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Surmalu uezd

January 07, 2023

The Surmalu uezd[a] was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Etchmiadzin and Erivan uezds to the north, the Kars Oblast to the west, Persia to the east, and the Ottoman Empire to the south. The district made up most of the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey. As part of the Russian Transcaucasus, the Surmalu uezd possessed economical importance for its abundantly rich salt mines in Kulp (Tuzluca), and spiritual importance to Armenians as the location of the culturally significant Mount Ararat. The administrative center of the uezd was the town Igdyr (present-day Iğdır).[1]

Surmalu uezd
Сурмалинскій уѣздъ
Uezd
Coat of arms
Location in the Erivan Governorate
CountryRussian Empire
ViceroyaltyCaucasus
GovernorateErivan
Established1828
Abolished1918
CapitalIgdyr
(present-day Iğdır)
Area
 • Total3,581.58 km2 (1,382.86 sq mi)
Population
 (1916)
 • Total104,791
 • Density29/km2 (76/sq mi)
 • Rural
100.00%

Etymology

The district's name derives from the old Armenian city Surmari which evolved from Surb Mari (Armenian: Սուրբ Մարի, lit. 'Saint Mary').[2][3] The castle of Surmari still stands today in the village Sürmeli [tr] near the Armenia–Turkey border within the Tuzluca district of Turkey's Iğdır Province.[4]

History

A part of Persia's Erivan Khanate, Surmalu was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Turkmenchay in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28. The district was first administered as part of the Armenian Oblast and then the Erivan Governorate.[5] In 1829, Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat (Tartu) traveled to Surmalu as part of his expedition to climb Mount Ararat. Accompanied by Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian and four others, Parrot made the first ascent of Ararat in recorded history from the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob in Akhuri (modern Yenidoğan).[6]

After the Russian Revolution, Surmalu was briefly governed by the First Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920,[7] until it was occupied in 1920 and formally ceded to Turkey by the treaties of Moscow and Kars, following Armenia's defeat in the Turkish-Armenian War and subsequent Sovietization.[8]

Administrative divisions

The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Surmalu uezd in 1912 were as follows:[9]

Uchastok Russian name 1912 population Area
1st 1-й участокъ 41,149 725.65 square versts (825.83 km2; 318.86 sq mi)
2nd 2-й участокъ 28,093 1,214.24 square versts (1,381.88 km2; 533.55 sq mi)
3rd 3-й участокъ 28,090 1,207.20 square versts (1,373.87 km2; 530.45 sq mi)

Demographics

Russian Empire estimate (1886)

According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the district, 34,351 were Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis) (48.3%), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%), and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%).[10]

Russian Empire census (1897)

According to the Russian Empire census of 1897, the Surmalu uezd had a population of 89,055, including 47,269 men and 41,786 women. The plurality of the population indicated Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani) to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kurdish speaking minorities.[11]

Linguistic composition of the Surmalu uezd in 1897[11]
Language Native speakers %
Tatar[b] 41,417 46.51
Armenian 27,075 30.40
Kurdish 19,099 21.45
Russian 725 0.81
Ukrainian 620 0.70
Polish 31 0.03
Belarusian 16 0.02
German 13 0.01
Georgian 11 0.01
Persian 9 0.01
Jewish 6 0.01
Greek 3 0.00
Lithuanian 1 0.00
Assyrian 1 0.00
Other 28 0.03
TOTAL 89,055 100.00

Caucasian Calendar

1910

According to the 1910 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, the Surmalu uezd had 91,535 residents, of which 41,990 were Shia Muslims (45.87%), 29,734 Armenians (32.48%), and 19,811 Kurds (21.64%).[12]

1917

According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, the Surmalu uezd had 104,791 residents in 1916, including 55,364 men and 49,427 women, 98,212 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,579 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Shia Muslims to be the plurality of the population of the uezd, followed closely by Armenians, Kurds and Yazidis:[13]

Nationality Number %
Shia Muslims[c] 44,153 42.13
Armenians 32,686 31.19
Kurds 14,679 14.01
Yazidis 10,869 10.37
Sunni Muslims[d] 1,801 1.72
Russians[e] 429 0.41
Jews 95 0.09
Other Europeans 60 0.06
Asiatic Christians 19 0.02
TOTAL 104,791 100.00

Settlements

According to the 1897 census, there were 51 settlements in the Surmalu uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants. The religious composition of the settlements was as follows:[16]

Name Faith TOTAL
Russian Romanized Armenian Apostolic Muslim Eastern Orthodox Yazidi Male Female Both
Аббас-Гел Abbas-Gel (Abbasgöl [tr]) 483 274 253 527
Акарак Akarak (Üçkaya [tr]) 924 454 470 924
Алетлу Aletlu (Yüzbaşılar [tr]) 717 365 352 717
Алиджан Alijan (Yukarıalican [tr]) 835 421 414 835
Аликамарлу Alikamarlu (Ali Kamerli, Iğdır) 1,559 826 760 1,586
Аликизил Alikizil (Aşağıtopraklı [tr]) 523 301 244 545
Арабкирлу Arabkirlu (Bayraktutan) 623 321 302 623
Аралых-Башкенд Aralykh-Bashkend (Aralık) 1,948 1,003 947 1,950
Аралых-Сурб-Оган (Орта-кенд) Aralykh-Surb-Ogan (Orta-kend) (Ortaköy, Aralık) 979 510 469 979
Аратан Aratan (Yukarıaratan [tr]) 487 254 243 497
Аргаджи Argaji (Aşağıerhacı [tr]) 1,118 627 512 1,139
Ахвеис Akhveis 1,065 521 544 1,065
Ахшамед Akhshamed 718 375 343 718
Багарлу Bagarlu 1,199 620 596 1,216
Гасан-Хан Gasan-Khan 509 255 254 509
Гедаклу Gedaklu 540 276 264 540
Гекджалу Gekjalu 538 299 244 543
Гюллуджа (Гюлаб) Gyulluja 1,100 564 536 1,100
Дашбурун Dashburun (Taşburun) 2,103 1,100 1,026 2,126
Джаннар-абат Jannar-abat 903 466 437 903
Джувтлуг (Байрам-Али-Кенд) Juvutlug (Bayram-Ali-Kend) 598 313 285 598
Зильфугар Zilfugar 635 356 279 635
Зор Zor 749 394 363 757
Игдыр Igdyr (Iğdır) 3,932 565 2,689 1,991 4,680
Игдыр-мова Igdyr-mova 782 834 843 782 1,625
Казанчи Kazanchi 557 284 273 557
Казикишляг Kazikishlyag 326 380 359 347 706
Камышлу Kamyshlu 529 267 262 529
Каракоюнлу II Karakoyunlu II 1,857 1,013 858 1,871
Каракуй Karakuy 533 291 251 542
Кизил-Закир (Закирлу) Kizil-Zakir (Zakirlu) 194 325 307 217 524
Кульп Kulp (Tuzluca) 3,287 1,876 1,703 3,579
Кюллюк Kyullyuk 1,030 523 507 1,030
Малаклу Malaklu (Melekli) 2,126 1,129 1,011 2,140
Молла-Камар Molla-Kamar 577 303 274 577
Муршуд-Али Murshud-Ali 535 288 289 577
Наджаф-Али Najaf-Ali 497 79 291 285 576
Оба (Аликамар-Ислам) Oba (Alikamar-Islam) 603 308 295 603
Паник Panik 1,143 593 550 1,143
Парнаут Parnaut 682 125 477 330 807
Плюр Plyur 1,850 947 903 1,850
Сараглу (Гаджи-Ага) Saraglu (Gaji-Aga) 573 311 262 573
Сулейман-абат (Диза) Suleyman-abat (Diza) 1,828 950 878 1,828
Сурмалу Surmalu (Sürmeli [tr]) 512 282 230 512
Тейджерлу Teyjerlu 973 499 474 973
Тоханшалу-Баят Tokhanshalu-Bayat 512 289 223 512
Тоханшалу-Коджар Tokhanshalu-Kojar 1,063 554 509 1,063
Халфалу Khalfalu 986 556 494 1,050
Хош-Хараб Khosh-Kharab 693 367 328 695
Эвджиляр Evjilyar 1,531 764 770 1,534
Яйджи Yayji 1,289 664 625 1,289
TOTAL 26,890 26,048 690 530 28,919 26,058 54,977

Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ Later known as Azerbaijani.
  3. ^ Primarily Tatars,[14] later known as Azerbaijanis.[15]
  4. ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[14]
  5. ^ The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.

References

  1. ^ Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780300153088.
  2. ^ De Clavijo, Ruy González (2004). Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403-1406. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 186. ISBN 9780415344890. Surmari, Sulmari, or Sulmari, the Armenian Surb Mari, that is Saint Mary...
  3. ^ (in Armenian) Danielyan, E. L. (2010). "Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը [On the Necessity of Protecting Armenian Historical and Civilizational System of Values]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (3): 68. ISSN 0320-8117. ...Սուրմալուի (Սուրբ Մարի) գավառը...
  4. ^ Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas Institute. p. ix. ISBN 9781909382244.
  5. ^ Tsutsiev, pp. 16, 19, and 21.
  6. ^ Parrot, p. 139.
  7. ^ Tsutsiev, p. 75.
  8. ^ Tsutsiev, p. 81.
  9. ^ [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. pp. 172–179. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
  10. ^ (in Russian) Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлечённых из посемейных списков 1886 года, г. Тифлис, 1893 [1]
  11. ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  12. ^ Саратанов, В. В. (1910). [Caucasian calendar for 1910] (in Russian) (65th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. p. 518. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022.
  13. ^ [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 214–221. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  14. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
  15. ^ Bournoutian 2015, p. 35.
  16. ^ Troinitsky, N. A. (1905). [Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants, indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions, according to the first general population census of 1897] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza. pp. 52–56. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.

Bibliography

  • Bournoutian, George (2015). "Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus, 1604–1830: The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia". Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics. Amsterdam. 3 (2).
  • Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01805-2.

Coordinates: 39°55′15″N 44°02′40″E / 39.92083°N 44.04444°E / 39.92083; 44.04444

January 07, 2023
surmalu, uezd, county, uezd, erivan, governorate, caucasus, viceroyalty, russian, empire, bordered, governorate, etchmiadzin, erivan, uezds, north, kars, oblast, west, persia, east, ottoman, empire, south, district, made, most, iğdır, province, present, turkey. The Surmalu uezd a was a county uezd of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire It bordered the governorate s Etchmiadzin and Erivan uezds to the north the Kars Oblast to the west Persia to the east and the Ottoman Empire to the south The district made up most of the Igdir Province of present day Turkey As part of the Russian Transcaucasus the Surmalu uezd possessed economical importance for its abundantly rich salt mines in Kulp Tuzluca and spiritual importance to Armenians as the location of the culturally significant Mount Ararat The administrative center of the uezd was the town Igdyr present day Igdir 1 Surmalu uezd Surmalinskij uѣzdUezdCoat of armsLocation in the Erivan GovernorateCountryRussian EmpireViceroyaltyCaucasusGovernorateErivanEstablished1828Abolished1918CapitalIgdyr present day Igdir Area Total3 581 58 km2 1 382 86 sq mi Population 1916 Total104 791 Density29 km2 76 sq mi Rural100 00 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Administrative divisions 4 Demographics 4 1 Russian Empire estimate 1886 4 2 Russian Empire census 1897 4 3 Caucasian Calendar 4 3 1 1910 4 3 2 1917 5 Settlements 6 Notes 7 References 8 BibliographyEtymology EditThe district s name derives from the old Armenian city Surmari which evolved from Surb Mari Armenian Սուրբ Մարի lit Saint Mary 2 3 The castle of Surmari still stands today in the village Surmeli tr near the Armenia Turkey border within the Tuzluca district of Turkey s Igdir Province 4 History EditA part of Persia s Erivan Khanate Surmalu was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Turkmenchay in the aftermath of the Russo Persian War of 1826 28 The district was first administered as part of the Armenian Oblast and then the Erivan Governorate 5 In 1829 Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat Tartu traveled to Surmalu as part of his expedition to climb Mount Ararat Accompanied by Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian and four others Parrot made the first ascent of Ararat in recorded history from the Armenian monastery of St Hakob in Akhuri modern Yenidogan 6 After the Russian Revolution Surmalu was briefly governed by the First Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920 7 until it was occupied in 1920 and formally ceded to Turkey by the treaties of Moscow and Kars following Armenia s defeat in the Turkish Armenian War and subsequent Sovietization 8 Administrative divisions EditThe subcounties uchastoks of the Surmalu uezd in 1912 were as follows 9 Uchastok Russian name 1912 population Area1st 1 j uchastok 41 149 725 65 square versts 825 83 km2 318 86 sq mi 2nd 2 j uchastok 28 093 1 214 24 square versts 1 381 88 km2 533 55 sq mi 3rd 3 j uchastok 28 090 1 207 20 square versts 1 373 87 km2 530 45 sq mi Demographics EditRussian Empire estimate 1886 Edit According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886 of the total 71 066 inhabitants of the district 34 351 were Tatars later known as Azerbaijanis 48 3 22 096 Armenians 31 1 and 14 619 Kurds 20 6 10 Russian Empire census 1897 Edit According to the Russian Empire census of 1897 the Surmalu uezd had a population of 89 055 including 47 269 men and 41 786 women The plurality of the population indicated Tatar later known as Azerbaijani to be their mother tongue with significant Armenian and Kurdish speaking minorities 11 Linguistic composition of the Surmalu uezd in 1897 11 Language Native speakers Tatar b 41 417 46 51Armenian 27 075 30 40Kurdish 19 099 21 45Russian 725 0 81Ukrainian 620 0 70Polish 31 0 03Belarusian 16 0 02German 13 0 01Georgian 11 0 01Persian 9 0 01Jewish 6 0 01Greek 3 0 00Lithuanian 1 0 00Assyrian 1 0 00Other 28 0 03TOTAL 89 055 100 00Caucasian Calendar Edit 1910 Edit According to the 1910 publication of the Caucasian Calendar the Surmalu uezd had 91 535 residents of which 41 990 were Shia Muslims 45 87 29 734 Armenians 32 48 and 19 811 Kurds 21 64 12 1917 Edit According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar the Surmalu uezd had 104 791 residents in 1916 including 55 364 men and 49 427 women 98 212 of whom were the permanent population and 6 579 were temporary residents The statistics indicated Shia Muslims to be the plurality of the population of the uezd followed closely by Armenians Kurds and Yazidis 13 Nationality Number Shia Muslims c 44 153 42 13Armenians 32 686 31 19Kurds 14 679 14 01Yazidis 10 869 10 37Sunni Muslims d 1 801 1 72Russians e 429 0 41Jews 95 0 09Other Europeans 60 0 06Asiatic Christians 19 0 02TOTAL 104 791 100 00Settlements EditAccording to the 1897 census there were 51 settlements in the Surmalu uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants The religious composition of the settlements was as follows 16 Name Faith TOTALRussian Romanized Armenian Apostolic Muslim Eastern Orthodox Yazidi Male Female BothAbbas Gel Abbas Gel Abbasgol tr 483 274 253 527Akarak Akarak Uckaya tr 924 454 470 924Aletlu Aletlu Yuzbasilar tr 717 365 352 717Alidzhan Alijan Yukarialican tr 835 421 414 835Alikamarlu Alikamarlu Ali Kamerli Igdir 1 559 826 760 1 586Alikizil Alikizil Asagitoprakli tr 523 301 244 545Arabkirlu Arabkirlu Bayraktutan 623 321 302 623Aralyh Bashkend Aralykh Bashkend Aralik 1 948 1 003 947 1 950Aralyh Surb Ogan Orta kend Aralykh Surb Ogan Orta kend Ortakoy Aralik 979 510 469 979Aratan Aratan Yukariaratan tr 487 254 243 497Argadzhi Argaji Asagierhaci tr 1 118 627 512 1 139Ahveis Akhveis 1 065 521 544 1 065Ahshamed Akhshamed 718 375 343 718Bagarlu Bagarlu 1 199 620 596 1 216Gasan Han Gasan Khan 509 255 254 509Gedaklu Gedaklu 540 276 264 540Gekdzhalu Gekjalu 538 299 244 543Gyulludzha Gyulab Gyulluja 1 100 564 536 1 100Dashburun Dashburun Tasburun 2 103 1 100 1 026 2 126Dzhannar abat Jannar abat 903 466 437 903Dzhuvtlug Bajram Ali Kend Juvutlug Bayram Ali Kend 598 313 285 598Zilfugar Zilfugar 635 356 279 635Zor Zor 749 394 363 757Igdyr Igdyr Igdir 3 932 565 2 689 1 991 4 680Igdyr mova Igdyr mova 782 834 843 782 1 625Kazanchi Kazanchi 557 284 273 557Kazikishlyag Kazikishlyag 326 380 359 347 706Kamyshlu Kamyshlu 529 267 262 529Karakoyunlu II Karakoyunlu II 1 857 1 013 858 1 871Karakuj Karakuy 533 291 251 542Kizil Zakir Zakirlu Kizil Zakir Zakirlu 194 325 307 217 524Kulp Kulp Tuzluca 3 287 1 876 1 703 3 579Kyullyuk Kyullyuk 1 030 523 507 1 030Malaklu Malaklu Melekli 2 126 1 129 1 011 2 140Molla Kamar Molla Kamar 577 303 274 577Murshud Ali Murshud Ali 535 288 289 577Nadzhaf Ali Najaf Ali 497 79 291 285 576Oba Alikamar Islam Oba Alikamar Islam 603 308 295 603Panik Panik 1 143 593 550 1 143Parnaut Parnaut 682 125 477 330 807Plyur Plyur 1 850 947 903 1 850Saraglu Gadzhi Aga Saraglu Gaji Aga 573 311 262 573Sulejman abat Diza Suleyman abat Diza 1 828 950 878 1 828Surmalu Surmalu Surmeli tr 512 282 230 512Tejdzherlu Teyjerlu 973 499 474 973Tohanshalu Bayat Tokhanshalu Bayat 512 289 223 512Tohanshalu Kodzhar Tokhanshalu Kojar 1 063 554 509 1 063Halfalu Khalfalu 986 556 494 1 050Hosh Harab Khosh Kharab 693 367 328 695Evdzhilyar Evjilyar 1 531 764 770 1 534Yajdzhi Yayji 1 289 664 625 1 289TOTAL 26 890 26 048 690 530 28 919 26 058 54 977Notes Edit Russian Surmali nskij uѣ zd romanized Surmalinsky uyezdAzerbaijani سۆرملی قزاسؽ romanized Surmeli qezasiArmenian Սուրմալուի գավառ romanized Surmalui gavar Later known as Azerbaijani Primarily Tatars 14 later known as Azerbaijanis 15 Primarily Turco Tatars 14 The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians Ukrainians and Belarusians References Edit Tsutsiev Arthur 2014 Atlas of the Ethno Political History of the Caucasus Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov New Haven Yale University Press p 59 ISBN 9780300153088 De Clavijo Ruy Gonzalez 2004 Embassy to Tamerlane 1403 1406 London RoutledgeCurzon p 186 ISBN 9780415344890 Surmari Sulmari or Sulmari the Armenian Surb Mari that is Saint Mary in Armenian Danielyan E L 2010 Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը On the Necessity of Protecting Armenian Historical and Civilizational System of Values Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Armenian 3 68 ISSN 0320 8117 Սուրմալուի Սուրբ Մարի գավառը Parrot Friedrich 2016 1846 Journey to Ararat Translated by William Desborough Cooley Introduction by Pietro A Shakarian London Gomidas Institute p ix ISBN 9781909382244 Tsutsiev pp 16 19 and 21 Parrot p 139 Tsutsiev p 75 Tsutsiev p 81 Kavkazskij kalendar na 1913 god Caucasian calendar for 1913 in Russian 68th ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye I V na Kavkaze kazenny dom 1913 pp 172 179 Archived from the original on 19 April 2022 in Russian Svod statisticheskih dannyh o naselenii Zakavkazskogo kraya izvlechyonnyh iz posemejnyh spiskov 1886 goda g Tiflis 1893 1 a b Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej www demoscope ru Retrieved 2022 03 26 Saratanov V V 1910 Kavkazskij kalendar na 1910 god Caucasian calendar for 1910 in Russian 65th ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye I V na Kavkaze kazenny dom p 518 Archived from the original on 15 March 2022 Kavkazskij kalendar na 1917 god Caucasian calendar for 1917 in Russian 72nd ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye I V na Kavkaze kazenny dom 1917 pp 214 221 Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 a b Hovannisian 1971 p 67 Bournoutian 2015 p 35 Troinitsky N A 1905 Naselennye mesta Rossijskoj imperii v 500 i bolee zhitelej s ukazaniem vsego nalichnogo v nih naseleniya i chisla zhitelej preobladayushih veroispovedanij po dannym pervoj vseobshej perepisi naseleniya 1897 g Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions according to the first general population census of 1897 in Russian Saint Petersburg Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza pp 52 56 Archived from the original on 10 August 2022 Bibliography EditBournoutian George 2015 Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus 1604 1830 The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics Amsterdam 3 2 Hovannisian Richard G 1971 The Republic of Armenia Vol 1 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 01805 2 Coordinates 39 55 15 N 44 02 40 E 39 92083 N 44 04444 E 39 92083 44 04444 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surmalu uezd amp oldid 1129128639, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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