessary permission and those who venture off the approved path may be fired upon without warning 11 Names and etymology Edit View from the Araratian plain near the city of Artashat Armenia Closeup of Greater Ararat Closeup of Lesser Ararat View from Turkey Ararat Edit Ararat Western Armenian pronunciation Ararad is the Biblical Hebrew name אררט ʾrrṭ Tiberian vocalization א ר ר ט ʾăraraṭ Pesher Genesis הוררט hōraraṭ 12 cognate with Assyrian Urartu 13 of a kingdom that existed in the Armenian Highlands in the 9th 6th centuries BC In the 19th century Wilhelm Gesenius speculated an origin from Arjanwartah an unattested Sanskrit word without any clear cognates supposedly meaning holy ground 14 15 Some Armenian historians such as Ashot Melkonyan link the origin of the word Ararat to the prefix of a number of placenames in the Armenian Highland ar including the Armenians 16 17 The mountain is known as Ararat in European languages 18 19 however none of the native peoples have traditionally referred to the mountain by that name 20 This mountain was not called by the name Ararat until the Middle Ages early Armenian historians considered the biblical Ararat to be in Corduene 21 22 Masis Edit The traditional Armenian name is Masis Մասիս maˈsis sometimes Massis 23 20 However nowadays the terms Masis and Ararat are both widely often interchangeably used in Armenian 24 a The folk etymology expressed in Movses Khorenatsi s History of Armenia derives the name from king Amasya the great grandson of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk who is said to have called the mountain Masis after himself 29 30 Various etymologies have been proposed Russian orientalist Anatoly Novoseltsev suggested that Masis derives from Middle Persian masist the largest 31 According to Armenian historian Sargis Petrosyan the mas root in Masis means mountain cf Proto Indo European mns 30 According to archaeologist Armen Petrosyan the name originates from the Masu Mashu mountain mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh which sounded like Masu in Assyrian 32 According to this theory the name meant twin referring to the twin peaks of the mountain Erkuahi a land mentioned in Urartian texts and identified with Mt Ararat could reflect the native Armenian language form of this same name compare to Armenian erku երկու meaning two 33 Today both Ararat and Masis are common male first names among Armenians 34 Agri and Agiri Edit The Turkish name is Agri Dagi 35 aːɾɯ da ɯ Ottoman Turkish اغـر طﺎﻍ Agir Dag i e Mountain of Agri Agri literally translates to pain or sorrow 18 31 36 37 This name has been known since the late Middle Ages 31 The 17th century explorer Evliya Celebi referred to it as Agri in the Seyahatname 38 The Kurdish name of the mountain is Ciyaye Agiri 39 40 t ʃɪjaːˈje aːgɪˈriː which translates to fiery mountain 41 An alternative Kurdish name is Gridax which is composed of the word gri presumably a corrupted version of the Kurdish gire meaning hill or Agiri and dax which is the Turkish dag meaning mountain 42 Despite the supposed meaning in Turkish Agri Dagi as pain mountain and Kurdish Ciyaye Agiri as fiery mountain some linguists underline a relationship between the mountain s name and a village on its slopes called Agori that was decimated after a landslide in 1840 The exact meaning of these related names remains unknown 38 Other names Edit The traditional Persian name is کوه نوح ˈkuːhe ˈnuːh Kuh e Nuḥ 5 literally the mountain of Noah 18 23 In classical antiquity particularly in Strabo s Geographica the peaks of Ararat were known in ancient Greek as Ἄbos Abos and Nibaros Nibaros b Geography EditMount Ararat is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey between the provinces of Agri and Igdir near the border with Iran Armenia and Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan between the Aras and Murat rivers 47 The Serdarbulak lava plateau at 2600 meters of elevation separates the peaks of Greater and Little Ararat 48 Mount Ararat s summit is located some 16 km 10 mi west of the Turkey Iran border and 32 km 20 mi south of the Turco Armenian border The Ararat plain runs along its northwest to western side Elevation Edit Ararat is the third most prominent mountain in West Asia An elevation of 5 165 m 16 946 ft for Mount Ararat is given by some encyclopedias and reference works such as Merriam Webster s Geographical Dictionary and Encyclopedia of World Geography 49 50 51 52 However a number of sources such as the United States Geological Survey and numerous topographic maps indicate that the alternatively widespread figure of 5 137 m 16 854 ft is probably more accurate 53 54 The current elevation may be as low as 5 125 m 16 814 ft due to the melting of its snow covered ice cap 55 Mount Ararat 3D Summit ice cap Edit See also Climate change in Turkey The ice cap on the summit of Mount Ararat has been shrinking since at least 1957 In the late 1950s Blumenthal observed that there existed 11 outlet glaciers emerging from a summit snow mass that covered about 10 km2 3 9 sq mi 56 At that time it was found that the present glaciers on the summit of Ararat extend as low as an elevation of 3 900 meters 12 800 ft on the north facing slope and an elevation of 4 200 meters 13 800 ft on its south facing slope 56 Using pre existing aerial imagery and remote sensing data Sarikaya and others studied the extent of the ice cap on Mount Ararat between 1976 and 2011 39 57 They discovered that this ice cap had shrunk to 8 0 km2 3 1 sq mi by 1976 and to 5 7 km2 2 2 sq mi by 2011 They calculated that between 1976 and 2011 the ice cap on top of Mount Ararat had lost 29 of its total area at an average rate of ice loss of 0 07 km2 0 027 sq mi per year over 35 years This rate is consistent with the general rates of retreat of other Turkish summit glaciers and ice caps that have been documented by other studies 57 According to a 2020 study by Yalcin if the glacial withdrawals continue with the same acceleration the permanent glacier will likely turn into a temporary glacier by 2065 58 Blumenthal estimated that the snow line had been as low as 3 000 meters 9 800 ft in elevation during the Late Pleistocene 56 Such a snow line would have created an ice cap of 100 km2 39 sq mi in extent However he observed a lack of any clear evidence of prehistoric moraines other than those which were close to the 1958 glacier tongues Blumenthal explained the absence of such moraines by the lack of confining ridges to control glaciers insufficient debris load in the ice to form moraines and their burial by later eruptions Years later Birman observed on the south facing slopes a possible moraine that extends at least 300 meters 980 ft in altitude below the base of the 1958 ice cap at an elevation of 4 200 meters 13 800 ft 59 He also found two morainal deposits that were created by a Mount Ararat valley glacier of Pleistocene possibly Wisconsinan Last Glacial Maximum age downvalley from Lake Balik The higher moraine lies at an altitude of about 2 200 meters 7 200 ft and the lower moraine lies at an altitude of about 1 800 meters 5 900 ft The lower moraine occurs about 15 kilometers 9 3 mi downstream from Lake Balik Both moraines are about 30 meters 98 ft high It is suspected that Lake Balik occupies a glacial basin 59 Geology EditMount Ararat is a polygenic compound stratovolcano Covering an area of 1 100 km2 420 sq mi it is the largest volcanic edifice within the region Along its northwest southeast trending long axis Mount Ararat is about 45 kilometers 28 mi long and is about 30 kilometers 19 mi long along its short axis It consists of about 1 150 km3 280 cu mi of dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris and dacitic rhyolitic and basaltic lavas 3 Mount Ararat consists of two distinct volcanic cones Greater Ararat and Lesser Ararat Little Ararat The western volcanic cone Greater Ararat is a steep sided volcanic cone that is larger and higher than the eastern volcanic cone Greater Ararat is about 25 kilometers 16 mi wide at the base and rises about 3 kilometers 1 9 mi above the adjacent floors of the Igdir and Dogubeyazit basins The eastern volcanic cone Lesser Ararat is 3 896 meters 12 782 ft high and 15 kilometers 9 3 mi across These volcanic cones which lie 13 kilometers 8 1 mi apart are separated by a wide north south trending crack This crack is the surface expression of an extensional fault Numerous parasitic cones and lava domes have been built by flank eruptions along this fault and on the flanks of both of the main volcanic cones 3 Mount Ararat lies within a complex sinistral pull apart basin that originally was a single continuous depression The growth of Mount Ararat partitioned this depression into two smaller basins the Igdir and Dogubeyazit basins This pull apart basin is the result of strike slip movement along two en echelon fault segments the Dogubeyazit Gurbulak and Igdir Faults of a sinistral strike slip fault system Tension between these faults not only formed the original pull apart basin but created a system of faults exhibiting a horsetail splay pattern that control the position of the principal volcanic eruption centers of Mount Ararat and associated linear belt of parasitic volcanic cones The strike slip fault system within which Mount Ararat is located is the result of north south convergence and tectonic compression between the Arabian Platform and Laurasia that continued after the Tethys Ocean closed during the Eocene epoch along the Bitlis Zagros suture 3 60 61 Geological history Edit Paleogeography of the early Oligocene Tectonic map of the Mediterranean and surrounding mountain ranges During the early Eocene and early Miocene the collision of the Arabian platform with Laurasia closed and eliminated the Tethys Ocean from the area of what is now Anatolia The closure of these masses of continental crust collapsed this ocean basin by middle Eocene and resulted in a progressive shallowing of the remnant seas until the end of the early Miocene Post collisional tectonic convergence within the collision zone resulted in the total elimination of the remaining seas from East Anatolia at the end of early Miocene crustal shortening and thickening across the collision zone and uplift of the East Anatolian Iranian plateau Accompanying this uplift was extensive deformation by faulting and folding which resulted in the creation of numerous local basins The north south compressional deformation continues today as evidenced by ongoing faulting volcanism and seismicity 3 60 62 Within Anatolia regional volcanism started in the middle late Miocene During the late Miocene Pliocene period widespread volcanism blanketed the entire East Anatolian Iranian plateau under thick volcanic rocks This volcanic activity has continued uninterrupted until historical times Apparently it reached a climax during the latest Miocene Pliocene 6 to 3 Ma During the Quaternary the volcanism became restricted to a few local volcanoes such as Mount Ararat These volcanoes are typically associated with north south tensional fractures formed by the continuing north south shortening deformation of Anatolia 3 In their detailed study and summary of the Quaternary volcanism of Anatolia Yilmaz et al recognized four phases to the construction of Mount Ararat from volcanic rocks exposed in glacial valleys deeply carved into its flanks 3 First they recognized a fissure eruption phase of Plinian subPlinian fissure eruptions that deposited more than 700 meters 2 300 ft of pyroclastic rocks and a few basaltic lava flows These volcanic rocks were erupted from approximately north northwest south southeast trending extensional faults and fissures prior to the development of Mount Ararat Second a cone building phase began when the volcanic activity became localized at a point along a fissure During this phase the eruption of successive flows of lava up to 150 meters 490 ft thick and pyroclastic flows of andesite and dacite composition and later eruption of basaltic lava flows formed the Greater Ararat cone with a low conical profile Third during a climatic phase copious flows of andesitic and basaltic lavas were erupted During this phase the current cones of Greater and Lesser Ararat were formed as eruptions along subsidiary fissures and cracks and flank occurred Finally the volcanic eruptions at Mount Ararat transitioned into a flank eruption phase during which a major north south trending fault offset the two cones that developed along with a number of subsidiary fissures and cracks on the volcano s flanks Along this fault and the subsidiary fissures and cracks a number of parasitic cones and domes were built by minor eruptions One subsidiary cone erupted voluminous basalt and andesite lava flows They flowed across the Dogubeyazit plain and along the southerly flowing Sarisu River These lava flows formed black ʻaʻa and pahoehoe lava flows that contain well preserved lava tubes 3 The radiometric dating of these lava flows yielded radiometric ages of 0 4 0 48 and 0 81 Ma 63 Overall radiometric ages obtained from the volcanic rocks erupted by Mount Ararat range from 1 5 to 0 02 Ma 3 Recent volcanic and seismic activity Edit The chronology of Holocene volcanic activity associated with Mount Ararat is documented by either archaeological excavations oral history historical records or a combination of these data which provide evidence that volcanic eruptions of Mount Ararat occurred in 2500 2400 BC 550 BC possibly in 1450 AD and 1783 AD and definitely in 1840 AD Archaeological evidence demonstrates that explosive eruptions and pyroclastic flows from the northwest flank of Mount Ararat destroyed and buried at least one Kura Araxes culture settlement and caused numerous fatalities in 2500 2400 BC Oral histories indicated that a significant eruption of uncertain magnitude occurred in 550 BC and minor eruptions of uncertain nature might have occurred in 1450 AD and 1783 AD 64 61 62 65 According to the interpretation of historical and archaeological data strong earthquakes not associated with volcanic eruptions also occurred in the area of Mount Ararat in 139 368 851 893 and 1319 AD During the 139 AD earthquake a large landslide that caused many casualties and was similar to the 1840 AD landslide originated from the summit of Mount Ararat 61 62 66 1840 eruption Edit A phreatic eruption occurred on Mount Ararat on July 2 1840 and pyroclastic flow from radial fissures on the upper north flank of the mountain and a possibly associated earthquake of magnitude 7 4 that caused severe damage and numerous casualties Up to 10 000 people died in the earthquake including 1 900 villagers in the village of Akhuri Armenian Akori modern Yenidogan who were killed by a gigantic landslide and subsequent debris flow In addition this combination of landslide and debris flow destroyed the Armenian monastery of St Jacob near Akori the town of Aralik several villages and Russian military barracks It also temporarily dammed the Sevjur Metsamor River 64 61 62 65 Ascents EditThe 13th century missionary William of Rubruck wrote that Many have tried to climb it but none has been able 67 Religious objections Edit The Armenian Apostolic Church was historically opposed to ascents of Ararat on religious grounds Thomas Stackhouse an 18th century English theologian noted that All the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah s ark exists to the present day on the summit of Mount Ararat and that in order to preserve it no person is permitted to approach it 68 In response to its first ascent by Parrot and Abovian one high ranking Armenian Apostolic Church clergyman commented that to climb the sacred mountain was to tie the womb of the mother of all mankind in a dragonish mode By contrast in the 21st century to climb Ararat is the most highly valued goal of some of the patriotic pilgrimages that are organized in growing number from Armenia and the Armenian diaspora 69 First ascent Edit Friedrich Parrot Khachatur Abovian The first recorded ascent of the mountain in modern times took place on 9 October O S 27 September 1829 70 71 72 73 The Baltic German naturalist Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat arrived at Etchmiadzin in mid September 1829 almost two years after the Russian capture of Yerevan for the sole purpose of exploring Ararat 74 The prominent Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian then a deacon and translator at Etchmiadzin was assigned by Catholicos Yeprem the head of the Armenian Church as interpreter and guide Parrot and Abovian crossed the Aras River into the district of Surmali and headed to the Armenian village of Akhuri on the northern slope of Ararat 1 220 metres 4 000 ft above sea level They set up a base camp at the Armenian monastery of St Hakob some 730 metres 2 400 ft higher at an elevation of 1 943 metres 6 375 ft After two failed attempts they reached the summit on their third attempt at 3 15 p m on October 9 1829 71 75 The group included Parrot Abovian two Russian soldiers Aleksei Zdorovenko and Matvei Chalpanov and two Armenian Akhuri villagers Hovhannes Aivazian and Murad Poghosian 76 Parrot measured the elevation at 5 250 metres 17 220 ft using a mercury barometer This was not only the first recorded ascent of Ararat but also the second highest elevation climbed by man up to that date outside of Mount Licancabur in the Chilean Andes Abovian dug a hole in the ice and erected a wooden cross facing north 77 Abovian also picked up a chunk of ice from the summit and carried it down with him in a bottle considering the water holy On 8 November O S 27 October 1829 Parrot and Abovian together with the Akhuri hunter Sahak s brother Hako acting as a guide climbed up Lesser Ararat 78 Later notable ascents Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article an early account of an ascent of Mount Ararat Other early notable climbers of Ararat included Russian climatologist and meteorologist Kozma Spassky Avtonomov August 1834 Karl Behrens 1835 German mineralogist and geologist Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich 29 July 1845 79 British politician Henry Danby Seymour 1848 80 and British army officer Major Robert Stuart 1856 81 Later in the 19th century two British politicians and scholars James Bryce 1876 82 and H F B Lynch 1893 83 84 climbed the mountain The first winter climb was by Turkish alpinist Bozkurt Ergor the former president of the Turkish Mountaineering Federation who climbed the peak on 21 February 1970 85 Resting place of Noah s Ark Edit left Topography of Paradise by German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher from his 1675 book Arca Noe In the upper right in the mountains above Armenia stands Mount Ararat shown with a rectangular shaped ark on the summit 86 right A 1749 etching entitled The Manner how the Whole Earth was Peopled by Noah amp his Descendants after the Flood published in The Universal Magazine showing Noah s Ark on top of the Mountains of Ararat in Armenia 87 Origin of the tradition Edit According to the Book of Genesis of the Old Testament Noah s Ark landed on the mountains of Ararat Biblical Hebrew ה ר י א ר ר ט hare ararat Genesis 8 4 88 Many historians and Bible scholars agree that Ararat is the Hebrew name of Urartu the geographical predecessor of Armenia they argue that the word referred to the wider region at the time and not specifically to Mount Ararat c The phrase is translated as mountains of Armenia montes Armeniae in the Vulgate the fourth century Latin translation of the Bible 92 Nevertheless Mount Ararat is traditionally considered the resting place of Noah s Ark 93 and thus considered a biblical mountain 94 95 Mount Ararat has been associated with the Genesis account since the 11th century 90 and Armenians began to identify it as the ark s landing place during that time 96 F C Conybeare wrote that the mountain was a center and focus of pagan myths and cults and it was only in the eleventh century after these had vanished from the popular mind that the Armenian theologians ventured to locate on its eternal snows the resting place of Noah s ark 97 Franciscan missionary William of Rubruck is usually considered the earliest reference for the tradition of Mount Ararat as the landing place of the ark in European literature 67 89 98 English traveler John Mandeville is another early author who mentioned Mount Ararat where Noah s ship rested and it is still there 99 100 Prevalence of the tradition Edit Descent of Noah from Ararat by Ivan Aivazovsky 1889 National Gallery of Armenia depicts Noah with his family and a procession of animals crossing the Ararat plain following their descent from Mount Ararat which is seen in the background 101 102 Most Christians identify Mount Ararat with the biblical mountains of Ararat largely because it would have been the first peak to emerge from the receding flood waters 93 and it is where most of Western Christianity place the landing of Noah s Ark 98 A 1722 biblical dictionary by Austin Calmet and the 1871 Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary both point to Mount Ararat as the place where the ark rested 103 104 American missionary H G O Dwight wrote in 1856 that it is the general opinion of the learned in Europe that the Ark landed on Mount Ararat 105 James Bryce wrote that the ark rested upon a mountain in the district which the Hebrews knew as Ararat or Armenia in an 1878 article for the Royal Geographical Society and he added that the biblical writer must have had Mount Ararat in mind because it is so very much higher more conspicuous and more majestic than any other summit in Armenia 82 In 2001 Pope John Paul II declared in his homily in Yerevan s St Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral We are close to Mount Ararat where tradition says that the Ark of Noah came to rest 106 Patriarch Kirill of Moscow the head of the Russian Orthodox Church also mentioned Mount Ararat as the resting place of Noah s Ark in his speech at the Etchmiadzin Cathedral during his visit to Armenia in 2010 107 Those critical of this view point out that Ararat was the name of the country at the time when Genesis was written not specifically the mountain Arnold wrote in his 2008 Genesis commentary The location on the mountains of Ararat indicates not a specific mountain by that name but rather the mountainous region of the land of Ararat 13 Searches Edit Ararat has traditionally been the main focus of the searches for Noah s Ark 93 Augustin Calmet wrote in his 1722 biblical dictionary It is affirmed but without proof that there are still remains of Noah s ark on the top of this mountain but M de Tournefort who visited this spot has assured us there was nothing like it that the top of mount Ararat is inaccessible both by reason of its great height and of the snow which perpetually covers it 103 Archaeological expeditions sometimes supported by evangelical and millenarian churches have been conducted since the 19th century in search of the ark 108 According to a 1974 book around 200 people from more than 20 countries claimed to have seen the Ark on Ararat since 1856 109 A fragment from the ark supposedly found on Ararat is on display at the museum of Etchmiadzin Cathedral the center of the Armenian Church 110 Despite numerous reports of ark sightings e g Ararat anomaly and rumors no scientific evidence of the ark has emerged 111 Searches for Noah s Ark are considered by scholars an example of pseudoarchaeology 112 113 Kenneth Feder writes As the flood story itself is unsupported by any archaeological evidence it is not surprising that there is no archaeological evidence for the existence of an impossibly large boat dating to 5 000 years ago 114 Significance for Armenians EditSymbolism Edit Ararat located some 65 km 40 mi south of the city dominates the skyline of Armenia s capital Yerevan 26 95 115 116 Hayk the legendary founding father of the Armenian people as depicted by Mkrtum Hovnatanian 1779 1846 Ararat is pictured in the background Despite lying outside the borders of modern Armenia Ararat has historically been associated with Armenia 120 and Armenians have being called by some authors the people of Ararat 121 122 It is widely considered the country s principal national symbol and brand 124 The image of Ararat usually framed within a nationalizing discourse is ubiquitous in everyday material culture in Armenia 125 Tsypylma Darieva argues that Armenians have a sense of possession of Ararat in the sense of symbolic cultural property 126 There is historical and modern mountain worship around it among Armenians 127 128 129 Ararat is known as the holy mountain of the Armenian people 130 115 131 It was principal to the pre Christian Armenian mythology where it was the home of the gods 132 With the rise of Christianity the mythology associated with pagan worship of the mountain was lost 133 In the early 20th century the Italian traveler Luigi Villari wrote Almost the whole history of the Armenian people centres round Mount Ararat 134 Ararat was the geographical center of ancient Armenian kingdoms d One scholar defined the historic Greater Armenia Armenia Major as the area about 200 miles 320 km in every direction from Mount Ararat 138 In 19th century era of romantic nationalism when an Armenian state did not exist Mount Ararat symbolized the historical Armenian nation state 139 In 1861 Armenian poet Mikael Nalbandian witnessing the Italian unification wrote to Harutiun Svadjian in a letter from Naples Etna and Vesuvius are still smoking is there no fire left in the old volcano of Ararat 140 Anglican priest and historian Theodore Edward Dowling wrote in 1910 that Mount Ararat and Etchmiadzin are the two great objects of Armenian veneration He noted that the noble snowy mountain takes the place in the estimation of the Armenians that Mount Sinai and the traditional Mount Zion do among the adherents of other Eastern Christians 141 While historian Jon Smele called Mt Ararat and the medieval capital of Ani the most cherished symbols of Armenian identity 142 Myth of origin Edit The Genesis flood narrative was linked to the Armenian myth of origin by the early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi In his History of Armenia he wrote that Noah and his family first settled in Armenia and later moved to Babylon Hayk a descendant of Japheth a son of Noah revolted against Bel the biblical Nimrod and returned to the area around Mount Ararat where he established the roots of the Armenian nation He is thus considered the legendary founding father and the name giver of the Armenian people 143 144 According to Razmik Panossian this legend makes Armenia the cradle of all civilisation since Noah s Ark landed on the Armenian mountain of Ararat it connects Armenians to the biblical narrative of human development it makes Mount Ararat the national symbol of all Armenians and the territory around it the Armenian homeland from time immemorial 145 Coat of arms of Armenia Edit Mount Ararat has been depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia consistently since 1918 The First Republic s coat of arms was designed by architect Alexander Tamanian and painter Hakob Kojoyan This coat of arms was readopted by the legislature of the Republic of Armenia on April 19 1992 after Armenia regained independence Ararat is depicted along with the ark on its peak on the shield on an orange background 146 The emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Soviet Armenia was created by the painters Martiros Saryan and Hakob Kojoyan in 1921 147 Mount Ararat is depicted in the center and makes up a large portion of it 148 First Republic 1918 1920 Soviet Republic 1921 91 Current Republic 1992 Ararat also appeared on the coat of arms of the Armenian Oblast and the Georgia Imeretia Governorate image subdivisions of the Russian Empire that included the northern flanks of the mountain They were adopted in 1833 and 1843 respectively 149 Symbol of genocide and territorial claims Edit In the aftermath of the Armenian genocide of 1915 Ararat came to represent the destruction of the native Armenian population of eastern Turkey Western Armenia in the national consciousness of Armenians e 151 Ari L Goldman noted in 1988 In most Armenian homes in the modern diaspora there are pictures of Mount Ararat a bittersweet reminder of the homeland and national aspirations 152 Ararat has become a symbol of Armenian efforts to reclaim its lost lands i e the areas west of Ararat that are now part of Turkey that had significant Armenian population before the genocide 16 Adriaans noted that Ararat is featured as a sanctified territory for the Armenians in everyday banal irredentism 153 Stephanie Platz wrote Omnipresent the vision of Ararat rising above Yerevan and its outskirts constantly reminds Armenians of their putative ethnogenesis and of their exile from Eastern Anatolia after the Armenian genocide of 1915 154 Lebanese Armenians protesting Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan s visit to Beirut in November 2010 155 The poster reads Ararat is and remains Armenian 156 Turkish political scientist Bayram Balci argues that regular references to the Armenian Genocide and Mount Ararat clearly indicate that the border with Turkey is contested in Armenia 157 Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 the Armenian government has not made official claims to any Turkish territory 157 158 however the Armenian government has avoided an explicit and formal recognition of the existing Turkish Armenian border 159 In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan was asked whether Armenia wants Mount Ararat back Sargsyan in response said that No one can take Mount Ararat from us we keep it in our hearts Wherever Armenians live in the world today you will find a picture of Mount Ararat in their homes And I feel certain that a time will come when Mount Ararat is no longer a symbol of the separation between our peoples but an emblem of understanding But let me make this clear Never has a representative of Armenia made territorial demands Turkey alleges this perhaps out of its own bad conscience 160 The most prominent party to lay claims to eastern Turkey is the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation Dashnaktsutyun which claims it as part of what it considers United Armenia 161 In various settings several notable individuals such as German historian Tessa Hofmann f Slovak conservative politician Frantisek Miklosko g Lithuanian political scientist and Soviet dissident Aleksandras Stromas h have spoken in support of Armenian claims over Mt Ararat Cultural depictions Edit The first stamps issued by independent Armenia in 1992 165 The mountain is notably featured on the Ararat brandy Levon Abrahamian noted that Ararat is visually present for Armenians in reality it can be seen from many houses in Yerevan and settlements in the Ararat plain symbolically through many visual representations such as on Armenia s coats of arms and culturally in numerous and various nostalgic poetical political architectural representation 166 The first three postage stamps issued by Armenia in 1992 after achieving independence from the Soviet Union depicted Mount Ararat 165 Mount Ararat has been depicted on various Armenian dram banknotes issued in 1993 2001 on the reverse of the 10 dram banknotes issued in 1993 on the reverse of the 50 dram banknotes issued in 1998 on the obverse of the 100 and 500 dram banknotes issued in 1993 and on the reverse of the 50 000 dram banknotes issued in 2001 It was also depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1972 1986 i Ararat is depicted on the logos of two of Armenia s leading universities the Yerevan State University and the American University of Armenia It is depicted on the logos of Football Club Ararat Yerevan since the Soviet times and the Football Federation of Armenia The logo of Armavia Armenia s now defunct flag carrier also depicted Ararat The publications of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party in Lebanon Ararad daily and California U S Massis weekly are both named for the mountain The Ararat brandy produced by the Yerevan Brandy Company since 1887 is considered the most prestigious Eastern European brandy 167 Hotels in Yerevan often advertise the visibility of Ararat from their rooms which is seen as a major advantage for tourists 168 169 170 In visual art Edit EuropeanArarat was depicted in the books of European including many British travelers in the 18th 19th centuries who visited Armenia Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 1718 Robert Ker Porter 1821 View of Ararat and the Monastery of Echmiadzin from the 1846 English translation of Friedrich Parrot s Journey to Ararat James Bryce 1877 H F B Lynch 1901 H F B Lynch 1901 Ararat from AralykhArmenianAccording to one source the first Armenian artist to depict the mountain was Ivan Aivazovsky 171 who created a painting of Ararat during his visit to Armenia in 1868 172 Other major Armenians artists who painted Ararat include Yeghishe Tadevosyan Gevorg Bashinjaghian Martiros Saryan 173 and Panos Terlemezian Ivan Aivazovsky Valley of Mount Ararat 1882 Yeghishe Tadevosyan Ararat from Ejmiatsin 1895 Gevorg Bashinjaghian 1912 Panos Terlemezian 1929In literature Edit Rouben Paul Adalian suggested that there is probably more poetry written about Mount Ararat than any other mountain on earth 133 Travel writer Rick Antonson described Ararat as the most fabled mountain in the world 174 Armenian Edit Ararat depicted on the wooden door of St Vartan Armenian Cathedral in New York City Paintings of Mount Ararat for sale at the Yerevan Vernissage Mount Ararat is featured prominently in Armenian literature According to Meline Karakashian Armenian poets attribute to it symbolic meanings of unity freedom and independence 175 According to Kevork Bardakjian in Armenian literature Ararat epitomizes Armenia and Armenian suffering and aspirations especially the consequences of the 1915 genocide almost total annihilation loss of a unique culture and land and an implicit determination never to recognize the new political borders 176 The last two lines of Yeghishe Charents s 1920 poem I Love My Armenia Ես իմ անուշ Հայաստանի read And in the entire world you will not find a mountaintop like Ararat s Like an unreachable peak of glory I love my Mount Masis 177 In a 1926 178 poem dedicated to the mountain Avetik Isahakyan wrote Ages as though in second came Touched the grey crest of Ararat And passed by It s now your turn you too now Stare at its high and lordly brow And pass by 179 Mount Ararat is the most frequently cited symbol in the poetry of Hovhannes Shiraz 176 In collection of poems Knar Hayastani Lyre of Armenia published in 1958 there are many poems with very strong nationalist overtones especially with respect to Mount Ararat in Turkey and the irredentism it entailed In one such poem Ktak Bequest Shiraz bequeaths his son Mt Ararat to keep it forever As the language of us Armenians as the pillar of your father s home 180 The first lines of Paruyr Sevak s 1961 poem We Are Few Քիչ ենք բայց հայ ենք read We are few but they say of us we are Armenians We do not think ourselves superior to anyone Clearly we shall have to accept That we and only we have an Ararat 181 In one short poem Silva Kaputikyan compares Armenia to an ancient rock carved fortress the towers of which are Ararat and Aragats Non Armenian Edit English Romantic poet William Wordsworth imagines seeing the ark in the poem Sky prospect From the Plain of France 182 183 In his Journey to Arzrum Puteshestvie v Arzrum 1835 36 the celebrated Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin recounted his travels to the Caucasus and Armenia at the time of the 1828 29 Russo Turkish War I went out of the tent into the fresh morning air The sun was rising Against the clear sky one could see a white snowcapped twin peaked mountain What mountain is that I asked stretching myself and heard the answer That s Ararat What a powerful effect a few syllables can have Avidly I looked at the Biblical mountain saw the ark moored to its peak with the hope of regeneration and life saw both the raven and dove flying forth the symbols of punishment and reconciliation 184 Russian Symbolist poet Valery Bryusov often referred to Ararat in his poetry and dedicated two poems to the mountain j which were published in 1917 Bryusov saw Ararat as the embodiment of antiquity of the Armenian people and their culture 185 Russian poet Osip Mandelstam wrote fondly of Ararat during his 1933 travels in Armenia I have cultivated in myself a sixth sense an Ararat sense the poet wrote the sense of an attraction to a mountain 186 During his travels to Armenia Soviet Russian writer Vasily Grossman observed Mount Ararat from Yerevan standing high in the blue sky He wrote that with its gentle tender contours it seems to grow not out of the earth but out of the sky as if it has condensed from its white clouds and its deep blue It is this snowy mountain this bluish white sunlit mountain that shone in the eyes of those who wrote the Bible 187 In The Maximus Poems 1953 American poet Charles Olson who grew up near the Armenian neighborhood in Worcester Massachusetts compares the Ararat Hill near his childhood home to the mountain and imagines he can capture an Armenian s immigrant perspective the view of Ararat Hill as Mount Ararat 188 The world renowned Turkish Kurdish writer Yasar Kemal s 1970 book entitled Agri Dagi Efsanesi The Legend of Mount Ararat is about a local myth about a poor boy and the governor s daughter Several major episodes in Declare 2001 by Tim Powers take place on Mount Ararat In the book it is the focal point of supernatural happenings In the lore of Warhammer 40 000 Mount Ararat is the site of the destruction of the Thunder Warriors In popular culture Edit The Arch of Charents in Voghjaberd is an iconic site offering a panoramic view of the mountain It was designed by Rafayel Israyelian and built in 1957 189 In music Edit Holy Mountains the 8th track of the album Hypnotize 2005 by System of a Down an American rock band composed of four Armenian Americans references Mount Ararat and details that the souls lost to the Armenian Genocide have returned to rest here 190 Here s to You Ararat is a song from the 2006 album How Much is Yours of Arto Tuncboyaciyan s Armenian Navy Band 191 In film Edit The 2002 film Ararat by Armenian Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan features Mount Ararat prominently in its symbolism 192 The 2011 documentary film Journey to Ararat on Parrot and Abovian s expedition to Ararat was produced in Estonia by filmmaker Riho Vastrik 193 194 It was screened at the Golden Apricot International Film Festival in Yerevan in 2013 195 Places named for Ararat EditIn ArmeniaIn Armenia four settlements are named after the mountain s two names Ararat and Masis All are located in the Ararat Plain First the village of Davalu was renamed Ararat in 1935 followed by Tokhanshalu being renamed Masis in 1945 and the workers town of Davalu s nearby cement factory also being renamed Ararat in 1947 The latter became a city in 1962 The railway town of Ulukhanlu was renamed Masis in 1950 while the former village town of Ulukhanlu renamed Hrazdan and then Masis in 1969 The two merged to form the urban type settlement of Masis the current town in 1971 196 197 There were previously administrative divisions shrjan or raion called Ararat Vedi until 1968 and Masis formed in 1930 and 1968 respectively They became a part of the province marz of Ararat in the 1995 198 The name is also used in two dioceses of the Armenian Apostolic Church the Araratian Pontifical Diocese and the Diocese of Masyatsotn encompassing capital Yerevan and the Ararat province respectively 199 200 ElsewhereThe Turkish province of Agri was named after the Turkish name of the mountain in 1927 while the provincial capital city of Karakose was renamed to Agri in 1946 201 In the United States a river in Virginia and North Carolina was named Ararat after the mountain no later than 1770 An unincorporated community in North Carolina was later named after the river 202 A township and a mountain in Pennsylvania are called Ararat 203 In the Australian state of Victoria a city was named Ararat in 1840 Its local government area is also called Ararat 204 205 96205 Ararat is an asteroid named in the mountain s honor It was discovered in 1992 by Freimut Borngen and Lutz D Schmadel at Tautenburg Observatory in Germany The name was proposed by Borngen 206 States Edit Besides Ararat being the Hebrew version of Urartu 13 this Iron Age state is often referred to as the Araratian Kingdom or the Kingdom of Ararat Armenian Արարատյան թագավորություն Arartyan t agavorut yun in Armenian historiography 207 Levon Abrahamian argues that this name gives it a biblical and an Armenian touch 208 The First Republic of Armenia the first modern Armenian state that existed between 1918 and 1920 was sometimes called the Araratian Republic or the Republic of Ararat Armenian Արարատյան Հանրապետություն Araratyan hanrapetut yun 209 210 as it was centered in the Ararat plain 211 212 In 1927 the Kurdish nationalist party Xoybun led by Ihsan Nuri fighting an uprising against the Turkish government declared the independence of the Republic of Ararat Kurdish Komara Agiriye centered around Mount Ararat 213 214 Gallery Edit Seen from the International Space Station 8 July 2011 From the Space Shuttle 18 March 2001 View of Ararat from Khor Virap Armenia View of Ararat with the Khor Virap in the front Armenia View of Ararat from Igdir Turkey From Dogubeyazit From Igdir From NakhchivanSee also EditMount Alvand Kurdish melodies Mount JudiNotes Edit The peaks are sometimes referred to in plural as Մասիսներ Masisner 25 Greater Ararat is known as simply Masis or Մեծ Մասիս Mets Masis Great Big Masis While Lesser Ararat is known as Sis Սիս 26 27 or Փոքր Մասիս P ok r Masis Little Small Masis 18 25 The word Ararat occurs in Armenian literature from the early medieval period following the invention of the Armenian alphabet 28 Strabo Geographica XI 14 2 and XI 14 14 43 They are also transliterated as Abus and Nibarus 44 Abos and Nibaros are the two peaks of Ararat according to scholars such as Nicholas Adontz 43 Vladimir Minorsky 45 Julius Furst 46 Richard James Fischer The Genesis text using the plural mountains or hills identifies no particular mountain but points generally toward Armenia Ararat being identical with the Assyrian Urartu which is broadly embraces sic that region 89 Exell Joseph S Spence Jones Henry Donald Maurice eds Genesis The Pulpit Commentary It is agreed by all clarification needed that the term Ararat describes a region view online Dummelow John ed 1909 Genesis John Dummelow s Commentary on the Bible Ararat is the Assyrian Urardhu the country round Lake Van in what is now called Armenia and perhaps it is a general expression for the hilly country which lay to the N of Assyria Mt Masis now called Mt Ararat a peak 17 000 ft high is not meant here view online Bill T Arnold Since the ancient kingdom of Ararat Urartu was much more extensive geographically than this isolated location in Armenia modern attempts to find remaints of Noah s ark here are misguided 90 Vahan Kurkjian It has long been the notion among many Christians that Noah s Ark came to rest as the Flood subsided upon the great peak known as Mount Ararat this assumption is based upon an erroneous reading of the 4th verse of the VIIIth chapter of Genesis That verse does not say that the Ark landed upon Mount Ararat but upon the mountains of Ararat Now Ararat was the Hebrew version of the name not of the mountain but of the country around it the old Armenian homeland whose name at other times and in other tongues appears variously as Erirath Urartu etc 91 Mt Ararat which was the geographical center of the ancient Armenian kingdoms 135 The sacred mountain stands in the center of historical and traditional Armenia 136 To the Armenians it is the ancient sanctuary of their faith the centre of their once famous kingdom hallowed by a thousand traditions 137 The lands of Western Armenia which Mt Ararat represent 139 mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western Armenia 150 Hofmann suggested that the return of the ruins of Ani and of Mount Ararat by Turkey to Armenia both in the immediate border area could be considered as a convincing gesture of Turkey s apologies and will for reconciliation 162 Miklosko stated at a 2010 conference on Turkey s foreign policy Mount Ararat represents the Christian heritage of Armenians Does modern Turkey consider the possibility of giving the mount back to Armenians The return of Ararat would be an unprecedented step to signify Turkey s willingness to build a peaceful future and promote its image at the international scene 163 Stromas wrote The Armenians would also be right to claim from Turkey the Ararat Valley which is an indivisible part of the Armenian homeland containing the main spiritual center and supreme symbol of Armenia s nationhood the holy Mountain of Ararat itself 164 Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Banknote Museum 6 Emission Group One Hundred Turkish Lira I Series II Series amp III Series K Araratu To Ararat and Ararat iz Erivani Ararat from Erivan References EditCitations Edit 100 World Mountains ranked by primary factor ii uib no Institutt for informatikk University of Bergen Archived from the original on 2016 05 21 Retrieved 2016 05 09 Agri Dagi Milli Parki Agri Dagi National Park ormansu gov tr in Turkish Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forest and Water Management Archived from the original on 2016 05 05 Retrieved 2016 04 11 a b c d e f g h i Yilmaz Y Guner Y Saroglu F 1998 Geology of the quaternary volcanic centres of the east Anatolia Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85 1 4 173 210 Bibcode 1998JVGR 85 173Y doi 10 1016 s0377 0273 98 00055 9 Short Nicholas M Blair Robert W eds 1986 Mt Ararat Turkey Geomorphology From Space A Global Overview of Regional Landforms National Aeronautics and Space Administration p 226 a b de Planhol X 1986 Ararat Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 2015 11 02 Retrieved 2015 11 03 Hovannisian Richard G 1973 Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet Turkish Entente International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 2 129 147 doi 10 1017 s0020743800027409 JSTOR 162238 S2CID 162360397 Nationalist Turkey annexed the Surmalu district embracing Mount Ararat the historic symbol of the Armenian people de Waal Thomas 2015 Great Catastrophe Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide Oxford University Press p 86 ISBN 978 0199350698 a b Parrot 2016 p xxiii Yildiz Kerim Taysi Tanyel B 2007 The Kurds in Iran The Past Present and Future London Pluto Press p 71 ISBN 978 0745326696 Tsutsiev Arthur 2014 Atlas of the Ethno Political History of the Caucasus Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov New Haven Yale University Press p 92 ISBN 978 0300153088 Westerman Frank 2008 12 02 Ararat In Search of the Mythical Mountain Random House ISBN 978 1 4070 1951 2 Frymer Tikva S Sperling S David 2008 Ararat Armenia Encyclopaedia Judaica 2nd ed view online Archived 2015 12 22 at the Wayback Machine a b c Arnold 2008 p 104 Rogers Thorold 1884 Bible Folk Lore A Study in Comparative Methodology London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner amp Co p 21 Ararat was thought by Gesenius to be a Sanskrit word Arjawartah signifying holy ground Bonomi Joseph 1866 Ararat In Fairbairn Patrick ed The Imperial Bible Dictionary Historical Biographical Geographical and Doctrinal Volume I Glasgow Blackie and Son p 118 a b Avakyan K R 2009 Աշոտ Մելքոնյան Արարատ Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը Ashot Melkonyan Ararat Symbol of Armenian Immortality Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Armenian 1 1 252 257 Archived from the original on 2015 11 18 Retrieved 2015 11 17 Պատմական ճակատագրի բերումով Արարատ Մասիսը ոչ միայն վեհության անհասանելիության կատարելության մարմնավորում է այլև 1915 թ հայոց մեծ եղեռնից ու հայ ժողովրդի հայրենազրկումից հետո բռնազավթված հայրենիքի և այն նորեն իր արդար զավակներին վերադարձելու համոզումի անկրկնելի խորհրդանիշ աշխարհասփյուռ հայության միասնականության փարոս էջ 8 Teryan Anzhela 31 August 2011 Երևան անվան ծագման մասին On the origin of the name Yerevan in Armenian Yerevan History Museum Archived from the original on 7 June 2018 Հայտնի է որ Հայկական լեռնաշխարհում Ար ով նաև էր Ուր Իր սկսվող բազմաթիվ աշխարհագրական նաև անձնական անուններ կան Արարատ Արագած Արա Արաքս Արածանի Արմավիր Արճեշ Այս երևույթը կապված է Արարչի Ար Աստված և նրա պաշտանմունքն ունեցող Հայկական լեռնաշխարհի բնիկների հայ արմենների արմեն նաև արի Էրի անվան հետ a b c d Hewsen Robert H 2001 Armenia The Physical Setting Mt Ararat Armenia A Historical Atlas University of Chicago Press p 15 ISBN 978 0 226 33228 4 Smith Eli 1832 Foreign Correspondence The Biblical Repository and Classical Review 203 called by the Armenians Masis and by Europeans generally Ararat a b Bryce 1877 p 198 Alexander Agadjanian 15 April 2016 Armenian Christianity Today Identity Politics and Popular Practice Routledge p 14 ISBN 978 1 317 17857 6 It is worth noting that contrary to Armenian Apostolic Church discourse and popular knowledge it was probably as late as the beginning of the second millennium AD when the localization of the biblical Mount Ararat was permanently moved from the highlands hemming upper Mesopotamia to Mount Masis in the heart of historical Armenian territory Petrosyan Hamlet 2001 The Sacred Mountain In Levon Abrahamian and Nancy Sweezy ed Armenian Folk Arts Culture and Identity Indiana University Press p 36 ISBN 978 0 253 33704 7 When Armenians were first introduced to the biblical story of the flood there was no special interest in the location of Mount Ararat Most Armenian historians in the Early Middle Ages accepted the generally held Christian opinion of the time that Ararat was located near Mesopotamia in Korduk Corduene the southernmost province of Armenia However when European Crusaders on their way to free the Holy Land from Moslem rule appeared in the region in the 11th century Armenian hopes for similar salvation helped to catalyze the final identification of Masis with Ararat From the 12th century on Catholic missionaries and other travelers to the region returned to Europe with the same story that the mountain where the Ark landed was towering in the heart of Armenia a b Jastrow Morris Jr Kent Charles Foster 1902 Ararat Jewish Encyclopedia Volume II New York NY Funk amp Wagnalls Co p 73 The mountain itself is known as Ararat only among Occidental geographers The Armenians call it Massis the Turks Aghri Dagh and the Persians Koh i Nuh or the mountain of Noah view online Archived 2015 11 25 at the Wayback Machine Avetisyan Kamsar 1979 Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ Armenian studies sketches in Armenian Yerevan Sovetakan grogh p 14 Archived from the original on 2015 11 27 Retrieved 2015 11 24 Հայերը Արարատը անվանում են Մասիս a b Մասիսներ Masisner encyclopedia am in Armenian Archived from the original on 2016 08 16 Retrieved 2016 06 13 a b Peroomian Rubina 2007 Historical Memory Threading the Contemporary Literature of Armenia In Hovannisian Richard ed The Armenian Genocide Cultural and Ethical Legacies Transaction Publishers p 113 ISBN 9781412835923 the majestic duo of Sis and Masis the two peaks of Mount Ararat that hover above the Erevan landscape are constant reminders of the historical injustice Delitzsch Franz 2001 New Commentary on Genesis Wipf and Stock Publishers p 274 ISBN 978 1 57910 813 7 The Armenians call Little Ararat sis and Great Ararat masis whence it seems that great the meaning of meds is contained in ma Hovhannisyan L Sh 2016 Բառերի մեկնությունը հինգերորդ դարի հայ մատենագրուտյան մեջ Interpretation of words in 5th century Armenian manuscripts in Armenian Yerevan Gitutyun p 61 Khorenatsi 1978 p 91 a b Petrossyan 2010 p 221 a b c Novoseltsev 1978 Petrosyan 2016 p 72 Armen Petrosyan Biblical Mt Ararat Two Identifications Comparative Mythology December 2016 Vol 2 Issue 1 pp 68 80 As of 2022 there were 5489 and 882 people named Ararat and Masis respectively in Armenia s voters list Արարատ Ararat anun am in Armenian Archived from the original on 5 January 2023 Մասիս Masis anun am Archived from the original on 10 August 2022 Ararat Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2019 11 18 ˈer e ˌrat ˈa re Dalton Robert H 2004 Sacred Places of the World A Religious Journey Across the Globe Abhishek p 133 ISBN 9788182470514 The Turkish name for Mt Ararat is Agri Dagi which means mountain of pain McCarta Robertson 1992 Turkey 2nd ed Nelles p 210 ISBN 9783886184019 Turkish Agri Dagi Mount of Sorrows a b Nisanyan Sevan Agri NisanyanYerAdlari Retrieved 26 July 2022 a b Sarikaya Mehmet Akif 2012 Recession of the ice cap on Mount Agri Ararat Turkey from 1976 to 2011 and its climatic significance Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 46 190 194 Bibcode 2012JAESc 46 190S doi 10 1016 j jseaes 2011 12 009 Xorteki tirk dixwaze bi bisiklete xwe ji ciyaye Agiri berde xware in Kurdish Rudaw Media Network 19 June 2014 Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2015 Waugh Alexander 27 August 2008 Will he won t He Ararat by Frank Westerman translated by Sam Garrett The Spectator Archived from the original on 11 August 2016 Retrieved 22 June 2016 Akkus Murat Agri Dagi nin adi Ararat olmali basnews Retrieved 26 July 2022 a b Petrossyan 2010 p 220 Jones Horace Leonard ed 1928 XI 14 The Geography of Strabo Harvard University Press view Book XI Chapter 14 online Minorsky V 1944 Roman and Byzantine Campaigns in Atropatene Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 11 2 243 265 doi 10 1017 S0041977X0007244X JSTOR 609312 S2CID 129323675 Although what Strabo means by Abos seems to be the southern spurs of Mt Ararat Julius Furst cited in Exell Joseph Jones William Barlow George Scott W Frank et al 1892 The Preacher s Complete Homiletical Commentary the present Aghri Dagh or the great Ararat Pers Kuhi Nuch i e Noah s mountain in the classics ὁ ἄbos Armen massis Furst view online Archived 2016 08 12 at the Wayback Machine Agri Mount Ararat Republic of Turkey Ministry of culture and tourism kultur gov tr 2005 Mount Agri Ararat anatolia com 2003 Retrieved 26 December 2020 the Serdarbulak lava plateau 2600 m stretches out between the two pinnacles Merriam Webster s Geographical Dictionary 3rd ed Springfield Massachusetts Merriam Webster 2001 p 63 ISBN 9780877795469 Haggett Peter ed 2002 Turkey Encyclopedia of World Geography The Middle East 2nd ed Marshall Cavendish p 2026 ISBN 978 0 7614 7289 6 Hartemann Frederic Hauptman Robert 2005 The Mountain Encyclopedia Lanham Maryland Taylor Trade p 17 ISBN 978 0 8108 5056 9 Galichian Rouben 2004 Historic Maps of Armenia The Cartographic Heritage I B Tauris p 26 ISBN 978 1 86064 979 0 Kurter Ajun in Turkish 20 May 1988 Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa Turkey PDF United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 G Archived PDF from the original on 11 October 2017 Maps of Ararat Ararat Map Turkey Agri Dagi turkeyodyssey com Terra Anatolia Archived from the original on 2007 02 25 According to Petter E Bjorstad Head of Informatics Department at the University of Bergen Norway Ararat Trip Report ii uib no August 2007 Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 I measured the summit elevation averaging more than 300 samples in my GPS it settled on 5132 meter 5 meter lower than the often quoted 5137 figure This clearly shows that the 5165 meter elevation that many sources use is wrong The summit is a snow ridge with no visible rock anywhere Thus the precise elevation will change with the seasons and could definitely be influenced by climate change global warming Later GPS measurements in Iran suggested that the GPS data may be about 10 meter too high also in this part of the world This would in fact point in the direction of a true Ararat elevation around 5125 meter a b c Blumenthal M M 1958 Vom Agrl Dag Ararat zum Kagkar Dag Bergfahrten in nordostanatolischen Grenzlande Die Alpen in German 34 125 137 a b Sarikaya Mehmet Akif Tekeli A E 2014 Satellite inventory of glaciers in Turkey In J S Kargel et al eds Global Land Ice Measurements from Space New York Springer Verlag pp 465 480 ISBN 978 3540798170 Yalcin Mustafa 2020 A GIS Based Multi Criteria Decision Analysis Model for Determining Glacier Vulnerability ISPRS International Journal of Geo Information 9 3 180 Bibcode 2020IJGI 9 180Y doi 10 3390 ijgi9030180 a b Birman J H 1968 Glacial Reconnaissance in Turkey Geological Society of America Bulletin 79 8 1009 1026 Bibcode 1968GSAB 79 1009B doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1968 79 1009 GRIT 2 0 CO 2 a b Dewey J F Hempton M R Kidd W S F Saroglum F Sengὃr A M C 1986 Shortening of continental lithosphere the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia a young collision zone In Coward M P Ries A C eds Collision Tectonics Geological Society of London pp 3 36 a b c d Karakhanian A Djrbashian R Trifonov V Philip H Arakelian S Avagian A 2002 Holocene Historical Volcanism and Active Faults as Natural Risk Factor for Armenia and Adjacent Countries Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 113 1 319 344 Bibcode 2002JVGR 113 319K doi 10 1016 s0377 0273 01 00264 5 a b c d Karakhanian A S Trifonov V G Philip H Avagyan A Hessami K Jamali F Bayraktutan M S Bagdassarian H Arakelian S Davtian V Adilkhanyan A 2004 Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia Eastern Turkey and North Western Iran Tectonophysics 380 3 4 189 219 Bibcode 2004Tectp 380 189K doi 10 1016 j tecto 2003 09 020 Allen Mark B Mark Darren F Kheirkhah Monireh Barfod Dan Emami Mohammad H Saville Christopher 2011 40Ar 39Ar dating of Quaternary lavas in northwest Iran constraints on the landscape evolution and incision rates of the Turkish Iranian plateau PDF Geophysical Journal International 185 3 1175 1188 Bibcode 2011GeoJI 185 1175A doi 10 1111 j 1365 246x 2011 05022 x a b Siebert L T Simkin and P Kimberly 2010 Volcanoes of the world 3rd ed University of California Press Berkeley California 551 pp ISBN 978 0 520 26877 7 a b Haroutiunian R A 2005 Katastroficheskoe izverzhenie vulkana Ararat 2 iyulya 1840 goda Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july 1840 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia Earth Sciences in Russian 58 1 27 35 ISSN 0515 961X Archived from the original on 2015 12 07 Retrieved 2015 11 26 Taymaz Tuncay Eyidog an Haluk Jackson James 1991 Source parameters of large earthquakes in the East Anatolian fault zone Turkey Geophysical Journal International 106 3 537 550 Bibcode 1991GeoJI 106 537T doi 10 1111 j 1365 246x 1991 tb06328 x a b William of Rubruck 1998 The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World 1253 55 Translated by W W Rockhill New Delhi Asian Educational Services p 269 270 ISBN 978 81 206 1338 6 mountains in which they say that Noah s ark rests and there are two mountains the one greater than the other and the Araxes flows at their base Many have tried to climb it but none has been able An old man gave me quite a good reason why one ought not to try to climb it They call the mountain Massis No one he said ought to climb up Massis it is the mother of the world Stackhouse Thomas 1836 A History of the Holy Bible Glasgow Blackie and Son p 93 Siekierski Konrad 2014 One Nation One Faith One Church The Armenian Apostolic Church and the Ethno Religion in Post Soviet Armenia In Agadjanian Alexander ed Armenian Christianity Today Identity Politics and Popular Practice Ashgate Publishing p 14 ISBN 978 1 4724 1273 7 Parrot 2016 p 139 a b Randveer Lauri October 2009 How the Future Rector Conquered Ararat University of Tartu Archived from the original on 2015 11 25 Retrieved 2015 11 25 Khachaturian Lisa 2011 Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia The Periodical Press and the Formation of a Modern Armenian Identity Transaction Publishers p 52 ISBN 978 1 4128 1372 3 Milner Thomas 1872 The Gallery of Geography A Pictorial and Descriptive Tour of the World Volume 2 W R M Phun amp Son p 783 Great Ararat was ascended for the first time by Professor Parrot October 9 1829 Giles Thomas 27 April 2016 Friedrich Parrot The man who became the father of Russian mountaineering Russia Beyond the Headlines Archived from the original on 24 June 2018 Retrieved 19 April 2017 Ketchian Philip K December 24 2005 Climbing Ararat Then and Now The Armenian Weekly 71 52 Archived from the original on September 8 2009 Parrot 2016 p 142 Parrot 2016 p 141 142 Parrot 2016 p 183 Fairbairn Patrick 1866 Ararat The Imperial Bible Dictionary Historical Biographical Geographical and Doctrinal Volume I p 119 Polo Marco Yule Henry 2010 The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East Volume 1 Cambridge University Press p 49 ISBN 978 1 108 02206 4 B J Corbin and Rex Geissler The Explorers of Ararat And the Search for Noah s Ark 3rd edition 2010 chap 3 a b Bryce James 1878 On Armenia and Mount Ararat Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 22 3 169 186 doi 10 2307 1799899 JSTOR 1799899 Lynch H F B 1893 The ascent of Ararat The Geographical Journal 2 458 Lynch H F B 1901 Armenia travels and studies Volume I The Russian Provinces London Longmans Green and Co p 176 Conquering the legendary Mount Ararat Hurriyet Daily News 15 January 2006 Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 Spar Ira 2003 The Mesopotamian Legacy Origins of the Genesis tradition In Aruz Joan ed Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus New York Metropolitan Museum of Art p 488 ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Archived from the original on 2015 11 29 Retrieved 2015 11 08 The Manner how the Whole Earth was Peopled by Noah amp his Descendants after the Flood British Museum Archived from the original on December 27 2020 Morgenstern Julian 1941 Psalm 48 Hebrew Union College Annual 16 1 95 JSTOR 23502992 Note the plural hare Ararat not Mt Ararat as traditionally translated and interpreted but rather one of the mountains of Ararat i e of Urartu or Armenia a b Fischer Richard James 2007 Mount Ararat Historical Genesis From Adam to Abraham University Press of America pp 109 111 ISBN 9780761838074 Archived from the original on 2019 01 28 Retrieved 2016 11 03 a b Arnold 2008 p 105 Kurkjian Vahan 1964 1958 A History of Armenia New York Armenian General Benevolent Union of America p 2 Room Adrian 1997 Placenames of the World Origins and Meanings McFarland p 34 ISBN 9780786401727 a b c Vos Howard F 1982 Flood Genesis In Bromiley Geoffrey W ed International Standard Bible Encyclopedia E J fully revised ed Wm B Eerdmans Publishing p 319 ISBN 978 0 8028 3782 0 Tremblais Jean Louis 16 July 2011 Ararat montagne biblique Le Figaro in French Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 9 November 2015 Biblical mountain s glaciers shrinking News24 8 August 2010 Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2015 a b Avagyan Ṛafayel 1998 Yerevan heart of Armenia meetings on the roads of time Union of Writers of Armenia p 17 The sacred biblical mountain prevailing over Yerevan was the very visiting card by which foreigners came to know our country Bailey Lloyd R 1990 Ararat In Mills Watson E Bullard Roger Aubrey eds Mercer Dictionary of the Bible Mercer University Press p 54 ISBN 978 0 86554 373 7 Archived from the original on 2019 01 28 Retrieved 2016 11 03 the local Armenian population called Masis and which they began to identify as the ark s landing place in the eleventh twelfth centuries Conybeare F C 1901 Reviewed Work Ararat und Masis Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur by Friedrich Murad The American Journal of Theology 5 2 335 337 doi 10 1086 477703 JSTOR 3152410 a b Spencer Lee Lienard Jean Luc 2005 The Search for Noah s Ark Southwestern Adventist University Archived from the original on 2015 03 14 Retrieved 2015 11 03 archived Mandeville John 2012 The Book of Marvels and Travels Translated by Anthony Bale Oxford University Press p 70 ISBN 9780199600601 Mandel Jerome 2013 Ararat Mount In Friedman John Block Figg Kristen Mossler eds Trade Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages An Encyclopedia Routledge p 30 ISBN 978 1 135 59094 9 Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից 1889 Descent of Noah from Ararat 1889 in Armenian National Gallery of Armenia Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2015 11 03 Conway Morris Roderick 24 February 2012 The Key to Armenia s Survival The New York Times Archived from the original on 7 March 2017 Retrieved 11 February 2017 a b original title Dictionnaire historique critique chronologique geographique et literal de la Bible English translation Calmet Augustin 1830 Ararat Calmet s Dictionary of the Holy Bible With the Biblical Fragments Volume 1 Charles Taylor translator London Holdsworth and Ball p 178 179 Jamieson Robert Fausset Andrew Robert Brown David 1871 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible view Genesis 8 4 commentary online Archived 2016 08 20 at the Wayback Machine Dwight 1856 p 189 Homily of John Paul II vatican va Holy See 26 September 2001 Archived from the original on 19 December 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Privetstvennaya rech Svyatejshego Patriarha Kirilla v kafedralnom sobore Echmiadzina Welcome speech by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the Cathedral of Etchmiadzin patriarchia ru in Russian Russian Orthodox Church 16 March 2010 Archived from the original on 19 December 2016 Kazhdyj kto priezzhaet v Armeniyu poluchaet neizgladimoe vpechatlenie licezreya ee glavnyj simvol svyashennuyu goru Ararat na kotoroj ostanovilsya posle potopa kovcheg praotca Noya a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Patai Raphael Oettinger Ayelet 2015 Ararat In Patai Raphael Bar Itzhak Haya eds Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions Routledge pp 50 51 ISBN 9780765620255 Balsiger David Sellier Charles E Jr 1974 In Search of Noah s Ark Sunn Classic Books p 203 Zenian David 1 July 1996 The Holy Etchmiadzin Museum History of a Long Journey AGBU Magazine Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 Retrieved 11 October 2017 Mayell Hillary 27 April 2004 Noah s Ark Found Turkey Expedition Planned for Summer National Geographic pp 1 2 Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 Retrieved 26 November 2015 Cline Eric H 2009 Biblical Archaeology A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 19 534263 5 Fagan Garrett G 2006 Archaeological Fantasies How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public Psychology Press p 69 ISBN 978 0 415 30592 1 Feder Kenneth L 2010 Noah s Ark Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology From Atlantis to the Walam Olum From Atlantis to the Walam Olum ABC CLIO pp 195 196 ISBN 978 0 313 37919 2 a b Boniface Brian Cooper Chris Cooper Robyn 2012 Worldwide Destinations The Geography of Travel and Tourism 6th ed Taylor amp Francis p 338 ISBN 978 0 415 52277 9 The snow capped peak of Ararat is a holy mountain and national symbol for Armenians dominating the horizon in the capital Erevan yet it is virtually inaccessible as it lies across the border in Turkey Lydolph Paul E 1979 Geography of the U S S R Topical Analysis Misty Valley Publishing p 46 about 65 kilometers south of Yerevan where Mount Ararat reaches an elevation of 5156 meters Shoemaker M Wesley 2014 Armenia Russia and The Commonwealth of Independent States 2014 Rowman amp Littlefield p 203 ISBN 9781475812268 Mt Ararat traditionally associated with Armenia Walker Christopher J 1990 1980 Armenia The Survival of a Nation 2nd ed New York St Martin s Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 312 04230 1 Mount Ararat closely identified with Armenia throughout her history Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906 Almost the whole history of the Armenian people centres round Mount Ararat Villari Luigi 1906 Fire and Sword in the Caucasus London T Fisher Unwin p 215 117 118 119 Gabrielian M C 1892 The Armenians or the People of Ararat Philadelphia Allen Lane amp Scott Archived from the original on 2015 02 01 Retrieved 2016 06 12 Burtt Joseph 1926 The People of Ararat London L and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press OCLC 3522299 Levonian Cole Teresa 30 October 2010 Armenia opens up to visitors Financial Times Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 16 November 2015 Ararat the supreme symbol of Armenia 123 Adriaans 2011 p 35 Darieva Tsypylma 2006 Bringing the soil back to the homeland Reconfigurations of representation of loss in Armenia PDF Comparativ Leipziger Beitrage zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung 3 90 Archived from the original on 2017 05 21 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Veneration of Ararat Near East South Asia Report Foreign Broadcast Information Service 84158 16 1984 The Yerevan Armenians truly worship Ararat which is their magic mountain They venerate it to the extent that they sometimes forget that by one dirty trick of history its summit is summit is presently under the skies of Turkey Le mont Ararat symbole de l Armenie in French France Info 29 July 2015 Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 Cet ancien volcan venere par les Ameniens attire des curieux du monde entier Մասիսներ The Masises encyclopedia am in Armenian Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 Այն եղել է հայ ժողովրդի պաշտամունքի լեռը որի շուրջ հյուսվել են բազմաթիվ զրույցներ ու առասպելներ Companjen Francoise Maracz Laszlo Karoly Versteegh Lia eds 2010 Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century Essays on Culture History and Politics in a Dynamic Context Amsterdam University Press pp 12 13 ISBN 9789089641830 Darke Diana 2014 Eastern Turkey Bradt Travel Guides p 317 ISBN 978 1 84162 490 7 of course Mount Ararat is for Armenians their holy mountain Ararat Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume II in Russian 1890 Ararat davno schitalsya svyashennoj goroj u armyan on Russian Wikisource Melton J Gordon 2010 Ararat Mount In Melton J Gordon Baumann Martin eds Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices 2nd ed ABC CLIO p 164 ISBN 978 1 59884 204 3 a b Adalian Rouben Paul 2010 Historical Dictionary of Armenia Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press p 85 ISBN 978 0 8108 7450 3 Villari Luigi 1906 Fire and Sword in the Caucasus London T F Unwin p 215 Sakalli Seyhun Orcan 2014 Coexistence Polarization and Development The Armenian Legacy in Modern Turkey PDF HEC Lausanne Archived from the original on 2016 12 15 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Lottman Herbert R 29 February 1976 Despite Ages of Captivity The Armenians Persevere The New York Times p 287 Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2017 Bryce 1877 p 234 Maxoudian Noubar 1952 Early Armenia as an empire The career of Tigranes III 96 55 B C Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 39 2 156 163 doi 10 1080 03068375208731438 a b Shirinian Lorne 1992 The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North American Diaspora in literature Lewiston New York Edwin Mellen Press p 78 ISBN 978 0773496132 Hacikyan Agop Jack Basmajian Gabriel Franchuk Edward S Ouzounian Nourhan 2005 The Heritage of Armenian Literature From the eighteenth century to modern times Detroit Wayne State University Press p 292 ISBN 9780814332214 Dowling Theodore Edward 1910 The Armenian Church London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge p 22 Smele Jon 2015 The Russian Civil Wars 1916 1926 Ten Years that Shook the World Oxford University Press p 145 ISBN 9780190233044 Khorenatsi 1978 p 85 Panossian 2006 p 51 Panossian 2006 pp 51 52 State symbols of the Republic of Armenia president am Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia Archived from the original on 2015 11 30 Retrieved 2015 11 15 Matevosian V Haytayan P 1984 Սարյան Մարտիրոս Saryan Martiros Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 10 in Armenian p 240 1921 ին Հ Կոջոյանի հետ ստեղծել է Խորհրդային Հայաստանի գերբը Meier Reinhard 1975 Soviet Armenia Today Swiss Review of World Affairs 25 26 The impressive mountain also has its place as the central image in the coat of arms of the Armenian Soviet Republic coupled of course with a five pointed Soviet star Revo O August 2000 Gerby gorodov Gruzino Imeretinskoj gubernii Rossijskoj imperii Coats of arms of the cities of the Georgian Imereti province of the Russian Empire Nauka i Zhizn in Russian Archived from the original on 29 January 2022 Adriaans 2011 p 48 Johnson Jerry L 2000 Crossing Borders Confronting History Intercultural Adjustment in the Post Cold War World Lanham Maryland University Press of America pp 6 7 ISBN 978 0 7618 1536 5 Armenians view Mount Ararat as both a symbol of the Genocide and loss of hallowed land Goldman Ari L 18 December 1988 A History Full of Anguish and Agony The Armenians Still Like Job s People The New York Times Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2017 Adriaans 2011 p 40 Platz Stephanie 1996 Pasts and Futures Space History and Armenian Identity 1988 1994 University of Chicago p 34 Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent The Daily Star 26 November 2010 Archived from the original on 20 June 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2013 Բախումներ Լիբանանում ընդդեմ Էրդողանի այցի Clashes in Lebanon against Erdogan s visit in Armenian VOA Armenian November 25 2010 Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 a b Balci Bayram 2014 Between ambition and realism Turkey s engagement in the South Caucasus In Agadjanian Alexander Jodicke Ansgar van der Zweerde Evert eds Religion Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus Routledge p 260 ISBN 978 1 317 69157 0 Armenia has not officially expressed territorial claims in respect of Turkey but the regular references to the genocide and to Mount Ararat a national symbol for Armenians which is situated in contemporary Turkey clearly indicates that the border with their eastern neighbour is contested Phillips David L 2005 Unsilencing the Past Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish Armenian Reconciliation New York Berghahn Books p 68 ISBN 978 1 84545 007 6 Danielyan Emil 28 July 2011 Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia Radio Free Europe Radio 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World Order Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century Lexington Books p 387 ISBN 978 0 7391 0534 4 a b Healey Barth 23 August 1992 STAMPS For Armenia Rainbows And Eagles in Flight The New York Times Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2017 Abrahamian Levon 2007 Dancing around the mountain Armenian identity through rites of solidarity In Grant Bruce Yalcin Heckmann Lale eds Caucasus Paradigms Anthropologies Histories and the Making of a World Area Berlin Lit Verlag pp 167 188 ISBN 9783825899066 Ermochkine Nicholas Iglikowski Peter 2003 40 Degrees East An Anatomy of Vodka New York Nova Science Publishers p 121 ISBN 978 1 59033 594 9 Undoubtedly the top of the tops of East European brandies is the Armenian brandy called Ararat Ritman Alex 17 August 2012 My Kind of Place Yerevan has thrived through conquest The National Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 Retrieved 2 January 2018 Radisson Blu Hotel Yerevan Radisson Blu Hotel Yerevan radissonblu com Archived from the original on 2018 01 03 Retrieved 2018 01 02 Our magnificent hilltop setting provides beautiful views of Yerevan city center against the backdrop of Mount Ararat Ani Plaza Hotel Ani Plaza Hotel in Yerevan Armenia anihotel com Archived from the original on 2018 01 03 Retrieved 2018 01 02 The guest rooms offer a spectacular view over the city one can admire the famous Mount Ararat the symbol of Armenia Sarkssian M S 1963 Հովհաննես Այվազովսկին և հայ մշակույթը Hovhannes Ayvazovsky and Armenian Culture Patma Banasirakan Handes in Armenian 4 4 25 38 Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 11 16 Դեռևս 1860 ակա ն թթ Անդրկովկասում կատարած ճանապարհորդության ժամանակ և դրանից հետո Այվազովսկին նկարում է Արարատի և Սևանի գեղատեսիլ բնության պատկերներ Մինչ այդ հայ նկարիչներից ոչ ոք չէր տվել Արարատը և Արարատյան դաշտը պատկերող կտավներ Khachatrian Shahen Poet morya The Sea Poet in Russian Center of Spiritual Culture Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace University Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Martiros Sarian 1880 1972 View of Mount Ararat from Yerevan Christie s 3 June 2013 Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 Retrieved 23 November 2015 Antonson 2016 Karakashian Meline 1998 Armenia A Country s History of Challenges Journal of Social Issues 54 2 381 392 doi 10 1111 j 1540 4560 1998 tb01225 x a b Bardakjian Kevork B ed 2000 Hovhannes Siraz A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature 1500 1920 With an Introductory History Wayne State University Press p 227 ISBN 978 0814327470 Archived from the original on 2019 01 28 Retrieved 2016 11 03 I Love My Armenia by Yeghishe Charents Ararat 15 46 1960 Ter Khachatryan Yervand 11 December 2014 Բանաստեղծը Ռավեննայում Azg in Armenian Archived from the original on April 11 2016 Chrysanthopoulos Leonidas 2002 Caucasus Chronicles Nation building and Diplomacy in Armenia 1993 1994 Gomidas Institute p 21 ISBN 978 1 884630 05 7 Panossian 2006 p 335 We Are Few by Barouyr Sevak 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The First White Australians Melbourne University Publish p 138 ISBN 9780522849035 96205 Ararat 1992 ST16 ssd jpl nasa gov Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA Archived from the original on 2011 06 11 Retrieved 2018 08 27 Erebuni Museum armenianheritage org Armenia Monuments Awareness Project Archived from the original on 2018 09 04 Retrieved 2018 09 04 Urartu mentioned in Armenian written records as the Land of Arartu or Araratian Kingdom the Kingdom of Ararat Abrahamian Levon 2006 Armenian Identity in a Changing World Mazda Publishers p 11 ISBN 9781568591858 Անդրանիկ Իմ զինվորն անզեն ու անձայն վկա չի դառնա mediamax am in Armenian 13 July 2018 Archived from the original on 4 September 2018 Retrieved 4 September 2018 Mkhitaryan Lusine 25 May 2018 Անկախ Հայաստանի անդրանիկ տոնը Hayastani Hanrapetutyun in Armenian Archived from the original on 5 September 2018 Retrieved 4 September 2018 Hovannisian Richard 1971 The Republic of Armenia The first year 1918 1919 University of California Press p 259 Aftandilian Gregory L 1981 Armenia vision of a republic the independence lobby in America 1918 1927 Charles River Books p 25 Gunter Michael M 2009 The A to Z of the Kurds Scarecrow Press p 9 ISBN 9780810863347 Vali Abbas 2003 Essays on the origins of Kurdish nationalism Mazda Publishers p 199 ISBN 9781568591421 Sources Edit General works cited in the article Edit Khorenatsi Movses 1978 History of the Armenians Translated by Robert W Thomson Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 39571 8 Panossian Razmik 2006 The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars New York NY Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231139267 Arnold Bill T 2008 Genesis Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00067 3 Adriaans Rik 2011 Sonorous Borders National Cosmology amp the Mediation of Collective Memory in Armenian Ethnopop Music M Sc thesis University of Amsterdam pp 24 27 Archived from the original on 2016 03 05 Specific works on Ararat Edit Parrot Friedrich 2016 1846 Journey to Ararat Translated by William Desborough Cooley Introduction by Pietro A Shakarian London England Gomidas Institute ISBN 978 1909382244 Dwight H G O 1856 Armenian Traditions about Mt Ararat Journal of the American Oriental Society 5 189 191 doi 10 2307 592222 JSTOR 592222 Bryce James 1877 Transcaucasia and Ararat Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876 London England Macmillan amp Co Murad Friedrich 1901 Ararat und Masis Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur in German Heidelberg Carl Winters Universitatsbuchhandlung Novoseltsev Anatoly 1978 O mestonahozhdenii biblejskoj gory Ararat On the location of the biblical mountains of Ararat Evropa v drevnosti i srednevekove Europe in the antiquity and the Middle Ages in Russian Moscow Nauka pp 61 66 Ketchian Philip K 24 December 2005 Climbing Ararat Then and Now The Armenian Weekly 71 52 Archived from the original on 2009 09 08 Melkonyan Ashot in Armenian 2008 Արարատ Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը Ararat Symbol of Armenian Immortality in Armenian Yerevan Tigrant Mets Publishing Petrossyan Sargis 2010 Արարատյան լեռների հին անունների և անվանադիրների մասին About the Ancient Names and Eponyms of the Ararat Mountains Patma Banasirakan Handes 3 3 220 227 Antonson Rick 2016 Full Moon over Noah s Ark An Odyssey to Mount Ararat and Beyond Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 9781510705678 Petrosyan Armen 2016 Biblical Mt Ararat Two Identifications Comparative Mythology 2 1 68 80 ISSN 2409 9899 Books on Armenia with Ararat in their titles Edit Gregory S M 1920 The land of Ararat twelve discourses on Armenia her history and her church London England Chiswick Press Elliott Mabel Evelyn 1924 Beginning Again at Ararat Introduction by John H Finley New York NY Fleming H Revell Company Yeghenian Aghavnie Y 2013 1932 The Red Flag at Ararat Introduction by Pietro A Shakarian London England Sterndale Classics Gomidas Institute ISBN 978 1909382022 Burney Charles Lang David Marshall 1971 The Peoples of the Hills Ancient Ararat and Caucasus New York NY Praeger Arlen Michael J 2006 1975 Passage to Ararat New York NY Farrar Straus amp Giroux ISBN 978 0374530129 Suny Ronald Grigor 1993 Looking Toward Ararat Armenia in Modern History Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0253207739 Walker Christopher J ed 1997 Visions of Ararat Writings on Armenia I B Tauris ISBN 9781860641114 Asher Armen Minasian Asher Teryl 2009 The Peoples of Ararat BookSurge Publishing ISBN 978 1439225677 Golden Christopher 2017 Ararat St Martin s Press ISBN 978 1250117052 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Ararat Streck M amp Taeschner F 1960 Ag h ri Dag h In Gibb H A R Kramers J H Levi Provencal E Schacht J Lewis B amp Pellat Ch eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume I A B Leiden E J Brill OCLC 495469456 Ararat Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 2021 06 25 NASA Earth Observatory page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mount Ararat amp oldid 1152450916, 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